Implantación percutánea transeptal de válvula protésica aórtica sobre bioprótesis mitral degenerada / Percutaneous implantation of an aortic prosthetic valve on a degenerated mitral bioprosthesis. Report of one case

Reintervention of a mitral degenerated bioprosthesis has a high surgical risk, especially in elderly patients with multiple comorbidities. We report a 74 years old female with two previous cardiac surgical procedures and a new structural mitral bioprosthesis deterioration with severe mitral regurgitation. Considering her high-surgical risk, a fully percutaneous treatment was performed with a balloon-expandable aortic valve in mitral position (valve-in-valve) through a transseptal approach with a favorable outcome. This technique is an attractive and effective option with a relatively low rate of complications that could solve this challenging and complex disease.

Implante Percutâneo Transeptal de Bioprótese em Disfunção de Prótese Valvar Cirúrgica Mitral - Experiência Multicêntrica Brasileira / Percutaneous Transseptal Bioprosthetic Implantation in Failed Prosthetic Surgical Mitral Valve - Brazilian Multicenter Experience

Resumo Fundamento A intervenção percutânea em pacientes com disfunção de prótese biológica mitral apresenta-se como uma alternativa ao tratamento cirúrgico convencional. Objetivo Relatar a primeira experiência brasileira de implante transcateter de bioprótese valve-in-valve mitral via transeptal (TMVIV-via transeptal). Métodos Foram incluídos pacientes portadores de disfunção de bioprótese cirúrgica submetidos ao TMVIV-transeptal em 12 hospitais brasileiros. Foram considerados estatisticamente significativos valores de p<0,05. Resultados Entre junho/2016 e fevereiro/2019, 17 pacientes foram submetidos ao TMVIV-via transeptal. A mediana de idade foi 77 anos (IIQ,70-82), a mediana do escore STS-PROM foi 8,7% (IIQ,7,2-17,8). Todos os pacientes tinham sintomas limitantes de insuficiência cardíaca (CF≥III), tendo 5 (29,4%) sido submetidos a mais de uma toracotomia prévia. Obteve-se sucesso do TMVIV-via transeptal em todos os pacientes. A avaliação ecocardiográfica demonstrou redução significativa do gradiente médio (pré-intervenção, 12±3,8 mmHg; pós-intervenção, 5,3±2,6 mmHg; p<0,001), assim como aumento da área valvar mitral (pré-intervenção, 1,06±0,59 cm2; pós-intervenção, 2,18±0,36 cm2; p<0,001) sustentados em 30 dias. Houve redução significativa e imediata da pressão sistólica de artéria pulmonar, com redução adicional em 30 dias (pré-intervenção, 68,9±16,4 mmHg; pós-intervenção, 57,7±16,5 mmHg; 30 dias, 50,9±18,7 mmHg; p<0,001). Durante o seguimento, com mediana de 162 dias (IIQ, 102-411), observou-se marcada melhora clínica (CF≤II) em 87,5%. Um paciente (5,9%) apresentou obstrução de via de saída de ventrículo esquerdo (VSVE), evoluindo para óbito logo após o procedimento, e outro morreu aos 161 dias de seguimento.Conclusão: A primeira experiência brasileira de TMVIV-transeptal demonstra a segurança e a efetividade dessa nova técnica. A obstrução da VSVE é uma complicação potencialmente fatal, reforçando a importância da seleção dos pacientes e do planejamento do procedimento. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

Abstract Background Percutaneous intervention in patients with bioprosthetic mitral valve dysfunction is an alternative to conventional surgical treatment. Objectives To report the first Brazilian experience with transseptal transcatheter bioprosthetic mitral valve-in-valve implantation (transseptal-TMVIV). Methods Patients with surgical bioprosthetic dysfunction submitted to transseptal-TMVIV in 12 Brazilian hospitals were included. The significance level adopted was p<0.05. Results From June/2016 to February/2019, 17 patients underwent transseptal-TMVIV. Their median age was 77 years (IQR,70-82) and median Society of Thoracic Surgeons predicted risk of mortality (STS-PROM) score was 8.7% (IQR,7.2-17.8). All patients had limiting symptoms of heart failure (FC≥III) and 5 (29.4%) had undergone more than one previous thoracotomy. Transseptal-TMVIV was successful in all patients. Echocardiographic assessment showed a significant reduction in mean mitral valve gradient (pre-intervention, 12±3.8 mmHg; post-intervention, 5.3±2.6 mmHg; p<0.001), in addition to an increase in mitral valve area (pre-intervention, 1.06±0.59 cm2; post-intervention, 2.18±0.36 cm2; p<0.001) sustained for 30 days. There was a significant and immediate reduction in the pulmonary artery systolic pressure, with an additional reduction in 30 days (pre-intervention, 68.9±16.4 mmHg; post-intervention, 57.7±16.5 mmHg; 30 days, 50.9±18.7 mmHg; p<0.001). During follow-up (median, 162 days; IQR, 102-411), significant clinical improvement (FC≤II) was observed in 87.5% of the patients. One patient (5.9%) had left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction and died right after the procedure, and another died at 161 days of follow-up. Conclusion The first Brazilian experience with transseptal-TMVIV shows the safety and effectivity of the new technique. The LVOT obstruction is a potentially fatal complication, reinforcing the importance of patients' selection and of procedural planning. (Arq Bras Cardiol. 2020; [online].ahead print, PP.0-0)

Hipoxemia recurrente y formen oval permeable. Unidad diagnóstica fácilmente inadvertida. Caso clínico / Recurrent hypoxemia secondary to a patent foramen ovale. Report of one case

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a prevalent congenital septal atrial defect usually without pathological significance. In certain pathogenic situations, PFO can trigger episodes of recurrent hypoxemia, a specific condition known as platipnea-orthodeoxia syndrome (POS). We report a 73 years old female presenting with dyspnea and low arterial oxygen saturation. On admission the patient had a hemoglobin saturation of 81% and an arterial oxygen partial pressure of 50 mmHg. After breathing 100% a 17% arterial-venous shunt was found (normal: less than 12%). A transesophageal echocardiogram and a cardiac catheterization showed the presence of a PFO. A percutaneous closure was performed.

