Análise longitudinal dos parâmetros ventilatórios e escore SOFA de pacientes com COVID-19 hospitalizados em uma UTI no Sul do Brasil / Longitudinal analysis of ventilatory parameters and SOFA score of patients with COVID-19 hospitalised in an ICU in southern Brazil

Introdução: embora o Coronavírus da Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave 2 (SARS-CoV-2) seja mais conhecido por causar patologias respiratórias substanciais, o vírus também pode resultar em várias manifestações extrapulmonares, sobretudo nas alas de cuidados intensivos. Frente a essas implicações multissistêmicas, a monitoração do suporte ventilatório e utilização do escore Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) foram fundamentais no manejo do paciente crítico com COVID-19 nas Unidades de Terapia Intensiva (UTIs) durante a pandemia. Objetivo: esse estudo pretende analisar os parâmetros ventilatórios e escore SOFA de pacientes com COVID-19 numa UTI no sul do Brasil e as principais complicações ocasionadas. Metodologia: foi realizado um estudo de coorte retrospectivo que analisou prontuários de pacientes com diagnóstico de COVID-19 na UTI do Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição, no estado de Santa Catarina, entre março de 2020 a dezembro de 2021. Resultados: foram incluídos 448 pacientes, com média de idade de 58,5 (±15,1) anos, mediana de internação de 15 (9-24) dias e média de ventilação mecânica de 15 (±8,7) dias, evoluindo para óbito 63,3%. Durante a internação, 86,4% das pessoas sofreram complicações, dentre as mais prevalentes Insuficiência Renal Aguda (46,8%) seguida por Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação (41,9%) e Choque séptico (22%). Na evolução clínica, o escore SOFA e a relação da pressão parcial de oxigênio pela fração de oxigênio inspirado (PaO2/FiO2) foram fatores de desfecho desfavorável nas três semanas de internação, com SOFA ≥ 5 e relação PaO2/FiO2 < 200. Além disso, 3 dos 6 componentes do SOFA (renal, respiratório e coagulação) tiveram relação com a ocorrência de complicações. Conclusão: o escore SOFA e a relação PaO2/FiO2 tiveram relação no prognóstico de pacientes com COVID-19 durante as três semanas de internação na UTI. Além disso, o SOFA se mostrou um possível indicador de complicações intra-hospitalares durante a evolução clínica.

Introduction: although Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is best known for causing significant respiratory pathologies, the virus can also result in various extrapulmonary manifestations, particularly in intensive care wards. Faced with these multisystem implications, monitoring ventilatory support and using the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score were fundamental in managing critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Intensive Care Units (ICUs) during the pandemic. Objective: this study will analyse the ventilatory parameters and SOFA score of patients with COVID-19 in an ICU in southern Brazil and the main complications caused. Methodology: a retrospective cohort study was carried out that analysed medical records of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 in the ICU of Hospital Nossa Senhora da Conceição, in the state of Santa Catarina, between March 2020 and December 2021. Results: 448 patients were included, with a mean age of 58.5 (±15.1) years, a median hospital stay of 15 (9-24) days, and mean mechanical ventilation of 15 (±8.7) days, with 63.3% dying. During hospitalisation, 86.4% of people suffered complications, among the most prevalent Acute Renal Failure (46.8%), followed by Ventilation Associated Pneumonia (41.9%) and Septic Shock (22%). In the clinical evolution, the SOFA score and the ratio of partial pressure of oxygen to the fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) were factors of unfavourable outcome in the three weeks of hospitalisation, with SOFA ≥ 5 and PaO2/FiO2 ratio < 200. In addition, three of the six components of the SOFA (renal, respiratory and coagulation) were related to the occurrence of complications. Conclusion: the SOFA score and the PaO2/FiO2 ratio were related to the prognosis of patients with COVID-19 during the three weeks of ICU stay. Furthermore, the SOFA proved to be a possible indicator of in-hospital complications during clinical evolution.

Asociación entre índice de masa corporal y mortalidad en pacientes críticos con choque séptico / Association between body mass index and mortality in critical ill patients with septic shock

INTRODUCCIÓN. La paradoja de la obesidad propone que, en determinadas enfermedades, los enfermos con obesidad tienen menor mortalidad. OBJETIVO. Asociar el índice de masa corporal con la mortalidad a 30 días en adultos con choque séptico. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio observacional, analítico, retrospectivo, multicéntrico. Se analizaron 673 pacientes con choque séptico, ingresados en terapia intensiva de dos hospitales de la ciudad de la ciudad de Quito ­ Ecuador, durante enero 2017 - diciembre 2019. Criterios de inclusión: Mayores a 18 años, choque séptico, registro de peso, talla y condición vital al día 30. Criterios de exclusión: Orden de no reanimación, embarazadas, protocolo de donación de órganos, cuidados paliativos. Las variables se recolectaron a partir de las historias clínicas digitales y físicas de los centros participantes. Las estimaciones de riesgo calculadas se presentaron como OR (Odds Ratio) en el análisis bivariado y OR Adj (OR ajustado) para el análisis multivariado. Un valor de p <0.05 se consideró estadísticamente significativo. Todos los análisis estadísticos se realizaron usando el software estadístico R® (Versión 4.1.2). RESULTADOS. La edad promedio fue de 65 años, índice de masa corporal promedio 25,9 Kg/m2 (+4,9 Kg/m2). El 54,3% tuvo índice de masa corporal > 25 Kg/m2. La mortalidad general fue 49.2%. Sujetos con sobrepeso y obesidad tuvieron menor mortalidad, OR: 0,48 (IC 95%: 0.34, 0.68; p <0.0001) y OR 0.45 (IC 95 %: 0.28, 0.70; p =0.001) respectivamente, con similar tendencia en el análisis multivariado. Los sujetos con peso bajo tuvieron la mayor mortalidad (OR: 2.12. IC 95%: 0.91 - 5.54. p: 0.097). DISCUSIÓN. Los resultados obtenidos apoyan la teoría de paradoja de obesidad, sin embargo, no se realizó evaluación según los niveles de obesidad. CONCLUSIÓN. La mortalidad en choque séptico es menor en sujetos con sobrepeso y obesidad comparada con sujetos con peso normal o bajo peso.

