Aspectos psicológicos asociados a la cistitis intersticial / Psychological aspects associated with interstitial cystitis

La cistitis intersticial o síndrome de vejiga dolorosa es un padecimiento complejo asociado a dolor pélvico intenso con síntomas urinarios como urgencia, polaquiuria, dispareunia, incontinencia y nicturia, que afecta de manera importante la calidad de vida y las relaciones sociales y productivas del paciente. La evidencia muestra que el abordaje de los factores psicosociales que afectan a los pacientes con esta enfermedad es esencial. El tratamiento debe ir más allá de los síntomas clínicos y considerar los aspectos individuales de cada paciente, su salud mental, sus experiencias de vida y su comorbilidad, dado que los trastornos psicológicos como la ansiedad, la depresión y el estrés postraumático pueden influir en la manera en que se percibe el dolor, y están ligados con la gravedad y el empeoramiento de los síntomas. La literatura presenta a la intervención psicológica desde el enfoque cognitivo conductual como un medio para disminuir el dolor, la ansiedad y el catastrofismo, dando al paciente herramientas que le permitan obtener una sensación de control a partir del afrontamiento y mejorar su calidad de vida.

Interstitial cystitis or painful bladder syndrome is a complex condition associated with intense pelvic pain with urinary symptoms such as urgency, pollakiuria, dyspareunia, incontinence and nocturia that significantly affects the patient's quality of life, social and productive relationships. Evidence shows that addressing the psychosocial factors that affect patients with this disease is essential. Treatment should go beyond clinical symptoms and consider the individual aspects of each patient, their mental health, life experiences and comorbidities, since psychological disorders such as anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder can influence the way pain is perceived and are linked to the severity and worsening of symptoms. The literature presents psychological intervention from the cognitive-behavioral approach to reduce pain, anxiety and catastrophism, giving the patient tools that allow him to obtain a sense of control from coping tools that allow him to improve his quality of life.

Intravesical Glycosaminoglycans Experience for Chronic Lower Urinary Tract Pathology Treatment / Experiencia con glucosaminoglicanos intravesicales para el tratamiento de patologías crónicas del tracto urinario inferior

Objective Intravesical glycosaminoglycans (GAG) treatment is one of the therapeutic options for chronic bladder pathologies and is approved for Bladder Pain Syndrome (BPS), radiation cystitis, and recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs). The purpose of this study is to describe the demographic characteristics of patients with such pathologies in our population and to evaluate treatment response. Methods It is a retrospective study of patients with the aforementioned pathologies, who received treatment with GAG. Demographic characteristics and subjective improvement with treatment were evaluated. A bivariate analysis was performed to study possible improvement predictors. Results 53 patients were evaluated. Of them, 33 (62.3%) with BPS, 12 (22.6%) with recurrent UTIs, and 8 (15.1%) with radiation cystitis. The dose range received was between 4 - 20 instillations, with a median of 6 doses. 67.9% of patients showed improvement of symptoms with treatment, this percentage being even higher for the group of patients with recurrent UTIs (91%). No treatment response predictors were found. Conclusions Intravesical GAG treatment is a therapeutic alternative for patients with chronic bladder pathologies, with satisfactory results in the medium term. Prospective studies are needed to support the findings of this study.

Objetivo El tratamiento con glucosaminoglicanos intravesicales hace parte de las opciones terapéuticas de las patologías crónicas de la vejiga y se encuentra aprobado para el tratamiento de síndrome de vejiga dolorosa (SVD), cistitis por radiación e infección urinaria recurrente. El objetivo de este estudio es describir las características demográficas de los pacientes con dichas patologías en nuestra población y evaluar la respuesta al tratamiento. Métodos Estudio retrospectivo de pacientes con las patologías mencionadas, quienes recibieron tratamiento con glucosaminoglicanos. Se evaluaron las características demográficas y la respuesta al tratamiento. Se realizó un análisis bivariado para estudiar posibles variables predictoras de mejoría. Resultados Se evaluaron 53 pacientes. De estos, 33 (62.3%) con síndrome de vejiga dolorosa, 12 (22.6%) con infección urinaria recurrente y 8 (15.1%) con cistitis por radiación. El rango de dosis recibida estuvo entre 4-20 instilaciones, con una mediana de 6 dosis. El 67.9% de los pacientes tuvo una respuesta adecuada al tratamiento, siendo este porcentaje aún mayor para el grupo de pacientes con IVU recurrente (91%). No se encontraron factores predictores de respuesta al tratamiento. Conclusiones El tratamiento con GAG intravesicales es una alternativa terapéutica para pacientes con patologías crónicas de la vejiga, con resultados satisfactorios a mediano plazo. Se necesitan estudios prospectivos que soporten los hallazgos de este trabajo.

