Abordagem diagnóstica e de manuseio da pouchite em doença inflamatória intestinal / Diagnostic and management approach to pouchitis in inflammatory bowel disease

ABSTRACT In patients with ulcerative colitis refractory to medical therapy, total proctocolectomy and posterior ileal-anal pouch anastomosis is the standard surgical therapy. One of the possible complications is pouchitis. Depending on the duration of the symptoms, it can be classified as acute, recurrent, or chronic. The latter, according to the response to therapy, can be defined as antibiotic-dependent or refractory. The treatment of pouchitis is based on the use of antibiotics and probiotics. Thiopurine and biological therapy have been suggested in patients with refractory pouchitis. Special care should be taken in the endoscopic surveillance of these patients, especially if they present risk factors such as dysplasia or previous colorectal cancer, primary sclerosing cholangitis or ulcerative colitis for more than 10 years.

RESUMO Em pacientes com colite ulcerativa refratária à terapia médica, a proctocolectomia total e anastomose de bolsa ileal-anal posterior é a terapia cirúrgica padrão. Uma das possíveis complicações é a pouchite. Dependendo da duração dos sintomas, pode ser classificado como aguda, recorrente ou crônica. Esta última, de acordo com a resposta à terapia, pode ser definida como dependente de antibióticos ou refratária a eles. O tratamento da pouchite baseia-se no uso de antibióticos e probióticos. A thiopurina e a terapia biológica têm sido sugeridas em pacientes com pouchite refratária. Um cuidado especial deve ser tomado na vigilância endoscópica desses pacientes, especialmente se apresentarem fatores de risco, como displasia ou câncer colorretal anterior, colangite esclerosante primária ou colite ulcerativa por mais de 10 anos.

Quality of life in patients with ileal pouch for ulcerative colitis / Qualidade de vida em portadores de reservatório ileal por retocolite ulcerativa

INTRODUCTION: proctocolectomy with ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) is the standard surgical procedure for the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) and is associated with the prospect of cure. Experience gained over the years has demonstrated the occurrence of a high number of complications as well as bowel disorders that can compromise quality of life (QoL). OBJECTIVE: evaluate QoL in patients with IPAA for ulcerative colitis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: the Inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire (IBDQ) was used to assess QoL in patients with IPAA after its validation in Portuguese. RESULTS: thirty-one patients submitted to IPAA by the same group of professionals were evaluated. QoL was classified as regular in all domains evaluated (intestinal and systemic symptoms and emotional and social aspects). There were no differences in relation to gender, type of pouch or postoperative time. However, elderly patients showed a tendency toward lower scores. Having a professional activity was associated with higher scores in systemic symptoms and social aspects (p < 0.05). Patients with ileostomy showed lower values in the domains of systemic symptoms, emotional and social aspects (p <0.05). CONCLUSION: in all domains assessed, patients with IPAA for UC had QoL classified as regular. Ileostomy and lack of professional activity negatively influenced QoL. (AU)

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a qualidade de vida em portadores de RI por RCUI. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Foi empregado IBDQ, validado em português na avaliação da QoL em portadores de RI. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 31 pacientes submetidos a RI pelo mesmo grupo. QoL foi classificada como regular em todos os domínios avaliados (sintomas intestinais e sistêmicos e aspectos emocionais e sociais). Não houve diferenças em relação ao sexo, tipo de reservatório ou tempo de pós-operatório. Entretanto, pacientes idosos apresentaram uma tendência a escores mais baixos. Atividade profissional relacionou-se com escores mais altos em sintomas sistêmicos e aspectos sociais (p < 0,05). Portadores de ileostomia apresentaram valores mais baixos nos domínios sintomas sistêmicos, aspectos emocionais e sociais (p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Em todos os domínios avaliados, portadores de RI por RCUI apresentaram QoL classificada como regular. Ileostomia e inatividade profissional influenciaram negativamente a QoL. (AU)

The surgical treatment of patients with ulcerative colitis from an university hospital at Natal, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects the rectum and colon, involving periods of exacerbation and remission. A considerable number of patients requires surgery during the course of this disease. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to analyze the profile and therapeutic approach of patients with UC. METHODS: This is a retrospective study that analyzed medical records of patients diagnosed with UC between 1999 and 2010. We selected 45 patients and analyzed the following variables: age, gender, ethnic group, interval between onset of symptoms and diagnosis, extraintestinal manifestations, extent of colonic involvement, disease complications, pharmacological treatment, indication for surgery, time between diagnosis and indication, surgical procedures, early and late complications and pathological results of surgical specimens. Data were analyzed descriptively and compared with other studies. RESULTS: The clinical profile of the patients was consistent with the literature. Nine patients underwent surgical treatment: seven were submitted to proctocolectomy with anastomosis in the ileo-anal pouch and two were submitted to total colectomy; in addition, eight were submitted to ileostomy. Postoperative complications occurred in 55.5% of patients. CONCLUSIONS: The study confirms data from the literature regarding the profile and therapeutic approach of patients with ulcerative colitis. (AU)