The obesity paradox proposes that, in certain diseases, patients with obesity have lower mortality. OBJECTIVE. To associate body mass index with 30-day mortality in adults with septic shock. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Observational, analytical, retrospective, multicenter, retrospective study. We analyzed 673 patients with septic shock, admitted to intensive care in two hospitals in the city of Quito - Ecuador, during January 2017 - December 2019. Inclusion criteria: older than 18 years, septic shock, weight, height and vital condition at day 30. Exclusion criteria: Do not resuscitate order, pregnant women, organ donation protocol, palliative care. Variables were collected from the digital and physical medical records of the participating centers. Calculated risk estimates were presented as OR (Odds Ratio) in bivariate analysis and OR Adj (adjusted OR) for multivariate analysis. A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed using R® statistical software (Version 4.1.2). RESULTS. The mean age was 65 years, mean body mass index 25.9 kg/m2 (+4.9 kg/m2). Body mass index > 25 kg/m2 was 54.3%. Overall mortality was 49.2%. Overweight and obese subjects had lower mortality, OR: 0.48 (95% CI: 0.34, 0.68; p<0.0001) and OR 0.45 (95 % CI: 0.28, 0.70; p=0.001) respectively, with similar trend in multivariate analysis. Underweight subjects had the highest mortality (OR: 2.12. 95% CI: 0.91 - 5.54. p: 0.097). DISCUSSION. The results obtained support the obesity paradox theory, however, assessment according to obesity levels was not performed. CONCLUSIONS. Mortality in septic shock is lower in overweight and obese subjects compared to normal weight or underweight subjects.

Perfil de pacientes com sepse e choque séptico em um hospital de trauma: estudo transversal / Profile of patients with sepsis and septic shock in a trauma hospital: cross-sectional study / Perfil de pacientes con sepsis y shock séptico en un hospital de trauma: estudio transversal

Objetivo: Avaliar o perfil e o desfecho clínico de pacientes com sepse e choque séptico em um hospital de trauma de Belo Horizonte. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo transversal, retrospectivo e descritivo dos casos de sepse e choque séptico. Resultados: Constatou-se que 97 (73%) pacientes eram do sexo masculino, com idade entre 19 e 59 anos, 87 (65%) previamente hígidos. Principal motivo de internação foi queda da própria altura com 23 (17%) casos e 37 (28%) diagnósticos de trauma crânio encefálico. Oitenta e seis (65%) pacientes tiveram diagnóstico de sepse e 47 (35%) choque séptico, o principal foco de infecção foi pulmonar 83 (62%). Obtivemos 88 (66%) resultados de hemoculturas negativas e 45 (34%) positivas, 64 (48%) pacientes receberam antibiótico em até 60 minutos após o diagnóstico e o tempo de internação mais prevalente após o evento séptico foi de 7 dias, representado por 31 (46%) pacientes que já estavam internados em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). Mortalidade de 37 (28%) e 96 (72%) sobreviventes da população estudada. Conclusão: O evento séptico é um problema de saúde pública e tem alta letalidade em pacientes traumatizados. (AU)

Objective: To evaluate the profile and clinical outcome of patients with sepsis and septic shock in a trauma hospital in Belo Horizonte. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, retrospective and descriptive study of cases of sepsis and septic shock. Results: It was found that 97 (73%) patients were male, aged 19 to 59 years, 87 (65%) were previously healthy. Main reason for hospitalization was a fall from one's own height with 23 (17%) cases and 37 (28%) diagnosis of traumatic brain injury. Eighty-six (65%) patients were diagnosed with sepsis and 47 (35%) septic shock, the main focus of infection was pulmonary 83 (62%). We got 88 (66%) negative blood culture results and 45 (34%) positive, 64 (48%) patients received antibiotics within 60 minutes after diagnosis and the most prevalent hospital stay after septic event was 7 days, represented by 31 (46%) patients who were already hospitalized in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Mortality of 37 (28%) and 96 (72%) survivors of the population studied. Conclusion: Septic event is a public health problem and has high lethality in traumatized patients. (AU)

Objetivo: Evaluar el perfil y el resultado clínico de los pacientes con sepsis y shock séptico en un hospital de trauma en Belo Horizonte. Métodos: Este es un estudio transversal, retrospectivo y descriptivo de casos de sepsis y shock séptico. Resultados: Se encontró que 97 (73%) pacientes eran hombres, de 19 a 59 años, 87 (65%) antes estaban sanos. La razón principal de la hospitalización fue una caída desde la propia altura con 23 (17%) casos y 37 (28%) diagnóstico de lesión cerebral traumática. Ochenta y seis (65%) pacientes fueron diagnosticados con sepsis y 47 (35%) shock séptico, el foco principal de infección fue pulmonar 83 (62%). Tenemos 88 (66%) resultados negativos del cultivo sanguíneo y 45 (34%) positivo, 64 (48%) los pacientes recibieron antibióticos dentro de los 60 minutos posteriores al diagnóstico y la estancia hospitalaria más frecuente después del evento séptico fue de 7 días, representados por 31 (46%) pacientes que ya estaban hospitalizados en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI). Mortalidad de 37 (28%) y 96 (72%) sobrevivientes de la población estudiada. Conclusión: El evento séptico es un problema de salud pública y tiene alta letalidad en pacientes traumatizados. (AU)

Mortalidade materna: perfil clínico e epidemiológico de uma maternidade pública do Amazonas / Maternal mortality: clinical and epidemiological profile of a public maternity hospital in Amazonas

Objetivo: Avaliar o perfil clínico e epidemiológico das mortes maternas ocorridas em uma maternidade pública de Manaus no período de janeiro de 2016 a dezembro de 2019. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo do tipo descritivo e retrospectivo realizado a partir de dados contidos em prontuários médicos do Serviço de Arquivo Médico e Estatística (SAME) da Maternidade Ana Braga na cidade de Manaus-AM. A amostra foi constituída por pacientes admitidas na Maternidade Ana Braga e que evoluíram com óbito no ciclo gravídico puerperal, que consiste em grávidas, em trabalho de parto, que deram à luz ou que abortaram dentro de um período de até 42 dias. Resultados: Foram avaliados 29 prontuários de pacientes que foram a óbito no ciclo gravídico puerperal. Essas mulheres tinham entre 14 e 42 anos de idade. Quanto à escolaridade, 56,3% delas tinham ensino médio. Quanto à etnia, as mulheres negras e pardas representaram a maioria, as solteiras, o maior percentual. No óbito materno, observou-se que 10 mulheres realizaram menos de seis consultas pré-natal, a principal via de parto foi a cesariana e o choque séptico foi o mais prevalente como causa de morte. Conclusão: Esse resultado sugere a necessidade de avaliação do acesso oportuno das gestantes à assistência pré-natal, ao parto e ao puerpério adequada, além de melhorias na promoção de políticas públicas que busquem a redução da mortalidade materna.(AU)

Objective: To evaluate the clinical and epidemiological profile of maternal deaths that occurred in a public maternity hospital in Manaus from January 2016 to December 2019. Methods: This is a descriptive and retrospective study carried out based on data contained in medical records doctors from the Medical Archive and Statistics Service (SAME) of the Ana Braga Maternity Hospital in the city of Manaus-AM. The sample consisted of patients admitted to the Ana Braga Maternity Hospital and who died in the pregnancy-puerperal cycle, which consists of pregnant women, in labor, who gave birth or who aborted within a period of up to 42 days. Results: Were evaluated 29 records of patients who died in the pregnancy-puerperal cycle, these women were between 14 and 42 years old, and 56.3% had high school education. As for ethnicity, black and brown women represented the majority, single women the highest percentage. In maternal death, it was observed that 10 women had less than six prenatal consultations, the main mode of delivery was cesarean section and septic shock was the most prevalent cause of death. Conclusion: This result suggests the need to assess the timely access of pregnant women to adequate prenatal care, childbirth and postpartum care, in addition to improvements in the promotion of public policies that seek to reduce maternal mortality.(AU)

