Large basal cell carcinoma defect closure on the lateral cheek using multiple advancement flaps / Cierre de defecto por carcinoma de células basales en la mejilla lateral usando múltiples flaps de avance

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common type of nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC). It grows slowly and very rarely metastasizes but can cause substantial morbidity due to its tendency to relapse and locally invasive nature, especially when located on the face. Excision surgery is still the gold standard treatment for primary BCC and is usually followed by reconstruction procedure. Skin flap techniques vary widely, one of which is flap advancement technique. The main benefit of flap advancement technique is the ability to hide the excision line, thus resulting in an aesthetically sound outcome. We report a case of 72-year-old female with hyperpigmented plaque brownish lump on the left lateral cheek. A diagnosis of igmented basal cell carcinoma had been confirmed through histopathological examination. The patient was treated with wide excision surgery and the defectwas closed by multiple advancement flaps. Follow-up after three months showed excellent cosmetic and functional outcome.

El carcinoma basocelular (CBC) es el tipo más común de cáncer de piel no melanoma. Crece lentamente y rara vez hace metástasis, pero puede causar una morbilidad sustancial debido a su ubicación en la cara, tendencia a la recidiva y su comportamiento invasivo local. La cirugía de escisión sigue siendo el tratamiento estándar de oro para el CBC primario y generalmente se acompañan de procedimientos reconstructivos. Las técnicas de flap varían ampliamente, una de las cuales es la técnica de avance del colgajo. El principal beneficio de la técnica de avance es la capacidad de ocultar la línea de escisión y, por lo tanto, se obtiene un resultado más estético. En este artículo reportamos el caso de una mujer de 72 años con placa hiperpigmentada y abultada en su mejilla lateral izquierda. Se había confirmado un diagnóstico de carcinoma de células basales pigmentadas mediante un examen histopatológico. El paciente fue tratado con una amplia cirugía de escisión y el defecto fue cerrado por múltiples colgajos de avance. El seguimiento después de tres meses mostró un excelente resultado cosmético y funcional.

Outcome of staged excision with pathologic margin control in high-risk basal cell carcinoma of the head region

Abstract Background: High-risk basal cell carcinoma involves a significant rate of basal cell carcinoma that requires Mohs micrographic surgery for definitive treatment. Staged excision with pathologic margin control is a simple, accessible, and curative procedure suggested for the treatment of high-risk basal cell carcinoma. Objective: To evaluate the results of staged excision of high-risk basal cell carcinoma in the head region. Methods: This interventional study was performed on patients with high-risk basal cell carcinoma, who underwent staged excision until the margins were free of tumor. Results: A total of 122 patients (47 females and 75 males) with mean age of 57.66 ± 9.13 years were recruited in this study. Nasal and nodular types were the most common of both clinical and pathologic forms, respectively. Further, 89.3 % of cases were cured by staged excision after four years of follow-up. There was a significant relationship between treatment outcomes and recurrent lesions, multiplicity of risk factors, long-standing disease, and pathologic type. There was also a significant association between the number of surgical excisions and multiplicity of risk factors, as well as recurrence, location, and size of basal cell carcinoma. Study limitations: Lack of magnetic resonance imaging assessment in cases of suspected perineural invasion. Conclusions: High-risk basal cell carcinoma had a high cure rate by staged excision. Patients with more risk factors and those with nasal and recurrent basal cell carcinoma required more staged excisions. Failure of treatment is more probable in patients with more risk factors, long-standing lesions, and high-risk pathologic and recurrent basal cell carcinomas.

Horizontal histological sections in the preliminary evaluation of basal cell carcinoma submitted to Mohs micrographic surgery

