Presencia de infección de sitio quirúrgico en procedimientos gineco-obstétricos en un hospital de II nivel de atención, Honduras 2017-2018 / Presence of surgical site infection in obstetric-gynecological procedures in a level II care hospital, Honduras 2017-2018

OBJETIVO: Identificar la presencia de infección de sitio quirúrgico y factores de riesgo en pacientes sometidas a cirugías Gineco-Obstétricas de forma programada o de urgencia en un hospital de II nivel de atención en Honduras. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo; recopilando 226 fichas del registro de infección de sitio quirúrgico recuperadas de los expedientes clínicos brindados por el servicio de estadística del Hospital Mario Catarino Rivas. Captando pacientes sometidas a cirugías Gineco-Obstétricas, durante el 2017 y 2018. RESULTADOS: 99 fichas cumplieron los criterios de inclusión, reportando una edad de 24 años [RIQ, 19,0 - 30,0], peso 82,0 kg [RIQ, 51,7 - 98,25], talla 154 cm [150,0 - 158,0] y el IMC de 25,8 ± 3,6 kg/m2. Un 9,1% presento antecedentes de inmunosupresión. 5,1% presento ISQ. El 55.6% de las cirugías se realizó el mismo día de ingreso del paciente. El tiempo entre la profilaxis antibiótica y el comienzo de la intervención quirúrgica es de 60 minutos [RIQ, 40,0 - 160,0]. La duración de los procedimientos quirúrgicos son de 45 minutos [RIQ, 35,0 - 55,0]. Los microrganismos aislados en los cultivos fueron Cocos gram positivos (2/5), Enterococcus faecalis (1/5), Klebsiella pneumoniae (2/5). CONCLUSIÓN: La presencia de ISQ en cirugías Gineco-Obstétricas del HMCR es del 5.1%, identificando los siguientes factores de riesgo: edad extrema, obesidad, diabetes mellitus, estado inmunitario (VIH), profilaxis antibiótica (temprana); por último, la técnica y el tiempo quirúrgico.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the presence of surgical site infection and risk factors in patients undergoing Gynecological-Obstetric surgeries on a scheduled or emergency basis in a 2nd level of care hospital in Honduras. METHODOLOGY: Observational, descriptive, retrospective study, compiling 226 data sheets of the surgical site infection record recovered from the clinical records provided by the statistics service of the "Hospital Mario Catarino Rivas". Recruiting patients undergoing Gynecological-Obstetric surgeries, during 2017 and 2018. RESULTS: 99 tabs met the inclusion criteria, reporting an age of 24 [RIQ, 19.0 - 30.0], weight 82.0 kg [RIQ, 51.7 - 98.25], size 154 cm [150.0 - 158.0] and BMI of 25.8 ± 3.6 kg/m2. 9.1% have a history of immunosuppression. 5.1% present ISQ. 55.6% of surgeries were performed on the same day as the patient's admission. The time between antibiotic prophylaxis and the onset of surgery 60 minutes [RIQ, 40.0 - 160.0]. Duration of surgical procedures 45 minutes [RIQ, 35.0 - 55.0]. Isolated micro-morphisms in crops were Cocos gram positives (2/5), Enterococcus faecalis (1/5), Klebsiella pneumoniae (2/5). CONCLUSION: The presence of ISQ in HMCR Gynecological-Obstetric surgeries is 5.1%, identifying the following risk factors: extreme age, obesity, diabetes mellitus, immune status (HIV), early antibiotic prophylaxis; finally, technique and surgical time.

Effects of elective cesarean sections on perinatal outcomes and care practices / Efeitos da cesárea eletiva sobre os desfechos perinatais e práticas de cuidado

Abstract Objectives: to verify the effects of elective cesarean sections on perinatal outcomes and care practices, as compared to vaginal deliveries. Methods: cohort study with 591 mothers and their babies, developed in a medium-sized city in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Data were collected from hospital records and by interviews at the neonatal screening unit in the city from July 2015 to February 2016. Data regarding childbirth, newborns, sociodemography, and current gestational history were obtained from each mother. The associations of interest were evaluated with Cox regression analyses adjusted for the covariates identified through the results of bivariate analyses presenting a statistical significance level ofp<0.20. In adjusted analyzes, relationships were considered significant ifp<0.05, with relative risk being considered as the measure of effect. Results: if compared to women who had vaginal deliveries, those who were submitted to elective cesarean sections were at a higher risk of not having skin-to-skin contact with their babies in the delivery room, of not breastfeeding in the first hour of life, and of having their babies hospitalized in a neonatal unit. Conclusions: reducing the number of elective cesarean sections is essential to foster good neonatal care practices and reduce negative neonatal outcomes.