Calcificación miocárdica de etiología multifactorial / Myocardial calcification with multifactorial etiology

En el presente trabajo se describe un caso de muerte súbita en una mujer de 70 años que fallece 20 días después de ser dada de alta tras ingreso por infección urinaria secundaria a litiasis renal complicada con shock séptico e insuficiencia renal y respiratoria. En el corazón se identificó una cardiopatía isquémica crónica y extensas áreas de miocardio calcificado. Además, se exponen los tipos de calcificaciones del miocardio existentes y sus causas; y se analizan aquellos factores que en el caso presentado han podido causar la calcificación del miocardio(AU)

In the present report, we describe a case of sudden death in a 70-year-old woman who died 20 days after been discharged after admission for urinary infection secondary to renal lithiasis complicated with septic shock and renal and respiratory failure. It has been identified chronic ischemic heart disease and extensive areas of calcified myocardium. Also, we review myocardial calfications subtypes and its causes, and we analyze the specifics of the presented case(AU)

Protocolo clínico de diagnóstico y tratamiento de pacientes con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad que ingresan a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos / Clinical protocol for diagnosis and treatment of patients with community-acquired pneumonia admitted to the Intensive Care Unit

La neumonía es una infección frecuente que se presenta en todas las edades, en cualquier tipo de pacientes y a nivel co-munitario u hospitalario. La neumonía que se origina en la comunidad afecta a los pacientes con comorbilidades y en los extremos de la vida. La mortalidad de la neumonía comunitaria (NC) per-manece elevada, los sistemas de salud deben implementar estrategias para diagnosticar y tratar de forma rápida a estos pacientes. Cuando un paciente con neumonía comunitaria es ingresado en la emergencia de cualquier hospital se debe categorizar su estado para que reciba el mejor tratamiento posible. La Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) participa en la detección de los pacientes con neu-monía adquirida en la comunidad grave, con el objetivo de priorizar su atención para lograr las metas de manejo lo más rápido posible y disminuir la mortalidad de estos pacientes.

Pneumonia is a common infection that occurs in all ages, in any type of patient and at the community or hospital level. Community-originating pneumonia affects patients with comorbidities and at the ex-tremes of life. Mortality from commu-nity pneumonia remains high, health sys-tems must implement strategies to quickly diagnose and treat these patients. When a patient with community pneumonia is admitted to any hospital emergency, their condition must be categorized so that they receive the best possible treat-ment. The Intensive Care Unit (ICU) participates in the detection of patients with severe community-acquired pneu-monia, with the objective of prioritizing their care to achieve management goals as quickly as possible and reduce the mortality of these patients.

Desenlaces asociados con solución salina normal versus lactato de ringer en sepsis y choque séptico o hipovolémico / Outcomes associated with normal saline solution vs lactated ringer´s solution in sepsis and septic or hypovelemic shock

Introducción: los cristaloides son medicamentos usados en pacientes críticamente enfermos, con resultados ambiguos cuando se utilizan soluciones balanceadas versus solución salina normal. Objetivo: conocer si existen diferencias al usar solución salina 0.9% vs. lactato de Ringer en pacientes críticamente enfermos con sepsis y choque séptico o hipovolémico, en cuanto a mortalidad, lesión renal aguda y tiempo de estancia hospitalaria. Métodos: estudio observacional de tipo cohorte retrospectiva en mayores de 18 años con diagnóstico de sepsis, choque séptico o hipovolémico. Se excluyeron aquellos con enfermedad renal crónica en diálisis, las hospitalizadas por ginecología/obstetricia y aquellos con diagnóstico de muerte encefálica o donantes de órganos. Se evaluaron los desenlaces primarios de mortalidad, lesión renal aguda y estancia hospitalaria. Resultados y discusión: se incluyeron 314 pacientes, 158 en el grupo expuesto a solución salina al 0.9% y 156 con lactato de Ringer. Se presentó lesión renal aguda en 22.7% con solución salina y 25.8% con lactato de Ringer (OR 1.18 IC 95%:0.7-2). La mortalidad con solución salina fue de 49%, y en lactato 49% (OR 1.01 IC 95%:0.63-1.63). Los factores de riesgo identificados para mortalidad fueron uso de soporte vasopresor (OR 35 IC 95% 12-83) y lesión renal aguda (1.3 IC 95% 1.01-1.69). Conclusiones: en el paciente críticamente enfermo con sepsis, choque séptico o hipovolémico el uso desolución salina 0.9% no representa diferencias al compararlo con lactato de Ringer en cuanto a mortalidad, lesión renal aguda o estancia hospitalaria. La elección de un cristaloide debe ser individualizada, teniendo en cuenta las comorbilidades, la presencia de hipercloremia o hiperpotasemia.

Objective: crystalloids are drugs used in critically ill patients, with ambiguous results when balanced solutions versus normal saline solution (NS) are used. The objective of this study is to determine if there are differences when NS (0.9%) vs. lactated Ringer ́s (LR) solution are given to critically ill patients in sepsis or septic or hypovolemic shock, in terms of mortality, acute renal injury and length of hospital stay. Methods: a retrospective observational cohort study in patients over 18 years old with sepsis or septic or hypovolemic shock. Patients with chronic renal disease on dialysis, those hospitalized by gynecology/obstetrics and those diagnosed with brain death or organ donors were excluded. The primary mortality outcomes, acute renal injury and hospital stay were evaluated. Results: 314 patients were included, 158 in the NS group and 156 in the LR group. Acute renal injury occurred in 22.7% in the NS group and 25.8% in the LR group (OR 1.18 IC 95%:0.7-2). Mortality rate was 49% in the NS group and 49% in the LR group (OR 1.01 95%: CI 0.63-1.63). Mortality risk factors included the use of vasopressor support (OR 35 95% CI 12-83) and acute renal injury (1.3 95% CI 1.01-1.69). Conclusions: no difference was found with the use of NS in critically ill patients with sepsis or septic or hypovolemic shock when compared with LR in terms of mortality, acute renal injury or hospital stay. The choice of which crystalloid to administer should be individualized, based on the comorbidities and the presence of hyperchloremia or hyperkalemia.