Abstract Background: Mohs micrographic surgery is a surgical technique for the treatment of nonmelanoma skin cancer. Surgery begins by removing the visible tumor before excision of the tissue specimens for evaluation of the tumor margins. Objectives: To present a new way to evaluate the material obtained from debulking, by horizontal histological analysis of the fragment. Methods: Descriptive retrospective cross-sectional study based on the medical records and histological lamellae of patients with primary basal cell carcinomas smaller than 1.5 cm submitted to Mohs micrographic surgery and who had the visible tumor analyzed by horizontal histological sections. Results: The sample evaluated included 16 patients with lesions located on the face. Comparing the histopathological examinations of incisional biopsy in vertical sections and debulking in horizontal sections, there was agreement in seven cases. The histological analysis performed in horizontal sections allowed identification of the tumor site in 13 cases, and the relation between tumor and margin showed that in 11 cases, the lateral margin was compromised.Study limitations: The technique was better-applied in lesions smaller than 2 cm. Conclusion: Horizontal histological analysis of debulking has advantages for Mohs surgery, since it allows visualization of almost all tumor extension in the same view plane of the dermatoscopy, allowing better definition of the histological subtype, tumor site, and tumor/margin of lesions less than 1.5 cm.

Caracterización clinicoepidemiológica de pacientes con tumores epiteliales cutáneos no melanoma / Clinical and epidemiological characterization of patients with epithelial cutaneous non melanoma tumors

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y transversal de 87 pacientes con tumores cutáneos no melanoma, atendidos en el Servicio de Dermatología del Hospital Clinicoquirúrgico Docente Dr Joaquín Castillo Duany de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero de 2012 hasta igual mes de 2014 con el objetivo de caracterizarles según variables clínicas y epidemiológicas de interés para la investigación. La información se recogió de las historias clínicas y de los informes de anatomía patológica. Como medidas de resumen para variables cuantitativas y cualitativas se utilizaron la media, la frecuencia absoluta y la relativa. En la serie predominaron el carcinoma basocelular (60,0 por ciento), el sexo masculino, los pacientes de piel blanca y los mayores de 50 años de edad; asimismo, la cabeza resultó ser la región topográfica más afectada y la forma clínica nodular la más frecuente. Según la ocupación, los agricultores y los albañiles estuvieron mayormente relacionados con este tipo de cáncer de piel.

A descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional study of 87 patients with non melanoma cutaneous tumors, assisted in the Dermatology Service of Dr Joaquín Castillo Duany Clinical Surgical Hospital in Santiago de Cuba was carried out from January, 2012 to the same month of 2014 with the objective of characterizing them according to clinical and epidemiological variables of interest for the investigation. The information was collected from the medical records and from the pathology reports. For quantitative and qualitative variables, means, absolute frequency and the relative frequency were used as summary measures. In the series, the basocelular carcinoma (60,0 percent), male sex, the white skin patients and those older than 50 years prevailed; also, the head turned to be the most affected topographical region and the most frequent nodular clinical type. According to the occupation, farmers and bricklayers were mostly related to this type of skin cancer.

Study of skin neoplasms in a university hospital: integration of anatomopathological records and its interface with the literature

Abstract: Background: Skin cancer is a highly prevalent condition with a multifactorial etiology resulting from genetic alterations, environmental and lifestyle factors. In Brazil, among all malignant tumors, skin cancers have the highest incidences. Objective: To retrospectively evaluate the incidence, prevalence and profile of basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and cutaneous melanoma in Campos dos Goytacazes and region. Methods: In total, 2,207 histopathological reports of a local reference hospital were analyzed between January 2013 and December 2015, of which 306 corresponded to the neoplasms studied. Results: Of the 306 reports evaluated, 232 basal cell carcinomas (75.9%), 55 squamous cell carcinomas (18%) and 19 cutaneous melanomas (6.5%) were identified. The face was the most involved anatomical site (58.8%) and women (51%) were the most affected gender. The temporal analysis revealed a decrease in the overall incidence of 3.4% from 2013 to 2014 and 5.4% from 2014 to 2015. There was a 10.1% increase in basal cell carcinomas and 38% in melanomas in this period; however, there was a decrease in the number of squamous cell carcinomas of 14.8% during the studied years. Study limitations: Some samples of cutaneous fragments had no identification of the anatomical site of origin. Conclusion: Research that generates statistical data on cutaneous tumors produces epidemiological tools useful in the identification of risk groups and allows the adoption of more targeted and efficient future prevention measures.