Hemodynamic and imaging assessment of transcatheter aortic valve replacement with the inovare® proseal using multislice computed tomography

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the hemodynamic performance (i.e., gradients and paravalvular leakage [PVL]) of the new and experimental Braile Inovare® Proseal. Additionally, we aimed to assess pre and postoperatively the aortic annulus and the transcatheter prosthesis using multislice computed tomography (MSCT). Methods: Patients were selected by a multidisciplinary heart team and referred for transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). MSCT was performed before and after surgery. Measurements of the aortic valve and prosthesis were conducted and correlated with the valve gradient and residual PVL. Results: Twenty-one patients were selected for the protocol. Patients had a mean age of 79 years and 38% of them were of female sex. The mean EuroSCORE II value was 12.5%±10.8. Mean gradient was reduced from 45.8±11.04 mmHg to 5.59±2.61 mmHg and there were no instances of PVL worse than mild. There were no cases of coronary obstruction or procedural death. Circularity was present in all prostheses evaluated. Circularity indexes for the prostheses were: inflow 0.05±0.03, middle third 0.04±0.02, and outflow 0.04±0.02 (P=0.08). The mean distance between the prosthesis and the left and right coronary ostia were 14.8 mm±3.3 and 17.3 mm±3, respectively. Oversizing was appropriate with a mean of 22.14%±6%. Conclusion: Braile Inovare® Proseal transcatheter device has demonstrated low gradients with low rates of PVL. Oversizing by annular measurements was adequate. MSCT was adequate to evaluate device sizing and has demonstrated preserved expansibility and circularity in the evaluated cases.

Conhecimentos e sentimentos de usuários submetidos à cineangiocoronariografia / Knowledge and feelings of patients submitted to cardiac catheterization

This is a study that addresses users' knowledge and feelings about the cardiac catheterization exam. Objective: To describe the perception of the exam in users submitted to a coronary catheterization. Methods: This is a descriptive study with a qualitative approach carried outat the hemodynamics service in a university hospital in the state of Rio de Janeiro, from October to December 2013. Twenty 20 patients, aged between 18 and 79 years old participated in the study. Data collection was carried out through semi-structured interviews, followed by content analysis. Results: most patients were unaware of the purpose of the exam, and felt fear and anxiety associated with death, symbolically or not. Final considerations: patients are not clear about the therapeutic action of cardiac catheterization, opening space for the presence of feelings caused by ignorance. The educational actions carried out by the nurse are a facilitating strategy for health education for these people.

Trata-se de um estudo que aborda o conhecimento e sentimentos dos usuários relativo ao exame de cineangiocoronariografia. Objetivo: descrever a percepção dos usuários submetidos à cineangiocoronariografia em relação ao exame. Métodos: estudo descritivo com abordagem qualitativa, realizado no serviço de hemodinâmica em um hospital universitário no estado do Rio de Janeiro, no período de outubro a dezembro de 2013. Os participantes foram 20 usuários, com idades entre 18a 79 anos. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, seguida da análise de conteúdo. Resultados: observou-se o desconhecimento quanto à finalidade do exame pela maioria dos usuários, e presença de medo e ansiedade associados à morte de forma simbólica ou não. Considerações finais: constatou-se que os usuários não possuem clareza quanto à ação terapêutica da cineangiocoronariografia, abrindo-se espaço para a presença de sentimentos que emergem ocasionados pelo desconhecimento. As ações educativas realizadas pelo enfermeiro constituem-se em estratégia facilitadora para a educação em saúde dessa clientela.

Left Atrial Appendage Transcatheter Occlusion with AMPLATZER™ Amulet™ Device: Real Life Data with Mid-Term Follow-Up Results / Oclusão Transcateter do Apêndice Atrial Esquerdo com a Prótese AMPLATZER™ Amulet™: Dados Reais com Resultados de Seguimento de Médio-Prazo

Abstract Background: Left atrial appendage (LAA) occlusion is an alternative therapy for atrial fibrillation patients who have high embolic risk and contraindications to anticoagulant therapy. Objective: To evaluate the feasibility, safety, and mid-term outcomes of percutaneous LAA occlusion, including device-related thrombosis. Methods: Sixty consecutive patients who had undergone percutaneous LAA occlusion with AMPLATZER™ Amulet™ device from September 2015 to March 2018 were enrolled. Patients were followed for 21 ± 15 months (median - 20 months, interquartile range - 9 to 27 months). The postprocedural assessment was done at the 1(st), 6(th), and 12(th) month. Patients were clinically evaluated, and transesophageal echocardiography was performed at each visit. We evaluated the condition of normality of variables using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. P-values < 0.05 were statistically significant. Results: The most common indication for the procedure was major bleeding with anticoagulants (n: 53, 88.3%). The procedure was completed successfully in 59 (98.3%) patients. Periprocedural mortality was observed in one patient. Postprocedural antiplatelet treatment was planned as dual or single antiplatelet therapy or low-dose anticoagulant therapy in 52 (88.1%), 2 (3.4%), and 5 (8.5%) patients, respectively. We found no clinically significant cerebrovascular events, device-related thrombus, or embolization in any patient during the follow-up. Two (3.4 %) patients presented significant peri-device leak (>3 mm) at the 1st month evaluation, which disappeared at the 12th month follow-up. Conclusion: We concluded that LAA occlusion using the Amulet™ LAA occluder can be performed with high procedural success and acceptable outcomes.

