Factores asociados a la mortalidad en pacientes cirróticos / Factors associated with mortality in cirrhotic patients

Introducción: La cirrosis hepática representa en Perú el 9,1 por ciento de las causas de mortalidad. Existe poca evidencia sobre la influencia de variables epidemiológicas y clínicas en la mortalidad de pacientes con cirrosis hepática en Latinoamérica, en especial en países en vías de desarrollo, como Perú. Objetivo: Identificar los factores asociados a la mortalidad en pacientes cirróticos. Métodos: Estudio trasversal en pacientes cirróticos atendidos en el Hospital Cayetano Heredia, de Piura, Perú, en el año 2017. La variable dependiente fue la mortalidad hospitalaria y las variables independientes fueron las características epidemiológicas, clínicas y de laboratorio. Se utilizó la prueba exacta de Fisher y la prueba de t para estimar los factores asociados a la mortalidad. Resultados: De 52 pacientes, la frecuencia de mortalidad debido a cirrosis fue de 35,4 por ciento. Tener ascitis moderada (p = 0,004), grado de encefalopatía (p = 0,001), leucocitosis (p = 0,004), enfermedad descompensada según índice de Child Pugh (p = 0,023), índice de Meld entre 30-39 puntos (p < 0,001) y niveles de creatinina (p = 0,009) resultaron asociados a una mayor frecuencia de mortalidad. Conclusión: La presencia de ascitis moderada, grado de encefalopatía, leucocitosis, enfermedad descompensada según índice de Child Pugh, índice de Meld entre 30-39 y los niveles de creatinina, están asociados a la mortalidad en pacientes cirróticos(AU)

Introduction: Liver cirrhosis represents 9,1 percent of causes of mortality in Peru. There is little evidence on the influence of epidemiological and clinical variables on the mortality of patients with liver cirrhosis in Latin America, especially in developing countries such as Peru. Objective: To identify the factors associated with mortality in cirrhotic patients. Methods: Cross-sectional study in cirrhotic patients treated at the Cayetano Heredia Hospital in Piura, Peru, year 2017. The dependent variable was hospital mortality and the independent variables were epidemiological, clinical and laboratory characteristics. Fisher's exact test and the T test were used to estimate the factors associated with mortality. Results: Of 52 patients, the frequency of mortality due to cirrhosis was 35,4 percent. Have moderate ascites (p = 0,004), degree of encephalopathy (p = 0,001), leukocytosis (p = 0,004), decompensated disease according to the Child Pugh index (p = 0,023), Meld index between 30-39 points (p < 0,001) and creatinine levels (p = 0,009) were associated with a higher frequency of mortality. Conclusion: The presence of moderate ascites, degree of encephalopathy, leukocytosis, decompensated disease according to the Child Pugh index, Meld index between 30-39, creatinine levels are associated with mortality in cirrhotic patients(AU)

Predictores de infección y mortalidad en pacientes con cirrosis hepática en el hospital de alta complejidad Virgen de la Puerta de Trujillo, Perú / Predictors of infection and mortality in patients with liver cirrhosis in the high complexity hospital Virgen de la Puerta from Trujillo, Peru

Introducción: La cirrosis hepática descompensada por infecciones bacterianas es uno de los principales diagnósticos de admisión a hospitalización, teniendo en cuenta que el riesgo per se en ello es más alto que en pacientes no cirróticos, conllevando a cifras altas de mortalidad. Objetivo: El presente estudio buscó determinar los predictores de infección y mortalidad en pacientes con cirrosis hepática, así como las características epidemiológicas-clínicas de los pacientes con cirrosis. Materiales y métodos: De manera prospectiva se recolectaron los datos de los pacientes cirróticos hospitalizados en el servicio de Gastroenterología y Medicina interna del hospital de alta complejidad Virgen de la Puerta desde el 2015 a Junio del 2018. Resultados: El estudio incluyó 66 pacientes. La frecuencia de infección fue de 37,88%, siendo más frecuente la peritonitis bacteriana espontánea (21,2%) y la mortalidad total fue de 12,12%. Al realizar regresión logística binaria y curva ROC se obtuvieron como predictores de mortalidad, el valor de MELD >13,5 (p=0,003), TP >18,26 (p=0,003) y el estadio Child Pugh C (p=0,02, IC 95% EXP(B) 0,13-0,365). Las variables que predicen ausencia de mortalidad fueron un valor de plaquetas ≥ 74 500 /mm3 (p=0,01) y Sodio ≥133 mEq/l (p=0,019). Los predictores de infección, valor de MELD ≤14,5 (p=0,0004) y el nivel de sodio ≥134,5 mEq/l (AUC 0,696, p=0,028), para predecir ausencia de infección. Conclusiones: El MELD alto es un factor predictor tanto de mortalidad como de infección. El Child Pugh C y los valores de tiempo de Protrombina altos son predictores de mortalidad. El nivel de sodio normal es un predictor de ausencia de mortalidad e infección, así como el valor de plaquetas discretamente disminuido es predictor de ausencia de mortalidad.