Reconstrução total de pálpebra inferior com associação dos retalhos de Hughes e Destro / Total lower eyelid reconstruction with the combined use of the Hughes and Destro flaps

Introdução: A neoplasia de pálpebra inferior é uma doença frequente. O carcinoma basocelular, o espinocelular e o melanoma são responsáveis por 5 a 10% de todos os cânceres de pele. A reconstrução total da pálpebra inferior após exérese de neoplasia cujo defeito envolva mais que 50% da pálpebra é um desafio. A literatura mostra alternativas discordantes quanto ao melhor método de reconstrução nessas situações, sendo a maioria dos trabalhos composta por relatos de casos, levando à inconsistência nas evidências apresentadas. Método: Avaliar retrospectivamente, por meio da coleta de dados em prontuários, os resultados funcionais alcançados pelo autor nos pacientes submetidos à reconstrução total de pálpebra inferior após ressecção de neoplasia entre maio de 2012 e maio de 2016, na Santa Casa de Passos, com a associação do retalho miotarsoconjuntival de Hughes para reconstrução da lamela interna e do retalho de avanço de pele VY de Destro para reconstituir a lamela externa. Resultados: Foram operados 13 pacientes, com média de idade de 72,61 anos. O carcinoma basocelular foi responsável pela maioria das lesões com 11 casos. Nenhum paciente apresentou comorbidade nas áreas doadoras dos retalhos. A simetria contralateral e o fechamento palpebral foram observados em 12 casos, sendo um caso de ectrópio tratado com sucesso, não sendo identificados outros problemas funcionais. Conclusão: A associação do retalho miotarsoconjuntival de Hughes e retalho de Destro é uma alternativa valiosa para a reconstrução total da pálpebra inferior, visto conseguirmos um resultado funcional e estético favorável com tecidos doadores semelhantes aos ressecados.

Introduction: Lower eyelid cancers are common. Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma are responsible for 5 to 10% of all skin cancers. Complete reconstruction after excision of a tumor that creates a defect involving more than 50% of the eyelid is a challenge. Reports vary regarding the best method of reconstruction, and most available literature is in the form of case reports, leading to inconsistency in the evidence presented. Methods: This retrospective study examined the medical records to evaluate the functional results achieved by the author in patients who underwent total lower eyelid reconstruction after cancer resection between May 2012 and May 2016. The Hughes myotarsoconjunctival flap was used for reconstruction of the internal lamella, and the Destro VY skin advancement flap was used for the external lamella. Results: Of 13 patients with a mean age of 72.61 years, basal cell carcinoma accounted for 11 cases. No comorbidity was observed in the flap donor areas. Contralateral symmetry and palpebral closure were achieved in 12 cases; 1 case of ectropion was successfully treated, but no other functional problems were identified. Conclusion: The combined use of the Hughes flap and Destro flap is a valuable alternative for total reconstruction of the lower eyelid and can achieve favorable functional and aesthetic outcomes with donor tissue, similar to that of resected tissue.

Carcinoma basocelular. Un reto actual para el dermatólogo / Basal cell carcinoma. An actual challenge for the dermatologist

RESUMEN El carcinoma basocelular es un tumor maligno de origen epitelial, su crecimiento es lento y rara vez metastiza. Este puede producir destrucción local y comprometer extensas áreas de tejido, cartílago y hueso. Existen variantes clínicas e histológicas y constituye el cáncer más frecuente en humanos y su incidencia está en aumento. Se realizó una revisión para exponer los aspectos esenciales sobre factores predisponentes, formas clínicas y diagnóstico, así como las opciones terapéuticas en esta entidad. Se desarrolló una búsqueda en la Biblioteca Virtual de Infomed y Google. Fueron revisados veinticinco trabajos científicos sin limitación de año y país, de los cuales quince pertenecen a los últimos 5 años. El carcinoma basocelular se considera de origen multifactorial, el carcinógeno más importante es la luz ultravioleta. La forma clínica más frecuente es la variedad nodular y la distribución es en cara y cuello. La elección del tratamiento dependerá del tamaño de la lesión, la localización, la edad y estado general del paciente. A pesar de tener baja malignidad y mortalidad, puede ocasionar destrucción y deformidad y repercutir en la vida de los pacientes. El dominio de los factores de riesgo, los elementos para el diagnóstico precoz y las opciones terapéuticas son indispensable para elegir la conducta adecuada frente a la enfermedad y promover cambios en el estilo de vida, que favorezcan la prevención y disminuyan la morbilidad por esta causa (AU).