Resumo Objetivos: verificar os efeitos da cesárea eletiva, em comparação ao parto vaginal, sobre os desfechos perinatais e práticas de cuidado. Métodos: estudo de coorte com 591 mães e seus bebês, desenvolvido em município do interior paulista. Os dados foram coletados do prontuário hospitalar e por entrevista na unidade de triagem neonatal do município, de julho de 2015 a fevereiro de 2016. Foram obtidos dados relativos ao parto, ao recém-nascido, à sociodemografia e à história gestacional atual. As associações de interesse foram avaliadas com análises de regressão de Cox ajustadas para as covariáveis identificadas, considerando-se para tal, resultados de análises bivariadas que apresentaram significância estatística em nível dep<0,20. Nas análises ajustadas, relações foram consideradas significativas se p<0,05, tendo como medida de efeito o risco relativo. Resultados: mulheres submetidas à cesárea eletiva, em comparação àquelas que tiveram parto vaginal, apresentaram maior risco de não terem contato pele a pele com seus bebês na sala de parto, de não amamentarem na primeira hora de vida e de terem seus bebês internados em unidade neonatal. Conclusões: reduzir a taxa de cesárea eletiva é fundamental para que haja aumento na frequência de boas práticas de cuidado neonatal e redução de desfechos neonatais negativos.

Prevalencia de complicaciones en pacientes sometidas a cesárea en el periodo comprendido entre enero a diciembre del 2016 en el Hospital Universitario San José de Popayán, Colombia 2016 / Prevalence of complications in patients undergoing caesarean section in the period from January to December 2016 at the San José de Popayán University Hospital, Colombia 2016

Resumen INTRODUCCIÓN La cesárea es el procedimiento quirúrgico que se realiza con el fin de obtener el nacimiento de un feto, con el objetivo de disminuir la morbimortalidad materna y perinatal asociada con el momento del nacimiento cuando el parto vaginal podría traer consigo complicaciones. En los últimos 30 años la incidencia de la cesárea se ha incrementado significativamente en casi todos los países occidentales, con valores que superan el 15% al 35%, este procedimiento está asociado a varias complicaciones, entre las más frecuentes se encuentran: infecciones, hemorragia obstétrica, histerectomía periparto, necesidad de unidad de cuidados intensivos y acretismo placentario. OBJETIVO Determinar la prevalencia de complicaciones quirúrgicas en pacientes sometidas a cesárea en un Hospital de alta complejidad y explorar factores asociados. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS Estudio de prevalencia con análisis secundario en el que se incluyeron historias clínicas de pacientes sometidas a cesárea de urgencias y programadas. La variable resultado fue la complicación reportada durante un periodo menor a 30 días. Se tomó el universo, se recolectaron variables sociodemográficas, biológicas y clínicas. Para determinar la prevalencia se tomó como numerador el total de complicaciones y como denominador el total de historias analizadas, para explorar los factores asociados se utilizó el Odds Ratio como medida de asociación con un intervalo de confianza al 95%. RESULTADOS En 899 historias clínicas analizadas se encontró una prevalencia de complicaciones del 5.22% (IC95%: 3.86-6.89), dentro de los factores asociados positivamente se encontró tener una gestación pretermino (OR: 2.05, IC95%: 1.01-4.02); tener al menos una comorbilidad (OR: 2.51, IC 95%: 1.17-5.98) y la prioridad clasificada como urgente (OR: 3.01, IC 95%: 1.07-11.65). CONCLUSIONES La prevalencia encontrada en esta institución es similar a la de la mayor parte de los estudios publicados. El ser un procedimiento de urgencia, la presencia de comorbilidades siendo la preeclampsia la principal y el embarazo pretermino fueron los factores asociados positivamente con complicaciones, las más frecuentes fueron el requerimiento de transfusión, hemorragia, hematoma, la dehiscencia de sutura y la infección de sitio operatorio.

SUMMARY INTRODUCTION Caesarean section is the surgical procedure that is performed in order to obtain the birth of a fetus, with the aim of reducing maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality associated with the time of birth when vaginal delivery could lead to complications. Last 30 years the incidence of caesarean section has increased significantly in almost all western countries, with values exceeding 15% to 35%, this procedure is associated with several complications, among the most frequent are: infections, obstetric hemorrhage, peripartum hysterectomy, need for intensive care unit and placental acretism. OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of surgical complications in patients undergoing caesarean section in a hospital of high complexity and explore associated factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Prevalence study with secondary analysis, which included clinical records of patients undergoing emergency caesarean section and scheduled. The outcome variable was the complication reported for a period of less than 30 days. The universe was taken, sociodemographic, biological and clinical variables were collected. To determine the prevalence, the total number of complications was taken as a numerator and as the denominator the total of analyzed stories, to explore the associated factors the Odds Ratio was used as a measure of association with a 95% confidence interval. RESULTS In 899 clinical histories analyzed a prevalence of complications of 5.22% was found (95% CI: 3.86-6.89), among the positively associated factors it was found to have a preterm pregnancy (OR: 2.05, 95% CI: 1.01-4.02); have at least one comorbidity (OR: 2.51, 95% CI: 1.17-5.98) and the priority classified as urgent (OR: 3.01, 95% CI: 1.07-11.65). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence found in this institution is similar to that of most of the published studies. Being an emergency procedure, the presence of comorbidities being the main preeclampsia and preterm pregnancy were the factors positively associated with complications, the most frequent were the requirement of transfusion, hemorrhage, hematoma, suture dehiscence, operative and the site infection.