Introduction: Liver cirrhosis decompensated due to bacterial infections is one of the main diagnoses of admission to hospitalization, taking into account that the risk per se in it is higher than in non-cirrhotic patients, leading to high mortality rates. Objective: The present study sought to determine the predictors of infection and mortality in patients with liver cirrhosis, as well as the epidemiological-clinical characteristics of patients with cirrhosis. Material and methods: Prospective data were collected from hospitalized cirrhotic patients in the Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine Service of the Hospital High Complexity "Virgen de la Puerta", from 2015 to June 2018. Results: The study included 66 patients. The infection frequency was of 37.88%, being more frequent the spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (21.2%) and the total mortality was of 12.12%. When performing binary logistic regression and ROC curve, the MELD value> 13.5 (p=0.003), TP >18.26 (p=0.003) and the Child Pugh C stage were obtained as predictors of mortality (p=0.02, IC 95% EXP(B) 0.13-0.365). The variables that predict absence of mortality were a platelet value ≥74 500 /mm3 (p=0.01) and sodium ≥133 (p=0.019). The predictors of infection, MELD value ≤14.5 (p=0.0004) and sodium level ≥134.5 (AUC 0.696, p=0.028), to predict absence of infection. Conclusions: High MELD is a predictor of both mortality and infection. Child Pugh C and high values of Prothrombin time are predictors of mortality. The normal sodium level is a predictor of absence of mortality and infection, as well as platelet values discreetly low are predictors of absence of mortality.

Asociación entre variables demográficas y socioeconómicas y mortalidad por cirrosis y otras enfermedades del hígado / Association between demographic and socioeconomic variables and mortality due to cirrhosis and other liver diseases

Background Cirrhosis is a serious public health problem worldwide. There are geographical, socioeconomic and demographic differences in mortality due to the disease. Aim To establish an association between mortality from cirrhosis and other chronic liver diseases and socioeconomic and demographic indicators in communes of the two largest regions of Chile, the Metropolitan Region (RM) and Bíobío. Material and Methods Analysis of the mortality data from the Chilean Ministry of Health. Multiple regression models of smoothed standardized mortality ratios at the community level between 2001 and 2008, were carried out for men and women in relation to socioeconomic and demographic indicators. Results Quite dissimilar phenomena were observed in these two regions. In RM, the risk of death is associated with urban communes of lower educational level (R2 = 53.6% in men, R2 = 62.3% in women). In men of the Bíobío Region, the risk decreases along with the percentage of population belonging to originary populations (R2 = 9.1%). In women, the model also includes a variable that represents the service sector (R2 = 15.0%), that represents a greater risk. Conclusions The association of mortality due to liver disease with other variables, changes according to the territory in which it is studied. Therefore, specific local studies are required to address this problem in depth. These studies will contribute to the design of locally relevant public policies, aimed at addressing health inequities and the prevention of liver diseases.

Pacientes cirróticos com escore Child-Pugh C apresentam intervalos QT mais longo / Cirrhotic patients with Child-Pugh C have longer QT intervals

Fundamento e objetivos: A cardiomiopatia cirrótica tem sido usada para descrever a disfunção cardíaca crônica em pacientes cirróticos sem doença cardíaca estrutural prévia. Além disso, o prolongamento do intervalo QT é uma das alterações cardíacas mais importantes relacionadas à cirrose. Estudos prévios sugerem que o prolongamento QT está associado com uma taxa de mortalidade mais alta em pacientes cirróticos. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar intervalos QTs segundo a gravidade da cirrose, medida pela classificação Child-Plugh. Materiais e métodos: Em um estudo transversal, um total de 67 pacientes com cirrose não alcoólica submeteu-se à avaliação clínica e eletrocardiográfica. A gravidade da cirrose foi classificada de acordo com o escore Child-Pugh. O intervalo QT foi medido por um eletrocardiograma de 12 derivações. Resultados: Os intervalos QTs foram mais longos em pacientes no grupo Child-Plugh C que nos grupos Child-Pugh A e B (459 ± 33 vs 436 ± 25 e 428 ± 34 ms, respectivamente, p = 0,004). Houve uma correlação positiva entre o intervalo QT e o escore Child-Pugh em indivíduos com escore Child-Pugh ≥ 7 (r = 0,50; p < 0,05) e intervalos QT ≥ 440 ms (r = 0,46, p < 0,05). Conclusão: O presente estudo mostrou que pacientes com cirrose Child-Plugh C apresentam intervalos QTs mais longos, o que reforçou a relação entre a gravidade da cirrose e achados eletrocardiográficos da cardiomiopatia cirrótica. Além disso, esse resultado foi encontrado em pacientes sem sintomas cardíacos, o que destacou a importância de um método simples e não invasivo, como o eletrocardiograma, para identificar pacientes cirróticos com cardiomiopatia