Resumo Fundamento: A oclusão do apêndice atrial esquerdo (AAE) é uma terapia alternativa para pacientes com fibrilação atrial que tenham alto risco embólico e contraindicações à terapia anticoagulante. Objetivo: Avaliar a viabilidade, segurança e resultados de médio prazo da oclusão percutânea do AAE, incluindo a trombose relacionada à prótese. Métodos: Sessenta pacientes consecutivos que foram submetidos à oclusão percutânea do AAE com a prótese AMPLATZER™ Amulet™ de setembro de 2015 a março de 2018 foram incluídos no estudo. Os pacientes foram acompanhados por 21 ± 15 meses (mediana - 20 meses, intervalo interquartílico - 9 a 27 meses). A avaliação pós-procedimento foi feita no 1º, 6º e 12º mês. Os pacientes foram examinados clinicamente e um ecocardiograma transesofágico foi realizado a cada visita. A condição de normalidade das variáveis foi avaliada por meio do teste de Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Os valores de p < 0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. Resultados: A indicação mais comum para o procedimento foi sangramento significativo com anticoagulantes (n: 53, 88,3%). O procedimento foi concluído com sucesso em 59 (98,3%) pacientes. Mortalidade peri-procedimento ocorreu em um paciente. A tratamento antiplaquetário pós-procedimento foi planejado como terapia antiplaquetária única ou dupla ou terapia anticoagulante de dose baixa em 52 (88,1%), 2 (3,4%) e 5 (8,5%) pacientes, respectivamente. Não foram encontrados eventos cerebrovasculares clinicamente significativos, trombo relacionado à prótese ou embolização nos pacientes durante o seguimento. Dois (3,4%) pacientes apresentaram vazamento peri-prótese significativo (>3 mm) na avaliação do 1º mês, que desapareceu no 12º mês de seguimento. Conclusão: Concluiu-se que a oclusão do AAE com o oclusor de AAE Amulet™ pode ser realizada com grande sucesso e resultados aceitáveis.

Perfil clínico e epidemiológico de usuários submetidos a cateterismo cardíaco num hospital universitário do Rio de Janeiro / Clinical-epidemiological profile of patients undergoing cardiac catheterization procedures at a university hospital in Rio de Janeiro state / Perfil clínico y epidemiológico de los usuarios sometidos a um cateterismo cardíaco en el hospital universitario de Río de Janeiro

Objective: The study's purpose has been to delineate the clinical-epidemiological profile of patients undergoing cardiac catheterization; furthermore, to propose a management technology to create a database with information of epidemiological relevance. Methods: It is a retrospective study with a quantitative approach, which considers the databases and medical records of 1,890 patients who underwent cardiac catheterization at a hemodynamic unit from April 2014 to April 2016. Microsoft Office Excel® software was used to both organize and analyze the data. CAAE No. 55615616.0.0000.5282. Results: The average age was 61.45 years old. The majority of the assisted population is indicated by the National Regulation System (63%) with the following distribution: (52.86%) male and (47.14%) female. It was identified that 79.5% of the users have high blood pressure. It was found that the current strategy for monitoring the assisted users shows information deficiencies

Objetivo: Traçar o perfil clínico-epidemiológico de usuários submetidos ao cateterismo cardíaco; propor uma tecnologia gerencial para criar um banco de dados com informações de interesse epidemiológico. Método: Estudo quantitativo, retrospectivo de bases de dados e prontuários de 1890 usuários submetidos ao procedimento na unidade de hemodinâmica entre abril/2014 e abril/2016. Utilizou-se o software Microsoft Office Excel® para organização e análise dos dados. CAAE:55615616.0.0000.5282 Resultados: A idade média é de 61,45 anos. A maioria da população atendida é encaminhada pelo Sistema de Regulação (63%) e sua distribuição: (52,86%) masculino e (47,14%) feminino. Identificou-se que 79,5% dos usuários são hipertensos. Verificou-se que a atual estratégia para acompanhamento dos usuários atendidos apresenta falhas nas informações. Conclusão: A consulta de enfermagem com a obtenção de informações relevantes e determinantes para as condutas de enfermagem, contribui para a melhoria do Sistema Único de Saúde. Descritores: Cateterismo cardíaco; Enfermagem; Fatores de risco; Hemodinâmica; Perfil epidemiológico

Treatment of pericardial effusion through subxiphoid tube pericardiostomy and computerized tomography- or echocardiography - guided percutaneous catheter drainage methods

Abstract Objective: In this retrospective study, we aimed to observe the efficacy of pericardial effusion (PE) treatments by a survey conducted at the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University. Methods: In order to get comparable results, the patients with PE were divided into three groups - group A, 480 patients who underwent subxiphoid pericardiostomy; group B, 28 patients who underwent computerized tomography (CT)-guided percutaneous catheter drainage; and group C, 45 patients who underwent echocardiography (ECHO)-guided percutaneous catheter drainage. Results: In the three groups of patients, the most important symptom and physical sign were dyspnea and tachycardia, respectively. The most common causes of PE were uremic pericarditis in patients who underwent tube pericardiostomy, postoperative PE in patients who underwent CT-guided percutaneous catheter drainage, and cancer-related PE in patients who underwent ECHO-guided percutaneous catheter drainage. In all the patients, relief of symptoms was achieved after surgical intervention. There was no treatment-related mortality in any group of patients. In patients with tuberculous pericarditis, the rates of recurrent PE and/or constrictive pericarditis progress were 2,9% and 2,2% after tube pericardiostomy and ECHO-guided percutaneous catheter drainage, respectively. Conclusion: Currently, there are many methods to treat PE. The correct treatment method for each patient should be selected according to a very careful analysis of the patient's clinical condition as well as the prospective benefit of surgical intervention.