INTRODUÇÃO: A retocolite ulcerativa (RCU) é uma doença inflamatória crônica que acomete reto e cólon, cursando com períodos de exacerbação e remissão. Uma parcela considerável de pacientes necessita de procedimento cirúrgico ao longo do curso dessa enfermidade. OBJETIVO: Este estudo objetiva analisar perfil e abordagem terapêutica de portadores de RCU. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo retrospectivo realizado por meio da análise de prontuários de pacientes acompanhados com diagnóstico de RCU no período de 1999 a 2010. Foram selecionados 45 pessoas, sendo analisadas as variáveis: idade, sexo, raça, intervalo entre início dos sintomas e diagnóstico, sintomatologia, manifestações extraintestinais, extensão do acometimento colônico, complicações da doença, tratamento medicamentoso, indicação de cirurgia, tempo entre esta e o diagnóstico, procedimentos cirúrgicos, complicações precoces e tardias e resultado anatomopatológico das peças cirúrgicas. Os dados foram analisados de forma descritiva e comparados com outros estudos. RESULTADOS: O perfil clínico dos pacientes foi condizente com a literatura. Nove foram submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico, sendo realizadas sete proctocolectomias com anastomose em bolsa íleo-anal e duas colectomias totais, além de oito ileostomias. As complicações pós-operatórias ocorreram em 55,5% dos pacientes. CONCLUSÕES: O estudo corrobora com os dados da literatura referentes ao perfil e abordagem terapêutica dos pacientes com diagnóstico de RCU. (AU)

Histopathological evaluation and risk factors related to the development of pouchitis in patients with ileal pouches for ulcerative colitis

OBJECTIVE: Many changes in mucosal morphology are observed following ileal pouch construction, including colonic metaplasia and dysplasia. Additionally, one rare but potential complication is the development of adenocarcinoma of the reservoir. The aim of this study was to evaluate the most frequently observed histopathological changes in ileal pouches and to correlate these changes with potential risk factors for complications. METHODS: A total of 41 patients were enrolled in the study and divided into the following three groups: a non-pouchitis group (group 1) (n = 20; 8 males; mean age: 47.5 years) demonstrating optimal outcome; a pouchitis without antibiotics group (group 2) (n = 14; 4 males; mean age: 47 years), containing individuals with pouchitis who did not receive treatment with antibiotics; and a pouchitis plus antibiotics group (group 3) (n = 7; 3 males; mean age: 41 years), containing those patients with pouchitis who were administered antibiotics. Ileal pouch endoscopy was performed, and tissue biopsy samples were collected for histopathological analysis. RESULTS: Colonic metaplasia was found in 15 (36.6%) of the 41 patients evaluated; of these, five (25%) were from group 1, eight (57.1%) were from group 2, and two (28.6%) were from group 3. However, no correlation was established between the presence of metaplasia and pouchitis (p = 0.17). and no differences in mucosal atrophy or the degree of chronic or acute inflammation were observed between groups 1, 2, and 3 (p>0.45). Moreover, no dysplasia or neoplastic changes were detected. However, the degree of mucosal atrophy correlated well with the time of postoperative follow-up (p = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The degree of mucosal atrophy, the presence of colonic metaplasia, and the degree of acute or chronic inflammation do not appear to constitute risk factors for the development of pouchitis. Moreover, we observed that longer postoperative follow-up times were associated with greater degrees of mucosal atrophy.

Poliposis inflamatoria gigante difusa / Diffuse giant inflammatory polyposis: report of one case

We report a 41 years old male, presenting with hematochezia, diarrhea and weight loss. A colonoscopy showed a great number of polyps of varying sizes, specially distributed in the left and transverse colon. The patient was subjected to a total colectomy. The pathological examination of the surgical piece revealed an intense inflammatory reaction with areas of erosion and ulcers, crypt abscesses and numerous pseudo polyps. The pathological diagnosis was an active pancolitis with giant pseudo polyposis.

Presentamos un caso de poliposis inflamatoria gigante (PIG) difusa operado por la sospecha de un cáncer en el colon transverso. Esta entidad es una rara manifestación de una enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal y se asocia en dos tercios de los casos con la enfermedad de Crohn. Las manifestaciones clínicas son semejantes a la de cualquier enfermedad inflamatoria y puede presentarse con síntomas derivados de las masas polipoideas colónicas. El tratamiento recomendado es la resección colónica con el estudio histopatológico completo que permita descartar una neoplasia del colon.

Anastomosis ileorrectal en el tratamiento quirúrgico de la colitis ulcerosa: resultados a largo plazo / Ileorectal anastomosis in the surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis: long-term results

Background: Total colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis (IRA) is an alternative to the ileoanal pouch for the surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis in a selected group of patients. This technique leaves rectal mucosa Hable to develop persistent proctitis, dysplasia and cancer Aim: To describe short and long-term results of IRA and to assess the presence of dysplasia. Material and methods: Descriptive study of patients treated with IRA. The data were obtained from the clinical records, and the present status was evaluated with an interview. A proctoscopy and biopsy was offered free of cost to the contacted patients. Results: Between 1978 and 2005, 26 patients were operated. One patient presented an anastomotic leakage that was treated with a loop ileostomy There was no operative mortality. Twenty-three patients were followed for a períod of 1 to 23 years. Three patients evolved as Crohn 's disease and two of them needed a proctectomy. Three patients died of non-related diseases. In the remaining 17, the average evacuation rate was 3.7/24 h and all were continent. None developed a rectal cancer Only two patients had their planned annual endoscopic surveillance. In 2 of the 11 patients who accepted endoscopy and biopsy, a low-grade dysplasia was found. Conclusions: IRA has low morbidity and acceptable functional results in this selected group of patients. No patient present high-grade dysplasia or cancer; however, the adherence to the endoscopic follow-up ispoor.