Impact of intravesical hyaluronic acid treatment on bladder inflammation in interstitial cystitis rat model

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effect of intravesical hyaluronic acid (HA) treatment on inflammatory cells and the severity of inflammation in an interstitial cystitis rat model created with hydrogen chloride (HCL) via immunohistochemical studies and myeloperoxidase activity for the first time in the literature. Materials and Methods: A total of 30 adult female white Rattus Norvegicus rats were divided into 3 groups as the HCL group, hyaluronic acid treatment (HCL-HA) group and control group. Chemical cystitis was created by administering HCL(400 microL,10 mM) except control group. A single dose of intravesical HA(0.5 mL,0.8 mg/mL) was administered to the treatment group. The bladder tissues of all subjects were immunohistochemically stained. The cell surface markers were used to evaluate inflammatory cell infiltration. Mast cell activation and IL-6 was evaluated to assess the inflammation and severity of inflammation, respectively. Myeloperoxidase activity was measured as it shows neutrophil density. Statistical significance was accepted as P<0.05. Results: It was observed that there was rich monocyte, T lymphocyte, B lymphocyte, and Natural Killer cells infiltration and high IL-6 levels in the bladder tissue after the intravesical hydrogen chloride instillation, especially in the stroma layer(p<0.005). In the HCL-HA group, severity of inflammation had statistically significantly regressed to the levels of the control group(p<0.005). An increase was observed in the bladder myeloperoxidase activity of the HCL group compared to the other two groups(p<0.05). Conclusions: Single dose intravesical hyluronic acid instillation reduces inflammatory cell infiltration and the severity of bladder inflammation in the rat model of bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis.

Systematic review of oral therapy for the treatment of symptoms of bladder pain syndrome: The brazilian guidelines / Revisão sistemática sobre terapia oral para tratamento dos sintomas da síndrome da bexiga dolorosa: as diretrizes brasileiras

Abstract Interstitial cystitis (IC), including bladder pain syndrome (BPS), is a chronic and debilitating disease thatmainly affectswomen. It is characterized by pelvic pain associated with urinary urgency, frequency, nocturia and negative urine culture,with normal cytology. In 2009, the Society for Urodynamics and Female Urology (SUFU) defined the term IC/BPS as an unpleasant sensation (pain, pressure, and discomfort) perceived to be related to the urinary bladder, associated with lower urinary tract symptoms for more than 6 weeks duration, in the absence of infection or other identifiable causes. This is the definition used by the American Urological Association (AUA) in the most recent guidelines on IC/BPS. Interstitial cystitis may be sufficiently severe to have a devastating effect on the quality of life, but it may also be associated with moderate symptoms whose effects are less debilitating. Although there are several clinical trials to assess oral and intravesical therapies, the treatment for IC remains far from ideal. This systematic assessment evaluates published randomized clinical trials on oralmedications used totreat symptoms of BPS. This studywas performed according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and metaanalyses (PRISMA)method. Two independent reviewers screened the studies to determine their inclusion or exclusion and to perform the methodological analysis. The inclusion criteria included randomized studiespublishedbetween April of 1988and April of2016 that used oral medications to treat symptoms of BPS or IC. According to the systematic review performed,we should consider pentosan polysulfate as one of the bestoptions of oral drugs for the treatment of BPS symptoms. However, this drug is not an available option in Brazil. Orally administered amitriptyline is an efficacious medical treatment for BPS, and it should be the first treatment offered.

Resumo Cistite intersticial (IC), incluindo a síndrome da bexiga dolorosa (SBD), é uma doença crônica e debilitante que afeta principalmente mulheres. É caracterizada por dor pélvica associada à urgência miccional, frequência urinária, noctúria e exame cultural de urina negativo, com citologia normal. A cistite intersticial pode ser suficientemente severa para ter um efeito devastador na qualidade de vida, mas também pode estar associada a sintomas moderados e menos debilitantes. Embora existam vários ensaios clínicos para avaliar terapias orais e intravesicais, o tratamento para IC permanece longe do ideal. Esta revisão sistemática avaliou ensaios clínicos randomizados publicados sobre medicamentos orais usados para tratar sintomas de SBD. Este estudo foi realizado de acordo com ométodo preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA). Dois revisores independentes examinaram os estudos para determinar sua inclusão ou exclusão e para realizar a análise metodológica. Os critérios de inclusão foram: ensaios clínicos randomizados publicados entre abril de 1988 e abril de 2016 que usaram medicações orais no tratamento dos sintomas da SBD ou CI. De acordo com a revisão sistemática realizada, a melhor opção de medicação oral para o tratamento dos SBD é o pentosano polissulfato sódico. No entanto, esta droga não está disponível no Brasil. A amitriptilina administrada por via oral é um tratamento eficaz para SBD e deve ser oferecida como primeira escolha.

