Comorbilidades infecciosas en la gravedad y mortalidad por Covid-19: análisis del aporte científico en The Lancet Publishing Group / Infectious comorbidities in severity and mortality from Covid-19: analysis of the scientific contribution in The Lancet Publishing Group

El número de casos totales de la enfermedad coronavirus-2019 (Covid-19) sigue aumentando rápidamente, amenazando a miles o millones de personas con condiciones crónicas preexistentes que se ven afectados de manera desproporcionada. Hasta el 2020, el centro de recursos de coronavirus de la Universidad Johns Hopkins informó que en todo el mundo más de 180 países han sido afectados con Covid-19 con más de doce millones de casos confirmados y más de 500,000 muertes. A medida que continúa la investigación relacionada con los posibles factores de riesgo de mortalidad por Covid-19, se hace evidente que las personas con comorbilidades subyacentes, como enfermedades cardiovasculares, hipertensión, diabetes, insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva, enfermedad cerebrovascular, enfermedad renal crónica, enfermedad hepática crónica, cáncer, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, el asma y el VIH/SIDA pueden tener un mayor riesgo de muerte por Covid-19. El objetivo de este trabajo es determinar las comorbilidades infecciosas en la gravedad y mortalidad por Covid-19 especialmente asociadas con VIH/SIDA y tubercolosis, respodiendo a la siguiente pregunta: ¿La comunidad científica mundial se ha preocupado por la comorbilidad infecciosa en casos de covid-19 severos y fatales?. Un análisis hecho al grupo de referencias The Lancet Publishing Group fue realizado para dar repuesta a dicha pregunta(AU)

The number of total cases of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) continues to rise rapidly, threatening thousands or millions of people with pre-existing chronic conditions who are disproportionately affected. As of 2020, the Johns Hopkins University Coronavirus Resource Center reported that worldwide more than 180 countries have been affected with COVID-19 with more than twelve million confirmed cases and more than 500,000 deaths. As research related to potential risk factors for mortality from COVID-19 continues, it becomes clear that people with underlying comorbidities, such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, congestive heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic liver disease, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and HIV/AIDS may be at increased risk of death from COVID-19. The objective of this work is to determine the infectious comorbidities in severity and mortality from Covid-19, especially associated with HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis, answering the following question: Has the world scientific community been concerned about infectious comorbidity in covid-19 severe and fatal cases? An analysis made to the reference group The Lancet Publishing Group was carried out to answer this question(AU)

Evolución de la coinfección por TB/VIH en la Región Metropolitana de Chile, 2005 a 2018 / Evolution of tuberculosis/HIV coinfection in Metropolitan Santiago, Chile from 2005 to 2018

Background: Tuberculosis (TB)/HIV coinfection has a high mortality rate. Aim: To describe socio-epidemiological characteristics of tuberculosis (TB)-HIV coinfection, and aspects associated with its prevalence, from 2005 to 2018. Material and Methods: Analysis of the registry of the tuberculosis control and elimination program of three public health services of metropolitan Santiago. The variables considered were: TB/HIV coinfection, age, sex, location of tuberculosis, bacteriological confirmation, incarceration, commune of residence, country of origin and effectiveness of the tuberculosis therapy. Results: We analyzed 7507 TB cases, of whom 12% corresponded to cases of coinfection. The number of coinfections doubled in the last 6 years. In 2018, 45% of coinfection cases occurred in migrants. Of the total cases evaluated, 53% were successfully treated and 28% died. Conclusions: The remarkable increase in TB/HIV coinfection, urgently demands new prevention and control strategies, aimed at the most vulnerable groups.

Tuberculosis and HIV coinfection and related collaborative activities in Latin America and the Caribbean / Coinfección por tuberculosis y VIH, y actividades de colaboración relacionadas en América Latina y el Caribe / Coinfecção por tuberculose e HIV e atividades colaborativas relacionadas na América Latina e Caribe

ABSTRACT Objective. To inform about the most recent epidemiological trends and integrated programmatic response to tuberculosis (TB) and HIV coinfection in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Methods. A descriptive review analyzed the most relevant indicators on TB/HIV coinfection in 33 countries in LAC with a cross-sectional and time-trend approach. Data were obtained from publicly available databases and analyzed through simple proportions, weighted means, and risk ratios. Results. In LAC, during 2017, 80.8% of TB patients were actively screened for HIV, with a 25.6% increase between 2011 and 2017. In the same year, the proportion of TB patients with HIV-positive status was 11.2%, with a small but progressive reduction of 5% since 2011. The provision of antiretroviral therapy and anti-TB medication among TB/HIV coinfected patients for 2017 was at 60%. Only one-third of people living with HIV had access to isoniazid preventive therapy. Overall, the mortality in the TB/HIV cohort has not changed since 2012, hovering at around 20%. Conclusions. TB/HIV collaborative activities, as the backbone to address TB/HIV coinfection, are being scaled up in LAC and some indicators show a tendency toward improvement; nevertheless, our review shed light on the need to keep strengthening integration of service delivery, joint monitoring and evaluation, and data quality.(AU)

RESUMEN Objetivo. Informar sobre las tendencias epidemiológicas más recientes y la respuesta programática integrada frente a la coinfección por tuberculosis (TB) y VIH en América Latina y el Caribe. Métodos. En una revisión descriptiva se analizaron los indicadores más pertinentes sobre la coinfección por TB y VIH en 33 países de América Latina y el Caribe, por medio de un enfoque transversal y de tendencias en el tiempo. Los datos se obtuvieron de bases de datos disponibles públicamente y se analizaron mediante proporciones sencillas, medias ponderadas y cociente de riesgos. Resultados. En el 2017, en América Latina y el Caribe se sometió a 80,8% de los pacientes con TB a un tamizaje activo del VIH, lo que representó un aumento de 25,6% entre el 2011 y el 2017. En ese mismo año, la proporción de pacientes con TB e infección por el VIH fue de 11,2%, lo cual demuestra una pequeña reducción, aunque progresiva, de 5% desde el 2011. El suministro de tratamiento antirretroviral y de fármacos contra la TB a los pacientes con la coinfección en el 2017 fue del 60%. Solo un tercio de las personas con VIH tuvieron acceso al tratamiento preventivo con isoniacida. En términos generales, la tasa de mortalidad de las personas con coinfección por TB y VIH no ha cambiado desde el 2012, y ha permanecido en torno al 20%. Conclusiones. Se está aumentando la escala de las actividades de colaboración entre los servicios de TB y VIH en América Latina y el Caribe, como el tratamiento de base para abordar los casos de coinfección, y algunos indicadores muestran una tendencia positiva. No obstante, nuestra revisión muestra la necesidad de seguir fortaleciendo la integración de la prestación de servicios, las actividades conjuntas de seguimiento y evaluación, y la comprobación de la calidad de los datos.(AU)