Experiencia en shock séptico en emergencias. Factores asociados a falta de respuesta a fluídos / Experience in septic shock in Emergencies. Factors associated with lack of response to fluid resuscitation

Introducción: La sepsis es una de las principales causas de muerte infantil a nivel mundial. Las guías de tratamiento utilizadas en nuestro servicio se basan en parámetros clínicos para un soporte hemodinámico temprano con énfasis en el uso de fluidos e inotrópicos guiados por metas clínicas. Objetivos: Describir las características epidemiológicas y clínicas en una cohorte de niños con diagnóstico de shock séptico (SS) en el área de emergencias, controlando tasa de respuesta a fluidos, mortalidad y su relación con las características de los pacientes. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional de cohorte prospectivo entre Julio del 2009 y Julio del 2010. Se incluyeron 83 pacientes entre 0 a 18 años que cumplieron con los criterios diagnósticos de SS. La respuesta a volumen se definió como: respondedores (RE) a los pacientes que solo requirieron expansión con volumen y no respondedores (nRE) a aquellos que requirieron inotrópicos luego de llegar a 60 ml/kg o aparición de signos de sobrecarga cardíaca. Resultados: 64% fueron varones con mediana de edad de 5,8 años (RIC 2-12). 71% presentaban alguna enfermedad crónica preexistente, siendo 40% pacientes oncológicos. El 25 % requirió asistencia respiratoria mecánica y 65% inotrópicos. La mediana de estadía hospitalaria fue 10 días (RIC 7-16 días). Un 35% fue RE. Solo la hipotensión al ingreso resultó ser factor de riesgo para nRE (p0,035), pero en el modelo multivariado no resultó estadísticamente significativo. El 8% de los pacientes fallecieron. Conclusiones: En nuestra población, los pacientes con enfermedades oncológicas representan un número importante de los casos de SS y posiblemente tengan una mayor mortalidad. La tasa de respuesta a volumen ocurrió en 35% de los casos. La hipotensión inicial constituye un probable factor de riesgo para nRE (AU)

Introduction: Sepsis is one of the main causes of childhood death worldwide. Treatment guidelines used at our department are based on clinical parameters for early hemodynamic support with emphasis on fluid resuscitation and inotropics use guided by clinical goals. Objectives: To describe the epidemiologic and clinical features of a cohort of children with septic shock (SS) seen at the emergency department evaluating response rate to fluid resuscitation and mortality related to patient characteristics. Materials and methods: A prospective, observational cohort study was conducted between July 2009 and July 2010. Overall, 83 patients between 0 and 18 years of age that met the diagnostic criteria of SS were included. Response to fluid resuscitation was defined as: responders (RE), those patients that only required volume expansion, and non-responders (nRE), those that required inotropes after having reached 60 ml/kg or appearance of signs of fluid overload. Results: 64% were boys; median age was 5.8 years (IQR 2-12); 71% had some type of preexisting chronic disease, consisting of cancer in 40%. Overall, 25% required mechanical ventilation and 65% inotropes. Median length of hospital stay was 10 days (IQR 7-16 days). 35% of the patients were RE. Only hypotension on admission was found to be a risk factor for nRE (p 0.035); however, in a multivariate model, this finding did not show to be statistically significant. Eight percent of the patients died. Conclusions: In our cohort, patients with cancer accounted for a large number of those who developed SS; in these patients mortality may be increased. Response rate to fluid resuscitation was 35%. Initial hypotension may be a risk factor for nRE.

Tempo para evacuação de foco séptico abdominal e mortalidade em portadores de sepse / Time to clearance of abdominal septic focus and mortality in patients with sepsis

RESUMO Objetivo: Aferir a relação entre tempo para evacuação de foco e mortalidade hospitalar em portadores de sepse e choque séptico. Métodos: Estudo observacional, unicêntrico, com análise retrospectiva do tempo para evacuação de foco séptico abdominal. Os pacientes foram classificados conforme o tempo para evacuação do foco em grupo precoce (≤ 12 horas) ou tardio (> 12 horas). Resultados: Foram avaliados 135 pacientes. Não houve associação entre tempo para evacuação do foco e mortalidade hospitalar (≤ 12 horas versus > 12 horas): 52,3% versus 52,9%, com p = 0,137. Conclusão: Não houve diferença na mortalidade hospitalar entre pacientes com sepse ou choque séptico que tiveram foco infeccioso evacuado antes ou após 12 horas do diagnóstico de sepse.

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the relationship between time to focus clearance and hospital mortality in patients with sepsis and septic shock. Methods: This was an observational, single-center study with a retrospective analysis of the time to clearance of abdominal septic focus. Patients were classified according to the time to focus clearance into an early (≤ 12 hours) or delayed (> 12 hours) group. Results: A total of 135 patients were evaluated. There was no association between time to focus clearance and hospital mortality (≤ 12 hours versus > 12 hours): 52.3% versus 52.9%, with p = 0.137. Conclusion: There was no difference in hospital mortality among patients with sepsis or septic shock who had an infectious focus evacuated before or after 12 hours after the diagnosis of sepsis.

Epidemiología del shock séptico en un servicio de atención médica prehospitalaria en cinco ciudades colombianas / Epidemiology of septic shock in prehospital medical services in five Colombian cities

RESUMEN Objetivo: Explorar la asociación entre factores demográficos y clínicos con la presentación de shock séptico en pacientes atendidos en un servicio prehospitalario de emergencias en cinco ciudades colombianas entre los años 2015-2016. Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal con recolección retrospectiva de datos. Se recolectó información clínica y demográfica de las historias clínicas de pacientes con diagnóstico de sepsis que recibieron atención prehospitalaria en cinco ciudades colombianas en los años 2015 y 2016. Se realizó una verificación del diagnóstico de shock séptico en el 20% de los casos, dando origen a dos escenarios analizados: observado y verificado. Se analizó la asociación con pruebas de Chi cuadrado, t de Student y finalmente con un modelo de regresión logística ajustado. Se consideró covariables significativas aquellas con p < 0,05. Resultados: Se presentó una mayor frecuencia del evento en mujeres (62,6%) y en mayores de 80 años (64,5%), sin ser factores diferenciadores para shock séptico. El foco infeccioso más común fue urinario. En el escenario observado, los mayores de 60 años (RP: 3,22; IC95%: 1,45 - 35,01) y el antecedente de cáncer fueron las características asociadas con el shock séptico (RP: 1,20; IC95%: 1,2 - 12,87), mientras que en el grupo verificado fueron la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (RP: 1,99; IC95%: 1,26 - 7,14), el antecedente de cáncer (RP: 1,15; IC95%: 1,11 - 6,62) y presencia de hipovolemia (RP: 1,41; IC95%: 1,02 - 5,50). Conclusión: Los factores de riesgo más importantes para shock séptico en pacientes de atención prehospitalaria en cinco ciudades colombianas fueron las enfermedades oncológicas, las pulmonares e hipovolemia.

