Hepatitis autoinmune en pediatría, una revisión del Grupo de Trabajo de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Gastroenterología, Hepatología y Nutrición Pediátrica (LASPGHAN) / Autoimmune hepatitis in pediatrics, a review by the Working Group of the Latin American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition

La hepatitis autoinmunitaria es una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica del hígado caracterizada por una interacción compleja entre factores genéticos, respuesta inmunitaria a antígenos presentes en los hepatocitos y alteraciones de la regulación inmunitaria. Presenta una distribución global, con predominio en individuos de sexo femenino. Se clasifica en dos grupos, según el tipo de autoanticuerpos séricos detectados. La forma de presentación más frecuente es la hepatitis aguda (40 %), con síntomas inespecíficos, elevación de aminotransferasas e hipergammaglobulinemia. El tratamiento estándar consiste en la administración de fármacos inmunosupresores. Es una patología compleja, a veces difícil de diagnosticar. Si no se trata de manera adecuada, la mortalidad puede alcanzar el 75 % a los 5 años de evolución.

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the liver characterized by a complex interaction among genetic factors, immune response to antigens present in hepatocytes, and immune regulation alterations. Its distribution is global and there is a female predominance. AIH is divided into 2 groups, depending on the type of serum autoantibodies detected. The most common presentation is acute hepatitis (40%), with nonspecific symptoms, high aminotransferase levels, and hypergammaglobulinemia. Standard treatment consists of the administration of immunosuppressive drugs. It is a complex condition, often difficult to diagnose. If not managed adequately, the 5-year mortality rate may reach 75%.

Colangitis biliar primaria: experiencia de cinco años en el Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile / Primary biliary cholangitis. Experience in 179 patients

BACKGROUND: Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic autoimmune cholestatic disease, which can progress to cirrhosis. It mainly affects middle-aged women. Its most frequent form of presentation is asymptomatic with biochemical cholestasis and the presence of antimitochondrial antibodies (AMA). AIM: To describe the epidemiological characteristics, clinical presentation and treatment for patients with PBC at a clinical hospital. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive, observational, retrospective study, carried out between January 2015 and December 2020. Results: 179 patients (158 women) were cared in the study period. At the time of diagnosis, the median age was 54 years (range 24-76), 55% of them were asymptomatic, 45% had fatigue and 28% had pruritus. Positive AMA were present in 65% of patients, antinuclear antibodies (ANA) in 51%, and anti-smooth muscle antibodies (ASMA) in 9%. Immunoglobulin M (IgM) was elevated in 30% of the patients and 50% of patients were biopsied. Splenomegaly and esophageal varices were present in 24 and 22% of patients, respectively. PBC was associated with Sjogren's syndrome in 15%, hypothyroidism in 14%, osteoporosis in 13%, and scleroderma in 8%. CONCLUSIONS: The epidemiological characteristics of our patients agree with those published abroad. Laboratory cholestasis associated with the presence of AMA, currently allows diagnosis without the need for histological study. Ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is the first-line treatment for patients with PBC. The use of biochemical response criteria is essential to identify patients who require other UDCA alternatives for isolated or combined treatment.

Nova mutação no gene STAT1 associada com candidíase mucocutânea crônica / New STAT1 gene mutation associated with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis

Mutações no gene STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 1) têm sido identificadas como responsáveis pela maioria dos casos sindrômicos da candidíase mucocutânea crônica com herança autossômica dominante (AD). Nesse artigo, descrevemos uma menina de 7 anos que apresentou candidíase da mucosa oral e unhas, além de infecção disseminada da pele e couro cabeludo por Microspora gipseum. Recentemente, a paciente foi diagnosticada e tratada de meningite por Cryptococcus neoformans. Na família não existem outros casos de candidíase. A avaliação imunológica incluiu a detecção de subpopulações de linfócitos (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20 e células NK), assim como a dosagem de IgG, IgA, IgM e IgE, subclasses de IgG e autoanticorpos. Excluindo-se discreta diminuição de CD3, CD4, CD8, NK e leve aumento de IgG1, os demais exames estiveram dentro da normalidade. O sequenciamento do exoma detectou uma rara mutação em heterozigose no exon 14 do domínio de ligação do DNA (DNA-binding domain) do gene STAT1, ocasionando um provável ganho de função (GOF) responsável pela doença (Gly384Asp). Essa variação foi também identificada pelo sequenciamento de Sanger, não estando reportada nos bancos de dados públicos e apresentando elevado potencial de dano (índice CADD=32). Será interessante contarmos com informações clínicas e estudos com outros pacientes para conhecermos mais essa mutação patológica. Além da apresentação do caso, discutiremos as formas de tratamento existentes.

STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 1) gene mutations have been identified as responsible for most syndromic cases of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis with autosomal dominant (AD) inheritance. In this article, we described a 7-year-old girl who presented with candidiasis of the oral mucosa and nails, as well as disseminated infection of the skin and scalp caused by Microsporum gypseum. Recently, the patient was diagnosed and treated for Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis. There are no other cases of candidiasis in the family. The immunological evaluation consisted of detection of subpopulations of lymphocytes (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD20, and NK cells), as well as measurement of IgG, IgA, IgM, and IgE, IgG subclasses, and autoantibodies. Excluding a slight decrease in CD3, CD4, CD8, NK and a minimal increase in IgG1, the others were within normal limits. Exome sequencing detected a rare heterozygous variation in exon 14 of the DNA-binding domain of the STAT1 gene, causing a probable gain of function (GOF) responsible for the disease (Gly384Asp). This variation was also identified by Sanger sequencing, but it was not reported in public databases and had a high potential for damage (Combined Annotation-Dependent Depletion [CADD] score = 32). Having clinical information and conducting studies of other patients will be helpful to learn more about this pathological mutation. In addition to the presentation of the case, we will discuss the existing forms of treatment.