RESUMO Objetivo. Informar sobre as últimas tendências epidemiológicas e a resposta programática integrada à coinfecção por tuberculose (TB) e HIV na América Latina e Caribe (ALC). Métodos. Uma revisão descritiva analisou os indicadores mais relevantes sobre a coinfecção por TB/HIV em 33 países da ALC, usando uma abordagem transversal e de tendências temporais. Os dados foram obtidos em bases de dados disponíveis publicamente e analisados através de proporções simples, médias ponderadas e razões de risco. Resultados. Na ALC, em 2017, 80,8% dos pacientes com TB realizaram o rastreamento ativo para HIV, o que representou um aumento de 25,6% entre 2011 e 2017. No mesmo ano, a proporção de pacientes com TB com status HIV positivo foi de 11,2%, demonstrando uma pequena redução progressiva de 5% desde 2011. Em 2017, a oferta de terapia antirretroviral e medicação anti-TB aos pacientes coinfectados por TB/HIV foi de 60%. Somente um terço das pessoas que vivem com HIV teve acesso à terapia preventiva com isoniazida. A mortalidade geral na coorte coinfectada por TB/HIV não mudou desde 2012, oscilando em torno de 20%. Conclusões. As atividades colaborativas para TB/HIV, que são a espinha dorsal para combater esta coinfecção, estão sendo ampliadas na ALC, e alguns indicadores mostram uma tendência positiva; no entanto, a nossa revisão destaca a necessidade de continuar fortalecendo a integração da prestação de serviços, as atividades conjuntas de monitoramento e avaliação e a qualidade dos dados.(AU)

TB-HIV co-infection: spatial and temporal distribution in the largest Brazilian metropolis / Coinfecção TB-HIV: distribuição espacial e temporal na maior metrópole brasileira

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the spatial and temporal distribution of TB-HIV co-infection, as well as the profile of the characteristics of the co-infected population in the municipality of São Paulo. METHODS This is an ecological and time series study with data from the Tuberculosis Patient Control System (TBWeb), including all new cases of tuberculosis co-infected individuals with HIV living in the municipality from 2007 to 2015. Time trends of the disease were analyzed using Prais-Winsten regression. The cases were geocoded by the address of residence for the elaboration of maps with the incidence rates smoothed by the local empirical Bayesian method. The global and local Moran indexes evaluated spatial autocorrelation. Individuals' profiles were described and the characteristics of the cases with and without fixed residence were compared by Pearson's chi-square or Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS We analyzed 6,092 new cases of TB-HIV co-infection (5,609 with fixed residence and 483 without fixed residence). The proportion of TB-HIV co-infection ranged from 10.5% to 13.7%, with a drop of 3.0% per year (95%CI -3.4 - -2.6) and was higher in individuals without fixed residence. Incidence rates decreased by 3.6% per year (95%CI -4.4% - -2.7%), declining from 7.0 to 5.3 per 100,000 inhabitants/year. Co-infection showed positive and significant spatial autocorrelation, with heterogeneous spatial pattern and a high-risk cluster in the central region of the municipality. Cure was achieved in 55.5% of cases with fixed residence and in 32.7% of those without a fixed residence. CONCLUSIONS The data indicate an important advance in the control of TB-HIV co-infection in the period analyzed. However, we identified areas and populations that were unequally affected by the disease and that should be prioritized in the improvement of actions to prevent and control co-infection.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever a distribuição espacial e temporal da coinfecção TB-HIV, assim como o perfil das características da população coinfectada no município de São Paulo. MÉTODOS Estudo ecológico e de série temporal com dados do Sistema de Controle de Pacientes com Tuberculose (TBWeb), incluindo todos os casos novos de tuberculose coinfectados pelo HIV residentes no município no período de 2007 a 2015. Tendências temporais do agravo foram analisadas por regressão de Prais-Winsten. Os casos foram geocodificados pelo endereço de residência para a elaboração de mapas com as taxas de incidência suavizadas pelo método bayesiano empírico local. Os índices de Moran global e local avaliaram a autocorrelação espacial. O perfil dos indivíduos foi descrito e as características dos casos com e sem residência fixa foram comparadas pelos testes de qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher. RESULTADOS Foram analisados 6.092 casos novos de coinfecção TB-HIV (5.609 com residência fixa e 483 sem residência fixa). A proporção de coinfecção TB-HIV variou de 10,5% a 13,7%, com queda de 3,0% ao ano (IC95% -3,4 - -2,6), e foi maior nos indivíduos sem residência fixa em todo o período. As taxas de incidência apresentaram diminuição de 3,6% ao ano (IC95% -4,4% - -2,7%), declinando de 7,0 para 5,3 por 100 mil habitantes/ano. A coinfecção apresentou autocorrelação espacial positiva e significativa, com padrão espacial heterogêneo e um aglomerado de alto risco na região central do município. A cura foi alcançada em 55,5% dos casos com residência fixa e em 32,7% daqueles sem residência. CONCLUSÕES Os dados indicam um importante avanço no controle da coinfecção TB-HIV no período analisado. Todavia, foram identificadas áreas e populações que se apresentaram desigualmente afetadas pelo agravo, e que devem ser priorizadas no aprimoramento das ações de prevenção e controle da coinfecção.

HIV/AIDS in small cities in Midwest Santa Catarina, south of Brazil: Clinical and epidemiological aspects, opportunistic infections

Abstract INTRODUCTION: We avaluated the clinical features, epidemiology, opportunistic infections and coinfections of HIV/AIDS patients. METHODS: We analyzed the records of 143 patients receiving antiretroviral therapy at a public center in the Midwest of Santa Catarina, south of Brazil, from December 2014 to September 2015. RESULTS: Most were male, Caucasian, married, with low education level, and aged 31-50 years. Heterosexual transmission was the most common infection route. Regarding coinfection, 3.5% had hepatitis C, 2.1% hepatitis B, 4.2% syphilis, and 4.9% tuberculosis; 38.5% had opportunistic infections. CONCLUSIONS: HIV infection follows the national trend, but hepatitis B and C coinfection rates were higher, while tuberculosis rate was lower.