A prospective randomized controlled multicentre trial comparing intravesical DMSO and chondroïtin sulphate 2% for painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis

ABSTRACT Objective To compare effectiveness of intravesical chondroïtin sulphate (CS) 2% and dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) 50% in patients with painful bladder syndrome/interstitial cystitis (PBS/IC). Materials and methods Patients were randomized to receive either 6 weekly instillations of CS 2% or 50% DMSO. Primary endpoint was difference in proportion of patients achieving score 6 (moderately improved) or 7 (markedly improved) in both groups using the Global Response Assessment (GRA) scale. Secondary parameters were mean 24-hours frequency and nocturia on a 3-day micturition dairy, changes from baseline in O’Leary-Sant questionnaire score and visual analog scale (VAS) for suprapubic pain. Results Thirty-six patients were the intention to treat population (22 in CS and 14 in DMSO group). In DMSO group, 57% withdrew consent and only 6 concluded the trial. Major reasons were pain during and after instillation, intolerable garlic odor and lack of efficacy. In CS group, 27% withdrew consent. Compared with DMSO group, more patients in CS group (72.7% vs. 14%) reported moderate or marked improvement (P=0.002, 95% CI 0.05-0.72) and achieved a reduction in VAS scores (20% vs. 8.3%). CS group performed significantly better in pain reduction (-1.2 vs. -0.6) and nocturia (-2.4 vs. -0.7) and better in total O’Leary reduction (-9.8 vs. -7.2). CS was better tolerated. The trial was stopped due to high number of drop-outs with DMSO. Conclusions Intravesical CS 2% is viable treatment for PBS/IC with minimal side effects. DMSO should be used with caution and with active monitoring of side effects. More randomized controlled studies on intravesical treatments are needed.

Análise das propriedades psicométricas dos instrumentos "The Interstitial Cystitis Symptom Index and Problem Index" e "Pelvic Pain and Urgency/Frequency (PUF) Patient Symptom Scale" e da qualidade de vida de pacientes com cistite intersticial / Analysis of psychometric properties of the instruments "The Interstitial Cystitis Symptom Index and Problem Index" and "Pelvic Pain and Urgency/Frequency (PUF) Patient Symptom Scale" and quality of life of patients with interstitial cystitis

Objetivou-se avaliar a confiabilidade e validade convergente entre os questionários "The Interstitial Cystitis Symptom Index and Problem Index" (The O'Leary-Sant) e "Pelvic Pain and Urgency/Frequency (PUF) Patient Symptom Scale"; verificar quais são as disfunções sexuais em pacientes com CI, identificar suas possíveis causas, verificar os instrumentos de avaliação de qualidade de vida, disfunção sexual e grau da doença e identificar os tratamentos recomendados para esse problema, além de traduzir, adaptar para a cultura brasileira e analisar a confiabilidade e a validade convergente da "Bladder Symptom Impact Scale ¿ BSI-6" utilizada em pacientes com cistite intersticial. Essa tese é composta por dois tipos de estudo: um estudo metodológico de tradução e adaptação cultural, seguindo as etapas metodológicas de tradução, síntese, retrotradução, comitê de especialistas e pré-teste, bem como, análise de confiabilidade de teste-reteste, consistência interna e validade de constructo convergente que envolveu os questionários The O'Leary-Sant, PUF e BSI-6. O segundo tipo de estudo foi uma revisão integrativa da literatura que incluiu 19 publicações relacionadas a disfunção sexual em mulheres com cistite intersticial, mediante pesquisa realizada nas bases de dados: PubMed, Embase, CINAHL e PEDro. As fases de tradução, síntese das traduções e retrotradução da Bladder Symptom Impact Scale ¿ BSI-6, que avalia a qualidade de vida em pessoas com cistite intersticial, foram finalizadas satisfatoriamente e a avaliação das versões síntese pelo comitê de especialistas resultou em algumas alterações, assegurando as equivalências entre a versão original e traduzida. Devido à necessidade de modificações em decorrência da baixa escolaridade da população, o instrumento foi pré-testado duas vezes no total de 35 sujeitos com sintomas de cistite intersticial. O instrumento, após as alterações, demonstrou ser de fácil compreensão e rápido preenchimento. A confiabilidade foi avaliada por meio da consistência interna medida pelo alfa de Cronbach, com resultado geral de: 0,92 e a validade de constructo convergente foi medida por meio da correlação com o The O'Leary-Sant e medida pelo coeficiente de correlação de Spearman e se mostrou alta. A confiabilidade de teste-reteste para os questionários "The O'Leary-Sant" e "PUF" apresentou valores superiores a 0,80, sugerindo excelente confiabilidade. A consistência interna se mostrou boa para ambos, apresentando valores superiores a 0,70. A correlação entre os dois questionários expressa pelo coeficiente de correlação de Spearman se mostrou elevada. Os estudos analisados na revisão integrativa da literatura apontaram a dispareunia e vulvodinia como os principais problemas sexuais de mulheres com CI. As principais causas desses problemas são hipertonia da musculatura do assoalho pélvico e história prévia de abuso sexual. Concluiu-se que, os questionários "The Interstitial Cystitis Symptom Index and Problem Index" e "Pelvic Pain and Urgency/Frequency (PUF) Patient Symptom Scale" se mostraram confiáveis e válidos para serem aplicados em pacientes com CI, auxiliando o seu diagnóstico; que a aplicação de uma meticulosa metodologia permitiu a produção de uma versão da Bladder Symptom Impact Scale ¿ BSI-6, em português, fiel à original, confiável e válida que poderá ser utilizada para a avaliar a qualidade de vida de pessoas com cistite intersticial e, por fim, os estudos mostram que mulheres com CI e que possuem disfunção sexual devem ser tratadas por uma equipe multiprofissional a fim de melhorar os sintomas da doença e, consequentemente, a qualidade de vida, assim sendo, os instrumentos para diagnóstico e avaliação da qualidade de vida traduzidos e validados poderão ser úteis para esse fim. (AU)