Background and aims: Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy has been used to describe chronic cardiac dysfunction in cirrhotic patients with no previous structural heart disease. Additionally, QT prolongation is one of the most important cardiac alterations related to cirrhosis. Previous studies suggest that QT prolongation is associated with a higher mortality rate among cirrhotic patients. The aim of this study was to analyze QT intervals according to cirrhosis severity as measured by the Child-Pugh classification. Materials and methods: In a cross-sectional study, a total of 67 patients with nonalcoholic cirrhosis underwent clinical and electrocardiographic evaluation. Cirrhosis severity was classified according to the Child-Pugh score. The QT interval was measured by a 12-lead electrocardiogram. Results: The QT intervals were longer in patients in the Child-Pugh C group than those in the Child-Pugh A and B groups (459 ± 33 vs 436 ± 25 and 428 ± 34 ms, respectively, p=0.004). There was a positive correlation between the QT interval and the Child-Pugh score in individuals with Child-Pugh scores ≥ 7 (r=0.50, p<0.05) and QT intervals ≥ 440 ms (r=0.46, p<0.05). Conclusion: The present study showed longer QT intervals in patients with Child-Pugh C cirrhosis, which reinforced the relationship between the severity of cirrhosis and electrocardiographic findings of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy. Moreover, this finding emerged in patients with no cardiac symptoms, which highlighted the importance of a simple and noninvasive method (ECG) to identify cirrhotic patients with cardiomyopathy

Retrospective analysis of hepatitis B virus chronic infection in 247 patients: clinical stages, response to treatment and poor prognostic factors

Abstract Background: Chronic hepatitis B is a major cause of cirrhosis, and the natural history of the disease has several clinical stages that should be thoroughly understood for the implementation of proper treatment. Nonetheless, curing the disease with antiviral treatment remains a challenge. Aims: To describe the clinical course, response to treatment, and poor prognostic factors in 247 hepatitis B virus chronic infection patients treated in a tertiary hospital in Brazil. Methods: This was a retrospective and observational study, by analyzing the medical records of HBV infected patients between January 2000 and January 2015. Results: Most patients were male (67.2%) and 74.1% were HBeAg negative. Approximately 41% had cirrhosis and 8.5% were hepatitis C virus coinfected. The viral load was negative after two years on lamivudine, entecavir and tenofovir in 86%, 90.6%, and 92.9% of the patients, respectively. The five-year resistance rates for lamivudine, adefovir, entecavir, and tenofovir were 57.5%, 51.8%, 1.9%, and 0%, respectively. The overall seroconversion rates were 31.2% for HBeAg and 9.4% for HBsAg. Hepatocellular carcinoma was diagnosed in 9.7% of patients, liver transplantation was performed in 9.7%, and overall mortality was 10.5%. Elevations of serum alanine aminotransferase (p = 0.0059) and viral load (p < 0.0001) were associated with progression to liver cirrhosis. High viral load was associated with progression to hepatocellular carcinoma (p < 0.0001). Significant risk factors associated with death were elevated alanine aminotransferase (p = 0.0039), liver cirrhosis (p < 0.0001), high viral load (p = 0.007), and hepatocellular carcinoma (p = 0.0008). HBeAg positive status was not associated with worse outcomes, and treatment may have been largely responsible. Conclusions: Elevations of viral load and serum alanine aminotransferase may select patients with worse prognosis, especially progression to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, which were strongly association with death.

Bariatric surgery in individuals with liver cirrhosis: A narrative review / Cirurgia bariátrica em indivíduos com cirrose hepática: uma revisão narrativa

Summary Introduction: Bariatric surgery has become the gold standard treatment for morbid obesity, but there is no consensus regarding its safety and efficacy among individuals with chronic liver diseases. Objective: To critically evaluate the existing evidence on literature about bariatric surgery in individuals with liver cirrhosis. Method: Narrative review performed by means of an online search in the MEDLINE and LILACS databases. Results: Bariatric surgery is safe and effective in individuals with chronic liver disease without clinical decompensation or significant portal hypertension. Individuals with severe liver function impairment present significantly higher surgical morbidity and mortality. Among candidates to liver transplantation, surgery may be performed before, after and even during transplantation, and there is a predominant trend to perform it after. Vertical sleeve gastrectomy seems to be the most adequate technique in this group of subjects. Conclusion: Bariatric surgery is safe and effective in individuals with compensated cirrhosis without significant portal hypertension, but presents higher morbidity. Among candidates to liver transplantation and/or individuals with severe portal hypertension, morbidity and mortality are significantly higher.

Resumo Introdução: A cirurgia bariátrica tornou-se nos últimos anos o tratamento padrão-ouro para a obesidade mórbida; porém, entre obesos portadores de hepatopatia crônica, não existe consenso a respeito de sua segurança e efetividade. Objetivo: Análise crítica da literatura existente sobre a realização de cirurgia bariátrica em portadores de cirrose hepática. Método: Revisão narrativa por meio de pesquisa online nas bases de dados Medline e Lilacs. Resultados: As cirurgias bariátricas em indivíduos cirróticos sem descompensação clínica levam a resultados satisfatórios. Já indivíduos com hepatopatia grave apresentam morbidade perioperatória e mortalidade significativamente maiores do que as observadas na população obesa sem hepatopatia. Em candidatos a transplante hepático, a cirurgia pode ser realizada antes, durante ou após o transplante, havendo uma tendência predominante à realização após o transplante. A gastrectomia vertical parece ser a técnica mais adequada nesse grupo de pacientes. Conclusão: A cirurgia bariátrica é segura e efetiva em portadores de cirrose hepática compensada e sem hipertensão portal; porém, apresenta maior morbidade. Em candidatos a transplante e/ou indivíduos com hipertensão portal significativa, a morbimortalidade é significativamente maior.