Coinfecção tuberculose/HIV/aids em Porto Alegre, RS - invisibilidade e silenciamento dos grupos mais afetados / Coinfección tuberculosis/VIH/SIDA en Porto Alegre, RS/Brasil - invisibilidad y silenciamiento de los grupos más afectados / Tuberculosis/HIV/AIDS coinfection in Porto Alegre, RS/Brazil - invisibility and silencing of the most affected groups

Resumo OBJETIVO Analisar como o pertencimento a certos grupos sociais contribui para a constituição das vulnerabilidades associadas ao adoecimento pela coinfecção tuberculose/HIV/aids. METODOLOGIA Pesquisa qualitativa realizada em Porto Alegre-RS, em regiões de alta vulnerabilidade social. Foram entrevistadas 20 pessoas coinfectadas em serviços especializados de saúde, entre agosto e dezembro de 2016. A análise teve como aporte os referenciais The Sound of Silence e Vulnerabilidade e Direitos Humanos. RESULTADOS Condições socioeconômicas foram decisivas para constituição das condições de vulnerabilidade. Processos de invisibilização das pessoas e silenciamento de suas vozes, em um cenário marcado por desigualdades econômicas, raciais e de gênero contribuíam para que suas necessidades de saúde não fossem compreendidas e efetivamente levadas em consideração nas ações dos serviços. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS Quanto mais efetivas forem as estratégias para legitimar as vozes e compreender as necessidades das pessoas afetadas pela coinfecção, maiores serão as chances de que as respostas programáticas para o problema sejam exitosas.

Resumen OBJETIVO Analizar cómo la pertenencia a ciertos grupos sociales contribuye a la constitución de las vulnerabilidades asociadas al padecimiento de coinfección tuberculosis/VIH/SIDA. METODOLOGÍA Investigación cualitativa realizada en Porto Alegre-RS/Brasil, en zonas de alta vulnerabilidad social. Fueron entrevistadas 20 personas coinfectadas en servicios especializados de salud, entre agosto y diciembre de 2016. Análisis con aporte de referenciales The Sound of Silence y Vulnerabilidad y Derechos Humanos. RESULTADOS Las condiciones socioeconómicas resultaron decisivas para constituir las condiciones de vulnerabilidad. Los procesos de invisibilización de las personas y el silenciamiento de sus voces contribuían a que sus necesidades de salud no fuesen comprendidas y efectivamente consideradas en las acciones de los servicios. CONSIDERACIONES FINALES Cuanto más efectivas sean las estrategias para legitimar las voces y comprender las necesidades de los afectados por la coinfección, mayores serán las posibilidades para que las respuestas programáticas al problema resulten exitosas.

Abstract OBJECTIVE To analyze how belonging to certain social groups contributes to constituting the vulnerabilities associated with illnesses due to tuberculosis/HIV/AIDS coinfection. METHODOLOGYThis is a qualitative study carried out in the city of Porto Alegre, state of Rio Grande do Sul, in regions of high social vulnerability. Twenty coinfected people were interviewed in specialized health services between August and December 2016. The analysis was based on the frameworks The Sound of Silence and Vulnerability and Human Rights. RESULTS Socioeconomic conditions were decisive for the constitution of the vulnerability conditions. Processes of people invisibilization, and the silencing of their voices, in a scenario marked by economic, racial and gender inequalities, contributed for their health needs not to be understood and effectively taken into account in the services actions. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS The more effective strategies are to legitimize voices and to understand the needs of those affected by coinfection, the greater the chances that programmatic responses to the problem will be successful.

Epidemiological profile of patients co-infected with visceral leishmaniasis and HIV/AIDS in Northeast, Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) co-infection has been a research topic of interest worldwide. In Brazil, it has been observed that there is a relative underreporting and failure in the understanding and management of this important association. The aim of this study was to analyze epidemiological and clinical aspects of patients with VL with and without HIV/AIDS. METHODS: We conducted an observational and analytical study of patients with VL followed in a Reference Service in the State of Maranhão, Brazil from 2007-2013. RESULTS: In total 126 patients were enrolled, of which 61 (48.4%) were co-infected with HIV/AIDS. There were more males among those with HIV/AIDS (85.2%, P>0.05) or with VL only (81.5%, P>0.05). These findings significantly differed based on age group (P<0.003); the majority of patients were aged 31-40 years (41.0%) and 21-30 years (32.3%) among those with and without HIV/AIDS co-infection, respectively. The incidence of diarrhea and splenomegaly significantly differed between the two groups (P=0.0014 and P=0.019, respectively). The myelogram parasitic examination was used most frequently among those with HIV/AIDS (91.8%), followed by those with VL only (69.2%). VL recurrences and mortality were significantly higher in the HIV/AIDS co-infected patients (P<0.0001 and P=0.012, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with VL with or without HIV/AIDS co-infection were mostly adult men. Diarrhea was more frequent in HIV/AIDS co-infected patients, whereas splenomegaly was more common in patients with VL only. In the group of HIV/AIDS co-infected patients, there was a higher rate of VL recurrence and mortality.

Visceral leishmaniasis and leishmaniasis-HIV coinfection: comparative study

Abstract INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to draw clinical and epidemiological comparisons between visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and VL associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. METHOD: Retrospective study. RESULTS: Of 473 cases of VL, 5.5% were coinfected with HIV. The highest proportion of cases of both VL and VL/HIV were found among men. A higher proportion of VL cases was seen in children aged 0-10 years, whereas coinfection was more common in those aged 18-50 years. CONCLUSIONS: VL/HIV coinfected patients presented slightly differently to and had a higher mortality rate than those with VL only.