Isthmocele: an overview of diagnosis and treatment

SUMMARY An isthmocele, a cesarean scar defect or uterine niche, is any indentation representing myometrial discontinuity or a triangular anechoic defect in the anterior uterine wall, with the base communicating to the uterine cavity, at the site of a previous cesarean section scar. It can be classified as a small or large defect, depending on the wall thickness of the myometrial deficiency. Although usually asymptomatic, its primary symptom is abnormal or postmenstrual bleeding, and chronic pelvic pain may also occur. Infertility, placenta accrete or praevia, scar dehiscence, uterine rupture, and cesarean scar ectopic pregnancy may also appear as complications of this condition. The risk factors of isthmocele proven to date include retroflexed uterus and multiple cesarean sections. Nevertheless, factors such as a lower position of cesarean section, incomplete closure of the hysterotomy, early adhesions of the uterine wall and a genetic predisposition may also contribute to the development of a niche. As there are no definitive criteria for diagnosing an isthmocele, several imaging methods can be used to assess the integrity of the uterine wall and thus diagnose an isthmocele. However, transvaginal ultrasound and saline infusion sonohysterography emerge as specific, sensitive and cost-effective methods to diagnose isthmocele. The treatment includes clinical or surgical management, depending on the size of the defect, the presence of symptoms, the presence of secondary infertility and plans of childbearing. Surgical management includes minimally invasive approaches with sparing techniques such as hysteroscopic, laparoscopic or transvaginal procedures according to the defect size.

RESUMO A istmocele ou nicho uterino é representada por uma descontinuidade miometrial ou um defeito anecoico triangular na parede uterina anterior, com a base se comunicando com a cavidade uterina no local de uma cicatriz anterior de cesárea. O defeito pode ser classificado como pequeno ou grande, dependendo da espessura da parede miometrial deficiente. Embora geralmente assintomático, seu principal sintoma é o sangramento uterino anormal ou pós-menstrual; a dor pélvica crônica também pode ocorrer. Infertilidade, placenta acreta ou prévia, deiscência de cicatriz, ruptura uterina e gravidez ectópica em cicatriz de cesárea prévia também podem aparecer como complicações dessa condição. Os fatores de risco para desenvolvimento da istmocele comprovados até o momento incluem útero retroverso e múltiplas cesarianas. No entanto, fatores como localização mais inferior de uma cesárea prévia, fechamento incompleto da histerotomia, aderências precoces na parede uterina e predisposição genética também podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de um nicho. Como não existem critérios definitivos para o diagnóstico de uma istmocele, vários métodos de imagem podem ser usados para avaliar a integridade da parede uterina e, assim, diagnosticar uma istmocele. Entretanto, ultrassonografia transvaginal e sono-histerografia com infusão salina surgem como métodos específicos, sensíveis e custo-efetivos para o diagnóstico de istmocele. O tratamento inclui manejo clínico ou cirúrgico, dependendo do tamanho do defeito, da presença de sintomas, da presença de infertilidade secundária e de planos de gravidez. O manejo cirúrgico inclui abordagens minimamente invasivas como histeroscopia, laparoscopia ou transvaginal, de acordo com o tamanho do defeito.

Maternal attachment and breastfeeding behaviors according to type of delivery in the immediate postpartum period

Summary Introduction: Breastfeeding is nutritious and has physiological benefits regarding the immunological aspect; also, it has an important role on maternal attachment and on raising a healthy baby. Objective: Our study was conducted to analyze maternal attachment and breastfeeding behaviors in the immediate postpartum period of mothers who had vaginal and cesarean birth. Method: This descriptive and comparative study was conducted with women who sought the childbirth clinic of a university hospital in Izmir, Turkey. In the study, 175 mothers were attended; 83 of them had vaginal birth and 92 had cesarean birth. Data were collected by using Demographic Identification Form, Maternal Attachment Inventory and LATCH Breastfeeding Assessment Score Tool. Descriptive and correlational statistics were used for data analysis. Results: We found that Maternal Attachment Inventory and the LATCH breastfeeding charting system of mothers that had vaginal birth was higher than that of mothers who had cesarean delivery. There was a positive correlation between Maternal Attachment Inventory and LATCH total score average for both cesarean and vaginal birth. Conclusion: Mothers who delivered their babies by cesarean section had problems related to maternal attachment and breastfeeding more often than those who delivered vaginally.