Utility and Safety of Tolvaptan in Cirrhotic Patients with Hyponatremia: a Prospective Cohort Study

Abstract: Introduction and aim. Hyponatremia is common in patients with decompensated cirrhosis and is associated with increased mortality. Tolvaptan, a vasopressor V2 receptor antagonist, can increase free wáter excretion, but its efficacy and safety in cirrhotic patients remain unclear. Material and methods. We studied the usage and safety of tolvaptan in cirrhotic patients in a real-life, non-randomized, multicenter prospective cohort study. Forty-nine cirrhotic patients with hyponatremia were treated with tolvaptan 15 mg daily, and 48 patients not treated with tolvaptan in the same period served as controls. Improvement in serum sodium level was defined as an increase in serum sodium from < 125 to ≥ 125 mmol/L or from 125-134 to ≥ 135 mmol/L on day 7. Results. Twenty-three (47%) patients in the tolvaptan group and 17 (35%) in the control group had normal serum sodium on day 7 (p = 0.25). Serum sodium improved in 30 (61%) patients in the tolvaptan group and 17 (35%) patients in the control group (p = 0.011). Adverse events occurred in 46-47% of patients in both groups, and tolvaptan was not associated with worsened liver function. No patient with normal serum sodium on day 7 died within 30 days of treatment, whereas 16% of those with persistent hyponatremia died (p = 0.0019). Conclusion. In conclusion, short-term tolvaptan treatment is safe and can improve serum sodium level in cirrhotic patients with hyponatremia. Normalization of serum sodium level is associated with better survival.

Sarcopenia Predicts Reduced Survival in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma at First Diagnosis

Abstract: Background. Sarcopenia is a complication and independent risk factor for mortality in patients with liver cirrhosis. Aim. To assess the prevalence and influence of sarcopenia on overall survival in a cohort of cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma managed in a tertiary center. Material and methods. Abdominal computed tomography of 92 consecutive hepatocellular carcinoma cirrhotic patients, enrolled and followed from 2004 to 2014, were retrospectively studied with a software analyzing the cross-sectional areas of muscles at third lumbar vertebra level. Data was normalized for height, skeletal muscle index (SMI) calculated and presence of Sarcopenia measured. Sarcopenia was defined by SMI ≤ 41 cm2/m2 for women and ≤ 53 cm2/m2 for men with body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25, and ≤ 43 cm2/m2 for men and women with BMI < 25, respectively. Results. Median age at diagnosis was 71.9 years (30.7-86.4) and BMI 24.7 (17.5-36.7), comparable in women 23.1, (17.5-36.7) and men 24.7 (18.4-36.7). A class of CHILD score and BCLC A prevailed (55.4% and 41.3%, respectively); metastatic disease was found in 12% of cases. Sarcopenia was present in 40.2% of cases, mostly in females (62.9%; p = 0.005). Mean overall survival was reduced in sarcopenic patients, 66 (95% CI 47 to 84) vs. 123 (95% CI 98 to 150) weeks (p = 0.001). At multivariate analysis, sarcopenia was a predictor of reduced overall survival, independent of age (p = 0.0027). Conclusions. This retrospective study shows high prevalence of sarcopenia among cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Presence of sarcopenia was identified as independent predictor of reduced overall survival. As easily measurable by CT, sarcopenia should be determined for prognostic purposes in this patient population.

Comparación del valor pronóstico de mortalidad del Score Child Pugh y los modelos de pronóstico de enfermedad hepática crónica en pacientes con cirrosis hepática descompensada del Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima-Perú / Comparison of the prognostic value of mortality Child Pugh Score and forecasting models of chronic liver disease in patients with decompensated cirrhosis of the Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia, Lima-Peru