A influência do tratamento do Helicobacter pylori no paciente com urticária crônica espontânea / The influence of Helicobacter pylori treatment on patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria

Introdução: A urticária crônica espontânea (UCE) é considerada atualmente uma condição autoimune, onde o mastócito é a célula central e sua ativação envolve a participação de autoanticorpos IgG e/ou IgE. Entretanto, várias outras condições podem estar associadas ao não controle da UCE, como a infecção pelo Helicobacter pylori (Hp), embora os dados na literatura sejam controversos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência do tratamento do Hp no controle clínico da UCE. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de prontuários eletrônicos de pacientes com UCE que foram submetidos à pesquisa de Hp devido a sintomas gastroesofágicos. Foram avaliados os dados demográficos e a refratariedade aos anti-histamínicos destes pacientes. Posteriormente, a positividade ao Hp e a influência do tratamento do Hp sobre o controle clínico da UCE também foram avaliados. A UCE foi considerada controlada quando o UAS7 < 6, juntamente com a redução do uso de medicamentos para UCE. Resultados: Foram incluídos 50 pacientes, a maioria do sexo feminino (84%), e com idade média de 56,0 anos. A positividade para o Hp foi observada em 18 pacientes (36%), porém, o tratamento para erradicação do Hp foi realizado em apenas 13 pacientes, e, destes, 9 (69,2%) apresentaram melhora dos sintomas da UCE, avaliados em média 5,6 meses após este tratamento. Não houve associação da infecção pelo Hp com a gravidade da UCE e nem com o tempo de doença. Conclusões: Embora a UCE tenha a autoimunidade como a principal hipótese para ativação do mastócito, outras situações estão associadas ao não controle da UCE, como a infecção pelo Hp. Este estudo encontrou que a frequência de positividade do Hp nos pacientes com UCE foi mais baixa do que a encontrada na literatura, porém, cerca de 70% dos pacientes tratados para erradicação do Hp apresentaram melhora clínica da UCE.

Introduction: Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is currently considered an autoimmune disorder, where mast cells are the key cells and their activation is associated with IgG and/ or IgE autoantibodies. However, many other conditions may be associated with uncontrolled CSU, such as Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection, although the literature is controversial in this regard. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of Hp treatment on CSU control. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with CSU who underwent Hp screening because of gastroesophageal symptoms. Data on demographics and antihistamine resistance were assessed in these patients. Hp positivity and the influence of Hp treatment on CSU control were also evaluated. CSU was considered controlled if UAS7 <6 and the medication for CSU control was reduced. Results: Fifty patients were included in the study; most were women (84%) and the mean age was 56.0 years. Hp infection was observed in 18 patients (36%), although only 13 were treated for Hp eradication; of these, 9 (69.2%) showed improvement in CSU symptoms, reassessed at a mean of 5.6 months after treatment. There was no association of Hp infection with CSU severity or disease duration. Conclusions: Although the main hypothesis for mast cell activation in CSU is autoimmunity, other conditions are associated with uncontrolled CSU, such as Hp infection. This study found a lower rate of Hp positivity than that reported in the literature, but about 70% of patients with CSU treated for Hp eradication showed clinical improvement.

Síndrome autoinmune tirogástrico (SAT): serie de casos / Thyrogastric syndrome: Case Series

Resumen Un porcentaje importante de pacientes con gastritis crónica atrófica corporal autoinmune, o gastritis tipo A, desarrollan enfermedad autoinmune tiroidea (enfermedad de Graves o de Hashimoto) y viceversa, situación conocida como síndrome autoinmune tirogástrico (SAT), pero no se conoce su prevalencia, por lo que puede pasarse sin el diagnóstico completo. El desarrollo de la gastritis atrófica limita la absorción de la vitamina B12, lo que lleva a alteraciones hematológicas, neurológicas y metabólicas, por tanto, es importante realizar las pruebas necesarias para su diagnóstico y seguir de cerca la evolución de los pacientes. La detección serológica de los autoanticuerpos contra la glándula tiroides y el cuerpo gástrico muestran la etiología autoinmune y un estado inflamatorio con daño tisular. Todo paciente con enfermedad autoinmune debe ser valorado para descartar la presencia de otras patologías de etiología inmunológica.

Abstract A significant percentage of patients with chronic autoimmune atrophic body gastritis (type A gastritis) develop thyroid autoimmune disease (Graves' disease or Hashimoto's disease) and vice versa. This situation is known as thyrogastric syndrome. Its prevalence is unknown, due to incomplete diagnoses. Since the development of atrophic gastritis limits the absorption of vitamin B12 leading to hematological, neurological and metabolic alterations, it is important to perform necessary diagnostic tests and to closely monitor the evolution of patients. Serological detection of autoantibodies against the thyroid gland and the gastric body show the autoimmune etiology and an inflammatory state with tissue damage. Every patient with autoimmune disease should be evaluated to rule out the presence of other pathologies of immunological etiology.

Dry eye in systemic lupus erythematosus patients / Olho seco em pacientes com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico

Abstract Objective: To study the association of dry eye with lupus disease activity and cumulative damage. To verify if epidemiological, treatment and autoantibody profile of SLE (systemic Lupus erythematosus) patients influence the presence of dry eye. Methods: We studied 70 SLE patients for the presence of dry eye by Schirmer test, disease activity by SLEDAI (SLE-Disease activity index) and cumulative damage by SLICC/ACR DI (Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index). Patients were also submitted to the OSDI (Ocular Surface Disease Index) questionnaire. Epidemiological and treatment data and autoantibody profile were extracted from the charts. Results: Dry eye by Schirmer test was present in 51.4% of the sample. No association of the presence of dry eye with SLEDAI and SLICC DI were found (p = ns). Subjective symptoms of dry eye measured by OSDI showed a modest correlation with SLEDAI (Spearman rho = 0.32). Treatment profile did not influence in the presence of dry eye that was more common in older patients (p < 0.0001). Anti dsDNA had a negative association with the presence of positive Schirmer test (p = 0.0008). Conclusions: Dry eye detected by Schirmer test in SLE patients has no association with disease activity nor cumulative damage. Anti dsDNA seems to have a protective effect in this context.