Spatial analysis of viral hepatitis and schistosomiasis coinfection in an endemic area in Northeastern Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: This cross-sectional study analyzed the spatial distribution of hepatitis B or C virus (HBV/HBC) and schistosomiasis coinfection. METHODS: Serum samples were collected from patients with Schistosoma mansoni infection. These were tested for serological markers of HBV/HCV infection. The spatial distribution of coinfection was analyzed using intensity kernel estimation. RESULTS: Overall, 9.4% of individuals had contact with HBV and 1.7% of samples tested positive for anti-HCV antibodies. We identified clusters of risk located in the central region. CONCLUSIONS: Spatial analysis allowed visualization of high-risk areas, leading to a definition of priority areas to be targeted for intensification of control interventions.

A tale of two neglected tropical infections: using GIS to assess the spatial and temporal overlap of schistosomiasis and leprosy in a region of Minas Gerais, Brazil

BACKGROUND Despite public health efforts to reduce the global burden of leprosy, gaps remain in the knowledge surrounding transmission of infection. Helminth co-infections have been associated with a shift towards the lepromatous end of the disease spectrum, potentially increasing transmission in co-endemic areas. OBJECTIVES Using this biologically plausible association, we conducted a geographic information systems (GIS) study to investigate the spatial associations of schistosomiasis and leprosy in an endemic area of Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil. METHODS Data on new cases of Mycobacterium leprae and Schistosoma mansoni infections from 2007-2014 were retrieved from the Brazilian national notifiable diseases information system for seven municipalities in and surrounding Vespasiano, MG. A total of 139 cases of leprosy and 200 cases of schistosomiasis were mapped to a municipality level. For one municipality, cases were mapped to a neighborhood level and a stratified analysis was conducted to identify spatial associations. FINDINGS A relative risk of 6.80 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.46 - 31.64] of leprosy was found in neighborhoods with schistosomiasis. Incidence rates of leprosy increased with corresponding incidence rates of schistosomiasis, and the temporal trends of both infections were similar. CONCLUSIONS The associations found in this project support the hypothesis that helminth infections may influence the transmission of leprosy in co-endemic areas.

Coinfección virus de inmunodeficiencia humana-virus de la Hepatitis C: hacia un nuevo escenario terapéutico / Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Hepatitis C virus coinfection: towards a new therapeutic scenario

Introducción: Las terapias contra el virus de la Hepatitis C han evolucionado vertiginosamente con el desarrollo de los antivirales de acción directa (AADs). Los nuevos regímenes han conseguido igualar las tasas de respuesta al tratamiento en los monoinfectados y los coinfectados con VIH, una población tradicionalmente difícil de tratar debido a la elevada morbimortalidad hepática y sistémica, reacciones adversas e interacciones medicamentosas. Objetivo: Analizar las opciones farmacoterapéuticas más modernas disponibles para los pacientes coinfectados con VIH y VHC, con énfasis en los nuevos antivirales de acción directa, a fin de ofrecer una herramienta útil en el abordaje terapéutico en estos pacientes. Material y métodos: Se revisaron artículos originales, ensayos clínicos y revisiones sistemáticas hasta septiembre de 2016, bases de datos internacionales de interacciones medicamentosas y Guías de Práctica Clínica actualizadas. Desarrollo: Las terapias contra el virus de la Hepatitis C (VHC) han evolucionado vertiginosamente con el desarrollo de los antivirales de acción directa (AADs). Los nuevos regímenes han conseguido igualar las tasas de respuesta al tratamiento en los monoinfectados y los coinfectados con VIH, una población tradicionalmente difícil de tratar que, además, asociaba una elevada morbimortalidad hepática y sistémica, más reacciones adversas y complejas interacciones medicamentosas. Conclusiones: En este nuevo escenario es fundamental dedicar esfuerzos a identificar el elevado porcentaje de infectados no diagnosticados, potenciales interacciones, especialmente con fármacos para patologías asociadas al envejecimiento de los pacientes, reacciones adversas a medio-largo plazos y desarrollo de resistencias, además de garantizar la cobertura universal en todos los contextos clínicos(AU)

Introduction:Therapies for hepatitis C virus (HCV) have rapidly evolved with the development of direct-acting antiviral agents. New regimens, achieve an equate response rates to treatment in cases of HCV mono-infected and HIV/HCV co-infected; a population traditionally difficult to treat due to a high hepatic and systemic morbidity-mortality, adverse reactions and drug interactions. Objective: To analyse the current Pharma-therapeutic options available for co-infected HIV-HCV patients, with emphasis I the new direct-acting antiviral agents, in order to offer a useful tool for the therapeutic approach in these patients. Material and Methods: Original articles, clinical studies and systematic reviews until September 2016 were carried out, as well as international drug interactions databases and updated Practical Guidelines. Development: Therapies for hepatitis C virus (HCV) have rapidly evolved with the development of direct-acting antiviral agents. New regimens achieve an equate response rates to treatment in HCV mono-infected and HIV/HCV co-infected; a population traditionally difficult to treat, which also associate a high hepatic and systemic morbidity-mortality, adverse reactions and complex drug interactions. Conclusions: In this new scenario efforts must be addressed to identify the high percentage of undiagnosed patients; potential interactions, especially with drugs related with patient aging; medium and long-term adverse reactions and development of drug resistances, as well as to guarantee universal coverage in all clinical contexts(AU)

Fatores associados à coinfecção tuberculose e HIV: o que apontam os dados de notificação do Estado do Amazonas, Brasil, 2001-2012 / Factors associated with TB/HIV coinfection: evidence from notification data in the State of Amazonas, Brazil, 2001-2012 / Factores asociados a la coinfección de la tuberculosis y VIH: lo que apuntan los datos de notificación del estado de Amazonas, Brasil, 2001-2012

A tuberculose (TB) em pessoas vivendo com HIV (PVHIV) é a maior causa infecciosa de morte relacionada à AIDS. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a prevalência da coinfecção TB/HIV, avaliar a notificação dos dois agravos de maneira temporal, por meio de relacionamento de bases de dados, e buscar fatores associados às notificações de AIDS e TB. A prevalência de coinfecção TB/HIV foi de 7,7%. O grupo de PVHIV com posterior diagnóstico de TB foi o mais representativo, apesar de medidas preventivas disponíveis. A subnotificação de TB entre os casos de AIDS foi de 35%, e 19,6% dos casos de TB poderiam ser notificados como AIDS. Para os casos de AIDS com menção de TB, residir na capital apresentou uma chance 75% maior de ser notificado no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação/Tuberculose (SINAN TB), e ter falecido aumentou em 40% a chance de registro. Dos casos de TB com menção de HIV, ser de cor parda, ter entre 25 e 39 anos, residir na capital e ter evoluído para o óbito estiveram associados à maior chance de notificação na AIDS. O linkage periódico dessas bases pode ser uma ferramenta programática poderosa para diminuir a subnotificação.