ABSTRACT Basal cell Carcinoma (BCC) is an epidermal malignant tumor, it has a slow growth and seldom metastases. It can produce local destruction and compromise big tissue areas, cartilage and bone. There are clinical and histological presentations. It is one of the most common cancer in humans and its incidence is increasing. This project's goal is to expose the essential aspects about the predisposal factors, clinic presentations and diagnoses as well as this disorder's therapeutic options.This study was made from different bibliographical revisions. The research was developed on Infomed Database and Google. Twenty five Scientific studies were researched without country and/or timeline limit, from whom fifteen belongs to the last 5 years. BCC is considered to have a multifactorial origin, whose most important carcinogen is the ultraviolet light. The most frequent clinical presentation is the nodular and the most common distribution is face and neck. The treatment choice depends on the tumor size, its distribution and the patient's age and current state. Although it is a low malignancy and low-death rate neoplasia, it can cause tissue destruction and affect patient's social life. The management of the risk factors, the elements for the early diagnosis and the therapeutic options are indispensable to choose the adequate behavior for the disorder and promote life style changes that favor the prevention and lower the morbidity rate (AU).

Epidemiological profile of elderly patients with non-melanoma skin cancer seen at the dermatology outpatient clinic of a public hospital

Abstract: Basal cell carcinoma and Squamous cell carcinoma, referred to as non-melanoma skin cancer, are the most common malignancies in humans. Their incidence is increasing worldwide every year. In Brazil, even with the advent of educational campaigns on photoprotection and laws that banned tanning beds, they are the most frequent neoplasias, representing a public health problem recognized by the Ministry of health.

Fatores que levam à negligência quanto aos cânceres da pele não melanoma / Factors leading to neglect of non-melanoma skin cancers

Contexto: Câncer da pele não melanoma é o mais prevalente no Brasil, sendo o carcinoma basocelular (CBC) e o espinocelular (CEC) os subtipos de maior ocorrência. Apesar das estratégias de conscientização da população sobre os riscos da fotoexposição e da campanha anual da Sociedade Brasileira de Dermatologia para diagnóstico precoce e capacitação dos médicos da atenção primária em saúde para diagnóstico do câncer da pele, ainda são muitos os casos de diagnóstico tardio dos cânceres da pele, dificultando a realização do tratamento adequado e comprometendo, inclusive, o prognóstico do paciente. Descrição dos casos: Caso 1 ­ homem de 86 anos, analfabeto, com úlcera inguinal esquerda há dois anos, de 15 centímetros de diâmetro, friável, bem delimitada. Biópsia incisional revelou: CBC. Realizada exérese com linfadenectomia locorregional. O paciente evoluiu bem, mas perdeu seguimento. Caso 2 ­ mulher de 93 anos, analfabeta, hipertensa e diabética, há três anos com tumoração de oito centímetros, friável, localizada na fronte e glabela. Biópsia incisional revelou: CEC. Tendo em vista a idade avançada e suas comorbidades, optou-se por realização de radioterapia. Entretanto, a paciente perdeu seguimento. Discussão: Negligência quanto aos cânceres da pele não melanoma se relaciona, principalmente, a pobreza e baixo nível educacional do paciente, hábitos inadequados de higiene, desconhecimento sobre tumores de pele, idade avançada, moradia longe dos centros urbanos e ausência de dor. Conclusões: Ocorrência de câncer da pele de grandes dimensões ainda é uma realidade no Brasil. Negligência sobre os cânceres de pele e o atraso no diagnóstico/conduta pode alterar a história natural da doença, aumentando os riscos de recidiva, metástase e óbito.