ABSTRACT Objective: To explore the association between demographic and clinical factors and the presentation of septic shock in patients treated by prehospital emergency services in five Colombian cities between 2015 and 2016. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with retrospective data collection. Clinical and demographic data were collected from the medical records of patients diagnosed with sepsis who received prehospital care in five Colombian cities in 2015 and 2016. The diagnosis of septic shock was checked in 20% of the cases, generating two analyzed scenarios: observed and verified. Data were analyzed using the chi-square test, Student's t test and an adjusted logistic regression model. Covariates with p < 0.05 were considered significant. Results: There was a higher frequency of septic shock in women (62.6%) and in individuals older than 80 years (64.5%), but these were not differentiating factors for septic shock. The most common source of infection was the urinary tract. In the observed scenario, age over 60 (prevalence ratio (PR): 3.22; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.45 - 35.01) and history of cancer (PR: 1.20; 95%CI: 1.2 - 12.87) were the characteristics associated with septic shock, whereas in the verified scenario, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (PR: 1.99; 95%CI: 1.26 - 7.14), history of cancer (PR: 1.15; 95%CI: 1.11 - 6.62) and presence of hypovolemia (PR: 1.41; 95%CI: 1.02 - 5.50) were observed. Conclusion: The most important risk factors for septic shock in prehospital care patients in five Colombian cities were oncological and pulmonary diseases and hypovolemia.

Comportamiento de la mortalidad en el hospital infantil Dr. Robert Reid Cabral, Santo Domingo, República Dominicana, período 2013- 2017 / Mortality behavior at Dr. Robert Reid Cabral Children's Hospital. Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic, 2013-2017

Introducción: el análisis de la mortalidad hospitalaria permite evaluar la calidad de la asistencia médica. Las últimas publicaciones sobre mortalidad en el Hospital Infantil Dr. Robert Reid Cabral datan de 1997 Objetivo: conocer el comportamiento de la mortalidad en el Hospital Infantil Dr. Robert Reid Cabral durante el periodo 2013­2017 Métodos: estudio descriptivo. Se revisaron los libros de registro y actas de defunciones de los pacientes fallecidos en el Hospital Dr. Robert Reid Cabral durante el periodo 2013­2017. Resultados: 3,800 pacientes fallecieron, en promedio 760 fallecidos por año (margen 679-868). 79.9 % con menos de 5 años de edad; las muertes en menores de 1 año de edad representaron el 61.3 % y en el periodo neonatal el 26.1 %. La Sepsis/Shock Séptico (43.4 %) y la Hemorragia Pulmonar (15.4 %) fueron los dos principales diagnósticos de defunción; el 34 % de los fallecidos presentaban una morbilidad asociada al diagnóstico de defunción y en el 40 % la morbilidad asociada era una malformación congénita. El 69.5 % fallecieron en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos o Neonatal y 40 % de los pacientes fallecieron antes de las 48 horas de su ingreso al hospital. Conclusión: el grupo etario de mayor mortalidad son los menores de 1 año de edad, se evidencia un alto porcentaje de muertes con enfermedad crónica y malformaciones congénitas asociadas. El hecho de que el 40 % de los pacientes fallecieran antes de las 48 horas de su ingreso, indica la condición de gravedad en que estos pacientes llegan al hospital

Introduction: the analysis of hospital mortality allows to evaluate the quality of medical care. The latest publications on mortality at Dr. Robert Reid Cabral Children's Hospital date from 1997. Objective: to know the behavior of mortality in the Dr. Robert Reid Cabral Children's Hospital during the period 2013-2017. Methods: descriptive study. Registration books and death certificates of deceased patients at Dr. Robert Reid Cabral Hospital during 2013-2017 were reviewed. Results: 3,800 patients died, on average 760 deaths per year (margin 679-868). 79.9 % with less than 5 years of age; deaths in children under 1 year of age represented 61.3 % and in the neonatal period 26.1 %. Sepsis / Septic Shock (43.4 %) and Pulmonary Hemorrhage (15.4 %) were the two main diagnoses of death; 34 % of the deceased had a morbidity associated with the diagnosis of death and in 40 % the associated morbidity was a congenital malformation. 69.5 % died in the Pediatric or Neonatal Intensive Care Unit and 40 % of the patients died within 48 hours of admission to the hospital. Conclusion: the age group with the highest mortality are those under 1 year of age, a high percentage of deaths with chronic disease and associated congenital malformations are evident. The fact that 40 % of patients died before 48 hours of admission indicates the serious condition in which these patients arrive at the hospital.

Análisis de Mortalidad de Pacientes Oncológicos Ingresados en Terapia Intensiva / Mortality Analysis of Oncology Patients Admitted to Intensive Care Unit

Introducción: Los pacientes oncológicos son un reto en su manejo general, que por su patología oncológica el riesgo de muerte es inminente. Sin embargo, si bien la mortalidad de este tipo de pacientes es relativamente alta debido a los factores asociados a la misma. Por lo que en este estudio se analizan los factores asociados a la mortalidad de pacientes oncológicos. Métodos: El estudio tipo observacional retrospectivo ha sido realizado con pacientes oncológicos ingresados en la unidad de cuidados intensivos del Hospital SOLCA durante el periodo de septiembre 2018 y septiembre 2019. Resultados: Un total de 230 pacientes fueron incluidos. La mortalidad fue de 22.6%. Los factores asociados a la mortalidad de manera significativa (P<0.01) fueron la patología no quirúrgica, tumor hematológico, los mayores puntajes del score APACHE, SOFA y NUTRIC-SCORE. Además de la asistencia con ventilación mecánica, intubación y vía central. Por otro lado, la neutropenia no mostró asociación a la mortalidad (P=0.565) Conclusión: Se mostraron que los principales factores asociados a la mortalidad de los pacientes oncológicos son, la gravedad medida por los distintos scores, la patología no quirúrgica y el tumor de tipo hematológico. Finalmente, la necesidad de asistencia ventilatoria, intubación y vía central.

Introduction: Oncological patients are a challenge in their general management, which due to their oncological pathology the risk of death is imminent. However, although the mortality of this type of patients is relatively high due to the factors associated with it. Therefore, this study analyzes the factors associated with the mortality of cancer patients. Methods: The study retrospective observational type was conducted with cancer patients admitted to the intensive care unit of the SOLCA Hospital during the period of September 2018 and September 2019. Results: A total of 230 patients were included. Mortality was 22.6%. The factors associated with mortality significantly (P<0.01) were non-surgical pathology, hematological tumor, the highest APACHE, SOFA and NUTRIC-SCORE scores. In addition to assistance with mechanical ventilation, intubation and central line. On the other hand, neutropenia showed no association with mortality (P= 0.565) Conclusion: It was shown that the main factors associated with the mortality of cancer patients are the severity measured by the different scores, the non-surgical pathology and the hematological tumor. Finally, the need for ventilatory assistance, intubation and central route.