Resumo Objetivos: Estudar a associação do olho seco com a atividade do lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES) e seus danos cumulativos. Verificar se o perfil epidemiológico, de tratamento e de auto anticorpos de pacientes com LES influencia a presença de olho seco. Métodos: Foram estudados 70 pacientes com LES para a presença de olho seco pelo teste de Schirmer, atividade da doença por SLEDAI (SLE Disease Activity Index) e dano cumulativo por SLICC/ACR DI (Clínicas Colaborativas Internacionais de Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index). Os pacientes também foram submetidos ao questionário OSDI (índice de doenças da superfície ocular). Os dados epidemiológicos e de tratamento e o perfil de auto anticorpos foram extraídos dos prontuários. Resultados: Olho seco pelo teste de Schirmer esteve presente em 51,4% da amostra. Nenhuma associação da presença de olho seco com SLEDAI e SLICC/ACR DI foi encontrada (p = ns). Os sintomas subjetivos do olho seco medidos por OSDI mostraram uma correlação modesta com SLEDAI (Rho de Spearman = 0,32) . O perfil do tratamento não influenciou na presença de olho seco que era mais comum em uns pacientes mais idosos (p < 0, 1). Anti dsDNA teve uma associação negativa com a presença de teste positivo de Schirmer (p = 0, 8). Conclusões: Olho seco detectado pelo teste de Schirmer em pacientes com LES não tem associação com atividade da doença nem dano cumulativo. Anti dsDNA parece ter um efeito protetor neste contexto.

Autoimmune hepatitis in 828 Brazilian children and adolescents: clinical and laboratory findings, histological profile, treatments, and outcomes / Hepatite autoimune em 828 crianças e adolescentes brasileiros: achados clínicos e laboratoriais, perfil histológico, tratamentos e resultados

Abstract Objective: This large study with a long-term follow-up aimed to evaluate the clinical presentation, laboratory findings, histological profile, treatments, and outcomes of children and adolescents with autoimmune hepatitis. Methods: The medical records of 828 children and adolescents with autoimmune hepatitis were reviewed. A questionnaire was used to collect anonymous data on clinical presentation, biochemical and histological findings, and treatments. Results: Of all patients, 89.6% had autoimmune hepatitis-1 and 10.4% had autoimmune hepatitis-2. The female sex was predominant in both groups. The median age at symptom onset was 111.5 (6; 210) and 53.5 (8; 165) months in the patients with autoimmune hepatitis 1 and autoimmune hepatitis-2, respectively. Acute clinical onset was observed in 56.1% and 58.8% and insidious symptoms in 43.9% and 41.2% of the patients with autoimmune hepatitis-1 and autoimmune hepatitis-2, respectively. The risk of hepatic failure was 1.6-fold higher for autoimmune hepatitis-2. Fulminant hepatic failure occurred in 3.6% and 10.6% of the patients with autoimmune hepatitis-1 and autoimmune hepatitis-2, respectively; the risk was 3.1-fold higher for autoimmune hepatitis-2. The gamma globulin and immunoglobulin G levels were significantly higher in autoimmune hepatitis-1, while the immunoglobulin A and C3 levels were lower in autoimmune hepatitis-2. Cirrhosis was observed in 22.4% of the patients; biochemical remission was achieved in 76.2%. The actuarial survival rate was 93.0%. A total of 4.6% underwent liver transplantation, and 6.9% died (autoimmune hepatitis-1: 7.5%; autoimmune hepatitis-2: 2.4%). Conclusions: In this large clinical series of Brazilian children and adolescents, autoimmune hepatitis-1 was more frequent, and patients with autoimmune hepatitis-2 exhibited higher disease remission rates with earlier response to treatment. Patients with autoimmune hepatitis-1 had a higher risk of death.

Resumo Objetivo: Este estudo com acompanhamento de longo prazo visou a avaliar o quadro clínico, os achados laboratoriais, o perfil histológico, os tratamentos e os resultados de crianças e adolescentes com hepatite autoimune. Métodos: Foram analisados os prontuários médicos de 828 crianças e adolescentes com HAI. Foi usado um questionário para coletar os dados anônimos sobre o quadro clínico, os achados bioquímicos e histológicos e os tratamentos. Resultados: De todos os pacientes, 89,6% tinham hepatite autoimune-1 e 10,4% hepatite autoimune-2. O sexo feminino foi predominante nos dois grupos. A idade média no início dos sintomas foi 111,5 (6; 210) e 53,5 (8; 165) meses nos pacientes com hepatite autoimune-1 e hepatite autoimune-2, respectivamente. Foi observado início clínico agudo em 56,1% e 58,8% e sintomas insidiosos em 43,9% e 41,2% dos pacientes com hepatite autoimune-1 e hepatite autoimune-2, respectivamente. A probabilidade de insuficiência hepática foi 1,6 vezes maior para hepatite autoimune-2; 3,6% e 10,6% dos pacientes com hepatite autoimune-1 e hepatite autoimune-2, respectivamente, apresentaram insuficiência hepática fulminante; o risco foi 3,1 vezes maior para hepatite autoimune-2. Os níveis de gamaglobulina e imunoglobulina G foram significativamente maiores nos pacientes com hepatite autoimune-1, ao passo que os níveis de imunoglobulina A e C3 foram menores em pacientes com hepatite autoimune-2; 22,4% dos pacientes apresentaram cirrose e a remissão bioquímica foi atingida em 76,2%. A taxa de sobrevida atuarial foi de 93,0%. Um total de 4,6% pacientes foram submetidos a transplante de fígado e 6,9% morreram (hepatite autoimune-1: 7,5%; hepatite autoimune-2: 2,4%). Conclusões: Nesta grande série clínica de crianças e adolescentes brasileiros, a hepatite autoimune-1 foi mais frequente e os pacientes com hepatite autoimune-2 mostraram maiores taxas de remissão da doença com respostas mais rápidas aos tratamentos. Os pacientes com hepatite autoimune-1 apresentaram maior risco de óbito.