The influence of mode of delivery on neonatal and maternal short and long-term outcomes

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of mode of delivery on breastfeeding incentive practices and on neonatal and maternal short and long-term complications. METHODS: A cohort study was conducted between June 2015 and April 2016 with 768 puerperal women from 11 maternities in Sergipe, interviewed in the first 24 hours, 45-60 days and 6-8 months after delivery. Associations between breastfeeding incentive practices, neonatal and maternal, both short-term and late complications, and the exposure variables were evaluated by the relative risk (95%CI) and the Fisher exact test. RESULTS: The C-section newborns had less skin-to-skin contact immediately after delivery (intrapartum C-section: 0.18, 95%CI 0.1-0.31 and elective C-section: 0.36, 95%CI 0.27-0.47) and less breastfeeding within one hour of birth (intrapartum C-section: 0.43, 95%CI 0.29-0.63 and elective C-section: 0.44, 95%CI 0.33-0.59). Newborns from elective C-section were less frequently breastfed in the delivery room 0.42 (95%CI 0.2-0.88) and roomed-in less 0.85 (95%CI 0.77-0.95). Women submitted to intrapartum C-section had greater risk of early complications 1.3 (95%CI 1.04-1.64, p = 0.037) and sexual dysfunction 1.68 (95%CI 1.14-2.48, p = 0.027). The frequency of neonatal complications, urinary incontinence and depression according to the mode of delivery was similar. CONCLUSIONS: The C-section was negatively associated with breastfeeding incentive practices; in addition, C-section after labor increased the risk of early maternal complications and sexual dysfunction.

Maternal complications and cesarean section without indication: systematic review and meta-analysis / Complicações maternas e cesárea sem indicação: revisão sistemática e meta-análise

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the risks of severe acute maternal complications associated with cesarean section without medical indication. METHODS A systematic review was carried out with meta-analysis. The literature search was performed systematically, in multiple stages, in the PubMed, Lilacs, and Web of Science databases using the following descriptors: (postpartum period) and (cesarean section or natural childbirth) and ((morbidity or mortality) or (postpartum hemorrhage) or (puerperal infection) or (surgical infection) or (puerperal disorders)). The protocol of the study was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42016032933. A total of 1,328 articles were found; after selection, eight publications that met the study objective and inclusion criteria were selected, with information on 1,051,543 individuals. RESULTS The results obtained in the meta-analyses indicate that women with cesarean section have a higher chance of maternal death (OR = 3.10, 95%CI 1.92-5.00) and postpartum infection (OR = 2.83, 95%CI, 1.585.06), but they have a lower chance of hemorrhage (OR = 0.52, 95%CI 0.48-0.57). For the blood transfusion outcome, the group effect was not associated with the type of delivery (95%CI 0.88-2.81). CONCLUSIONS The quality of evidence was considered low for hemorrhage and blood transfusion and moderate for postpartum infection and maternal death. Thus, cesarean sections should be performed with caution and safety, especially when its benefits outweigh the risks of a surgical procedure.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Determinar os riscos de complicações maternas agudas graves associadas ao parto cesárea sem indicação médica. MÉTODOS Foi conduzida uma revisão sistemática com meta-análise. A busca na literatura ocorreu de forma sistemática, em múltiplas etapas, nas bases de dados PubMed, Lilacs e Web of Science, utilizando os descritores: (postpartum period) and (cesarean section or natural childbirth) and ((morbidity or mortality) or (postpartum hemorrhage) or (puerperal infection) or (surgical infection) or (puerperal disorders)). O protocolo de estudo foi registrado na PROSPERO sob o número CRD42016032933. Foram encontrados 1.328 artigos, permanecendo, após seleção, oito publicações que atendiam ao objetivo do estudo e critérios de inclusão, com informações de 1.051.543 indivíduos. RESULTADOS Os resultados obtidos nas meta-análises indicam que mulheres de parto cesárea tem maior chance de morte materna (OR = 3,10; IC95% 1,92-5,00) e infecção pós-parto (OR = 2,83; IC95% 1,58-5,06), mas possuem menor chance de hemorragia (OR = 0,52; IC95% 0,48-0,57). Para o desfecho transfusão de sangue, o efeito agrupado não foi associado à via de parto (IC95% 0,88-2,81). CONCLUSÕES A qualidade da evidência foi considerada baixa para os desfechos hemorragia e transfusão de sangue e moderada para infecção pós-parto e morte materna. Assim, as cesáreas devem ser realizadas com prudência e segurança, principalmente quando seus benefícios superam os riscos de um procedimento cirúrgico.

Endometrioma de pared abdominal en cicatriz de cesárea: reporte de un caso / Abdominal wall endometrioma in cesarean scar: case report