Tuberculosis (TB) in persons living with HIV (PLHIV) is the leading infectious cause of AIDS-related death. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of TB/HIV coinfection, evaluate notification of the two diseases over time by probabilistic database linkage, and identify factors associated with AIDS and TB notifications. Prevalence of TB/HIV coinfection was 7.7%. The group of PLHIV with subsequent TB diagnosis was the most representative, despite available preventive measures. Underreporting of TB among AIDS cases was 35%, and 19.6% of TB cases could have been reported as AIDS. For AIDS cases with mention of TB, living in the state capital showed 75% greater odds of being reported to the Tuberculosis Notification System (SINAN-TB), and having died increased the odds of reporting by 40%. Of TB cases with mention of HIV, brown skin color, age 25 to 39 years, living in the state capital, and having evolved to death were associated with higher odds of reporting to the AIDS Notification System. Periodic linkage of these databases can be a powerful tool for programs to decrease underreporting.

La tuberculosis (TB) en personas viviendo con VIH (PVVIH) es la mayor causa infecciosa de muerte relacionada con el SIDA. El objetivo de este trabajo fue estimar la prevalencia de la coinfección TB/VIH, evaluar la notificación de las dos enfermedades de manera temporal, relación de bases de datos, y buscar factores asociados a las notificaciones de SIDA y TB. La prevalencia de coinfección TB/VIH fue de un 7,7%. El grupo de PVVIH, con posterior diagnóstico de TB, fue el más representativo, a pesar de las medidas preventivas disponibles. La subnotificación de TB entre los casos de SIDA fue de un 35%, y un 19,6% de los casos de TB podrían ser notificados como SIDA. Para los casos de SIDA con mención de TB, residir en la capital presentó una oportunidad un 75% mayor de ser notificada en el Sistema de Notificación de Tuberculosis (SINAN TB), y haber fallecido aumentó en un 40% la oportunidad de registro. De los casos de TB con mención de VIH, ser mestizo, tener entre 25 y 39 años, residir en la capital y haber evolucionado hacia el óbito estuvieron asociados a una mayor oportunidad de notificación en el SIDA. La vinculación periódica de estas bases puede ser una herramienta programática poderosa para disminuir la subnotificación.

Seroprevalence of HCV markers among HIV infected patients from Curitiba and metropolitan region / Soroprevalência de marcadores do vírus da hepatite C (HCV) em pacientes infectados com HIV de Curitiba e Região Metropolitana

SUMMARY Objective: to determine the prevalence and epidemiological factors associated with hepatitis (HCV) coinfection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients from Curitiba and the metropolitan region. Methods: a study with 303 HIV+ patients, mean age 41.2 years (18-73); 50.5% men, followed at the Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, between April 2008 and March 2009. Clinical and epidemiological data were obtained through questionnaires and retrospective analysis of medical records. Anti-HCV antibodies were detected by chemiluminescence immunoassay. Results: a total of 12.9% of HIV+ patients were positive for anti-HCV antibodies, 64.1% were men and 35.9% women, with mean age of 44.5 years (24-66). The frequency of HCV among men was 16.7% and among women 9.1% (p=0.06). HCV prevalence was associated to HIV infection when compared to the general population (p<10-6, OR=100.4; 95CI=13.7-734.9). The parenteral route of transmission was the most frequent among coinfected patients (46.1%), and the sexual transmission among HIV+/HCV- (71.8%) (p=0.02, OR=0.2; 95CI=0.1-0.7). The frequency of intravenous drug users was higher among the coinfected patients (61.5%) compared to the non coinfected (12.6%) (p<10-6, OR=11.1; 95CI=4.5-27.7). Conclusion: the prevalence of coinfection with HCV in HIV+ patients is 12.9%, 88 times higher than in the general population in Curitiba. The most frequent route of transmission in the coinfected patients is parenteral, but the sexual route is also representative (34.6%).

RESUMO Soroprevalência de marcadores do vírus da hepatite C (HCV) em pacientes infectados com HIV de Curitiba e Região Metropolitana Objetivo: verificar a prevalência e caracterizar fatores epidemiológicos associados à coinfecção por HCV em pacientes HIV+ de Curitiba e Região Metropolitana. Métodos: estudo envolvendo 303 pacientes HIV+, com idade média de 41,2 anos (18-73); 50,5% homens; acompanhados no Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Federal do Paraná, entre abril de 2008 e março de 2009. Os dados clínico-epidemiológicos foram obtidos por meio de questionários e análise retrospectiva dos prontuários. Os anticorpos anti-HCV foram detectados por ensaio imunoenzimático quimioluminescente. Resultados: dos pacientes HIV+, 12,9% apresentaram sorologia positiva para o HCV, sendo 64,1% homens e 35,9% mulheres, com idade média de 44,5 anos (24-66). A frequência nos homens foi de 16,7%, e nas mulheres, 9,1% (p=0,06). A prevalência do HCV foi significativamente associada à infecção por HIV quando comparada à população geral (p<10-6, OR=100,4; IC95%=13,7-734,9). A via de transmissão parenteral foi a mais frequente entre os coinfectados (46,1%), e a sexual, a mais frequente entre os não coinfectados (71,8%) (p=0,02, OR=0,2; IC95%=0,1-0,7). A frequência de usuários de drogas injetáveis foi maior entre os coinfectados (61,5%) do que entre os não coinfectados (12,6%) (p<10-6, OR=11,1; IC95%=4,5-27,7). Conclusões: a prevalência da infecção por HCV nos pacientes HIV+ é de 12,9%, 88 vezes maior que a infecção na população geral de Curitiba. A via de transmissão mais frequente entre os coinfectados foi a parenteral, porém, a via sexual também é representativa para a transmissão do HCV (34,6%).