In properly selected patients with differentiated thyroid cancer, antithyroglobulin antibodies decline after thyroidectomy and their sole presence should not be an indication for radioiodine ablation

ABSTRACT Objective Our objective was to evaluate the trend of antithyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) during follow-up of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) treated without RAI, as well as their role in the risk of recurrence. Subjects and methods This was a prospective, descriptive study. A total of 152 consecutive patients with DTC treated in a single institution undergoing total thyroidectomy without RAI and followed for a median of 2.3 years (0.5-10.3) were divided in two groups: TgAb(-) (n = 111) and TgAb(+) (n = 41). Patients were classified according to AJCC 7th and 8th editions, as well as to their risk of recurrence and response to treatment categories. Results Both groups, TgAb(-) and TgAb(+), were similar regarding patient and tumor characteristics. At the end of follow-up, 90 (59.2%), 57 (37.5%), 3 (2%) and 2 (1.3%) patients achieved excellent, indeterminate, biochemically incomplete and structurally incomplete response, respectively. The risk of structural recurrence was similar in both groups (TgAb[-] 0.9% vs. TgAb[+] 2.4%, p = 0.46). In the TgAb(+) group, TgAb became negative in 10 (24.4%), decreased ≥ 50% without negativization in 25 (60.9%), decreased < 50% in 4 (9.8%) and remained stable or increased in 2 (4.9%) cases. The only incomplete structural response had increasing TgAb during follow-up. Conclusions In properly selected patients with DTC, TgAb concentration immediately after total thyroidectomy should not mandate RAI ablation, and their trend during follow-up may impact the risk of recurrence.

Células T reguladoras en lupus eritematoso generalizado / Regulatory T cells in systemic lupus erythematosus

Resumen El lupus eritematoso generalizado (LEG) es una enfermedad autoinmune crónica caracterizada por la pérdida de la tolerancia a los antígenos propios y la síntesis de diferentes autoanticuerpos con la formación y depósito de complejos inmunes y el daño de múltiples órganos. Las células T reguladoras (Treg) desempeñan un papel esencial en el mantenimiento de la tolerancia periférica, controlan el estado de activación del sistema inmune y limitan las respuestas autoinmunes. El estudio del número y la función de las diferentes subpoblaciones de células Treg en LEG ha sido objeto de una intensa investigación. Dependiendo del fenotipo de las células Treg analizado se ha reportado que la frecuencia de estas células en pacientes con LEG se encuentra disminuida, aumentada o sin alteraciones. Además, diferentes grupos han descrito que la función supresora de las células Treg de los pacientes con LEG se encuentra reducida o no se ve afectada. En conjunto, lo datos reportados sugieren que las células Treg desempeñan un papel relevante en la patogénesis del LEG y que estos linfocitos pueden ser considerados blancos potenciales para el diseño de nuevas estrategias terapéuticas para esta enfermedad.

Abstract Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by a loss of tolerance to self-antigens and synthesis of different autoantibodies, with the formation and deposition of immune complexes and damage to multiple organs. T regulatory cells (Tregs) play a crucial role in maintaining peripheral tolerance, controlling the state of activation of the immune system and limiting autoimmune responses. The study of the number and function of the different Treg cell subpopulations in SLE has been the subject of intense research. Depending on the analyzed Treg cell phenotype, the frequency of these cells has been reported to be reduced, increased or unaltered in patients with SLE. In addition, different groups have described that Treg cells suppressive function is reduced or unaffected in patients with SLE. Taken together, the reported data suggest that Treg cells play a relevant role in the pathogenesis of SLE and that these lymphocytes can be considered potential targets for the design of new therapeutic strategies for this condition.

Características clínicas e autoimunidade nos pacientes com urticária dermográfica / Clinical features and autoimmunity in patients with dermographic urticaria

Introdução: A urticária dermográfica (UD) é a forma de urticária induzida mais comum, com uma prevalência geral de até 5%. Na urticária demográfica, o estímulo físico é decorrente de trauma ou fricção, seja ela por roupa, ou arranhões. A urtica pruriginosa aparece cerca de 10 minutos após o estímulo, e desaparece em 1 a 2 horas. Os anti-histamínicos (AH1) são a primeira opção de tratamento para controle da doença, e não se conhece a etiologia dessa entidade clínica. Objetivo: Avaliar as características clínicas de pacientes com urticária dermográfica ou dermografismo sintomático. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de prontuário eletrônico de pacientes com UD, atendidos em um hospital terciário. Foram avaliados o tempo de doença, associação com urticária crônica espontânea (UCE), o tipo de tratamento, e a frequência de doença autoimune e/ou autoanticorpos. Resultados: Foram avaliados 161 pacientes com UD em seguimento há mais de seis meses. Cento e trinta e nove pacientes (85,7%) eram do sexo feminino, com média de idade de 48,6 anos e tempo de doença de 10,1 anos. A maioria respondeu ao AH1. Ao longo do seguimento, o AH1 de segunda geração foi utilizado em 73,5% dos pacientes, e o de primeira geração adicionado ao de segunda geração ou isolado em 50% dos pacientes. Quinze pacientes (9,3%) haviam feito uso de corticoide oral para controle dos sintomas. A associação com UCE estava presente em 44,1% dos pacientes. Alguma doença autoimune estava presente em 6,3% dos pacientes com UD associados à UCE, e em 14,5% naqueles com diagnóstico isolado de UD. Autoanticorpos estavam presentes em 34,9% dos pacientes com UD associada à UCE, e em 32,7% naqueles com UD isolada. Conclusões: A prevalência de autoimunidade e/ou autoanticorpos foi elevada, independentemente da associação da UD com UCE.