Efficacy and safety of "coronary artery bypass graft angiography" with right transradial access versus left transradial access and femoral access: a retrospective comparative study

Abstract Objective: Over the past 10 years, the rate of patients who have undergone coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery has increased twofold in cases of coronary angiography. Today, transradial access is the first choice for coronary angiography. We aimed to compare the efficacy and reliability of radial versus femoral access for coronary angiography in post-CABG surgery in this study. Methods: Data from 442 patients who underwent post-CABG surgery between 2012-2017 were retrospectively compared. The right radial route was used in 120 cases, the left radial route in 148, and femoral route in 174. These three pathways were compared in terms of procedure time and fluoroscopy time, efficacy, and complication development. Comparisons among the three groups were performed with Bonferroni test for continuous variables and chi-square or Fisher's exact test for nominal variables as a binary. Results: Comparison results indicate that femoral access was better than left radial access and the left radial access was better than right radial access in terms of fluoroscopy time (10.71±1.65, 10.94±1.25, 16.12±5.28 min, P<0.001) and total procedure time (17.28±1.68, 17.68±2.34, 23.04±5.84 min, P<0.001). The left radial pathway was the most effective way of viewing left internal mammary artery (LIMA). No statistically significant differences were found among the three groups in other graft visualizations, all minor complications, total procedure and fluoroscopy time "Except LIMA imaging". Mortality due to processing was not observed in all three groups. Conclusion: The left radial route is preferred over right radial access for post-CABG angiography because the left radial pathway is close to the LIMA and is similar to the femoral pathway. In LIMA graft imaging, right radial access is a reliable route, even though it is not as effective as other pathways. We hope that the right radial pathway will improve with physician experience and innovations.

Dissecção aguda de aorta manifestando-se com infarto agudo do miocárdio: relato de caso / Acute aortic dissection manifesting with acute myocardial infarction: case report

A dissecção aguda da aorta (DAA) é uma emergência cardiovascular que acarreta mortalidade alta, 50% a 68% em 48 horas e até 85% em um mês. Este caso refere-se a um homem com 65 anos, ex-tabagista, que teve precordialgia com queimação irradiada para membros superiores, associada a náuseas. O eletrocardiograma mostrou upradesnivelamento ST em parede inferolateral. Recebeu tratamento para infarto agudo do miocárdio com AAS, clopidogrel, enoxaparina e tenecteplase. O cateterismo cardíaco evidenciou DAA tipo A de Stanford e coronárias sem obstruções. O ecocardiograma transtorácico mostrou insuficiência aórtica moderada e dissecção estendendo-se da raiz da aorta até a porção descendente proximal. O paciente foi submetido à cirurgia de Bentall de Bono e enxerto safeno-coronário direito devido à obstrução durante a cirurgia, com boa evolução pós-operatória. A DAA continua a ser um desafio diagnóstico na sala de emergência. De acordo com International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection, os achados clínicos nas dissecções tipo A incluem dor torácica súbita e intensa (86%), irradiação dorsal (47%), sopro de insuficiência aórtica (44%), assimetria de pressão arterial (50%) e pulsos (30%), alargamento de mediastino à radiografia de tórax (63%) e supradesnivelamento de ST (4%), majoritariamente por oclusão de óstio da coronária direita. O caso destaca-se pela evolução favorável a despeito do tratamento com potencial catastrófico inicialmente direcionado para doença coronariana aguda aterotrombótica

Acute Aortic Dissection (AAD) is a cardiovascular emergency that entails high mortality - 50-68% in 48 hours and up to 85% in one month. This case involves a 65-year-old male ex-smoker who had onset of precordial pain with a burning sensation, radiating into the upper limbs, in combination with nausea. Electrocardiogram showed inferolateral wall ST elevation. He received treatment for acute myocardial infarction with acetylsalicylic acid, clopidogrel, enoxaparin and tenecteplase. Cardiac catheterization revealed Stanford type A AAD and unobstructed coronary arteries. Transthoracic echocardiogram showed moderate aortic regurgitation and aortic dissection extending from the aortic root to its proximal descending portion. The patient underwent a Bentall-De Bono procedure and right coronary artery bypass grafting using the saphenous vein due to obstruction during surgery, with good postoperative progress. AAD remains a diagnostic challenge in the emergency room. According to the International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection, clinical findings in type A dissections include: sudden severe chest pain (86%), dorsal irradiation (47%), aortic regurgitation murmur (44%), asymmetric blood pressure (50%) or pulse (30%), mediastinal widening on chest radiograph (63%) and ST-segment elevation (4%), mainly due to right coronary ostium occlusion. The case is distinctive because of favorable progress in spite of the potentially catastrophic treatment initially targeting acute coronary atherothrombotic disease

Fatores de risco cardiovascular em mulheres climatéricas com doença arterial coronariana / Cardiovascular risk factors in climacteric women with coronary artery disease

Fundamentos: O aumento da incidência de doenças cardiovasculares em mulheres ocorre durante o período do climatério, especialmente após a menopausa. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar fatores de risco cardiovasculares entre as mulheres climatéricas com e sem doença arterial coronariana (DAC). Métodos: Trata-se de estudo transversal realizado no Serviço de Hemodinâmica do Hospital Universitário da Universidade Federal do Maranhão, no período de março de 2012 a julho de 2013. Foram incluídas 31 mulheres climatéricas que compareceram ao setor para realização do cateterismo cardíaco, separadas em grupos após resultados do cateterismo, Grupo I (com DAC) e Grupo II (sem DAC). Análise estatística: as variáveis categóricas foram descritas por meio de frequências e porcentagem, as numéricas por meio de média ± desvio padrão ou mediana (Quartil.3 ­ Quartil.1); o teste Shapiro-Wilk para verificar a normalidade dos dados quantitativos, o teste Exato de Fisher para comparações de dados categóricos; para dados contínuos o Test-T para amostras não pareadas ou o Mann-Whitney; foi considerado estatisticamente significativo o valor de p < 0,05. Resultados: Avaliaram-se grupos com DAC (n = 13) e sem DAC (n = 18), os resultados apontaram média de idade entre os grupos de 57,92 ± 5,15 e 51,72 ± 4,63 anos, respectivamente; dentre os fatores de risco cardiovasculares, os mais prevalentes entre as mulheres com DAC foram: a menopausa (84,62%), a hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) (69,23%) e o sedentarismo (69,23). Conclusão: Concluiu-se que, além da menopausa propriamente dita, a HAS e o sedentarismo foram os fatores de risco cardiovasculares mais prevalentes entre as mulheres com DAC