Evaluation of surgical margins according to the histological type of basal cell carcinoma

Abstract: Basal cell carcinoma is the most common skin cancer in the world. The aim of this study was to evaluate the surgical margin of basal cell carcinoma and correlate this with its histologic subtype. A retrospective analysis of pathology laboratory records from 1990 to 2000 was performed and the following data was collected: age, sex, race, anatomical location, histological type, and state of the excision margins in 1,428 histopathological reports of basal cell carcinoma. Ages ranged from 6 to 99 years, with an average of 57. There was a slight predominance of lesions in white women patients, and the most common histological subtype was the nodular, followed by the superficial. The most common locations were in the head and neck, with highest prevalence appeared in the nose. Surgical margins revealed a lateral involvement of 20.14% and a deep involvement of 12.47%. The fibrosing basal cell carcinoma is the histological type that most often presented positive surgical margins.

Fatores de risco do câncer de pele não melanoma em idosos no Brasil / Risk factors of non-melanoma skin cancer in the elderly in Brazil

Com o aumento da expectativa de vida brasileira, novas medidas de prevenção de doenças crônico-degenerativas devem ser melhor observadas.O objetivo desta revisão é direcionar a atenção dos profissionais de saúde para os fatores de risco do câncer de pele não melanoma (CPNM), ou seja, carcinomas basocelular e espinocelular, em idosos brasileiros. Estes indivíduos vivem em país tropical, portanto com grande incidência solar, considerada o maior fator de risco para as neoplasias cutâneas, que são as de maior prevalência no país. O agravante nos idosos é que eles são portadores de sistema imune deficiente, além de sofrerem as consequências dos fatores ambientais aos quais foram submetidos ao longo de toda vida. O conhecimento dos fatores de risco é necessário, assim como a adesão a medidas protetoras, para que seja menor a chance de desenvolverem neoplasias, uma vez que a radiação solar é cumulativa. Assim, a prevenção e, principalmente, o diagnóstico precoce são importantes, devendo-se conscientizar o indivíduo idoso sobre os cuidados de fotoproteção que, mesmo simples, ainda não tiveram a adesão diária necessária nessa população. No Brasil, é a região sul a que concentra maior número de CPNM, embora seja a região geográfica com menores índice de radiação ultravioleta (IUV). Portanto, mais estudos são necessários no país, a fim de que as variáveis locais, diferentes das presentes em outros países, sejam melhor conhecidas.

Recurrence rate of basal cell carcinoma with positive histopathological margins and related risk factors

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The best way to approach surgically removed basal cell carcinoma with positive histopathological margins is a controversial issue. Some authors believe that the more appropriate treatment is an immediate reoperation while others prefer a periodic follow up. The rates of recurrence are variable in literature, between 10% and 67%. OBJECTIVE: To define the recurrence rate of basal cell carcinoma with positive margins after surgery. Secondarily, identify morphological aspects that can suggest a more frequent tumoral recurrence. METHODS: This was a retrospective and observational study made by analysis of medical records of 487 patients between January 2003 and December 2009 in Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná (HC-UFPR). From 402 basal cell carcinomas surgically treated, 41 fulfilled inclusion criteria and were evaluated for five years or more. Recurrence rate of these tumors was analyzed in all patients and clinical characteristics such as sex, age, tumor size, tumor site, ulceration, and histological type were evaluated in order to find if they were related to more common tumoral recurrence. RESULTS: The rate of positive margins after surgery was 12.18%. There were five cases of tumoral recurrence in the observation group and three cases in the re-excision group. Tumor size, site, histological type, ulceration and type of positive margin did not differ statistically between groups. It was not possible to consider if these factors were important in recurrence rates. STUDY LIMITATIONS: Ideally, a prospective study with a larger sample would be more accurate. CONCLUSION: The treatment of choice in basal cell carcinoma with positive margins must be individualized to reduce recurrence rates.

Initial basal cell carcinomas diagnosed in the National Campaign for Skin Cancer Prevention are smaller than those identified by the conventional medical referral system