Introduction: Dermographic urticaria (DU) is the most common form of inducible urticaria, with an overall prevalence of up to 5%. In DU, physical stimulation is due to trauma or friction, either by clothing or scratches. Pruritic wheals appear about 10 minutes after the stimulus and disappear within 1 to 2 hours. Antihistamines are the first treatment option to control the disease. The underlying cause is unknown. Objective: To evaluate the clinical features of patients with DU or symptomatic dermographism. Methods: A retrospective study of electronic medical records of patients with DU treated at a tertiary hospital. Disease duration, association with chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), type of treatment, and frequency of autoimmune disease and/or autoantibodies were assessed. Results: A total of 161 patients with DU were followed for more than 6 months. One hundred thirty-nine patients (85.7%) were female, with mean age of 48.6 years and mean disease duration of 10.1 years. Most patients responded well to antihistamines. Over the follow-up period, second-generation antihistamines were used by 73.5% of patients, while firstgeneration antihistamines combined with second-generation drugs or alone were used by 50%. Fifteen patients (9.3%) had used oral corticosteroids to control their symptoms. The association with CSU was found in 44.1%. Autoimmune disease was found in 6.3% of patients with DU associated with CSU and in 14.5% of those with diagnosis of isolated DU. Autoantibodies were found in 34.9% of patients with DU associated with CSU and in 32.7% of those with isolated DU. Conclusions: The prevalence of autoimmunity and/or autoantibodies was high, regardless of the association of DU with CSU.

Influence of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis on the risk of persistent and recurrent disease in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma and elevated antithyroglobulin antibodies after initial therapy / Influência da tireoidite linfocítica crônica sobre o risco de doença persistente e recorrente em pacientes com carcinoma papilífero de tireoide e anticorpos antitireoglobulina elevados após a terapia inicial

Abstract Introduction In patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma who have negative serum thyroglobulin after initial therapy, the risk of structural disease is higher among those with elevated antithyroglobulin antibodies compared to patients without antithyroglobulin antibodies. Other studies suggest that the presence of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis is associated with a lower risk of persistence/recurrence of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Objective This prospective study evaluated the influence of chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis on the risk of persistence and recurrence of papillary thyroid carcinoma in patients with negative thyroglobulin but elevated antithyroglobulin antibodies after initial therapy. Methods This was a prospective study. Patients with clinical examination showing no anomalies, basal Tg < 1 ng/mL, and elevated antithyroglobulin antibodies 8-12 months after ablation were selected. The patients were divided into two groups: Group A, with chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis on histology; Group B, without histological chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis. Results The time of follow-up ranged from 60 to 140 months. Persistent disease was detected in 3 patients of Group A (6.6%) and in 6 of Group B (8.8%) (p = 1.0). During follow-up, recurrences were diagnosed in 2 patients of Group A (4.7%) and in 5 of Group B (8%) (p = 0.7). Considering both persistent and recurrent disease, structural disease was detected in 5 patients of Group A (11.1%) and in 11 of Group B (16.1%) (p = 0.58). There was no case of death related to the disease. Conclusion Our results do not support the hypothesis that chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis is associated with a lower risk of persistent or recurrent disease, at least in patients with persistently elevated antithyroglobulin antibodies after initial therapy for papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Resumo Introdução Em pacientes com carcinoma papilífero de tireoide e com tireoglobulina sérica negativa após a terapia inicial, o risco de doença estrutural é maior entre aqueles com anticorpos antitireoglobulina elevados em comparação com pacientes sem anticorpos antitireoglobulina. Outros estudos sugerem que a presença de tireoidite linfocítica crônica está associada a um menor risco de persistência/recorrência do carcinoma papilífero de teireoide. Objetivo Este estudo prospectivo avaliou a influência da tireoidite linfocítica crônica sobre o risco de persistência e recorrência do carcinoma papilífero de tireoide em pacientes com tireoglobulina negativa, mas com anticorpos antitireoglobulinas elevados após a terapia inicial. Método Esse foi um estudo prospectivo, no qual foram selecionados pacientes com exame clínico sem anomalias; tireoglobulina basal < 1 ng/mL e anticorpos antitireoglobulina elevados 8-12 meses após ablação. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: Grupo A, com tireoidite linfocítica crônica no exame histológico; Grupo B, histologicamente sem tireoidite linfocítica crônica. Resultados O tempo de seguimento variou de 60 a 140 meses. Doença persistente foi detectada em 3 pacientes do Grupo A (6,6%) e em 6 do Grupo B (8,8%) (p = 1,0). Durante o seguimento, as recidivas foram diagnosticadas em 2 pacientes do Grupo A (4,7%) e em 5 do Grupo B (8%) (p = 0,7). Considerando tanto a doença persistente quanto a recorrente, doença estrutural foi detectada em 5 pacientes do Grupo A (11,1%) e em 11 do Grupo B (16,1%) (p = 0,58). Não houve nenhum caso de óbito relacionado à doença. Conclusão Nossos resultados não apoiam a hipótese de que a tireoidite linfocítica crônica esteja associada a um menor risco de doença persistente ou recorrente, pelo menos em pacientes com anticorpos antitireoglobulina persistentemente elevados após a terapia inicial do carcinoma papilífero de tireoide.