Introducción: La endometriosis es una patología ginecológica común, caracterizada por la presencia de tejido glandular y estromal del endometrio fuera de la cavidad uterina. Es una enfermedad crónica, dependiente de estrógenos, que afecta entre el 8 al 15% de las mujeres en edad reproductiva y se presenta clínicamente con dolor abdominal crónico e infertilidad. Los endometriomas corresponden a un proceso circunscrito bien delimitado de tejido endometrial que pueden presentarse en la pared abdominal, usualmente secundarios a cicatrices quirúrgicas ginecoobstétricas, con una incidencia de 0,03 a 1,7% posterior a una cesárea. Presentación del caso: Mujer de 27 años, multípara de uno, con antecedente de cesárea hace ocho años, sexualmente activa, ingresó por sospecha de endometrioma de pared abdominal de aproximadamente siete años de evolución caracterizado por dolor abdominal cíclico asociado a menstruación. Al examen físico presentó masa en fosa iliaca izquierda de aproximadamente 8 x 6 cm, solevantada 3 cm del plano abdominal en vértice de cicatriz de cesárea y coloración café-violácea en la piel que recubre y circunda la masa. Se realizó resección con bordes amplios. Biopsia compatible con endometriosis. La paciente evolucionó favorablemente en el postoperatorio. Discusión: Siempre debemos pensar en endometrioma de pared abdominal frente a una paciente con aumento de volumen y/o cambio de coloración de la piel asociado a cicatrices gineco-obstétricas y dolor abdominal cíclico crónico. El tratamiento de elección es la resección con márgenes amplios para evitar recurrencia. Dada las complicaciones del cuadro, cabe destacar la importancia de realizar una pesquisa oportuna y un tratamiento quirúrgico precoz

Introduction: Endometriosis is a common gynecological disease, characterized by the presence of glandular and stromal endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity. It is a chronic disease, estrogen-dependent, affecting between 8 to 15 % of women of reproductive age and presents clinically with chronic abdominal pain and infertility. The endometriomas correspond to a circumscribed process well-defined of endometrial tissue may occur in abdominal wall usually secondary to ginecobstetric surgical scars, with an incidence of 0.03 to 1.7% after a cesarean. Case report: Woman-27 years, multiparous of 1 with caesarean, sexually active, arrived for hospitalized for suspected abdominal wall endometrioma about 7 years of evolution characterized by cyclic abdominal pain associated with menstruation. On examination shows mass in left iliac fossa of about 8x6 cm, it is uplifted 3 cm of abdominal plane in vertex cesarean scar and brown-violet colored skin that covers and surrounds the mass. Resection is performed with wide edges. Biopsy was consistent with endometriosis. Postoperatively the patient progressed favorably. Discussion: We must always think of abdominal wall endometrioma in a patient with increased volume and/or discoloration of the skin associated with ginecoobstetric scars and chronic cyclical abdominal pain. The treatment of choice is resection with wide margins to prevent recurrence. Given the complications of this disease, he stressed the importance of making a timely screening and early surgical treatment.

Risk factors for surgical site infection following cesarean section in a Brazilian Women's Hospital: a case-control study

The present study evaluated patients with diagnosis of surgical site infection (SSI) following cesarean section and their controls to determinate risk factors and impact of antibiotic prophylaxis on this condition. Methods: All cesareans performed from January 2009 to December 2012 were evaluated for SSI, based on criteria established by CDC/NHSN. Control patients were determined after inclusion of case patients. Medical records of case and control patients were reviewed and compared regarding sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. Results: Our study demonstrated an association following univariate analysis between post-cesarean SSI and number of internal vaginal examinations, time of membrane rupture, emergency cesarean and improper use of antibiotic prophylaxis. This same situation did not repeat itself in multivariate analysis with adjustment for risk factors, especially with regard to antibiotic prophylaxis, considering the emergency cesarean factor only. Conclusion: The authors of the present study not only question surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis use based on data presented here and in literature, but suggest that the prophylaxis is perhaps indicated primarily in selected groups of patients undergoing cesarean section. Further research with greater number of patients and evaluated risk factors are fundamental for better understanding of the causes and evolution of surgical site infection after cesarean delivery. .

Factors associated to breastfeeding in the first hour of life: systematic review / Fatores associados à amamentação na primeira hora de vida: revisão sistemática

OBJECTIVE To identify independent risk factors for non-breastfeeding within the first hour of life. METHODS A systematic review of Medline, LILACS, Scopus, and Web of Science electronic databases, till August 30, 2013, was performed without restrictions on language or date of publishing. Studies that used regression models and provided adjusted measures of association were included. Studies in which the regression model was not specified or those based on specific populations regarding age or the presence of morbidities were excluded. RESULTS The search resulted in 155 articles, from which 18 met the inclusion criteria. These were conducted in Asia (9), Africa (5), and South America (4), between 1999 and 2013. The prevalence of breastfeeding within the first hour of life ranged from 11.4%, in a province of Saudi Arabia, to 83.3% in Sri Lanka. Cesarean delivery was the most consistent risk factor for non-breastfeeding within the first hour of life. “Low family income”, “maternal age less than 25 years”, “low maternal education”, “no prenatal visit”, “home delivery”, “no prenatal guidance on breastfeeding” and “preterm birth” were reported as risk factors in at least two studies. CONCLUSIONS Besides the hospital routines, indicators for low socioeconomic status and poor access to health services were also identified as independent risk factors for non-breastfeeding within the first hour of life. Policies to promote breastfeeding, appropriate to each context, should aim to reduce inequalities in health. .