This study aimed to assess the reliability and convergent validity of the questionnaires "The Interstitial Cystitis Symptom Index and Problem Index" (The O'Leary-Sant) and "Pelvic Pain and Urgency / Frequency (PUF) Patient Symptom Scale"; check what are the sexual dysfunctions in patients with IC, identify possible causes, check the instruments for assessing quality of life, sexual dysfunction and degree of the disease and identify the recommended treatments for this problem, as well as to translate, adapt to the Brazilian culture and analyze the reliability and convergent validity of the "Bladder Symptom Impact Scale - BSI-6" used in patients with interstitial cystitis. This thesis is composed of two types of studies: a methodological study of translation and cultural adaptation, following the methodological steps of translation, synthesis, back translation, expert committee and pre-test and test-retest reliability analysis, consistency internal and convergent construct validity involving the questionnaires The O'Leary-Sant, PUF and BSI-6. The second type of study is an integrative literature review that included 19 publications related to sexual dysfunction in women with interstitial cystitis, by research conducted in the databases PubMed, Embase, CINAHL and PEDro. The phases of translation, synthesis of translations and back translation of Bladder Symptom Impact Scale - BSI-6, which evaluates the quality of life in people with interstitial cystitis, were completed satisfactorily and the evaluation of versions synthesis by the expert committee resulted in some changes, ensuring the equivalence between the original and translated version. Due to the need for changes due to the low educational level of the population, the instrument was pre-tested twice in the total of 35 subjects with symptoms of interstitial cystitis. The instrument, after the changes proved to be easy to understand and quick filling. Reliability was assessed by internal consistency measured by Cronbach's alpha, with the overall result of: 0.92 and convergent construct validity was measured by correlating with The O'Leary-Sant and measured by the correlation coefficient Spearman and showed high. The test-retest reliability for the questionnaire "The O'Leary-Sant" and "PUF" presented values greater than 0.80, suggesting excellent reliability. The internal consistency proved to be good for both, with values above 0.70. The correlation between the two questionnaires expressed by the Spearman correlation coefficient showed high. The studies that analyzed the integrative literature review showed dyspareunia and vulvodynia as the main sexual problems in women with IC. The main causes of these problems are hypertonia of the pelvic floor muscles and a history of sexual abuse. It was concluded that questionnaires "The Interstitial Cystitis Symptom Index and Problem Index" and "Pelvic Pain and Urgency / Frequency (PUF) Patient Symptom Scale" proved to be reliable and valid to be used in patients with IC, supporting the diagnosis; that the application of a meticulous methodology enabled the production of a version of the Bladder Symptom Impact Scale - BSI-6 in Portuguese, faithful to the original, and proved to be reliable and valid and can be used to assess the quality of life of people with interstitial cystitis and finally, studies show that women who have sexual dysfunction should be treated by a multidisciplinary team in order to ameliorate the symptoms of the disease and, consequently, the quality of life, therefore, the tools for diagnosis and assessment of quality of life translated and validated may be useful for this purpose.(AU)

The use of neurovascular ultrasound versus digital subtraction angiography in acute ischemic stroke / O uso do ultrassom neurovascular comparado a angiografia digital no AVC isquêmico agudo

Cervical and intracranial arterial evaluation is an important issue for acute ischemic stroke (IS). Objective Compare the use of the neurovascular ultrasound examination (NVUE) to digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in acute IS patients for diagnosing significant extracranial and intracranial arteriopathy. Method Nonconsecutive patients with IS or transient ischemic attack admitted within 12 hours of the onset of symptoms were evaluated retrospectively. Standardized NVUE and DSA were done in all patients within the first 120 hours of hospital admission. Results Twenty-four patients were included in the study. Compared to DSA, the NVUE demonstrated 94.7% sensitivity and 100% specificity for identifying symptomatic extracranial and/or intracranial arteriopathy. Conclusion The standardized NVUE technique demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity compared to DSA for diagnosing arterial abnormalities in acute IS patients. .