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Basal cell carcinoma is the malignant tumor most often diagnosed in the National Campaign for Skin Cancer Prevention (NCSCP). Little is known about the profile of these lesions compared to the profile of lesions diagnosed by conventional routes of public dermatological care. OBJECTIVE: To identify if basal cell carcinomas identified in prevention campaigns and referred to surgery are smaller than those routinely removed in a same medical institution. METHODS: Cross-sectional study including tumors routed from 2011-2014 campaigns and 84 anatomopathological reports of outpatients. RESULTS: The campaigns identified 223 individuals with suspicious lesions among 2,531 examinations (9%), with 116 basal cell carcinomas removed. Anatomopathological examinations revealed that the primary lesions identified in the national campaigns were smaller than those referred to surgery by the conventional routes of public health care (28 [13-50] x 38 [20-113] mm2, p <0.01). On the other hand, after a mean follow-up of 15.6 ± 10.3 months, 31% of cases identified in campaigns showed new basal cell carcinoma lesions. STUDY LIMITATIONS: Retrospective study and inaccuracies in the measurements of the lesions. CONCLUSIONS: The NCSCP promotes an earlier treatment of basal cell carcinomas compared to patients referred to surgery by the conventional routes of public health care, which can result in lower morbidity rates and better prognosis.

Usefulness of the subunit principle in nasal reconstruction

Abstract The subunit principle in nasal reconstruction proposed the concept of reconstructing the specific topographic subunits that were identified as dorsum, tip, columella, the paired alae, sidewalls, and soft triangles. In patients with more than 50% of subunit loss, removing the remaining portion of the subunit and reconstructing the entire subunit may yield better results. The placement of incisions along the borders of the subunits minimizes scar lines. Furthermore, as trapdoor contraction occurs, the entire restored subunit bulges in a way that mimics the normal contour of a nasal tip, dorsum or ala. Two cases of nasal reconstruction that followed this important principle are described.

Analysis of effectiveness of a surgical treatment algorithm for basal cell carcinoma

Abstract BACKGROUND: Surgical excision is the treatment of choice for basal cell carcinoma and micrographic surgery considered the gold standard, however not yet used routinely worldwide available, as in Brazil. Considering this, a previously developed treatment guideline, which the majority of tumors were treated by conventional technique (not micrographic) was tested. OBJECTIVE: To establish the recurrence rate of basal cell carcinomas treated according to this guideline. METHOD: Between May 2001 and July 2012, 919 basal cell carcinoma lesions in 410 patients were treated according to the proposed guideline. Patients were followed-up and reviewed between September 2013 and February 2014 for clinical, dermatoscopic and histopathologic detection of possible recurrences. RESULTS: After application of exclusion criteria, 520 lesions were studied, with 88.3% primary and 11.7% recurrent tumors. Histological pattern was indolent in 85.5%, 48.6% were located in high risk areas and 70% small tumors. Only 7.3% were treated by Mohs micrographic surgery. The recurrence rate, in an average follow-up period of 4.37 years, was 1.3% for primary and 1.63% for recurrent tumors. Study limitations: unicenter study, with all patients operated on by the same surgeon. CONCLUSION: The treatment guideline utilized seems a helpful guide for surgical treatment of basal cell carcinoma, especially if micrographic surgery is not available.

Dermatoscopy-guided therapy of pigmented basal cell carcinoma with imiquimod

Abstract BACKGROUND: Dermatoscopy is a non-invasive diagnostic tool used to examine skin lesions with an optical magnification. It has been suggested as a useful tool for monitoring therapeutic response in lentigo maligna patients treated with imiquimod. OBJECTIVE: To examine the accuracy of dermatoscopy as a tool to monitor the therapeutic response of pigmented basal cell carcinoma treated with imiquimod. METHOD: The authors designed a prospective study. Patients with pigmented basal cell carcinoma were included and data regarding the dermatoscopy features were collected following the Menzies criteria, prior to initiating the imiquimod treatment. Subsequent dermatoscopic evaluations were performed at weeks 4 and 8, following imiquimod discontinuation. RESULTS: Twenty lesions were included. The most common pigmented dermatoscopy features were large blue-grey ovoid nests (80%), followed by blue-grey globules (50%) and leaf-like areas (30%). No spoke wheel areas were observed. In 17 out of 20 patients, a response was noted during the first evaluation at 4 weeks, while the clearance was noted at the second check-up after 8 weeks. In two patients, the clearance was found at the initial evaluation at 4 weeks, while in one patient, the response remained unchanged. Blue-grey globules were the fastest to exhibit clearance (50% at week 4), followed by leaf-like areas (15%) and large blue-grey ovoid nests (6.25%). CONCLUSION: According to our results, dermatoscopic evaluation enhances the accuracy in the assessment of the clinical response to imiquimod in pigmented basal cell carcinoma.