Successful multiple-exchange peritoneal dialysis in a patient with severe hematological toxicity by methotrexate: case report and literature review / Diálise peritoneal com múltiplas trocas bem-sucedida em paciente com grave toxicidade hematológica por metotrexato: relato de caso e revisão de literatura

Abstract Methotrexate is an effective medication to control several diseases; however, it can be very toxic, being myelosuppression one of its main adverse effects, which increases in severity and frequency in patients with renal failure. We present the case of a 68-year-old man with chronic, end-stage renal disease associated with ANCA vasculitis, under treatment with peritoneal dialysis, who received the medication at a low dose, indicated by disease activity, which presented as a complication with severe pancytopenia with mucositis that improved with support measures and multiple-exchange peritoneal dialysis. We reviewed 20 cases published to date of pancytopenia associated with methotrexate in patients on dialysis and found high morbidity and mortality, which is why its use in this type of patient is not recommended. However, when this complication occurs, a therapeutic option could be the use of multiple-exchange peritoneal dialysis in addition to supportive therapy for drug-related toxicity, although it is recognized that studies are required to show the role of multiple-exchange peritoneal dialysis in the removal of this medication.

Resumo Apesar de sua toxicidade, o metotrexato é um medicamento eficaz no controle de várias doenças. A mielossupressão, um de seus principais efeitos adversos, aumenta em gravidade e frequência nos pacientes com insuficiência renal. Apresentamos o caso de um homem de 68 anos de idade com doença renal terminal relacionada à vasculite associada ao ANCA em diálise peritoneal, que recebeu a medicação em dose baixa em função da atividade da doença e que teve como complicação pancitopenia grave com mucosite, tratada com medidas de suporte e diálise peritoneal com múltiplas trocas. Revisamos 20 casos publicados até o presente momento sobre pancitopenia associada a metotrexato em pacientes em diálise. Foi identificada alta morbidade e mortalidade, razão pela qual seu uso nesse tipo de paciente não é recomendado. No entanto, quando esta complicação ocorre, uma opção terapêutica pode ser o uso de diálise peritoneal com múltiplas trocas, além da terapia de suporte para toxicidade medicamentosa. Maiores estudos são necessários para demonstrar o papel da diálise peritoneal com múltiplas trocas na remoção desse medicamento.

Utilidad de la proteína C reactiva sérica en el diagnóstico y tratamiento del adulto inmunocompetente hospitalizado por neumonía adquirida en la comunidad / Immunocompetent adults hospitalized for a community-acquired pneumonia: Serum C-reactive protein as a prognostic marker

Background: C-reactive protein (CRP) is used to monitor patients' response during treatment of infectious diseases. Morbidity and mortality associated with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is high, particularly in hospitalized patients. Better risk prediction during hospitalization could improve management and ultimately reduce mortality rates. Aim: To evaluate CRP measured at admission and the third day of hospitalization as a predictor for adverse events in CAP. Material and Methods: A prospective cohort study of adult patients hospitalized with CAP at an academic hospital. Major adverse outcomes were admission to ICU, mechanical ventilation, prolonged hospital length of stay, hospital complications and 30-day mortality. Predictive associations between CRP (as absolute levels and relative decline at third day) and adverse events were analyzed. Results: Eight hundred and twenty-three patients were assessed, 19% were admitted to ICU and 10.6% required mechanical ventilation. The average hospital stay was 8.8 ± 8.2 days, 42% had nosocomial complications and 8.1% died within 30 days. Ninety eight percent of patients had elevated serum CRP on admission to the hospital (18.1 ± 14.1 mg/dL). C-reactive protein measured at admission was associated with the risk of bacterial pneumonia, bacteremic pneumonia, septic shock and use of mechanical ventilation. Lack of CRP decline within three days of hospitalization was associated with high risk of complications, septic shock, mechanical ventilation and prolonged hospital stay. Conclusions: CRP responses at third day of hospital admission was a valuable predictor of adverse events in hospitalized CAP adult patients.

Trombosis segmentaria sigmoidea consecuente a neoplasia maligna de colon. A propósito de un caso interesante / Sigmoid segmental thrombosis consequent to colon malignant neoplasia. On the purpose of a case

RESUMEN Se presentó un caso de una paciente de 78 años de edad, procedente del municipio de Calimete, con antecedentes patológicos personales de infarto agudo miocárdico sin elevación del segmento ST e hipertensión arterial. Llegó a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de Emergencia, de Colón con un estado toxico infeccioso severo. Fue intervenida quirúrgicamente con el diagnóstico presuntivo de una trombosis mesentérica. Se constató dicho diagnóstico complementario a una neoplasia maligna de colon sigmoides. Falleció producto a un shock séptico refractario a aminas. En la necropsia se reportaron hallazgos de interés.

ABSTRACT The authors present the case of a 78-years-old female patient from the municipality of Calimete, with personal pathological antecedents of acute myocardial infarct without ST segment elevation and arterial hypertension. She arrived to the Emergency Intensive Care Unit of Colon with a severe toxic-infectious status. She underwent a surgery with a presumptive mesenteric thrombosis. It was stated that diagnosis, complementary to a sigmoid colon malignant neoplasia. She died as a product of an amine-refractory septic shock. The autopsy showed findings of interest.

Relación entre sobrecarga hídrica y mortalidad en niños conshock séptico / Relation between fluid overload and mortality in children with septic shock

El shock séptico es una de las principales causas que puede llevar a la muerte. La reanimación hídrica constituye un destacado tratamiento para poder disminuir la mortalidad. Objetivo: determinar la relación entre el porcentaje de sobrecarga hídrica (%SH) y la mortalidad en niños con shock séptico. Métodos. Estudio de cohorte en pacientes con shock séptico de entre 1 y 17 años, posterior a la reanimación hídrica con presión venosa central ≥ 5 mmHg con monitoreo invasivo y registro completo de %SH hasta las 96 h. El seguimiento y la variable de desenlace se completaron hasta el día 28. Se registraron las siguientes variables del shock séptico, shock refractario, causa de la insuficiencia renal aguda, anemia, desnutrición, el tiempo de inicio de antimicrobiano, presión oncótica y puntaje de gravedad. Análisis estadístico: Se calculó el hazard ratio (HR) y se construyeron tres modelos pronósticos por riesgos proporcionales de Cox. Resultados. La población fue de 263 pacientes; con un promedio de edad de 8 ± 3 años y con mortalidad del 33 %. El %SH ≥ 10,1 acumulado a las 96 h fue el único asociado; el HR (IC 95 %) ajustado fue perfil hemodinámico HR = 2,6 (1,95,6); por shock refractario, HR = 2,5 (1,6-5,6) y por desnutrición, HR = 8,3 (3,5-14). Conclusiones. El %SH > 10,1 % se relacionó con una mayor mortalidad a 28 días de ajustado al perfil hemodinámico, la refractariedad del shock y el estado nutricional.