Background: The increased incidence of cardiovascular disease in women occurs during the climacteric period, especially after menopause. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify risk factors among climacteric women with and without coronary artery disease (CAD). Method: This cross-sectional study was performed in the Catheterization Laboratory at the Federal University Hospital of Maranhão, in the Northeast region of Brazil, between March 2012 and July 2013. We included 31 climacteric women who went to the care center for cardiac catheterization. They were divided into groups after catheterization results: Group I (with DAC) and Group II (without CAD). Statistical analysis: Categorical variables were described by means of frequencies and percentages, numerical variables by mean ± standard deviation or median (Quartile.3 - Quartile.1); the Shapiro-Wilk test was used to verify the normality of quantitative data. Fisher's exact test was used for categorical data comparisons. For continuous data, we used Student's test or the Mann-Whitney for unpaired samples; statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: We evaluated groups with CAD (n = 13) and without CAD (n = 18). The results showed a mean age between the groups of 57.92 ± 5.15 and 51.72 ± 4.63 years, respectively. Among the cardiovascular risk factors, the most prevalent among women with CAD were menopause (84.62%), systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) (69.23%) and sedentary life style (69.23%). Conclusion: We concluded that, in addition to menopause itself, SAH and sedentary lifestyle were the most prevalent cardiovascular risk factors among women with CAD

Factores asociados a mortalidad a 30 días en pacientes mayores de 75 años llevados a cateterismo cardiaco / Factors associated to mortality at 30 days in patients over 75 years who underwent cardiac catheterization

Resumen La enfermedad coronaria es la principal causa de mortalidad en el mundo, y en tal sentido, la población anciana es la más afectada. Paralelo al creciente aumento de la población mayor de 75 años, se cuestiona la seguridad y eficacia de la intervención coronaria percutánea, en términos de morbi-mortalidad. Se plantea un estudio de corte transversal en mayores de 75 años, llevados a cateterismo cardiaco por infarto agudo de miocardio con o sin elevación del ST, angina inestable o fracción de eyección ventricular izquierda menor del 40%, en un centro especializado de Cardiología de Medellín-Colombia. Se estimó la incidencia acumulada de muerte a 30 días y se exploraron las variables relacionadas con la mortalidad. Resultados: Se analizaron 399 sujetos, con mediana de edad de 80 años (RIQ 6), de los cuales fallecieron 20 durante la hospitalización, y en total 24 murieron en los 30 días posteriores al cateterismo cardiaco, estimándose una mortalidad a 30 días del 6% (IC 95% 3,5-8,5). La mediana de estancia hospitalaria fue de 7 días (rango 0-64 días). Se encontró relación entre mortalidad y sexo femenino con una razón de prevalencia (RP) de 2,61 (p= 0,017), con infarto posterior a cateterismo cardiaco RP 9,77 (p < 0,001) y complicación mecánica durante el cateterismo RP 5,039 (p = 0,003). Además, una RP de 9,25 (p < 0,001) en los pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio Killip III y IV. Los pacientes con un desenlace fatal tenían una presión sistólica de la arteria pulmonar (PSAP) mediana de 40 mm Hg y una fracción de eyección mediana del ventrículo izquierdo (FEVI) del 40%, mientras quienes no fallecieron tenían una PSAP mediana de 36 mm Hg y una FEVI mediana del 47%. Conclusiones: El cateterismo cardiaco y la intervención coronaria tienen una mortalidad relativamente baja en los primeros 30 días y comparable a sujetos de menor edad llevados a este procedimiento. Los factores asociados con aumento de la mortalidad fueron: puntaje de III - IV en la escala de Killip-Kimball, fracción de eyección disminuida, reinfarto durante la hospitalización, complicación mecánica durante el cateterismo cardiaco y género femenino. Estos resultados sugieren que la intervención coronaria percutánea puede ser un método seguro y eficaz en mayores de 75 años.

Abstract Coronary disease is the main cause of death in the world and, in that sense, elderly population are the most affected. Parallel to the growing increase in the population over 75 years, security and efficacy of the percutaneous coronary intervention is questioned in regards to its morbidity and mortality. A cross-sectional study was conducted with patients over 75 years who underwent cardiac catheterization due to acute myocardial infarction with or without ST elevation, unstable angina or left ventricular ejection fraction lower than 40%, in a specialized Cardiology Center in Medellín, Colombia, Cumulative incidence was estimated at 30 days and variables related to mortality were explored. Results: 399 individuals were analyzed, with an average age of 80 years (RIQ 6), out of whom 20 died during the hospitalization, and a total of 24 died during the 30 days after the cardiac catheterization, with an estimated mortality at 30 days of 6% (CI 95%, 3.5-8.5). The mean hospital stay was 7 days (range 0-64 days). A relationship between mortality and female gender was found with a prevalence rate (PR) of 2.61 (p = 0.017), with infarction posterior to cardiac catheterization PR 9.77 (p < 0.001) and mechanical complication during the catheterization PR 5.039 (p = 0.003). Also, a PR of 9.25 (p < 0.001) in patients with acute myocardial infarction Killip III and IV. Patients with fatal outcome had a mean pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP) of 40 mm Hg and a mean ejection fraction of the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 40%, whereas those who survived had a mean PASP of 36 mm HG and a mean LVEF of 47%. Conclusion: Cardiac catheterization and coronary intervention have a relatively low mortality rate in the first 30 days and it is comparable to younger individuals who underwent this procedure. Factors associated to an increase in mortality were: score of III or IV in the Killip-Kimball scale, decreased ejection fraction, reinfarction during hospitalization, mechanical complication during cardiac catheterization and female gender. These results suggest that percutaneous coronary intervention can be a safe and efficient method in patients over 75 years of age.