Percutaneous laser ablation of benign thyroid nodules: a one year follow-up study / Ablação percutânea com laser de nódulos benignos de tireoide: um estudo de acompanhamento de um ano

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate safety and effectiveness of nodule volume reduction and thyroid function after percutaneous laser ablation treatment in patients with benign nonfunctioning thyroid nodules. Methods Prospective single-center study, from January 2011 to October 2012, which evaluated 30 euthyroid and thyroid antibodies negative patients with benign solitary or dominant nodule with indication of treatment due to compressive symptoms and aesthetic disturbances. The clinical and laboratory (thyroid ultrasound, TSH, FT4, TG, TG-Ab, TPO-Ab and TRAb levels) evaluations were performed before the procedure, and periodically 1 week, 3 months and 6 months after. The ablation technique was performed under local anesthesia and sedation. In each treatment, one to three 21G spinal needle were inserted into the thyroid nodule. The laser fiber was positioned through the needle, which was then withdrawn 10mm to leave the tip in direct contact with the nodule tissue. Patients were treated with a ND: Yag-laser output power of 4W and 1,500 to 2,000J per fiber per treatment. The entire procedure was performed under US guidance. Results Thirty patients, with a total of 31 nodules submitted to laser ablation were evaluated. The median volumetric reduction of the nodule was approximately 60% after 12 months. No statistical significance was observed on thyroid function and antibodies levels. There was a peak on the level of thyroglobulin after the procedure due to tissue destruction (p<0.0001). No adverse effects were observed. Conclusion Percutaneous laser ablation is a promising outpatient minimally invasive treatment of benign thyroid nodule.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a segurança e a efetividade da redução de volume nodular e função tireoidiana após tratamento com ablação percutânea por laser em pacientes com nódulos tireoidianos benignos não funcionantes. Métodos Estudo unicêntrico prospectivo, de janeiro de 2011 a outubro de 2012, que avaliou 30 pacientes eutireoideos (com anticorpos antitireoide negativos), com nódulo solitário ou dominante benigno, com indicação de tratamento devido a sintomas de compressão e distúrbios estéticos. As avaliações clínica e laboratorial (ultrassonografia de tireoide, TSH, FT4, TG, TG-Ab, TPO-Ab e TRAb) foram realizada antes do procedimento e periodicamente − 1 semana, 3 meses e 6 meses depois. A técnica de ablação consistiu em procedimento realizado sob a anestesia local e sedação. Em cada tratamento, uma a três agulhas espinhais 21G foram inseridas no nódulo tireoidiano. A fibra laser foi posicionada através da agulha que foi, então, retirada 10mm, para deixar a ponta em contato direto com o nódulo. Os pacientes foram tratados com uma potência de saída ND: Yag-laser de 4W e 1.500 a 2.000J por fibra por tratamento. Todo o procedimento foi guiado por ultrassonografia. Resultados Foram avaliados 30 pacientes, com total de 31 nódulos submetidos à ablação a laser. A redução média volumétrica do nódulo foi de aproximadamente 60% após 12 meses. Não foi observada significância estatística na função da tireoide e nem nos níveis de anticorpos. Houve pico no nível de tiroglobulina após o procedimento devido à destruição do tecido (p<0,0001). Nenhum efeito adverso foi observado. Conclusão A ablação com laser é um tratamento minimamente invasivo promissor para tratamento do nódulo benigno da tireoide.

Hepatitis autoinmune en la edad pediátrica / Autoimmune hepatitis in the pediatric age

Resumen: En pediatría, la hepatitis autoinmune y la colangitis esclerosante son patologías de afección hepática cuyo mecanismo de daño es inmunológico. La hepatitis autoinmune es una enfermedad de etiología desconocida, caracterizada por hepatitis de interfase, hipergammaglobulinemia, autoanticuerpos circulantes y una respuesta favorable a la inmunosupresión. Es una enfermedad eminentemente pediátrica, con una afección prevalente hacia mujeres jóvenes. La terapia debe ser instituida con prontitud para prevenir el deterioro rápido, promover la remisión de la enfermedad y la supervivencia a largo plazo. La falta persistente de respuesta o la falta de adherencia al tratamiento dan como resultado una enfermedad hepática terminal. Los pacientes que desarrollan esta patología, y aquellos con insuficiencia hepática fulminante en el momento del diagnóstico, requerirán trasplante hepático.

Abstract: In pediatrics, autoimmune hepatitis and sclerosing cholangitis are liver disorders with an immunological damage mechanism. Autoimmune hepatitis is a disease of unknown etiology characterized by interface hepatitis, hypergammaglobulinemia, circulating autoantibodies and a favorable response to immunosuppression. It is an eminently pediatric disease with a prevalent condition in young women. Therapy should be instituted promptly to prevent rapid deterioration, promote remission of disease and long-term survival. The persistent lack of response or lack of adherence to treatment results in terminal liver failure; these patients, and those with fulminant hepatic insufficiency at the time of diagnosis, will require liver transplantation.

Colangitis biliar primaria. Parte 1. Actualización: generalidades, epidemiología, factores involucrados, fisiopatología y manifestaciones clínicas / Primary biliary cholangitis. Part 1. State of the art, epidemiology, physiopathology and clinical manifestations

La colangitis biliar primaria (CBP), es una colangiopatía crónica caracterizada por la destrucción selectiva de las células epiteliales biliares de conductos hepáticos de pequeño y mediano calibre, que afecta principalmente a mujeres. Los principales síntomas son la fatiga y el prurito, sin embargo, gran porcentaje de los pacientes pueden ser asintomáticos. El diagnóstico se basa en anticuerpos antimitocondriales (AMA) con títulos >1:40, fosfatasa alcalina >1,5 veces del límite superior normal por más de 24 semanas e histología hepática compatible con la patología. Se asocia con múltiples enfermedades principalmente de carácter autoinmune extra hepáticas, enfermedades tiroideas, óseas, entre otras. El tratamiento de primera línea es el ácido ursodesoxicólico (AUDC) que a pesar que no cura la enfermedad, mejora las pruebas del perfil hepático, así como el retraso en la progresión a cirrosis. Actualmente se encuentran en estudio nuevos tratamientos y terapias adyuvantes. El propósito de esta revisión es ofrecer una actualización de este tema que se presenta en los servicios de medicina interna y gastroenterología; para su realización se conformó un equipo interdisciplinario que desarrolló una búsqueda en la base Medline a través de PubMed con las palabras claves correspondientes y se procedió a una lectura crítica y analítica de títulos, resúmenes y textos completos para el filtro, extracción y síntesis de la información encontrada