Septic shock is one of the main causes of mortality. Fluid replacement stands out as the treatment of choice to reduce mortality. Objective. To determine the relation between the percentage of fluid overload (%FO) and mortality in children with septic shock. Methods. Cohort study in patients aged 1-17 years with septic shock, after fluid replacement with central venous pressure ≥ 5 mmHg, invasive monitoring, and complete recording of %FO up to 96 h. Follow-up and outcome measures were recorded up to day 28. The following outcome measures of septic shock were recorded: refractory shock, cause of acute kidney injury, anemia, malnutrition, time to antibiotic initiation, oncotic pressure, and severity score. Statistical analysis. The hazard ratio (HR) was estimated and three Cox proportional hazard models were developed. Results. The population included 263 patients; their average age was 8 ± 3 years. Mortality was 33 %. A %FO ≥ 10.1 % accumulated at 96 h was the only associated outcome measure; the HR (95 % confidence interval) was adjusted for hemodynamic profile, HR = 2.6 (1.95.6); refractory shock, HR = 2.5 (1.6-5.6); and malnutrition, HR = 8.3 (3.5-14). Conclusions. A %FO > 10.1 % was related to a higher mortality at 28 days of adjustment for hemodynamic profile, refractory shock, and nutritional status.

Perfil epidemiológico e análise da efetividade para prevenção de óbitos de pacientes inseridos em protocolo de sepse / Epidemiological profile and effectiveness analysis for the prevention of deaths of patients enrolled in a sepsis protocol

Objetivo: Avaliar casos de sepse e choque séptico verificando perfil epidemiológico, tratamento, adesão às recomendações internacionais e grau de efetividade das intervenções, para analisar sua efetividade na redução da mortalidade. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo observacional transversal com revisão dos atendimentos de sepse e choque séptico entre abril de 2013 e dezembro de 2015. Quanto à efetividade na prevenção de óbitos, o período foi de 2014 a 2015. Resultados: Foram incluídos 412 pacientes (55,3 anos), sendo 58% do sexo masculino. Dentre os pacientes, 80,1% foram inseridos no protocolo no tempo preconizado, 79,9% tiveram coleta de lactato e 91,7% de hemocultura no prazo (p<0,05). Iniciaram antibioticoterapia no prazo 87,4% da amostra. Ocorreram 68 óbitos no pronto-socorro, sendo 80,9% relacionados à sepse. Para a efetividade de prevenção de óbitos, foram incluídos 351 pacientes. O total de prevenção de óbitos foi de 325 pacientes, sendo 52,9% em 2014. O índice de prevenção de óbitos foi crescente (92,6%), indicando alta efetividade. Conclusão: Evidenciou- se alta letalidade nos quadros sépticos. A análise de dados epidemiológicos aponta possíveis melhorias para uniformizar e garantir o melhor atendimento dos pacientes. A adesão e a efetividade do protocolo têm sido crescentes, alcançando índice de prevenção de óbitos muito próximo do ideal. (AU)

Objective: To evaluate cases of sepsis and septic shock checking epidemiological profile, treatment, adherence to the international recommendations, and effectiveness degree of interventions, to analyze the effectiveness in mortality reduction. Methods: This is a cross-sectional observational study with review of sepsis and septic shock between april of 2013 and December of 2015. Regarding effectiveness in preventing deaths, the period was from 2014 to 2015. Results: A total of 412 patients (55.3 years) were included, with 58% male individuals. Of these patients, 80.1% were inserted in the protocol at the recommended time, 79.9% underwent lactate collection, and 91.7% underwent blood culture within the term (p<0.05). Antibiotic therapy was initiated in 87.4% within the term. There were 68 deaths in the emergency room, 80.9% of which were related to sepsis. For the effectiveness of death prevention, 351 patients were included. The total number of prevented deaths was 325 patients, 52.9% in 2014. The death prevention index was increasing (92.6%), indicating high effectiveness. Conclusion: High lethality was observed in septic patients. Epidemiological data analysis points to possible improvement to standardize and guarantee the best care for patients. Protocol compliance and effectiveness have been increasing, reaching an index of deaths prevention very close to the optimal one. (AU)

Asociación entre el sitio de infección y la mortalidad hospitalaria en pacientes con sepsis atendidos en urgencias de hospitales de tercer nivel en Medellín, Colombia / Association between site of infection and in-hospital mortality in patients with sepsis admitted to emergency departments of tertiary hospitals in Medellin, Colombia

RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar en pacientes con sepsis admitidos en el servicio de urgencias la asociación entre el foco infeccioso principal y la mortalidad intrahospitalaria como desenlace principal o requerimiento de ingreso a unidad de cuidados intensivos como desenlace secundario. Métodos: Análisis secundario de cohorte prospectiva multicéntrica. Se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 18 años con diagnóstico de sepsis grave o choque séptico atendidos en las salas de urgencias de 3 hospitales de alta complejidad. De 5022 elegibles, se incluyeron 2510 participantes. Análisis de regresión logística múltiple para mortalidad. Resultados: El sitio de infección más frecuente fue tracto urinario, presente en el 27,8% de los casos, seguido de neumonía en el 27,5% y foco intraabdominal en el 10,8%. En el 5,4% de los casos no se identificó foco claro al ingreso. Mediante regresión logística se encontró asociación significativa entre los siguientes sitios de infección y mortalidad intrahospitalaria al tomar como referencia el grupo de infección urinaria: neumonía (OR 3,4; IC95%, 2,2 - 5,2; p < 0,001), piel y tejidos blandos (OR 2,6; IC95%, 1,4 - 5,0; p = 0,003), torrente sanguíneo (OR 2,0; IC95%, 1,1 - 3,6; p = 0,018), sin foco claro (OR 2,0; IC95%, 1,1 - 3,8; p = 0,028), e intraabdominal (OR 1,9; IC95%, 1,1 - 3,3; p = 0,024). Conclusiones: Existe una asociación significativa entre los diferentes sitios de infección y la mortalidad intrahospitalaria o requerimiento de unidad de cuidados intensivos en pacientes con sepsis o choque séptico, siendo la infección de vías urinarias la que confiere el menor riesgo, lo que se deberá tener en cuenta en los modelos pronósticos de estas condiciones.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the association between the primary site of infection and in-hospital mortality as the main outcome, or the need for admission to the intensive care unit as a secondary outcome, in patients with sepsis admitted to the emergency department. Methods: This was a secondary analysis of a multicenter prospective cohort. Patients included in the study were older than 18 years with a diagnosis of severe sepsis or septic shock who were admitted to the emergency departments of three tertiary care hospitals. Of the 5022 eligible participants, 2510 were included. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed for mortality. Results: The most common site of infection was the urinary tract, present in 27.8% of the cases, followed by pneumonia (27.5%) and intra-abdominal focus (10.8%). In 5.4% of the cases, no definite site of infection was identified on admission. Logistic regression revealed a significant association between the following sites of infection and in-hospital mortality when using the urinary infection group as a reference: pneumonia (OR 3.4; 95%CI, 2.2 - 5.2; p < 0.001), skin and soft tissues (OR 2.6; 95%CI, 1.4 - 5.0; p = 0.003), bloodstream (OR 2.0; 95%CI, 1.1 - 3.6; p = 0.018), without specific focus (OR 2.0; 95%CI, 1.1 - 3.8; p = 0.028), and intra-abdominal focus (OR 1.9; 95%CI, 1.1 - 3.3; p = 0.024). Conclusions: There is a significant association between the different sites of infection and in-hospital mortality or the need for admission to an intensive care unit in patients with sepsis or septic shock. Urinary tract infection shows the lowest risk, which should be considered in prognostic models of these conditions.