A avaliação cervical e intracraniana é uma etapa importante no AVC isquêmico (AVCi) agudo. Objetivo Comparar o uso do ultrassom neurovascular (USNV) com técnica padronizada e a angiografia digital (AD) em paciente com AVCi agudo no diagnóstico de doença arterial significativa extra e/ou intracraniana. Método Pacientes com AVCi e AIT admitidos em até 12 horas do início dos sintomas foram retrospectivamente avaliados. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a USNV e AD padronizado em até 120 horas da admissão. Resultados Vinte e quatro pacientes foram incluídos no estudo. Em comparação com a AD, o USNV apresentou sensibilidade de 94,7% e especificidade de 100% para o diagnóstico de doença arterial significativa extra e/ou intracraniana. Conclusão O uso de técnica padronizada de USNV demonstrou elevada sensibilidade e especificidade para o diagnóstico de doença arterial significativa extra e intracraniana quando comparado a AD. .

Síndrome da dor vesical/cistite intersticial: aspectos atuais / Bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis: current aspects

Síndrome da dor vesical é a nomenclatura proposta para substituir o termo antigamente conhecido como cistite intersticial. Deve ser diagnosticada com base nas queixas de dor, pressão ou desconforto pélvico crônico, relacionados à bexiga acompanhados por pelo menos outro sintoma urinário como urgência ou aumento de frequência. A prevalência estimada é de 300 por 100.000 mulheres. A etiologia e a fisiopatologia ainda não foram elucidadas, mas mecanismos neurológicos centrais, fatores genéticos, imunológicos e infecciosos parecem estar envolvidos. O diagnóstico é de exclusão e deve ser baseado nos sintomas. O teste com cloridrato de potássio intravesical não deve ser usado como ferramenta diagnóstica. A cistoscopia com hidrodistensão e biópsia auxilia na documentação e classificação da doença. O tratamento deverá ser multidisciplinar e multimodal, associando-se medicações orais com intravesicais, modificações na dieta e no estilo de vida e medidas não farmacológicas

Bladder pain syndrome is the nomenclature proposed to replace the term formerly known as interstitial cystitis. It should be diagnosed based on complaints of pain, chronic pelvic pressure or discomfort related to bladder accompanied by at least one other urinary symptom, such as urgency or increased frequency. The estimated prevalence is 300 per 100,000 women. The etiology and pathophysiology have not been elucidated, but central neurologic mechanisms, genetic, immunological and infectious factors seem to be involved. The diagnosis is by exclusion and should be based on symptoms. The test with intravesical potassium chloride should not be used as a diagnostic tool. Cystoscopy with hydrodistenstion and biopsy assist in the documentation and classification of the disease. Treatment should be multidisciplinary and multimodal, associating intravesical and oral medications, changes in diet and in lifestyle and nonpharmacological measures

Excreção urinária de glicosaminoglicanos em crianças com bexiga neurogênica secundária a mielomeningocele / Urinary excretion of glycosaminoglycans in children with neurogenic bladder secondary to myelomeningocele