Paramedian forehead flap combined with hinge flap for nasal tip reconstruction

Abstract The paramedian forehead flap is a great option for restoration of complex nasal defects. For full-thickness defects, it may be used alone or in combination with other methods. We present a patient with a basal cell carcinoma on the distal nose treated by Mohs micrographic surgery, and a resulting full-thickness defect repaired with paramedian forehead flap combined with a hinge flap. For optimal results with the paramedian forehead flap, adequate surgical planning, patient orientation and meticulous surgical technique are imperative.

Non-melanoma skin cancer in Portuguese kidney transplant recipients - incidence and risk factors

Abstract: Background: Cancer is currently among the three leading causes of death after solid organ transplantation and its incidence is increasing. Non-melanoma skin cancer - squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma - is the most common malignancy found in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). The incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer in KTRs has not been extensively studied in Portugal. Objectives: To determine the incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer in KTRs from the largest Portuguese kidney transplant unit; and to study risk factors for non-melanoma skin cancer. Methods: Retrospective analysis of clinical records of KTRs referred for the first time for a dermatology consultation between 2004 and 2013. A case-control study was performed on KTRs with and without non-melanoma skin cancer. Results: We included 288 KTRs with a median age at transplantation of 47 years, a male gender predominance (66%) and a median transplant duration of 3.67 years. One fourth (n=71) of KTRs developed 131 non-melanoma skin cancers, including 69 (53%) squamous cell carcinomas and 62 (47%) basal cell carcinomas (ratio squamous cell carcinoma: basal cell carcinoma 1.11), with a mean of 1.85 neoplasms per patient. Forty percent of invasive squamous cell carcinomas involved at least two clinical or histological high-risk features. The following factors were associated with a higher risk of non-melanoma skin cancer: an older age at transplantation and at the first consultation, a longer transplant duration and the presence of actinic keratosis. KTRs treated with azathioprine were 2.85 times more likely to develop non-melanoma skin cancer (p=0.01). Conclusion: Non-melanoma skin cancer was a common reason for dermatology consultation in Portuguese KTRs. It is imperative for KTRs to have access to specialized dermatology consultation for early referral and treatment of skin malignancies.

Aplicación de técnicas reconstructivas en el manejo de los pacientes con tumores malignos del párpado inferior / Use of reconstructive techniques in management of patients with lower eyelid malignant tumors

Objetivos: caracterizar la aplicación de las técnicas reconstructivas utilizadas en el manejo de los pacientes con tumores malignos de párpado inferior según edad, sexo, color de la piel, tipo de neoplasia, localización de la neoplasia, ojo afectado, clasificación quirúrgica y complicaciones posquirúrgicas. Métodos: estudio descriptivo y longitudinal en el Instituto de Oncología y Radiobiología de La Habana, entre septiembre de 2013 y agosto de 2014, de pacientes que presentaron tumores malignos del párpado inferior. Se constituyó una muestra de 38 pacientes. Resultados: el sexo más afectado fue el masculino (73,6 por ciento); las edades más frecuente de presentación fueron entre 60 a 69 años (42,3 por ciento), en pacientes de piel blanca (86,8 por ciento). El carcinoma basocelular fue el de mayor incidencia histológica (68,5 por ciento); el ojo derecho fue el más vulnerado (65,8 por cietno), en la localización del tercio medio del párpado inferior; el mayor grupo se clasificó como T2N0M0 (39,5 por ciento). La complicación aguda más frecuente fue el hematoma del sitio operatorio (10,5 por ciento) y dentro de las tardías el lagoftalmo (7,8 por ciento). La técnica quirúrgica más empleada fue el colgajo rotado de mejilla (34,2 por ciento). Conclusiones: los resultados logrados en la reconstrucción integral del párpado inferior fueron satisfactorios en todos los casos, estructural y funcionalmente, con una mejoría de la apariencia física y de la calidad de vida de los pacientes(AU)