Análise da assistência à saúde aos pacientes com hepatites virais B e C no estado do Amapá / Analysis of health care to patients with viral hepatitis B and C in the State of Amapá, Brazil

O Amapá é uma região hiperendêmica para hepatites virais B (HB) e C (HC), As Políticas Públicas de Saúde garantem o direito dos pacientes ao acesso universal e gratuito à assistência médica e ao tratamento das HB e HC, Neste sentido, o estudo avaliou a assistência à saúde oferecida aos pacientes com HB e HC, atendidos pelo SUS, no Amapá, Os dados foram coletados junto aos prontuários médicos e comparados com os Protocolos Clínicos e Diretrizes Terapêuticas para HB e HC e com a rede assistencial do SUS, Foram identificados e incluídos no estudo 123 pacientes atendidos no Centro de Referência em Doenças Tropicais, dos quais 43 e 85 pacientes apresentaram diagnóstico de HB e HC, respectivamente (cinco coinfectados com HB e HC), O acompanhamento clínico ambulatorial dos pacientes foi inferior a seis meses (período necessário para diagnóstico conclusivo de infecção crônica) para 53,7% dos pacientes devido ao abandono do tratamento, O exame de aminotransferases não foi solicitado à 37,4% dos pacientes e a biópsia hepática foi realizada por 84% dos pacientes com algum grau de severidade da doença, Dezessete pacientes receberam interferon-alfa peguilado como farmacoterapia inicial, mas a escolha inicial do esquema terapêutico mais potente não é recomendada pois não deixa opções para terapia de resgate em casos de resposta negativa à terapia inicial, A assistência à saúde dos pacientes com HB e HC no estado do Amapá apresenta deficiências, tais como o abandono do tratamento, inclusão e exclusão inadequada de pacientes nos protocolos de tratamento, além da dificuldade de acesso aos exames de diagnóstico e ao monitoramento da doença nos pacientes infectados...

Amapá, a Brazilian state, is a hyper endemic area for hepatitis B (HB) and C (HC). The Public Health Policies ensure the right of patients to free access to health care and treatment of HB and HC. Therefore, in this study it was evaluated the health care offered to patients with HB and HC attended by the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) in Amapá. The data were collected from the medical records and compared to the Therapeutic Guidelines and Clinical Protocols for HB and HC and to the healthcare network of the SUS. One hundred and twenty three patients treated at the Reference Center for Tropical Diseases were identified and included in the study, of which 43 and 85 patients were diagnosed with HB and HC, respectively (five co-infected with HB and HC). Clinical follow-up of patients was less than six months (period required for conclusive diagnosis of chronic infection) to 53.7% of patients due to treatment dropout. Examination of aminotransferases was not prompted to 37.4% of patients and liver biopsy was performed for 84% of patients with any degree of severity. Seventeen patients received pegylated alfainterferon as initial pharmacotherapy, however, the initial choice of the most potent regimen is not always indicated because it does not let options for a rescue therapy in case of a negative response to therapy. The healthcare provided to these patients in the Amapá state has deficiencies noted by the abandonment of treatment, diagnostic testing and unrealized monitoring and patients inadequately included or excluded from pharmacotherapy...

Coinfecção HIV e sífilis: prevalência e fatores de risco / HIV and syphilis co-infection: prevalence and risk factors

De acordo com estudos recentes do Ministério da Saúde (MS), a epidemia do HIV no Brasil está concentrada em populações em situação de maior risco e vulnerabilidade. Entre esta população, destaca-se a de homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH). Sabe-se também que a prevalência de sífilis é até oito vezes mais alta em Pessoas Vivendo com HIV/AIDS (PVHA). Nesse contexto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo geral conhecer o perfil dos pacientes em acompanhamento no Serviço de Assistência Especializada em HIV/AIDS (SAE) do Instituo de Atenção à Saúde São Francisco de Assis (HESFA) da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), descrevendo suas características sociodemográficas e clínicas. Optou-se por realizar um estudo epidemiológico a partir da análise de prontuários de uma coorte retrospectiva de pacientes atendidos nesta unidade de saúde. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida de acordo com a abordagem quantitativa. (...) Observou-se também que o tempo entre o diagnóstico do HIV e a primeira consulta médica dos pacientes coinfectados foi menor que um ano, o CD4 inicial estava abaixo de 350células/mm3, o CD4 final foi superior a 500 células/mm3. A maioria dos pacientes já havia desenvolvido AIDS, estavam fazendo uso do quinto esquema ARV, não alegavam má adesão nem abandonaram o tratamento. Considera-se que os resultados obtidos com este estudo possam ser usados para colaborar no desenvolvimento de abordagens precoces no sentido de evitar ou pelo menos reduzir a coinfecção HIV/Sífilis não só neste SAE, mas em outros serviços de assistência especializada em HIV/AIDS no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS)...

According to recent studies by the Ministry of Health (MS), the HIV epidemic in Brazil is concentrated in populations at higher risk and vulnerability. Among this population, there isthe men who have sex with men (MSM). It is also known that the prevalence of syphilis is upto eight times higher in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). In this context, this study aimed to know the profile of patients followed up at the Specialized Care Service on HIV/AIDS (SAE) of the Institute of Health Care St. Francis of Assis (HESFA) of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), describing their sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. We chose to conduct an epidemiological study based on the analysis of medical records of a retrospective cohort of patients treated in this health unit. The research was conducted in accordance with the quantitative approach. (...) It was also observed that the time between the diagnoses of HIV and co infected first medical examination of the patients wasless than one year, the initial CD4 was below 350 cells/mm3 CD4 end was greater than 500cells/mm3. Most patients had already developed AIDS were making use of the fifth antiretroviral regimen, poor compliance or non-claimed abandoned treatment. It is considered that the results from this study can be used to encourage the development of early approaches to avoid or at least reduce co infection HIV/Syphilis not only in this SAE, but in other specialized support services for HIV/AIDS in the Unified Health System...(SUS)

The distribution of tuberculosis in Porto Alegre: analysis of the magnitude and tuberculosis-HIV coinfection / Distribución de la tuberculosis en Porto Alegre: análisis de la magnitud y coinfección tuberculosis-VIH / Distribuição da tuberculose em Porto Alegre: análise da magnitude e coinfecção tuberculose-HIV