A excreção urinária de glicosaminoglicanos (GAG) está alterada em várias patologias do trato urinário; o padrão de excreção pode estar associado com o estado da doença. A excreção urinária de GAG em crianças com bexiga neurogênica (BN) secundária a mielomeningocele (MMC) pode também estar alterada, mas até a presente data não há detalhamento epidemiológico dos pacientes e não se correlacionou o padrão de excreção com grau de disfunção vesical. Analisamos a excreção urinária de um grupo bem definido de crianças de 17 pacientes com MMC, 10 meninos e 7 meninas (média de idade +- DP de 4,6 +- 2,9 anos) foram obtidas durante o exame cistométrico. As amostras do grupo controle foram obtidas de 18 crianças normais, 13 meninos e 5 meninas (6,9 +- 2,2 anos). Todas as crianças não estavam com infecção urinária, tinham função renal normal e não estavam sob tratamento farmacológico. A quantificação do GAG urinário total foi expressa em ug de ácido hexurônico/mg de creatinina e a proporção dos diferentes tipos de GAGs sulfatados foi obtida por eletroforese em gel de agarose. A avaliação cistométrica foi realizada utilizando aparelho de urodinâmica Dynapack modelo MPX816 (Dynamed, São Paulo, Brasil), a partir da qual o escore cistométrico foi calculado de acordo com procedimento recente publicado [14]. Não observamos diferença significativa na excreção urinária de GAG total entre meninos e meninas tanto no grupo com MMC (0,913 +- 0,528 vs 0,867 +- 0,434, p>0,05) como no grupo controle (0,546 +- 0,240 vs 0,699 +- 0,296, p>0,05). Os resultados mostraram também que a excreção de GAG urinário não se correlacionou com a idade tanto no grupo com MMC (r = -0,28, p>0,05) como no grupo controle (r = -0,40, p>0,05). Entretanto, a comparação dos dois grupos mostrou que o grupo com MMC excretava 52% a mais de GAG total que o grupo controle (0,894 +- 0,477 vs 0,588 +- 0,257, p<0,04). Nesses pacientes a excreção de GAG total não se correlacionou com a complacência vesical...

Urinary glycosaminoglycan (GAG) excretion is altered in a number of urinary tract disorders, and the excretion pattern may be associated with disease state and/or outcome. GAG excretion in children with neurogenic bladder secondary to myelomeningocele (MMC) may be affected, but existing data lack more detailed demographics and does not correlate excretion pattern with severity of bladder dysfunction. Here we analyzed GAG excretion in a well defined group of children with MMC and correlated the results with cystometric score. Urine specimens from 17 patients (10 boys, 7 girls) mean age +- SD, 4.6 +- 2.9 years) were obtained during cystometry. Control specimens were from 18 normal children (13 boys, 5 girls) (6.9 +- 2.2 years). All children were free from urinary infection, had normal renal function, and were not under pharmacological treatment. Total urinary GAG was assayed as ug hexuronic acid/mg urinary creatinin e, and sulfated GAGs were determined by agarose gel electrophoresis. Cistometry was done using a Dynapack MPX816 (Dynamed, São Paulo, Brazil), from wich a cystometry score was calculated according to a recent procedure [14]. There were no significant differences in total GAG excretion between male and female individuals in the MMC (0.913 +- 0.528 vs 0.867 +- 0.434, p>0.05) and control (0.546 +- 0.240 vs 0.699+- 0.296, p>0.05) groups. Also, urinary GAG did not correlated with age in the MMC (r = -0.28, p>0.05) and control (r = -0.40, p>0.05) groups. However, MMC patients excreted 52% more GAG than controls (0.894 +- 0.477 vs 0.588 +- 0.257, p<0.04). In these patients, total GAG excretion was not associated with vesical complicance alone (r = -0.18, p>0.05), but was significantly and negatively correlated (r = -0.56, p<0.05) with cystometric score. On average, MMC patients with worst scores (<9) excreted 81% more GAG than those with better scores (>9) (1.157 +- 0.467 vs 0.639 +- 0.133, p<0.04). Chondroitin sulfate prevailed in both groups...

Urinary proteomics evaluation in interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome: a pilot study

PURPOSE: Interstitial cystitis/painful bladder syndrome (IC/PBS) is characterized by chronic pain, pressure and discomfort felt in the pelvis or bladder. An in-depth shotgun proteomics study was carried out to profile the urinary proteome of women with IC/PBS to identify possible specific proteins and networks associated with IC/PBS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Urine samples from ten female IC/PBS patients and ten female asymptomatic, healthy control subjects were analyzed in quadruplicate by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) on a hybrid linear ion trap-orbitrap mass spectrometer. Gas-phase fractionation (GPF) was used to enhance protein identification. Differences in protein quantity were determined by peptide spectral counting. RESULTS: a-1B-glycoprotein (A1BG) and orosomucoid-1 (ORM1) were detected in all IC/PBS patients, and = 60 percent of these patients had elevated expression of these two proteins compared to control subjects. Transthyretin (TTR) and hemopexin (HPX) were detected in all control individuals, but = 60 percent of the IC/PBS patients had decreased expression levels of these two proteins. Enrichment functional analysis showed cell adhesion and response to stimuli were down-regulated whereas response to inflammation, wounding, and tissue degradation were up-regulated in IC/PBS. Activation of neurophysiological processes in synaptic inhibition, and lack of DNA damage repair may also be key components of IC/PBS. CONCLUSION: There are qualitative and quantitative differences between the urinary proteomes of women with and without IC/PBS. We identified a number of proteins as well as pathways/networks that might contribute to the pathology of IC/PBS or result from perturbations induced by this condition.