OBJETIVO Identificar fatores de risco independentes para a não amamentação na primeira hora de vida. MÉTODOS Revisão sistemática nas bases de dados Medline, Lilacs, Scopus e Web of Science, sem restrição de idioma ou período de publicação, até 30 de agosto de 2013. Foram incluídos estudos que utilizaram modelos de regressão e forneceram medidas de associação ajustadas. Foram excluídos artigos que não especificaram o modelo de regressão utilizado ou que abordaram populações específicas quanto à faixa etária ou presença de morbidade. RESULTADOS Foram identificados 155 artigos, dos quais 18 preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Foram realizados na Ásia (nove), África (cinco) e América do Sul (quatro) entre 1999 e 2010. A prevalência da amamentação na primeira hora de vida variou de 11,4%, em uma província da Arábia Saudita, a 83,3% no Sri Lanka. A cesariana foi o fator de risco mais consistente para a não amamentação na primeira hora de vida. “Baixa renda familiar”, “idade materna menor que 25 anos”, “baixa escolaridade materna”, “ausência de consultas pré-natais”, “parto domiciliar”, “falta de orientação sobre amamentação no pré-natal” e “prematuridade” foram fatores de risco identificados em pelo menos dois estudos. CONCLUSÕES Além de rotinas hospitalares, indicadores associados a pior nível socioeconômico e menor acesso a serviços de saúde foram também identificados como fatores de risco independentes para a não amamentação na primeira hora de vida. Políticas de promoção da amamentação, adequadas a cada contexto, devem ter como meta a redução ...

Dor crônica pós-cesariana. Influência da técnica anestésico-cirúrgica e da analgesia pós-operatória / Chronic pain after cesarean section. Influence of anesthetic/surgical technique and postoperative analgesia / Dolor crónico poscesaria. Influencia de la técnica anestésico-quirúrgica y de la analgesia postoperatoria

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O Brasil ocupa o segundo lugar entre os países com maiores taxas de cesariana no mundo. Pouco se sabe a respeito das consequências futuras desse procedimento sobre a saúde materna. Este estudo investigou a influência da técnica anestésico-cirúrgica e da analgesia pós-operatória no aparecimento de dor crônica após três meses da cesariana. MÉTODO: Este estudo prospectivo randomizado foi feito em 443 pacientes submetidas a cesariana (eletiva e urgente), com diferentes doses de bupivacaína 0,5% hiperbárica e opioides na raquianestesia. Os grupos foram: G1- 8 mg bupivacaína hiperbárica + 2,5 mg sufentanil + 100 mg morfina; G2- 10 mg bupivacaína hiperbárica + 2,5 mg sulfentanil + 100 mg morfina; G3- 12,5 mg bupivacaína hiperbárica + 100 mg morfina; G4- 15 mg bupivacaína hiperbárica + 100 mg morfina; G5- 12,5 mg bupivacaína hiperbárica + 100 mg morfina (sem anti-inflamatório perioperatório). Dor em repouso e em movimento foram avaliadas no pós-operatório imediato. Contato telefônico foi feito, após três meses do procedimento cirúrgico, para identificação das pacientes com dor crônica. RESULTADOS: A incidência de dor crônica nos grupos foi: G1 = 20%; G2 = 13%; G3 = 7,1%; G4 = 2,2% e G5 = 20,3%. Pacientes que referiram escores de dor mais elevados no período pós-operatório tiveram maior incidência de dor crônica (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: A incidência de dor crônica diminui com o emprego de doses maiores de anestésicos locais e uso de anti-inflamatórios não hormonais. Escores mais elevados de dor no período pós-operatório tiveram associação com aparecimento de dor crônica após três meses da cesariana.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Brazil ranks second among countries with the highest rates of cesarean section in the world. Little is known about the future consequences of this procedure on maternal health. This study investigated the influence of anesthetic/surgical technique and postoperative analgesia on the onset of chronic pain after three months of cesarean section. METHOD: This is a prospective randomized study of 443 patients undergoing cesarean section (elective and emergency), with different doses of hyperbaric bupivacaine 0.5% and opioids in spinal anesthesia. Patients were alocated into five groups as follow: G1 received hyperbaric bupivacaine (8 mg), sufentanil (2.5 µg), and morphine (100 µg); G2 received hyperbaric bupivacaine (10 mg), sufentanil (2.5 µg), and morphine (100 µg); G3 received hyperbaric bupivacaine (12.5 mg) and morphine (100 µg); G4 received hyperbaric bupivacaine (15 mg) and morphine (100 µg); G5 received hyperbaric bupivacaine (12.5 mg) and morphine (100 µg), without perioperative anti-inflammatory. Pain at rest and in movement were evaluated in the immediate postoperative period. Phone contact was made after three months of surgery for identification of patients with chronic pain. RESULTS: The incidence of chronic pain in the groups was G1 = 20%; G2 = 13%; G3 = 7.1%; G4 = 2.2%, and G5 = 20.3%. Patients who reported higher pain scores in the postoperative period had a higher incidence of chronic pain (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The incidence of chronic pain decreases with higher doses of local anesthetics and use of anti-inflammatory drugs. The higher pain scores in the postoperative period were associated with chronic pain development after three months of cesarean section.

JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Brasil ocupa el segundo lugar entre los países con mayores tasas de cesárea en el mundo. Poco se sabe respecto de las consecuencias futuras de ese procedimiento sobre la salud materna. Este estudio investigó la influencia de la técnica anestésico-quirúrgica y de la analgesia postoperatoria en el aparecimiento del dolor crónico después de tres meses de hecha la cesárea. MÉTODO: Este estudio prospectivo randomizado se hizo en 443 pacientes sometidas a cesárea (electiva y urgente), con diferentes dosis de bupivacaina al 0,5% hiperbárica y opioides en la raquianestesia. Los grupos fueron los siguientes: G1- 8 mg bupivacaina hiperbárica + 2,5 mg sufentanilo + 100 mg morfina; G2- 10 mg bupivacaina hiperbárica + 2,5 mg sulfentanilo + 100 mg morfina; G3- 12,5 mg bupivacaina hiperbárica + 100 mg morfina; G4- 15 mg bupivacaina hiperbárica + 100 mg morfina; G5- 12,5 mg bupivacaina hiperbárica + 100 mg morfina (sin anti-inflamatorio perioperatorio). Los dolores en estado de reposo y en movimiento fueron evaluados en el postoperatorio inmediato. Se realizó el contacto por teléfono después de tres meses del procedimiento quirúrgico para la identificación de las pacientes con dolor crónico. RESULTADOS: La incidencia de dolor crónico en los grupos fue la siguiente: G1 = 20%; G2 = 13%; G3 = 7,1%; G4 = 2,2% y G5 = 20,3%. Las pacientes que indicaron sentir puntajes de dolor más elevados en el período postoperatorio, tuvieron una mayor incidencia de dolor crónico (p < 0,05). CONCLUSIONES: La incidencia de dolor crónico se reduce con el uso de dosis más altas de anestésicos locales y con el uso de anti-inflamatorios no hormonales. Los puntajes más elevados de dolor en el período postoperatorio estuvieron asociados con el aparecimiento de dolor crónico después de tres meses de efectuada la cesárea.

Can the delivery method influence lower urinary tract symptoms triggered by the first pregnancy?

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The increase of the intensity of urinary symptoms in late pregnancy and postpartum has been well documented by several authors, but their causes remain uncertain, partly because of its probable multifactor origin. There are also controversies whether the etiology of lower urinary tract symptoms during pregnancy is the same as postpartum and whether the method of delivery could influence the risk of onset of urinary symptoms. This study aimed to evaluate the urinary symptoms triggered during pregnancy and its evolution in the late puerperium, correlating them with the delivery method. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A longitudinal study was conducted, which included 75 primigravidae women, classified according to method of delivery as: (VD) vaginal delivery with right mediolateral episiotomy (n = 28); (CS) elective caesarean section (n = 26); and (EC) emergency caesarean section (n = 21). Urinary symptoms were assessed in the last trimester of pregnancy and at 45 days (± 10) of puerperium with validated versions for Portuguese language of the following questionnaires: International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire - Urinary Incontinence Short Form (ICIQ-UI SF) and the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Overactive Bladder (ICIQ-OAB). RESULTS: It was observed that frequency, urgency, nocturia and urge incontinence, triggered during pregnancy, decreased significantly in the postpartum period, regardless of the delivery method (p = 0.0001). However, symptoms related to urinary loss due to stress persisted after vaginal delivery (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Urgency, frequency and nocturia triggered during pregnancy tend to disappear in the late postpartum period, regardless of the delivery method, but the symptoms related to urinary loss due to stress tend to persist in late postpartum period after vaginal delivery.

Desigualdades sociais nas complicações da cesariana: uma análise hierarquizada / Social inequalities in post-cesarean complication rates: a hierarchical analysis

Com objetivo de investigar associações entre fatores socioeconômicos e complicações da cesariana, uma amostra de 604 puérperas cujos partos ocorreram em duas maternidades no Sul do Brasil foi entrevistada 24 horas pós-parto e na segunda semana do puerpério, por meio de entrevistas hospitalares e domicilio. Regressão de Cox foi aplicada ao modelo hierárquico dos fatores associados ao tipo de parto e às complicações no pós-parto. Complicações foram duas vezes mais frequentes após cesariana, independentemente das condições socioeconômicas. Contudo, a maneira como o parto cesáreo se associou ao risco de complicações mostrou-se mediada pelas circunstâncias socioeconômicas representadas pela categoria do pré-natal e parto, ter ou não o mesmo profissional no pré-natal e parto e ter sua cesariana decidida intraparto. Resultados do estudo evidenciam que complicações pós-cirúrgicas da cesariana têm impacto adverso, principalmente, entre aquelas mulheres vivendo em condições sociais e de saúde menos privilegiadas, as quais, após o parto, retornam para um ambiente de menor suporte, com uma cicatriz abdominal.