Objective Analyzing the geographical distribution of the tuberculosis (TB), its incidence and prevalence and TB-HIV coinfection in the districts of Porto Alegre from 2007 to 2011. Method An ecological, descriptive study of time series that used descriptive and geoprocessing techniques. Results In total, were recorded 3,369 incident cases and 3,998 prevalent cases of pulmonary TB. In both contexts, there was predominance of cases in males and in Caucasians. Seventeen districts showed prevalence rates above 79.2 cases/100,000 inhabitants, considering that 15 of them had incidence rates above 73.7 cases/100,000 inhabitants. The TB-HIV coinfection rates reached 67% in some districts, which is above the city average value (30%). Conclusion The distribution analysis showed that the reformulation and restructuring of policies and health services in Porto Alegre are essential.
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Objetivo Analisar a distribuição geográfica da doença, sua incidência, prevalência e a coinfecção TB - HIV nos bairros deste município nos anos de 2007 a 2011. Método Estudo ecológico de série histórica, descritivo, que utilizou técnicas descritivas e de geoprocessamento. Resultados Foram registrados 3.369 casos novos e 3.998 casos prevalentes de tuberculose pulmonar bacilífera. Em ambos os contextos houve predominância de casos no sexo masculino e na etnia branca. Dezessete bairros apresentaram taxas de prevalência acima de 79,2 casos/100.000 habitantes, sendo que 15 deles tiveram incidência acima de 73,7 casos/100.000 habitantes. A taxa de coinfecção TB-HIV chegou a 67% em alguns bairros, valor superior à média da cidade (30%). Conclusão A análise de distribuição apontou que são fundamentais reformulações e reestruturações de políticas e serviços de saúde em Porto Alegre. .

Objetivo Analizar la distribución geográfica de la enfermedad, su incidencia, prevalencia y la coinfección TB - VIH en los barrios de este municipio en los años de 2007 a 2011. Método Estudio ecológico de serie histórica, descriptivo, que utilizó técnicas descriptivas y de geoprocesamiento. Resultados Fueron registrados 3.369 casos nuevos y 3.998 casos prevalentes de tuberculosis pulmonar bacilífera. En ambos contextos hubo predominancia de casos en el sexo masculino y la etnia blanca. Diecisiete barrios presentaron índices de prevalencia superiores a 79,2 casos/100.000 habitantes, siendo que 15 de esos tuvieron incidencia arriba de 73,7 casos/100.000 habitantes. El índice de coinfección TB-VIH alcanzó el 67% en algunos barrios, valor superior al promedio de la ciudad (30%). Conclusión El análisis de distribución señaló que son fundamentales las reformulaciones y reestructuraciones de políticas y servicios de salud en Porto Alegre. .

Hepatitis b, c nnd hiv co-infections seroprevalence in a northeast Brazilian center / Soroprevalencia da co-infeccao hepatite B, C e HIV em um centro no Nordeste do Brazil

Context The occurrence of HIV and hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) virus associations is of great concern since co-infected patients respond poorly to antiviral treatment and usually progress to chronic and more complicated hepatic disease. In Brazil, these co-infections prevalence is not well known since published data are few and sometimes demonstrate conflicting results. Also, a significant number of co-infected individuals are HBV/HCV asymptomatic carriers, leading to under notification. Objectives The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of the HBV and HCV infection in a recently diagnosed HIV population in the state of Ceará/Brazil. Methods Retrospective cohort, with >18yo patients diagnosed HIV+ from 2008-2010. First year medical attention information was collected. Results A total of 1.291 HIV+ patients were included. HBV serologies were collected in 52% (23% had previous hepatitis B, 3.7% were co-infected) and HCV in 25.4% (1.5% had previous hepatitis C, 5.4% co-infection). The majority of HBV/HIV patients referred multiple sexual partners/year, 28% homosexualism and 20% bisexualism. In the HCV/HIV group 38.8% individuals had > one sexual partner/year and 22.2% used intravenous drugs. Conclusion The study reinforce the need for better training healthcare workers and providing laboratory support for a prompt hepatitis diagnosis and adequate medical management to avoid complications and decrease viral spread. .

Contexto A ocorrência da associação de HIV com a hepatite por vírus B (HVB) e C (HVC) é preocupante visto que os pacientes coinfectados tendem a ter uma resposta pior à terapia antiviral e uma chance maior de progredirem para a cronificação da doença hepática e suas complicações. No Brasil, os estudos publicados sobre a prevalência dessas coinfecções ainda são escassos e, muitos deles, com resultados conflitantes entre si. Além disso, muitos pacientes coinfectados são portadores assintomáticos dos vírus das hepatites o que causa um atraso no seu diagnóstico, com consequente subnotificação de casos. Objetivos Este estudo objetiva determinar a prevalência da infecção pelo HVB e HVC em pacientes recém-diagnosticados com HIV no Ceará/Brasil. Métodos Coorte retrospectivo com pacientes >18 anos, diagnosticados HIV+ de 2008-2010. Foram coletados dados referentes ao primeiro ano de acompanhamento desses pacientes através de revisão de prontuário: fatores de risco para HIV, HBV e HCV e resultados de provas sorológicas para esses vírus. Resultados Foram acompanhados 1291 pacientes HIV+. Testes sorológicos para HBV foram realizados em 52% dos casos: 23% apresentavam hepatite B prévia e 3,7% eram coinfectados. Apenas 25,4% tinham testes sorológicos para HCV: 1,5% tinham hepatite C prévia e 5,4% eram coinfectados. A maioria dos pacientes HBV/HIV referia ter múltiplos parceiros sexuais em um ano. Homossexualismo e bissexualismo estavam presentes em 28% e 20% respectivamente. No grupo HCV/HIV 38,8% referia múltiplos parceiros sexuais em um ano e o uso de drogas endovenosas ocorreu em 22,2% dos casos. Conclusão O estudo reforça a necessidade de um treinamento dos profissionais de saúde e de facilitação do acesso do paciente ...