Fisioterapia na cistite intersticial / Physical therapy on interstitial cystitis

Cistite intersticial (CI) é uma síndrome de etiologia desconhecida, multifatorial, que provoca sintomas no trato urinário inferior como aumento na frequência urinária, urgência miccional, noctúria, acompanhada de dor vesical que frequentemente é aliviada após a micção. A prevalência é maior nas mulheres, que podem apresentar dor em região suprapúbica, perineal, vaginal e, não raramente, dispareunia. A conduta terapêutica é difícil, pela baixa eficácia nos tratamentos oferecidos e pelo alto impacto da doença na qualidade de vida dos pacientes. A fisioterapia surge como um tratamento promissor e de papel fundamental na melhora sintomatológica e redução da disfunção do assoalho pélvico, que comumente acometem os portadores dessa síndrome. Apesar da escassez de trabalhos científicos, principalmente no Brasil, utilizando apenas técnicas fisioterapêuticas, esta revisão discutiu o papel da fisioterapia na CI, enfatizando a terapia manual para o assoalho pélvico (massagem de Thiele) e a terapia comportamental como técnicas mais empregadas para alívio dos sintomas e melhoria na qualidade de vida dos pacientes

Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a mulfactorial syndrome with unknown etiology, which causes symptoms on the lower urinary tract characterized by urinary frequency, urgency, nocturia and bladder pain that diminishes with bladder emptying. The prevalence is significantly higher in women who may have suprapubic, vaginal, perineal pains and dyspareunia. The therapeutic is difficult due to the lower efficiency of the treatments offered and the higher impact in the quality of patients' life. The physical therapy appears tobe a promising treatment and has a fundamental part on the symptoms improvement and reduction of pelvic floor dysfunction. In spite of the shortage of scientific articles using only physiotherapeutic techniques, mainly in Brazil, this review discussed the role of physical therapy on the IC, mainly manual therapy of pelvic floor (Thiele massage) and behavior therapy to relieve the symptoms and improve the quality of life

Multimodal therapy for painful bladder syndrome / interstitial cystitis: pilot study combining behavioral, pharmacologic, and endoscopic therapies

Purpose: We evaluated the effectiveness of combining behavioral therapy, pharmacologic therapy and endoscopic hydrodistension for treating painful bladder syndrome / interstitial cystitis (PBS/IC). Materials and Methods: Twenty-five patients with PBS/IC were prospectively enrolled in a pilot multimodal behavioral, pharmacologic and endoscopic treatment protocol. Behavioral modification included diet recommendations, fluid restriction to 64 oz. /day, progressive timed voiding and Kegel exercises. Oral pharmacologic therapy consisted of daily doses of macrodantin 100 mg, hydroxyzine 10-20 mg and urised 4 tablets. Patients underwent endoscopic bladder hydrodistention under anesthesia at least 2 weeks after protocol enrollment. Behavioral and pharmacological treatments were continued after the hydrodistention. O'Leary-Sant questionnaire scores were recorded before starting the protocol, after pharmacologic/behavioral therapy, 2 months post-hydrodistension, and at scheduled follow-up. Results: Eighteen patients (72 percent) completed the pilot multimodal treatment protocol and were followed for a mean of 10.2 months. All patients were female with a median age of 36.3 years and had mean bladder capacity under anesthesia of 836 milliliters. Mean O'Leary-Sant symptom index scores for baseline symptoms, after behavioral/pharmacologic treatment, post-hydrodistension and during follow up were 12.5, 8.6, 7.0, and 6.7 (p < 0.05). Mean O'Leary-Sant problem index scores for baseline, after behavioral/pharmacologic treatment, post-hydrodistention and during follow up were 12.7, 8.9, 6.7, and 7.7 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Our pilot multimodal protocol of behavioral modification, pharmacologic therapy and endoscopic hydrodistention demonstrated a significant progressive improvement in PBS/IC quality of life scores, compared to a pre-treatment baseline. These results should be validated in a larger, placebo controlled trial.

Abordagem da dor pélvica crônica em mulheres / Management of chronic pelvic pain in women

Dor pélvica crônica é uma doença debilitante e de alta prevalência, com grande impacto na qualidade de vida e produtividade, além de custos significantes para os serviços de saúde. O dilema no manejo da dor pélvica crônica continua a frustrar médicos confrontados com o problema, em parte porque sua fisiopatologia é pobremente compreendida. Conseqüentemente, seu tratamento é muitas vezes insatisfatório e limitado ao alívio temporário dos sintomas. Nesta revisão, nós discutimos uma abordagem ampliada da dor pélvica crônica. Salientamos que uma história clínica e exame físico adequados deveriam incluir atenção especial aos sistemas gastrintestinal, urinário, ginecológico, músculo-esquelético, neurológico, psicológico e endócrino. Dessa forma, uma abordagem multidisciplinar é recomendada. Adicionalmente, enfatizamos que, embora úteis, procedimentos cirúrgicos específicos, tais como a laparoscopia, deveriam ser indicados somente para pacientes selecionadas, após excluir principalmente síndrome do intestino irritável e dor de origem miofascial.