La valoración del pronóstico es una parte esencial en la evaluación de todo paciente con cirrosis hepática. En la actualidad se sigue desarrollando nuevos modelos para optimizar la precisión del pronóstico de mortalidad que se calcula mediante el score Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) y el modelo para la enfermedad hepática en etapa terminal (MELD). Objetivo: Comparar la precisión pronóstica de mortalidad hospitalaria y mortalidad a corto plazo del CTP, MELD y demás modelos en pacientes con cirrosis hepática descompensada. Material y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo prospectivo, el cual incluyó 84 pacientes. El score CTP, MELD y demás modelos fueron calculados en el primer día de hospitalización. La precisión pronóstica de mortalidad se evaluó mediante el área bajo la curva ROC (AUROCs) del score CTP, MELD y los demás modelos. Resultados: La mortalidad hospitalaria y la mortalidad en el seguimiento a corto plazo fue de 20 (23,8%) y 44 (52,4%), respectivamente. Los AUROCs del CTP, MELD, MELD Na, MESO, iMELD, RefitMELD y RefitMELD Na para predecir mortalidad hospitalaria fue de 0,4488, 0,5645, 0,5426, 0,5578, 0,5719, 0,5598 y 0,5754; y para predecir mortalidad a corto plazo fue de 0,5386, 0,5747, 0,5770, 0,5781, 0,5631, 0,5881 y 0,5693, respectivamente. Al comparar entre si los AUROCs del score CTP, MELD y demás modelos ninguno mostró ser mejor que el otro (p>0,05). Conclusiones: El presente estudio no ha demostrado la utilidad predictiva del score CTP, MELD y los otros modelos (MELD Na, MESO, iMELD, Refit MELD y Refit MELD Na) para la evaluar la mortalidad hospitalaria o mortalidad a corto plazo en una muestra de pacientes con cirrosis hepática descompensada del Hospital Cayetano Heredia...

Introduction: The assessment of prognosis is an essential part of the evaluation of all patients with liver cirrhosis. Currently continues to develop new models to optimize forecast accuracy mortality score is calculated by the Child-Turcotte-Pugh (CTP) and the model for end-stage liver disease (MELD). Objective: Compare the prognostic accuracy of hospital mortality and short-term mortality CTP, MELD and other models in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis. Material and Methods: Prospective descriptive study, comparison type of diagnostic test that included 84 patients. The score CTP, MELD and other models were calculated on the first day of hospitalization. The prognostic accuracy of mortality was assessed by the area under the ROC curve (AUROCs) of score CTP, MELD and other models. Results: Hospital mortality and mortality in the short-term monitoring was 20 (23.8%) and 44 (52.4%), respectively. The AUROCs CTP, MELD, MELD Na, MESO, iMELD, RefitMELD and RefitMELD Na to predict hospital mortality was 0.4488, 0.5645, 0.5426, 0.5578, 0.5719, 0.5598 and 0.5754; and to predict short-term mortality was 0.5386, 0.5747, 0.5770, 0.5781, 0.5631, 0.5881 and 0.5693, respectively. By comparing each AUROCs of the CTP score, MELD and other models proved to be no better than the other (p>0.05). Conclusion: This study has not shown the predictive utility of the CTP score, MELD and other models (MELD Na, MESO, iMELD, Refit Refit MELD and MELD Na) to evaluate hospital mortality or short-term mortality in a sample of patients with decompensated cirrhosis of the Hospital Cayetano Heredia...

Perdas econômicas pela condenação em matadouro frigorífico de fígados de bovino por fibrose causada por ingestão de Braquiaria spp / Economic losses through condemnation of bovine livers in abattoirs due to fibrosis induced by Brachiaria ingestion

A ingestão crônica de braquiária induz lesões hepáticas em bovinos caracterizadas por fibrose, atrofia do lobo esquerdo, hipertrofia compensatória do lobo direito e proliferação de ductos biliares. Tipicamente, essas lesões são associadas com agregados de macrófagos espumosos no parênquima hepático. Nesse trabalho foram estudados fígados com essas lesões num abatedouro frigorífico do Brasil Central e as perdas econômicas causadas pela condenação de tais fígados afetados foram estimadas. Durante o período estudado, 488.476 bovinos foram abatidos nesse matadouro frigorífico, dos quais 5.295 fígados foram condenados devido à fibrose, e 192 com lesão hepática foram estudados. Cálculos econômicos permitiram inferir que essas condenações representaram uma perda de R$ 108.817,60. Conclui-se que a condenação de fígados em razão de fibrose induzida pela ingestão de braquiária causa uma perda significativa para a indústria de carne e produtos bovinos devido à condenação de 23,6 toneladas de fígado em um ano em apenas um frigorífico, com perdas estimadas acima de R$ 100.000,00.

Chronic ingestion of Brachiaria spp. by cattle causes in the liver fibrosis, atrophy of left lobe, compensatory hypertrophy of the right lobe, and bile duct proliferation. Typically, these lesions are associated with accumulation in the hepatic parenchyma of cluster with foamy macrophages. This study surveyed bovine livers with those lesions in a slaughterhouse in Central Brazil and estimated the economic losses caused by condemnation of such affected livers. During the study period, 488,476 cattle were slaughter in this particular abattoir. From 5,295 livers condemned due to fibrosis, 192 with lesions were sampled and studied. Economic calculations permitted to infer that the condemnations represented a loss of R$ 108,817.60. It is concluded that the condemnation of livers due to brachiaria-induced fibrosis causes significant economic losses for the meat industry due to condemnation of 23.6 tons of beef liver with an estimate annual loss of more than R$ 100,000.00 in a single slaughterhouse.