Human immunodeficiency virus/Leishmania infantum in the first foci of urban American visceral leishmaniasis: clinical presentation from 1994 to 2010

INTRODUCTION: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection with Leishmania infantum or Leishmania donovani, the agents of visceral leishmaniasis (or kala-azar), has become a fatal public health problem in the tropics where kala-azar is endemic. METHODS: The clinical presentation of patients with HIV and L. infantum coinfection is described using two unique databases that together produce the largest case series of patients with kala-azar infected with HIV in South America. First, a retrospective study paired the list of all patients with kala-azar from 1994 to 2004 with another of all patients with HIV/AIDS from the reference hospital for both diseases in the City of Teresina, State of Piauí, Brazil. Beginning in 2005 through to 2010 this information was prospectively collected at the moment of hospitalization. RESULTS: During the study, 256 admissions related to 224 patients with HIV/L. infantum coinfection were registered and most of them were males between 20-40 years of age. Most of the 224 patients were males between 20-40 years of age. HIV contraction was principally sexual. The most common symptoms and signs were pallor, fever, asthenia and hepatosplenomegaly. 16.8% of the cohort died. The primary risk factors associated to death were kidney or respiratory failure, somnolence, hemorrhagic manifestations and a syndrome of systemic inflammation. The diagnosis of HIV and kala-azar was made simultaneously in 124 patients. CONCLUSIONS: The urban association between HIV and kala-azar coinfection in South America is worrisome due to difficulty in establishing the diagnosis and higher mortality among the coinfected then those with either disease independently. HIV/L. infantum coinfection exhibits some singular characteristics and due to its higher mortality it requires immediate assistance to patients and greater research on appropriate combination therapy. .

Tuberculosis in indigenous children in the Brazilian Amazon / Tuberculose em crianças indígenas da Amazônia brasileira / Tuberculosis en niños indígenas en el Amazonas Brasileño

OBJECTIVE: Assess the epidemiological aspects of tuberculosis in Brazilian indigenous children and actions to control it. METHODS: An epidemiological study was performed with 356 children from 0 to 14 years of age in Rondônia State, Amazon, Brazil, during the period 1997-2006. Cases of TB reported to the Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System were divided into indigenous and non-indigenous categories and analyzed according to sex, age group, place of residence, clinical form, diagnostic tests and treatment outcome. A descriptive analysis of cases and hypothesis test (χ²) was carried out to verify if there were differences in the proportions of illness between the groups investigated. RESULTS: A total of 356 TB cases were identified (125 indigenous, 231 non-indigenous) of which 51.4% of the cases were in males. In the indigenous group, 60.8% of the cases presented in children aged 0-4 years old. The incidence mean was much higher among indigenous; in 2001, 1,047.9 cases/100,000 inhabitants were reported in children aged < 5 years. Pulmonary TB was reported in more than 80% of the cases, and in both groups over 70% of the cases were cured. Cultures and histopathological exams were performed on only 10% of the patients. There were 3 cases of TB/HIV co-infection in the non-indigenous group and none in the indigenous group. The case detection rate was classified as insufficient or fair in more than 80% of the indigenous population notifications, revealing that most of the diagnoses were performed based on chest x-ray. CONCLUSIONS: The approach used in this study proved useful in demonstrating inequalities in health between indigenous and non-indigenous populations and was superior to the conventional analyses performed by the surveillance services, drawing attention to the need to improve childhood TB diagnosis among the indigenous population.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os aspectos epidemiológicos da tuberculose em crianças indígenas brasileiras e as ações para seu controle. MÉTODOS: Estudo epidemiológico com 356 crianças de 0 a 14 anos de idade, em Rondônia, Amazônia, Brasil, de 1997 a 2006. Os casos, registrados no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação, foram classificados em indígenas e não indígenas, e analisados segundo sexo, faixa etária, local de residência, forma clínica, exames diagnósticos e resultado do tratamento. Foi realizada análise descritiva dos casos e teste de hipótese (χ²) para verificar se houve diferenças nas proporções de adoecimento entre os grupos investigados. RESULTADOS: Foram identificados 356 casos de tuberculose (125 indígenas e 231 não indígenas), dos quais 51,4% em meninos. Nos indígenas, 60,8% dos casos foram notificados em < 5 anos. A incidência média foi maior entre os indígenas: 1.047,9 casos/100.000 habitantes < 5 anos, no ano de 2001. A forma pulmonar foi registrada em mais de 80,0% dos casos e a cura ultrapassou 70,0% em ambos os grupos. Cultura e exame histopatológico foram utilizados em apenas 10,0% dos pacientes. Houve três casos de coinfecção com HIV em não indígenas e nenhum em indígenas. A detecção dos casos foi classificada como insuficiente e/ou regular em mais de 80,0% das notificações em indígenas, mostrando que a maioria dos diagnósticos foi baseada na radiografia de tórax. CONCLUSÕES: A abordagem empregada mostrou-se útil para ilustrar desigualdades em saúde entre indígenas e não indígenas, demonstrando-se superior às análises convencionais realizadas nos serviços de vigilância. Fica evidente a necessidade de um aprimoramento da investigação diagnóstica entre as crianças indígenas.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar los aspectos epidemiológicos de la tuberculosis en niños indígenas brasileños y las acciones para su control. MÉTODOS: Estudio epidemiológico con [356] niños de 0 a 14 años de edad, en Rondonia, Amazonas, Brasil, de 1997 a 2006. Los casos registrados en el Sistema de Información de Agravios de Notificación, se clasificaron en indígenas y no indígenas, y se analizaron según sexo, grupo etario, lugar de residencia, forma clínica, exámenes diagnósticos y resultado del tratamiento. Se realizó análisis descriptivo de los casos y prueba de hipótesis (χ²) para verificar si hubo diferencias en las proporciones de la enfermedad entre los grupos investigados. RESULTADOS: Se identificaron 356 casos de tuberculosis (125 indígenas y 231 no indígenas), de los cuales, 51,4% en niños varones. En los indígenas, 60,8% de los casos fueron notificados en < 5 años. La incidencia promedio fue mayor entre los indígenas: 1.047,9 casos/100.000 habitantes < 5 años, en el año de 2001. La forma pulmonar fue registrada en más de 80,0% de los casos y la cura ultrapasó 70,0% en ambos grupos. Cultivo y examen histopatológico fueron utilizados en sólo 10,0% de los pacientes. Hubo tres casos de coinfección con VIH en no indígenas e ninguno en indígenas. La detección de los casos fue clasificada como insuficiente y/o regular en más de 80,0% de las notificaciones en indígenas, mostrando que la mayoría de los diagnósticos estuvo basada en la radiografía de tórax. CONCLUSIONES: El abordaje empleado se evidenció útil para ilustrar desigualdades en salud entre indígenas y no indígenas, demostrándose superior a los análisis convencionales realizados en los servicios de vigilancia. Se hace incuestionable la necesidad de perfeccionar la investigación diagnóstica entre los niños indígenas.