Desfechos Clínicos da Intervenção Percutânea na Doença Triarterial e de Tronco da Coronária Esquerda / Clinical Outcomes of Percutaneous Intervention in Triple-Vessel and Left Main Coronary Artery Diseases

Fundamentos: A revascularização do miocárdio na doença triarterial e de tronco da coronária esquerda (TCE) pode ser realizada por intervenção coronariana percutânea (ICP) ou cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio (CRM). O estudo SYNTAX demonstrou resultados clínicos equivalentes em pacientes de baixa a moderada complexidade anatômica submetidos a CRM ou ICP. Objetivos: Avaliar a incidência de eventos cardiovasculares e taxa de nova revascularização coronariana em pacientes com lesão de TCE e triarterial submetidos à ICP. Métodos: Estudo de coorte observacional não randomizado que avaliou pacientes com doença coronariana triarterial ou de TCE submetidos à ICP com stent farmacológico no período de junho de 2013 a maio de 2015 no Hospital SOS Cardio de Florianópolis. Foram relatados dados basais, características anatômicas principais e desfechos clínicos durante a fase intra-hospitalar e durante seguimento de 12 meses. Resultados: Foram avaliados 46 pacientes com idade média de 69,9 anos. No momento basal, 39,1% apresentavam diabetes mellitus, 19,6% eram tabagistas, 78,3% eram dislipidêmicos, 10,9% apresentavam disfunção renal crônica e 15,2% disfunção ventricular moderada a severa. Quanto ao número de artérias acometidas, 24% eram triarteriais e 76% apresentavam lesão em TCE. Durante o período intra-hospitalar, ocorreu uma taxa de 4,34% de infarto agudo do miocárdio sem supradesnível de ST. Durante esse período, não foi necessária reintervenção e não ocorreram óbitos. No seguimento de 12 meses, a mortalidade por causa cardiovascular foi de 4,35%. A taxa de nova revascularização por CRM foi de 4,3% e por angioplastia foi de 2,2%. Conclusão: Ocorreram baixas taxas de eventos cardiovasculares, indicando que a ICP pode ser uma alternativa aceitável em casos selecionados

Background: Myocardial revascularization in triple-vessel and left main coronary artery (LMCA) diseases can be performed by percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). The SYNTAX trial demonstrated equivalent clinical results in patients with low to moderate anatomical complexity undergoing CABG or PCI. Objectives: To evaluate the incidence of cardiovascular events and rates of new myocardial revascularization in patients with LMCA and triple-vessel lesions undergoing PCI. Methods: Nonrandomized, observational cohort study that evaluated patients with triple-vessel or LMCA diseases undergoing PCI with drug-eluting stent in the period from June 2013 to May 2015 at the Hospital SOS Cardio in Florianópolis. Baseline data, main anatomical features, and clinical outcomes were reported during the in-hospital phase and during a 12-month follow-up. Results: In total, 46 patients with a mean age of 69.9 years were evaluated. At baseline, 39.1% had diabetes mellitus, 19.6% were smokers, 78.3% had dyslipidemia, 10.9% had chronic renal dysfunction, and 15.2% had moderate to severe ventricular dysfunction. As regards the number of arteries affected, 24% had triple-vessel disease and 76% had lesions in the LMCA. During the in-hospital period, there was a 4.34% rate of acute myocardial infarction without ST elevation. During this period, reintervention was not required and no deaths occurred. In the 12-month follow-up, mortality from cardiovascular causes was 4.35%. The rate of new revascularization was 4.3% by CABG and 2.2% by angioplasty. Conclusion: The rates of cardiovascular events were low, indicating that PCI may be an acceptable alternative in selected cases

Factores de riesgo para la formación de trombos sobre el dispositivo ULTRASEPT®, en pacientes con fibrilación auricular sometidos a cierre percutáneo de orejuela izquierda / Risk factors for thrombus formation on the ULTRASEPT® device in patiens with atrial fibrillation being submitted to left atrial appendage closure