Factores relacionados a resangrado y mortalidad en pacientes cirróticos con hemorragia variceal aguda en el Hospital Hipólito Unanue, Lima, Perú / Related factors to re-bleeding and mortality in cirrhotic patients with acute variceal bleeding at Hipolito Unanue Hospital, Lima, Peru

Determinar los factores relacionados con resangrado dentro de los 5 días y mortalidad dentro de las 6 semanas de un episodio de hemorragia variceal en los pacientes cirróticos. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, correlacional, retrospectivo. Fueron incluidos en el estudio los pacientes cirróticos que ingresaron al Hospital Hipólito Unanue, en Lima, Perú, entre enero del 2006 y febrero del 2012 con sospecha de hemorragia variceal. Fueron excluidos pacientes con sangrado de origen no variceal, o que no tenían los datos en la historia clínica para calcular el puntaje de Child Pugh, el Modelo para enfermedades terminales del hígado (MELD), o el informe endoscópico detallando la fuente de sangrado y la presencia de várices esofágicas y/o gástricas. Resultados: Fueron incluidos 63 pacientes, de los cuales 35 (55,6%) eran varones. La mediana de edad fue de 64 años. 26 de ellos (41,3%) eran Child Pugh C, en tanto que la mediana del puntaje MELD fue 9. El análisis multivariado encontró que el puntaje Child Pugh se relacionó con mortalidad dentro de las 6 semanas (p=0,003), mientras que la presencia de sangrado activo durante la endoscopía (p=0,012) y el valor de creatinina (p=0,012) se relacionaron con resangrado dentro de los 5 días. Conclusiones: El puntaje Child Pugh se relacionó con el riesgo de mortalidad dentro de las 6 semanas en pacientes cirróticos con hemorragia variceal. El sangrado activo durante la endoscopía y el valor de creatinina se relacionaron con el riesgo de resangrado dentro de los 5 días...

To determine related factors to 5 days re-bleeding and 6 week-mortality of an episode of variceal bleeding in cirrhotic patients. Material and methods: Observational, descriptive, co relational, retrospective study. In this study were included the cirrhotic patients who entered to Hipolito Unanue Hospital, Lima, Peru, between January 2006 and February 2012 with suspicion of variceal bleeding. Were excluded patients who bled from nonvariceal origin, or that did not have the data in clinical history to calculate the Child Pugh score, the Model for terminal diseases of the liver (MELD), or the endoscopic report detailing the bleeding source and the presence of esophageal and/or gastric varices. Results: We include 63 patients, 35 (55.6%) were men. The median of age was of 64 years. 26 of them (41.3%) were Child Pugh C, where as the median of MELD score was 9. The multivariate analysis found that the Child Pugh score was related to 6 weeks-mortality (p=0,003), where as the presence of active bleeding during endoscopy (p=0.012) and the value of creatinine (p=0.012) were related to 5 days re-bleeding. Conclusions: The Child Pugh score was related to 6 weeks-mortality in cirrhotic patients with variceal bleeding. Active bleeding during endoscopy and the value of creatinine were related to 5 days re-bleeding...

Bacteriemia en daño hepático crónico / Bacteremia in patients with liver cirrhosis

Las infecciones bacteriémicas son más frecuentes en el paciente cirrótico que en la población general. Se identificaron retrospectivamente 59 pacientes cirróticos con bacteriemia, hospitalizados entre los años 2005 y 2008. La bacteriemia sin foco fue la más frecuente (29 por ciento), seguida de aquellas de origen pulmonar (22 por ciento). Cincuenta y dos por ciento de los agentes aislados correspondieron a cocáceas grampositivas y 48 por ciento a bacilos gramnegativos, siendo estos últimos los agentes predominantes en las bacteriemias nosocomiales. Los principales agentes aislados fueron Staphylococcns aureus (24 por ciento) y Escherichia col i (22 por ciento). La mortalidad de los pacientes cirróticos bacteriémicos fue mayor que la del total de cirróticos hospitalizados (37 vs 9,4 por ciento; p < 0,001) y la medición del puntaje de MELD a las 72 horas se correlacionó significativamente con la mortalidad. Conclusión: La bacteriemia es una complicación grave del paciente cirrótico y el MELD podría ser útil en su categorización de riesgo.

Bacteremic infections are more frequent in patients with cirrhosis, as their immune system is compromised. Series of cirrhotic patients with bacteremia has seldom been reported in Chile. We retrospectively collected, from 2005 to 2008, 59 episodes of bacteremia in cirrhotics representing 9 percent of the overall number of bacteremic episodes seen in our center in the period. Spontaneous bacteremia accounted for 29 percent followed by those of pulmonary origin (22 percent). Grampositive cocci and gramnegative bacilli were responsible in 52 percent and 48 percent respectively, however gramnegative rods predominated in nosocomial bacteremias. Overall, the most frequent organisms were Staphylococcus aureus (24 percent) and Escherichia col i (22 percent). Mortality in bacteremic patients was significantly higher compared with all cirrhotic patients hospitalized in the period (37.0 vs 9.4 percent; p < 0.001) and MELD score was significantly correlated with mortality. Conclusion: bacteremia is a severe complication of cirrhosis and MELD score could be a useful tool to stratify risk in these patients.