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic autoimmune cholangiopathy characterized by a selective destruction of biliary epithelial cells of small and medium caliber hepatic ducts, which mainly affects women. The main symptoms are fatigue and pruritus, however, a large proportion of patients may be asymptomatic. The diagnosis is based on AMA titers >1:40, alkaline phosphatase >1.5 times the upper limit for more than 24 weeks and compatible liver histology. It is associated with multiple autoimmune diseases mainly extrahepatic, thyroid diseases, bone diseases, among others. The first line treatment is ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), that improves liver function tests and delay the progression to cirrhosis. Currently, there are new treatments and adjuvant therapies on study. The purpose of this review is to offer an update in this topic, which is very important in gastroenterology and internal medicine. We formed an interdisciplinary team to search in the database Medline thorough PubMed with the key words describe below, we made a critical lecture of the titles and abstracts of each article to write this paper

Uma nova classe de doenças: doenças autoinflamatórias / A new class of diseases: autoinflammatory diseases

As doenças autoinflamatórias sistêmicas são um grupo de doenças raras recentemente descritas, mas que vêm ganhando espaço no cenário clínico. Caracterizam-se por alterações da imunidade inata, portanto sem a presença de linfócito T autorreator ou autoanticorpo, e que respondem ao bloqueio de uma única citocina. Esta revisão tem como objetivo analisar a base imunofisiológica destas doenças e descrever brevemente cada uma delas com suas características clínicas mais importantes.

Systemic autoinflammatory diseases are a group of rare diseases only recently described but rapidly growing in importance in the clinical setting. They are characterized by innate immunity impairment, i.e., absence of autoreactive T lymphocytes or autoantibodies, and respond to individual cytokine blockade. The objective of this review was to analyze the immunophysiological basis of these diseases and to briefly describe each of them along with their most relevant clinical characteristics.

Células dendríticas e interferones en el lupus eritematoso sistémico / Dendritic cells and interferons in systemic lupus erythematosus

Resumen El lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) es un trastorno autoinmune con base genética, caracterizado por la aparición de autoanticuerpos, formación y depósito de complejos inmunes circulantes e inflamación crónica en varios órganos. La etiología es multifactorial y, en individuos genéticamente predispuestos, factores medioambientales y componentes hormonales juegan un rol clave en el sistema inmune de esta enfermedad. Cerca de 25 loci genéticos han sido identificados, indicando la importancia en esta enfermedad; sin embargo, la tasa de concordancia para el LES es de tan solo el 25% entre gemelos monocigotos (1,2). Un ejemplo de ello son las deficiencias de los componentes iniciales en la vía clásica del complemento sérico como el C1q, C2 o C4, que si bien es infrecuente, confieren susceptibilidad genética para el LES en una tasa del 30% en caso de deficiencia del C4 y de más del 90% para una deficiencia del C1q (3). Por otro lado, se demostró que el C1q inhibe a las células dendríticas plasmocitoides (CDP) en la secreción de interferón alfa (IFN-a), proporcionando así un nuevo enlace entre la deficiencia del complemento y la activación de la vía del IFN (4). Por ello, el IFN-a es considerado como un actor central en la patogénesis del LES, encontrándose concentraciones séricas altas en los brotes de esta enfermedad (5). En consecuencia, estos IFN ejercen efectos claves en la fisiopatología del LES, lo que sugiere que esta citoquina no solo posee un efecto a nivel del sistema inmune innato, sino también en las respuestas inmunes adaptativas. Teniendo en cuenta estos hechos, se puede anticipar que las CDP, fuente principal de secreción de IFN, están involucradas en dicha enfermedad autoinmune. En esta revisión nos centraremos en la participación de las CDP y del IFN en el LES (6,7).

Abstract Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder with a genetic basis, and is characterised by the appearance of autoantibodies, the formation and deposition of circulating immune complexes, and chronic inflammation in various organs. It is of multifactorial origin, and in genetically predisposed individuals, environmental factors and hormonal components play a key role in the immune system of the disease. About 25 genetic loci have been identified, indicating the importance in this pathology. However, the concordance rate for SLE is only 25% among monozygotic twins. An example of this is the deficiencies of the initial components in the classical serum complement pathway such as C1q, C2 or C4, which, although rare, confer genetic susceptibility for SLE at a rate of 30% in the case of C4 deficiency, and more than 90% for C1q deficiency. It was also demonstrated that C1q inhibits plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) in the secretion of interferon-alpha (IFN-a), thus providing a new link between complement deficiency and activation of the IFN pathway. Therefore, IFN-a is considered to have a central role in the pathogenesis of SLE, with high serum concentrations being found in outbreaks of this disease. These IFN exert prominent immunoregulatory effects, suggesting that this cytokine is key, not only in the innate immune system, but also in adaptive immune responses. Taking these facts into account, it can be anticipated that pDCs, the main source of IFN secretion, are involved in this autoimmune disease. In this review, we will focus on the participation of pDCs and IFNs in SLE.

Anti-TTG entre crianças com constipação funcional crônica não responsivas após 6 semanas de tratamento da constipação / Anti-ttg among children with chronic functional constipation unresponsive to 6 weeks of treatment of constipation

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND Celiac disease is a glutten induced enteropathy. Some authors recommended screening celiac in children with constipation. There are studies to evaluate celiac disease in children with constipation. But most of them included children regardless to treatment failure. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate frequency of elevated anti TTG in children with constipation after failure to improve during 6 week of appropriate treatment of constipation. METHODS In this cross sectional study, 550 children with prolonged constipation were included. Place of study was Pediatric Gastroenterology clinic of Abuzar children's hospital. Prolonged constipation was defined as a constipation which failed to resolved after 6 weeks of appropriate treatment. Constipation was defined according to ROME III criteria. After parental agreement, 5 mL of blood was obtained. Serum anti TTG level was measure using ELISA method by Orientec kit. Anti TTG>10 was considered positive if IgA was normal. SPSS version 16.0 (Chicago, IL, USA) was used for data analysis. Chi square, t-test, and Mann Whitney test used for data analysis. RESULTS In this study 550 children (m=277, f=273) were included. Mean age of the cases was 6.8±2.9 year. Anti TTG antibody level was 5.8±2.8 unit/mL. Of these case, 42 (7.6%) had positive anti-TTG antibody. Celiac disease was confirmed in 40 cases after histopathology examination. CONCLUSION Anti-TTG was positive in 7.6% children with chronic constipation who failed to respond after 6 week of treatment. Another multicenter study with longer follow up period is recommended.