Introducción: El cierre percutáneo de orejuela izquierda con dispositivos percutáneos (CPOI) ha demostrado ser útil en la prevención de embolia arterial como alternativa al tratamiento anticoagulante (TACO) en pacientes con fibrilación auricular no valvular (FANV). Sin embargo, en las primeras semanas post implante, existe el riesgo de formación de trombos sobre el dispositivo. Objetivos: Describir e Identificar los factores de riesgo para la formación de trombos sobre el dispositivo posterior al cierre de orejuela izquierda. Métodos: Se incluyeron 15 pacientes con FANV y alto riesgo hemorrágico, sometidos a CPOI con dispositivo Ultrasept (Cardia Inc., Eagan, MN), en el Hospital Clínico de la Universidad Católica, entre Abril 2013 y Junio 2014. A todos se les realizó eco-cardiograma transesofágico (ETE) al primer, tercer y sexto mes post implante. Todos los pacientes recibieron aspirina en forma permanente y TACO por 45 días el que se reemplazó por clopidogrel hasta el sexto mes post implante. Se analizaron parámetros clínicos y ecocardiográficos en forma retrospectiva para identificar los factores de riesgo asociados a la formación de trombos sobre el dispositivo. Resultados: La edad promedio de los pacientes fue 77± 8 años, 73% de sexo masculino. El 80% tenía FA permanente y 20% FA paroxística. EL Score de CHA2DS2VASc promedio fue de 5 (mínimo 3, máximo 8 puntos). En 4 pacientes (26.6%), encontramos trombos en el dispositivo en el seguimiento con ETE (1 paciente al primer mes y 3 al tercer mes), sin consecuencias clínicas. Al comparar los pacientes que formaron trombos con el resto, no hubo diferencias en las variables clínicas (edad, sexo, Hipertensión arterial (HTA), Diabetes Mellitus (DM), Dislipidemia, Tabaquismo, Insuficiencia Renal, AVE previos), ni en las variables ecocardiográficas estudiadas, como el área de la aurícula izquierda (AI), contraste espontáneo en la AI, insuficiencia mitral ni cierre incompleto de orejuela (medida por la existencia de flujo peridispositivo). Sin embargo, los pacientes con trombos presentaron CHA2DS2VASc score más alto (7.1 vs 4.7; p= 0.001) y fracción de eyección (FE) más baja (43% vs 55%; p= 0.001). En la curva ROC de CHA2DS2VASc para predecir una mayor probabilidad de formación de trombos, un valor > 6 obtiene una sensibilidad de un 100% y una especificidad de un 80%. En nuestro seguimiento clínico de 2 años ± 5.7 meses posterior al implante, 1 paciente tuvo un AVE isquémico identificando como fuente enfermedad carotidea (no tenía trombos en el dispositivo). El resto de los pacientes se mantienen asintomáticos. Conclusiones: En nuestra experiencia, el CHA2DS-2VASc score (> 6) y la fracción de eyección baja, fueron factores de riesgo para la formación de trombos sobre el dispositivo de cierre de orejuela. Este hallazgo debería confirmarse en series más grandes dado que podría cambiar la estrategia de anticoagulación post implante.

Background: Percutaneous closure of the left atrial appendage (LAA) has been shown to be useful in the prevention of arterial embolism as an alternative to oral anticoagulants in patients with non valvular atrial fibrillation. However, thrombus formation may develop in the first weeks following device implantation/ Aim: to identify risk factors for thrombus development on devices used for LAA closure. Methods: 15 patients with non valvular AF and high risk for anticoagulant treatment were included. Patients received an Ultrasept (Cardia Inc., Eagan, MN) between April 2013 and June 2014. Transesophageal echocardiography was performed in all patients 1, 3 and 6 months post implant. All patients received aspirin permanently and acenocumarol for 45 days, followed by clopidogrel until 6 months post implant. Results: Mean age was 77 years old (SD 8). 73% were males. AF was permanent in 80% and paroxysmal in 20%. Mean CHA2DS2VASC was 8 (range 3 to 8). Thrombus were revealed by TEE in 4 patients (26.6%), at 1 month (1 patient) and at 3 months post implant (3 patients). No complications occurred in these patients. Clinical variables (age, sex, hyper-tension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, smoking habit, renal failure and prior strokes) were no different in patients with or without thrombus. The same was true for left atrial size, mitral insufficiency or incomplete closure of LAA. In contrast, patients with thrombus formation had a higher CHA2DS2VASc score (7.1 vs 4.7, p=0.001 and a lower LV ejection fraction (43% vs 55%, p=0.001). A CHA2DS2VASc score > 6 was 100% sensible and 80% specific for thrombus formation (ROC curve). After a follow-up of 24 ± 5 months only 1 patients had and ischemic cerebro-vascular event which was attributed to carotid artery disease (the patient had no evidence of device thrombus). All other patients remain asymptomatic. Conclusion: A CHA2DS2VASc score > 6 and a low ejection fraction were risk factors for thrombus formation on LAA closing device. Confirmation of these findings in a larger series of patients could lead to a change in anticoagulant strategy following the implantation of devices to close the LAA.

Does Ad Hoc Coronary Intervention Reduce Radiation Exposure? – Analysis of 568 Patients / Intervenção Coronariana Ad Hoc Reduz a Exposição Radiológica? - Análise em 568 Pacientes

Background:Advantages and disadvantages of ad hoc percutaneous coronary intervention have been described. However little is known about the radiation exposure of that procedure as compared with the staged intervention.Objective:To compare the radiation dose of the ad hoc percutaneous coronary intervention with that of the staged procedureMethods:The dose-area product and total Kerma were measured, and the doses of the diagnostic and therapeutic procedures were added. In addition, total fluoroscopic time and number of acquisitions were evaluated.Results:A total of 568 consecutive patients were treated with ad hoc percutaneous coronary intervention (n = 320) or staged percutaneous coronary intervention (n = 248). On admission, the ad hoc group had less hypertension (74.1% vs 81.9%; p = 0.035), dyslipidemia (57.8% vs. 67.7%; p = 0.02) and three-vessel disease (38.8% vs. 50.4%; p = 0.015). The ad hoc group was exposed to significantly lower radiation doses, even after baseline characteristic adjustment between both groups. The ad hoc group was exposed to a total dose-area product of 119.7 ± 70.7 Gycm2, while the staged group, to 139.2 ± 75.3 Gycm2 (p < 0.001).Conclusion:Ad hoc percutaneous coronary intervention reduced radiation exposure as compared with diagnostic and therapeutic procedures performed at two separate times.