Análisis de la tendencia de la mortalidad por cirrosis hepática en Chile: Años 1990 a 2007 / Mortality trend from liver cirrhosis in Chile from 1990 to 2007

Background: There is a worldwide tendency towards a reduction in the rates of deaths due to cirrhosis. In Chile, a decrease in the number of hospital admissions due to this disease has been recorded. Aim: To assess general characteristics and temporal evolution of liver cirrhosis mortality in Chile between 1990 and 2007. Material and Methods: National death records and population databases were reviewed. Crude and age-adjusted mortality rates for alcoholic and non-alcoholic cirrhosis were calculated, evaluating their evolution in the study period and the relative risk by gender. Results: In the study period, 44,894 deaths caused by cirrhosis were recorded. Mortality rate was 16.6 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants. 54 percent of deaths were attributed to non-alcoholic cirrhosis. There was a reduction in mortality rates for both types of cirrhosis. Males accounted for 83 and 65 percent of deaths caused by alcoholic and non-alcoholic cirrhosis, respectively. The figures for relative risk of death were 5 and 1.9, respectively. Conclusions: Alcoholic cirrhosis was the preponderant cause among liver cirrhosis deaths. A decrease in mortality rates was observed in the study period. Improvements in disease treatment and control could possibly explain this trend.

Infecciones en pacientes hospitalizados por cirrosis / Infections in hospitalized patients with cirrhosis

Evaluamos la prevalecencia y relevancia clínica de las infecciones bacterianas y no bacterianas en pacientes cirróticos predominantemente alcohólicos internados en un hospital de mediana complejidad, y comparamos las características clínicas, de laboratorio y la evolución de pacientes con y sin infección bacteriana en un estudio prospectivo de cohorte. Se incluyeron 211 internaciones consecutivas de 132 pacientes con diagnóstico de cirrosis, de abril 2004 a julio 2007. El promedio de edad (±DS) fue 51.8 (±8) años, 112 fueron hombres (84.8%); etiología alcohólica 95.4%. Se diagnosticaron 129 episodios de infecciones bacterianas en 99/211 (46.9%) internaciones, adquiridos en la comunidad 79 (61.2%) y 50 (38.8%) intrahospitalarios: peritonitis bacteriana espontánea (23.3%); infección urinaria (21.7%); neumonías (17.8%); infecciones de piel y partes blandas (17.1%); sepsis por bacteriemia espontánea (7.7%); otras infecciones bacterianas (12.4%). El 52.2% fueron por gérmenes gram-positivos. Hubo ocho casos de tuberculosis e infecciones graves por hongos y parásitos. La prevalecencia de tuberculosis fue del 6% con una mortalidad anual de 62.5%. El 28.1% (9/32) de los exámenes coproparasitológicos tuvieron Strongyloides stercolaris. La mortalidad hospitalaria fue mayor en los pacientes con infección bacteriana (32.4% vs. 13.2%; p=0.02). Fueron identificados como predictores independientes de mortalidad: las infecciones bacterianas, el score de Child-Pügh y creatininemia > 1.5 mg/dl. En el análisis multivariado fueron factores independientes asociados a infección bacteriana la leucocitosis y la encefalopatía hepática grado III/IV. Este estudio confirma que las infecciones bacterianas y no bacterianas son una complicación frecuente y grave en pacientes cirróticos internados, con un aumento de la mortalidad hospitalaria.

We evaluated the prevalence and the clinical relevance of bacterial and nonbacterial infections in predominantly alcoholic cirrhotic patients, admitted to an intermediate complexity hospital, and we also compared the clinical characteristics, laboratory and evolution of these patients with and without bacterial infection in a prospective study of cohort. A total of 211 consecutive admissions in 132 cirrhotic patients, between April 2004 and July 2007, were included. The mean age was 51.8 (±8) years, being 84.8% male. The alcoholic etiology of cirrhosis was present in 95.4%. One hundred and twenty nine episodes of bacterial infections were diagnosed in 99/211 (46.9%) admissions, community- acquired in 79 (61.2%) and hospital-acquired in 50 (38.8%): spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (23.3%); urinary tract infection (21.7%); pneumonia (17.8%); infection of the skin and soft parts (17.1%), sepsis by spontaneous bacteremia (7.7%); other bacterial infections (12.4%). Gram-positive organisms were responsible for 52.2% of total bacterial infections documented cases. There were eight serious cases of tuberculosis, fungal and parasitic infections; the prevalence of tuberculosis was 6% with an annual mortality of 62.5%; 28.1% (9/32) of the coproparasitological examination had Strongyloides stercolaris. The in-hospital mortality was significantly higher in patients with bacterial infection than in non-infected patients (32.4% vs. 13.2%; p=0.02). The independent factors associated with mortality were bacterial infections, the score of Child-Pügh and creatininemia > 1.5 mg/dl. By the multivariate analysis, leukocytosis and hepatic encephalopathy degree III/IV were independent factors associated to bacterial infection. This study confirms that bacterial and nonbacterial infections are a frequent and severe complication in hospitalized cirrhotic patients, with an increase of in-hospital mortality.