Chronic pelvic pain is a debilitating and highly prevalent disease with a major impact on quality of life and work productivity, beyond significant costs to health services. The dilemma of managing patients with chronic pelvic pain continues to frustrate physicians confronted with these complaints, in part because its pathophysiology is poorly understood. Consequently, its treatment is often unsatisfactory and limited to temporary symptom relief. In the present revision, we discuss the adequate management of chronic pelvic pain. We point out that a comprehensive medical history and physical examination should include special attention to gastrointestinal, urological, gynecological, muscle-skeletal, neurological, psychiatric, and endocrine systems. Thus, a multidisciplinary approach is recommended. Additionally, we emphasize that, although useful, specific surgical procedures, such as laparoscopy, should be indicated only to selected patients, mainly after excluding irritable bowel syndrome and pain of myofascial origin.

Importância do diagnóstico de cistite intersticial na dor pélvica crônica / Importance of intersticial cystitis diagnosis in chronic pelvic pais

Esta revisão destaca a importância da inclusão da cistite intersticial na lista de possíveis doenças que estejam envolvidas na gênese da dor pélvica crônica, além de sua adequada investigação diagnóstica e tratamento. Foi feita uma revisão bibliográfica não sistemática sobre o tema abordado , utilizando-se a base de dados do Medline. Na paciente com dor pélvica crônica deve-se suspeitar de cistite intersticial quando, associado à dor, exixtir a queixa de urgência, frequência miccional aumentada. A investigação ser feita com cistoscopia, teste do potássio e avaliação urodinâmica. A cicstite intersticial é um distúrbio crônico do trato urinário inferior. Não há medicação curativa para essa patologia, porém um tratamento de alívio dos sintomas pode proporcionar uma melhora na qualidade de vida.

Cistitis intersticial y enterocistoplastia de parche amplio, en Hospital Higueras de Talcahuano / Intersticial cystitis and large plaster enterocystoplsty in Hospital Higueras, Talcahuano

Se analizaron 15 casos de cistitis intersticial con múltiples tratamientos, entre abril de 1996 a marzo de 2004, del Hospital las Higueras de Talcahuano, incluyéndose a las pacientes que cumplían con criterios clínicos (NIDDK), hallazgos cistoscópicos, biopsia y registro seriado de cartilla miccional. Los tratamientos evaluados fueron la hidrodistensión, instilación de Dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO), instilación de heparina y cirugía de agrandamiento vesical con íleon con distal sin cistectomía supratrigonal. El promedio de evolución sintomática antes del diagnóstico fue de 6,7 años. Las pacientes presentaban 25 micciones promedio por día con volumen miccional promedio de 112 cc, y capacidad máxima bajo anestesia de 487 cc (rango de 120 a 900 cc). El 87 por ciento refería mejoría transitoria con la hidrodistensión, con la heparina el 75 por ciento y el 44 por ciento de mejoría transitoria con DMSO. Las cuatro pacientes que requirieron de agrandamiento vesical se encuentran sin dolor, tienen adecuado vaciamiento y han retornado a sus actividades habituales. La mayor parte de nuestras pacientes han podido ser tratadas adecuadamente con medidas simples como la distensión vesical periódica a demanda y/o la instilación de sustancias. Fue adecuado reservar la ampliación vesical para casos extremos, obteniendo óptimos resultados con la técnica elegida.

Cistite intersticial - aspectos diagnósticos e terapêuticos / Interstitial cystitis - diagnostic and therapeutic aspects

Cistite intersticial representa uma das causas de dor pélvica crônica e, apesar de seu caráter benigno, provoca intenso transtorno psíquico-social, sendo doença crônica vesical de etiologia indeterminada e que cursa com quadro clínico de dor pélvica ou perineal, urgência miccional, aumento da freqüência urinária e noctúria, na ausência de processo específico vesical. Não se sabe ao certo o fator etiológico inicial responsável pela cistite intersticial. A suspeita diagnóstica é feita observando-se a sintomatologia clínica. Devemos eliminar moléstias relativas ao trato urinário e genital para podermos chegar ao diagnóstico da cistite intersticial, constituindo diagnóstico de exclusão. O tratamento não é curativo, mas sintomatológico, com medidas clínicas e medicamentosas. Apesar da cura ainda não ser possível, podemos proporcionar melhora da qualidade de vida e alívio da sintomatologia, fazendo com que a paciente volte a ter vida social satisfatória e sem limitações