Avaliação da interleucina 3 como marcador prognóstico na sepse / Role of interleukin-3 as a prognostic marker in septic patients

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a acurácia dos níveis de interleucina 3 para predizer prognóstico em pacientes sépticos. Métodos: Conduzimos uma coorte prospectiva que incluiu pacientes adultos internados em unidade de terapia intensiva, que apresentassem sepse ou choque séptico iniciados há até 48 horas. Mediram-se os níveis séricos de interleucina 3 quando da inclusão (dia 1) e nos dias 3 e 7. O desfecho primário analisado foi a mortalidade hospitalar por qualquer causa. Resultados: Foram incluídos 120 pacientes. Os níveis séricos de interleucina 3 dosados à inclusão foram significativamente mais elevados em pacientes que faleceram em comparação aos que sobreviveram à internação hospitalar (91,2pg/mL versus 36pg/mL; p = 0,024). Em modelo de sobrevivência de Cox com inclusão de idade e valores sequenciais de SOFA, os níveis de interleucina 3 mensurados na inclusão mantiveram-se independentemente associados à mortalidade hospitalar (HR 1,032; IC95% 1,010 - 1,055; p = 0,005). Em curva Característica de Operação do Receptor construída para investigação adicional da acurácia da interleucina 3 na predição do prognóstico, encontrou-se área sob a curva de 0,62 (IC95% 0,51 - 0,73; p = 0,024) para mortalidade hospitalar. Valores iniciais de interleucina 3 acima de 127,5pg/mL mostraram-se significativamente associados à mortalidade hospitalar (p = 0,019; OR = 2,97; IC95% 1,27 - 6,97; p = 0,019), entretanto com baixo desempenho (especificidade de 82%, sensibilidade de 39%, valor preditivo positivo de 53%, valor preditivo negativo de 72%, razão de verossimilhança negativa de 0,73 e razão de verossimilhança positiva de 2,16). Conclusão: Níveis elevados de interleucina 3 mostraram-se independentemente associados à mortalidade hospitalar em pacientes sépticos, entretanto com baixo desempenho clínico.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of IL-3 to predict the outcome of septic patients. Methods: Prospective cohort study with adult patients in an intensive care unit with sepsis or septic shock diagnosed within the previous 48 hours. Circulating IL-3 levels were measured upon inclusion (day 1) and on days 3 and 7. The primary outcome was hospital mortality. Results: One hundred and twenty patients were included. Serum levels of IL-3 on day 1 were significantly higher among patients who died than among patients who survived the hospital stay (91.2pg/mL versus 36pg/mL, p = 0.024). In a Cox survival model considering the IL-3 levels at inclusion, age and sequential SOFA, IL-3 values remained independently associated with mortality (HR 1.032; 95%CI 1.010 - 1.055; p = 0.005). An receiver operating characteristic curve was built to further investigate the accuracy of IL-3, with an area under the curve of 0.62 (95%CI 0.51 - 0.73; p = 0.024) for hospital mortality. A cutoff initial IL-3 value above 127.5pg/mL was associated with hospital mortality (OR 2.97; 95%CI: 1.27 - 6.97; p = 0.0019) but with a low performance (82% for specificity, 39% for sensibility, 53% for the positive predictive value, 72% for the negative predictive value, 0.73 for the negative likelihood and 2.16 for the positive likelihood ratio). Conclusion: Higher levels of IL-3 are shown to be independently associated with hospital mortality in septic patients but with poor clinical performance.

Utilização da vasopressina no tratamento de choque séptico refratário / Use of vasopressin in the treatment of refractory septic shock

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a evolução em curto prazo de pacientes com choque séptico refratário à norepinefrina tratados com vasopressina em uma unidade de terapia intensiva de um hospital universitário. Métodos: Foi realizado estudo retrospectivo não comparado (série de casos). Foram coletados dados clínicos, laboratoriais e antropométricos de pacientes que receberam infusão de vasopressina para tratamento de choque refratário a catecolaminas no período de dezembro de 2014 a junho de 2016. Para a avaliação de gravidade, foram utilizados o APACHE II e o SOFA. O desfecho principal foi mortalidade em 3 e em 30 dias. Resultados: Foram incluídos 80 pacientes, sendo 60% do sexo masculino. Em 86,3% dos casos, verificou-se APACHE II nas faixas mais altas (> 20). A mortalidade em 30 dias foi de 86,2%, sendo que 75% dos pacientes foram a óbito dentro de 72 horas após início do uso da vasopressina. Conclusão: A série avaliada apresentou alta mortalidade nas primeiras 72 horas de tratamento com vasopressina. O uso de vasopressina em pacientes refratários à norepinefrina teve pouco ou nenhum impacto na mortalidade. Não é possível excluir que a alta mortalidade no presente estudo esteja vinculada ao início relativamente tardio (após estabelecida refratariedade à norepinefrina) da vasopressina, devendo essa hipótese ser melhor avaliada por estudo randomizado.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the short-term evolution of patients with septic shock refractory to norepinephrine treated with vasopressin in an intensive care unit of a university hospital. Methods: An unmatched retrospective study (case series) was performed. Clinical, laboratory, and anthropometric data were collected from patients who received vasopressin infusion for treatment of catecholamine-refractory shock from December 2014 to June 2016. For the assessment of severity, APACHE II and SOFA scores were used. The main outcome was mortality at 3 and 30 days. Results: A total of 80 patients were included, of which 60% were male. In 86.3% of the cases, APACHE II was observed in the highest ranges (> 20). The 30-day mortality was 86.2%, and 75% of the patients died within 72 hours after starting vasopressin. Conclusion: The series evaluated had high mortality in the first 72 hours of treatment with vasopressin. The use of vasopressin in patients who are refractory to norepinephrine had little or no impact on mortality. It was not possible to exclude the possibility that the high mortality in the present study was linked to the relatively late onset (after established refractoriness of norepinephrine) of vasopressin; this hypothesis should be further evaluated in a randomized study.