Fundamento:Uma série de vantagens e desvantagens tem sido descrita para a intervenção coronária percutânea ad hoc, como a realizada ao mesmo tempo que o cateterismo diagnóstico, porém pouco se sabe sobre a exposição radiológica desse procedimento, comparado com a intervenção estadiada, ou seja, em dois momentos.Objetivo:Comparar a dose de radiação utilizada na angioplastia ad hoc com a angioplastia estadiada.Métodos:O produto de dose por área e o Kerma total foram mensurados, somando-se ambas as fases de diagnóstico e terapêutica. Além disso, foram computados o tempo total de fluoroscopia e o número de filmagens.Resultados:Um total de 568 pacientes consecutivos foram tratados com intervenção coronária percutânea ad hoc (n = 320) ou estadiada (n = 248). À admissão, o grupo do ad hoc apresentava menos hipertensão (74,1% vs. 81,9%; p = 0,035), dislipidemia (57,8% vs. 67,7%; p = 0,02) e doença triarterial (38,8% vs. 50,4%; p = 0,015). O grupo ad hoc foi exposto a doses significativamente menores de radiação, mesmo após ajuste para as diferenças basais entre os grupos. O grupo ad hoc foi exposto a uma dose de produto de dose por área total de 119,7 ± 70,7 Gycm2 enquanto que os pacientes estadiados foram expostos a uma dose de 139,2 ± 75,3 Gycm2 (p < 0,001).Conclusão:A intervenção coronária percutânea ad hoc reduziu a exposição radiológica, em comparação com procedimentos diagnósticos e terapêuticos realizados em tempos separados.

Preditores independentes de doença arterial coronária multiarterial: resultados do Registro Angiocardio / Independent predictors of multivessel coronary artery disease: results from Angiocardio Registry

Introdução: O Registro Angiocardio, que agrega dados de cinco diferentes centros do Estado de São Paulo, oferece a oportunidade de estudar a associação de fatores de risco cardiovasculares com a extensão da doença arterial coronária (DAC), avaliada pela cinecoronariografia. Este estudo buscou analisar preditores independentes de DAC multiarterial em nosso meio. Métodos: De agosto de 2006 a janeiro de 2014, 16.320 pacientes com DAC foram incluídos e divididos nos grupos uni e multiarterial. Resultados: Pacientes multiarteriais (n = 9.512, 58,3%) apresentaram-se, em média, 3 anos mais idosos, com maior prevalência do sexo masculino (69,4% vs. 65,4%; p < 0,01), hipertensão arterial (80,0% vs. 73,5%; p < 0,01), diabetes (40,7% vs. 28,8%; p < 0,01), dislipidemia (39,6% vs. 34,9%; p < 0,01), antecedentes familiares de DAC precoce (23,0% vs. 21,3%; p < 0,01), insuficiência renal crônica (4,1% vs. 2,6%; p < 0,01), acidente vascular cerebral prévio (3,8% vs. 2,8%; p < 0,01), doença vascular periférica (4,0% vs. 3,3%; p = 0,02) e infarto do miocárdio prévio (18,4% vs. 13,9%; p < 0,01), além de menor prevalência de tabagismo (20,0% vs. 24,5%; p < 0,01). À análise multivariada, foram preditores independentes de lesão multiarterial idade > 40 anos (odds ratio - OR = 1,996; IC 95% 1,52-2,63; p < 0,01), sexo masculino (OR = 1,202; IC 95% 1,12-1,28; p < 0,01), hipertensão arterial (OR = 1,439; IC 95% 1,34-1,55; p < 0,01), diabetes (OR = 1,697; IC 95% 1,59-1,81; p < 0,01), dislipidemia (OR = 1,223; IC 95% 1,15-1,30; p < 0,01), infarto agudo do miocárdio prévio (OR = 1,393; IC 95% 1,28-1,52; p < 0,01) e insuficiência renal crônica (OR = 1,597; IC 95% 1,33-1,91; p < 0,01). Conclusões: A DAC multiarterial em nosso meio é associada aos fatores de risco tradicionais para aterosclerose, com exceção do tabagismo. A idade, o diabetes e a insuficiência renal crônica foram os fatores preditores mais fortes para a DAC multiarterial avaliada pela cinecoronariografia

Background: The Angiocardio Registry, which comprises data from five different centers in the state of São Paulo, offers the opportunity to study the association between cardiovascular risk factors and coronary artery disease (CAD) extent, as assessed by coronary angiography. This study aimed to evaluate independent predictors of multivessel CAD in Brazil. Methods: From August 2006 to January 2014, 16,320 patients with CAD were included and divided into the single- and multivessel groups. Results: Patients with multivessel disease (n = 9,512, 58.3%) were on average 3 years older, with a higher prevalence of males (69.4% vs. 65.4%; p < 0.01), arterial hypertension (80.0% vs. 73.5%; p < 0.01), diabetes (40.7% vs. 28.8%; p < 0.01), dyslipidemia (39.6% vs. 34.9%; p < 0.01), family history of CAD (23.0% vs. 21.3%; p < 0.01), chronic renal failure (4.1% vs. 2.6%; p < 0.01), previous stroke (3.8% vs. 2.8%; p < 0.01), peripheral vascular disease (4.0% vs. 3.3%; p = 0.02) and previous myocardial infarction (18.4% vs. 13.9%; p < 0.01), as well as a lower prevalence of smoking (20.0% vs. 24.5%; p < 0.01). At the multivariate analysis, the following were independent predictors of multivessel lesion: age > 40 years (odds ratio - OR = 1.996; 95% CI: 1.52-2.63; p < 0.01), male gender (OR = 1.202; 95% CI: 1.12-1.28; p < 0.01), arterial hypertension (OR = 1.439; 95% CI: 1.34-1.55; p < 0.01), diabetes (OR =1.697; 95% CI: 1.59-1.81; p < 0.01), dyslipidemia (OR = 1.223; 95% CI: 1.15-1.30; p < 0.01), previous acute myocardial infarction (OR = 1.393; 95% CI: 1.28-1.52; p < 0.01), and chronic renal failure (OR = 1.597; 95% CI: 1.33-1.91; p < 0.01). Conclusions: Multivessel CAD in Brazil is associated with traditional risk factors for atherosclerosis, except for smoking. Age, diabetes, and chronic renal failure were the strongest predictors for multivessel CAD assessed by coronary angiography