Hepatitis C en Chile: Magnitud del problema / Hepatitis C in Chile: Burden of the disease

Hepatitis C virus-associated chronic hepatitis is one of the most important causes of liver-related mortality and morbidity worldwide. This review analysis the available clinical and epidemiological information about this disease in Chile and compares it with data available from Latin America and other countries. Chronic hepatitis C seroprevalence in the general Chilean population is 1.15% by ELISA III and 0.85% by recombinant immunoblot assay (RIBA). Mortality due to cirrhosis (all causes) in Chile is one of the highest in the world. We show indirect evidence that chronic hepatitis C may account for a significant proportion of these deaths. The disease is the most common cause for liver transplantation in adults. Based on the available information, we conclude that chronic hepatitis C is an important cause of disease and mortality in Chile.

Mortalidad del adulto en Chile / Adult mortality in Chile

Background: The study of mortality of human groups is important to judge the health conditions of population. Aim: To study the main mortality features among Chilean adults. Material and methods: Information about mortality in Chile from the Instituto nacional de Estad'sticas and The World Health Organization, was analyzed. Data was expressed mainly as rates. Results: Annual mortality risk among Chileans is 812 per 100,000 inhabitants and is low compared to the rest of Latin America. In the last 30 years it has decreased systematically at a rate of 1 percent per year in both genders. The risk of mortality caused by cerebrovascular disease, coronary heart disease, hepatic cirrhosis, gastric cancer and tuberculosis has decreased. On the other hand, the risk of mortality caused by diabetes,hypertension and lung, gallbladder, prostate and colorectal cancer has increased. Mortality varies from 604 per 100,000 in Atacama to 934 per 100,000 in Valparaiso. The most factor that influences thiis variation is population aging. Mean survival at the start of adulthood is 54 years in men and 61 years in women. At 60 years, the expectancy is 19 and 24 years respectively. Mean age of death in Chile was 71,5 years in 1998. Seventy six percent of deaths occurs in the elderly and 33 percent, in people of 80 years or more. Conclusions: Chile is one of the four Latin American countries with lower mortality risk. In the last 30 years, the main causes of deaths among adults, with exception of pneumonia, have decreased. Therefore health care of the adult is in the correct track

Morbilidad y mortalidad de los ancianos en el municipio Habana Vieja (1994-1996) / Morbidity and mortality of older people in Haban Vieja municipality (1994-1996)

Los cambios evidenciados en la estructura por edades, del país y del municipio Habana Vieja; el aumento en el número de ancianos y su natural proporción, motivó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en el trienio 1994-1996 que permitiera conocer el comportamiento de la morbilidad y la mortalidad de este grupo etáreo. El nivel de la mortalidad se determinó por tasas trienales, por los criterios de evitabilidad y a partir del indicador de años de vida perdidos según estándar, en la mortalidad prematura. La morbilidad se analizó a partir de tasas trienales en algunas enfermedades de declaración obligatoria, y las crónicas no transmisibles dispensarizadas. En los resultados obtenidos se apreció un predominio de las defunciones por enfermedades no transmisibles y una sobremortalidad masculina para todas las causas, excepto en las enfermedades cerebro-vasculares, diabetes mellitus y accidentes, que se constituyeron en riesgos mayores para las ancianas. Fue significativa la mortalidad prematura para las tres primeras causas de muerte, y además en los hombres, por la influenza, la neumonía y la cirrosis hepática; en las mujeres por la diabetes mellitus y los accidentes

Mortalidad por hepatitis viral B en Abancay / Viral hepatitis B mortality in Abancay

En un estudio retrospectivo de causas de fallecimiento, según Certificado de Defunción, en la ciudad de Abancay entre 1956 y 1986, fueron detectados 6942 fallecidos, de los cuales 225 (3.2 por ciento)fallecieron de hepatitis aguda o fulminante, 84 (1.2 por ciento) de cirrosis, 57 (0.82 por ciento)de hepatocarcinoma, 57 (0.82 por ciento) de hepatopatía crónica. Las muertes por estas tres últimas causas son constantes durante estos años; sin embargo, el número de fallecidos por hepatitis aguda se incrementó en 1958, 1968 y 1976 por encima de lo esperado (3-6 veces). Mientras que el 74.4 por ciento de fallecidos por hepatitis aguda tienen menos de 30 años. según sexo, los varones representan el 64.15 por ciento de fallecidos y las mujeres el 35.85 por ciento con una mayor tendencia asociada al sexo. En conclusión, el 6 por ciento de todos los fallecimientos de Abancay están asociados a la hepatitis B probablemente. Asimismo, los brotes de hepatitis aguda o fulminante en los últimos 30 años, estimamos están asociados a hepatitis Delta, ambas infecciones ya reconocidas como endémicas en la población de Abancay