This study focused on the association between social factors and complications following cesarean sections. A sample of 604 women delivering in the two main maternity hospitals in a city in southern Brazil were interviewed 24 hours after delivery and two weeks postpartum, using in-hospital and home interviews. Cox regression was applied, using a hierarchical framework of factors associated with post-cesarean complications. Post-partum complications were twice as frequent after cesareans as compared to vaginal delivery, independently of socioeconomic conditions. However, the increased the risk of complications associated with cesarean section proved to be mediated by socioeconomic circumstances, as represented by prenatal and childbirth care in the public health system, not having the same physician throughout prenatal care and delivery, and having the decision made for the cesarean while the patient was already in labor. The study's results show that post-cesarean complications can adversely impact women, especially those living in the worst social and health conditions, that is, precisely those that lack support when returning home with a surgical wound.

Estado de la cesárea en Chile: riesgos y beneficios asociados a esta intervención / State of the cesarean in Chile: risks and benefits associated to this intervention

Chile has one of the highest cesarean rates in the World. Many factors contribute to increase its incidence. Medical literature shows us that even though there are differences in neonatal and maternal outcomes among patients that undergo cesarean or vaginal delivery; evidence, besides the contrast in costs, is not concluding. Disparities between the private sector and the National System of Health Services (SNSS) are unquestionable. The application of regulatory rules and the individualized registry of actions, as well as a system of medical auditory could help lower significantly the numbers of cesareans. The actual state of cesarean in the public sector and some private health institutions is shown. The elevated rate of cesareans does not assure good quality obstetric care. Private sector interventions could be causing unsuitable handling of this situation, which is why they should give detailed information of the factors implied in their obstetric care and perinatal outcomes obtained in order to evaluate the impact of their interventions.

A Cesárea eletiva como opção ao parto vaginal / Elective cesarean as an alternative to vaginal birth

As cesáreas têm aumentado progressivamente no mundo todo. O Brasil é um país que apresenta elevado índice de cesáreas (26,4 porcento). Os principais aspectos a serem ponderados sobre o modo de parturição dizem respeito aos riscos e benefícios da operação cesariana. A decisão sobre a via de parto, com base no princípio da autonomia, deve ser resultado da discussão que irá contemplar o desejo da paciente e a posição do médico assistente. Ambos devem chegar a um consenso de que a via escolhida esteja fundamentada nos princípios da bioética e da razoabilidade. Dessa forma, tendo informação, a mulher saberá que a cesárea é uma alternativa para o parto vaginal

Parto vaginal luego de una cesárea / Vaginal birth after caesarean section

En el marco de una alta tasa global de cesárea en el mundo y en Latinoamérica, el presente EOP se pregunta acerca de si esadecuado intentar un parto vaginal luego de haber tenido una cesárea previa, y en caso de ser así, cuál sería el intervalointergestósico adecuado. Mediante una estrategia de búsqueda descripta en el texto, se selecciona la mejor evidencia halladapara intentar responder estas preguntas.

Estudo dos fatores relacionados à determinação da via de parto em gestantes portadoras de cardiopatias / Obstetrical and clinical factors related to the mode of delivery in pregnant women with heart disease

Foram estudados 571 partos de mulheres cardiopatas (T) e seus subgrupos: arritmias (A), congênitas (CC) e adquiridas (CA), para avaliar o tipo de parto, os fatores clínicos e obstétricos relacionados à determinação da via de parto e suas complicações. Foi verificado que as taxas de cesárea foram elevadas (T=57,2 por cento, A=45,6 por cento, CC=64,2 por cento, CA=55,7 por cento), e estiveram relacionadas à presença de: cesárea anterior (T), intercorrências obstétricas (T, CC e CA), idade gestacional no parto menor que 37 semanas (T, CA), insuficiência cardíaca (T, CC), medicamentos cardiovasculares (T, A) e cardiopatia congênita (T). Complicações obstétricas foram mais freqüentes em partos vaginais e as clínicas em cesáreas / The mode of delivery was studied in 571 pregnancies in cardiac women (T) in order to establish the clinical and obstetrical factors related to the kind of delivery and their complications. The results showed that cesarean rates were high (total=57,2 per cent, arrhythmias A=45,6 per cent, congenital diseases CD=64,2 per cent, and acquired diseases AD=55,7% per cent and were related to: previous cesarean sections (T), obstetrical events (T, CD, AD), prematurity (T, AD), heart failure (T, AD), cardiovascular drugs (T, A) and congenital heart disease (T). Obstetrical complications were more frequent in vaginal birth and clinical complications in cesarean section...

Situaçäo das cesarianas no Paraná, estratégias de controle e reduçäo / The situation of cesarean deliveries in Parana estrategies for reduction and control

Os autores fazem uma avaliaçäo da situaçäo das cesarianas no Paraná, considerando suas indicaçöes, custos e fatores que contribuem para o seu alto indice. Comparam com os dados do Brasil e de outros paises, fazendo recomendaçöes e propostas para a sua reduçäo