RESUMO CONTEXTO A doença celíaca é uma enteropatia glúten-induzida. Alguns autores recomendam a triagem de doença celíaca em crianças com constipação. Há estudos para avaliar a doença celíaca em crianças com constipação, mas a maioria inclue crianças independentemente do insucesso do tratamento. OBJETIVO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a frequência de anti-TTG elevado em crianças com constipação após 6 semanas de tratamento adequado e sem sucesso. MÉTODOS Através de cruzamento seccional, 550 crianças com constipação prolongada foram incluídas. O local de estudo foi o ambulatório de Gastroenterologia Pediátrica do Hospital Infantil de Abuzar. Constipação prolongada foi definida como uma constipação, cuja resolução falhou após 6 semanas de tratamento adequado. Constipação foi definida de acordo com critérios de Roma III. Após o consentimento informado dos pais, obteve-se 5 mL de sangue. O nível de anti TTG no soro foi medido usando-se o método ELISA pelo Orientec kit. O anti-TTG >10 foi considerado positivo se IgA estivesse normal. Os dados foram analisados através de testes do Chi-quadrado, t-teste e teste de Mann Whitney utilizando-se o SPSS versão 16.0 (Chicago, IL, EUA). RESULTADOS Um total de 550 crianças (m=277, f=273) foi incluído neste estudo. A média de idade dos pacientes foi 6,8±2,9 anos. O nível de anticorpo anti-TTG foi de 5,8±2,8 unidades/mL. Do total, 42 (7,6%) indivíduos tinham anticorpos anti-TTG positivo. A doença celíaca foi confirmada em 40 casos após exame de histopatologia. CONCLUSÃO O Anti-TTG foi positivo em 7,6% crianças com constipação crônica que não conseguiram responder após 6 semanas de tratamento. Outro estudo multicêntrico, com acompanhamento mais longo período é recomendado.

Baja masa ósea y osteoporosis en pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico / Low bone mass and osteoporosis in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

RESUMEN Introducción: El lupus eritematoso sistémico es una enfermedad autoinmune, multisistémica y crónica, de etiología desconocida, en la cual la frecuencia de alteraciones en la densidad mineral ósea varía entre 25-74%; si bien su diagnóstico no está estandarizado. Objetivo: Describir las alteraciones densitométricas en pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico, así como las características clínicas y demográficas en 2 centros de referencia del noroccidente colombiano. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal realizado entre enero de 2013 y diciembre de 2014. Variables incluidas: demográficas, estado de menopausia, consumo de tabaco y alcohol, autoanticuerpos, compromiso orgánico, medicamentos e índices de actividad y cronicidad (SLEDAI, SLICC). Alteraciones densitométricas definidas según la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Análisis estadístico: Frecuencias absolutas y relativas para variables cualitativas; mediana con rango intercuartílico (RIQ) para variables cuantitativas. Resultados: De 302 pacientes evaluados, 65 cumplieron criterios de elegibilidad. Treinta y uno por ciento de las pacientes premenopáusicas tenían baja masa ósea para la edad; un 50% de las mujeres posmenopáusicas tenían osteoporosis y un 27% baja masa ósea. Número de pacientes con alteraciones densitométricas según factores asociados: fracturas 4, consumo de alcohol 2, fumadores activos 3, anticuerpos anti-Ro 8, afección neurológica 7, falla renal crónica 4. Uso de prednisolona: 53,8%; mediana de dosis diaria: 10 mg (RIQ5-52). Medianas de SLEDAI y SLICC: 0 (RIQ= 0-4) y 0,5 (RIQ= 0-1,75), respectivamente. Conclusiones: Se encontraron pocas densitometrías óseas en pacientes con lupus; la frecuencia de las alteraciones minerales óseas fue independiente del estado de menopausia. La mediana de dosis de prednisolona fue alta, en sujetos en remisión y sin daño orgánico.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic, autoimmune, multisystem disease of unknown aetiology, and in which the frequency of alterations in bone mineral density varies between 25% and 74%, although its diagnosis is not standardised. Objective: To describe the densitometric changes in systemic lupus erythematosus patients, as well as the clinical and demographic characteristics from two reference centres northwestern Colombia. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between January 2013 and December 2014. The data collected included the demographic variables, menopausal status, use of tobacco and alcohol, autoantibodies, organ involvement, medications, as well as the activity and chronicity indices (SLEDAI, SLICC). Densitometric changes were defined according to World Health Organisation criteria. Statistical analyses: Absolute and relative frequencies were calculated for qualitative variables, and medians with interquartile range (IQR) for quantitative variables. Results: Of the total 302 patients evaluated, 65 met eligibility criteria. Thirty-one percent of premenopausal patients had low bone mass for age was observed in 31% of pre-menopausal women, with 50% of post-menopausal women showing osteoporosis, and 27% low bone mass. The number of patients with densitometric alterations according to associated factors was, fractures 4, alcohol consumption 2, active smokers 3, anti-Ro antibodies 8, neurological involvement 7, and chronic renal failure 4. Prednisone was used in 53.8%, with a median daily dose of 10mg (IQR5-52). The median SLEDAI and SLICC was 0 (IQR = 0-4) and 0.5 (IQR = 01.75), respectively. Conclusions: Few bone densitometry results were found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. The frequency of mineral bone disorders was independent of menopausal status. The median dose of prednisone was high in subjects in remission, and without organ damage.