Objectives: to characterize the use of reconstructive techniques to manage patients with malignant lower eyelid tumor as per age, sex, race, type and location of neoplasia, affected eye, surgical classification and postsurgery complications. Methods: descriptive and longitudinal study carried out in the National Oncology and Radiobiology Institute in Havana city from September 2013 through August 2014. The study sample was made up of 38 patients who suffered malignant lower eyelid tumors. Results: males (73,6 percent); 60 to 69 years old patients (42,3 percent) and Caucasians (86,8 percent) were the most affected people. Basal cell carcinoma showed the most histological incidence (68,5 percent); the right eye was the most vulnerable (65,8 percent) and tumor location in the middle third of the eyelid (31,5 percent) prevailed. Most part of the patients was included in the T2 N0M0 staging group; (39,5 percent). The main severe complication was hematoma in the surgical site (10,5 percent) whereas lagophtalmo (7,8 percent) was predominant in the postoperative complications. Rotate cheek flap technique was the most used for the reconstruction of the eyelid (34,2 percent). Conclusions: the results of the comprehensive reconstruction of the lower eyelid were operationally and structurally satisfactory in all cases, with better physical appearance and higher quality of life in all patients(AU)

Reconstrução nasal: análise de série de casos / Nasal reconstruction: an analysis of a series of cases

INTRODUÇÃO: A reconstrução nasal é desafiadora devido à posição central e proeminente do nariz na face. Pequenos defeitos nessa região tornam-se óbvios. Análise retrospectiva das 146 cirurgias de reconstrução nasal nos Serviços Integrados de Cirurgia Plástica do Hospital Ipiranga - SICPHI, avaliando a incidência dos defeitos nasais, assim como as principais técnicas cirúrgicas realizadas de acordo com cada região nasal. MÉTODOS: Estudo descritivo retrospectivo pela revisão de 109 prontuários e arquivos fotográficos, dos pacientes atendidos nos Serviços Integrados de Cirurgia Plástica do Hospital Ipiranga, em São Paulo, SP, no período compreendido entre janeiro de 2011 a junho de 2014. RESULTADOS: Foram realizadas 146 cirurgias. A faixa etária média foi de 67 anos. Em relação ao tipo de tumores malignos encontrados, 104 (73%) eram carcinoma basocelular e três (2%) carcinoma espinocelular. As 36 (25%) lesões restantes eram de características benignas. As regiões nasais mais acometidas foram: asa nasal, 55 (38%); dorso, 36 (25%); ponta, 26 (18%); lateral, 12 (8%); não especificada, sete (5%); comprometimento total do nariz, cinco (3%); e columela, dois (1%). Observou-se a preferência ao fechamento primário dos defeitos. No caso de impossibilidade do mesmo, realizaram-se retalhos locais, concordando com a literatura. CONCLUSÃO: As subunidades estéticas nasais podem ser reconstruídas por uma variabilidade de técnicas cirúrgicas. O cirurgião deve buscar um adequado resultado estético e funcional.

INTRODUCTION: Nasal reconstruction is challenging because of the central position and role of the nose in the face. Minor defects in this region become obvious. A retrospective analysis of 146 nasal reconstruction surgeries in the Integrated Plastic Surgery Services of the Ipiranga Hospital (SICP-HI) was performed, evaluating the incidence of nasal defects, as well as the main surgical techniques performed in accordance with each nasal region. METHODS: A retrospective descriptive study through a review of 109 medical records and photograph archives of patients treated in SICP-HI, São Paulo, SP, from January 2011 to June 2014. RESULTS: A total of 146 surgeries were performed. The mean patient age was 67 years. Regarding the type of malignant tumors found, 104 (73%) were basal cell carcinoma and 3 (2%) were squamous cell carcinoma. The remaining 36 (25%) lesions were benign. The most affected nasal regions were as follows: nasal wing, 55 (38%); the dorsum, 36 (25%); tip, 26 (18%); sidewalls, 12 (8%); unspecified, 7 (5%); total involvement of the nose, 5 (3%); and the columella, 2 (1%). There was a preference for primary closure of the defect. However, if this was infeasible, local flaps were used, in agreement with the literature. CONCLUSION: The nasal aesthetic subunits can be reconstructed using a variety of surgical techniques. The surgeon should seek an appropriate aesthetic and functional outcome.