Resultados da cirurgia de reservatórios ileais em pacientes com doença de Crohn / Long-term outcomes of ileal pouch after secondary diagnosis of Crohn's disease

RACIONAL: Retocolectomia total e reservatório ileal com anastomose ileoanal constitui o procedimento de escolha para doentes com retocolite ulcerativa inespecífica que requerem cirurgia. Entretanto, alguns doentes por ela acometidos podem desenvolver características compatíveis com doença de Crohn, com conseqüente falência do reservatório. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a evolução tardia dos doentes com reservatórios ileais cujo diagnóstico definitivo foi doença de Crohn. MÉTODOS: Entre fevereiro de 1983 a março de 2007, 151 doentes do Grupo de Coloproctologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas, SP, foram submetidos a retocolectomia total e reservatório ileal, sendo 76 por retocolite ulcerativa inespecífica. Destes, 11 (14,5 por cento) evoluíram como doença de Crohn, com diagnóstico histopatológico confirmado em 9: 1 no espécime da retocolectomia, 2 na proctectomia, 2 em segmentos de intestino delgado, 3 em reservatórios ileais, sendo 2 em biopsias e 1 no reservatório ressecado, e 1 em material de abscesso perianal. Oito doentes (72,7 por cento) eram mulheres e a média de idade foi de 30,6 (18-65) anos. RESULTADOS: Todos tinham diagnóstico pré-operatório de retocolite ulcerativa inespecífica e cinco foram operados inicialmente por megacólon tóxico. O tempo médio entre a confecção do reservatório ileal e a manifestação da doença de Crohn foi de 30,6 meses. Ileostomia de proteção não foi fechada apenas em um doente que apresentou fístula do reservatório no enema opaco e, posteriormente, abscesso perianal extenso e recidiva da doença de Crohn na alça aferente do reservatório. No seguimento tardio, três doentes evoluíram com fístulas perianais e perineais complexas, sendo associada à fístula reservatório-vaginal em uma delas. Todos necessitaram de nova derivação e o reservatório foi excisado em um deles devido à persistência da sepse pélvica. Uma outra apresentou fístula do reservatório para o intróito vaginal, corrigida com ...

BACKGROUND: Total rectocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis is the choice surgical procedure for patients with ulcerative colitis. In cases of Crohn's disease post-operative diagnosis, it can be followed by pouch failure. AIM: To evaluate ileal pouch-anal anastomosis long-term outcome in patients with Crohn's disease. METHODS: Between February 1983 and March 2007, 151 patients were submitted to ileal pouch-anal anastomosis by Campinas State University Colorectal Unit, Campinas, SP, Brazil, 76 had pre-operative ulcerative colitis diagnosis and 11 had post-operative Crohn's disease diagnosis. Crohn's disease diagnosis was made by histopathological biopsies in nine cases, being one in surgical specimen, two cases in rectal stump, small bowel in two cases, ileal pouch in three and in perianal abscess in one of them. The median age was 30.6 years and eight (72.7 percent) were female. RESULTS: All patients had previous ulcerative colitis diagnosis and in five cases emergency colectomy was done by toxic megacolon. The mean time until of Crohn's disease diagnosis was 30.6 (6-80) months after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Ileostomy closure was possible in 10 cases except in one that had ileal pouch fistula, perianal disease and small bowel involvement. In the long-term follow-up, three patients had perineal fistulas and one had also a pouch-vaginal fistula. All of them were submitted to a new ileostomy and one had the pouch excised. Another patient presented pouch-vaginal fistula which was successfully treated by mucosal flap. Three patients had small bowel involvement and three others, pouch involvement. All improved with medical treatment. Presently, the mean follow-up is 76.5 months and all patients are in clinical remission, and four have fecal diversion. The remaining patients have good functional results with 6-10 bowel movements/day. CONCLUSION: Crohn's disease diagnosis after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis may ...

Doble engrapado en cirugía colorrectal / Double stapler technique in colorectal surgery

BACKGROUND: Colorectal surgery has evolved significantly during the last 35 years. The circular stapler and the double stapler techniques have favored the development of very low rectal anastomoses with reduction in anastomotic leakage. The objective of this study is to evaluate the functional results and complication rate of this surgical technique in the Department of Colorectal Surgery at the Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI and at the Hospital Angeles del Pedregal, both located in Mexico City. METHODS: Clinical records of patients who underwent surgery from May 1995 to December 2005 using the double stapler technique and performed by the authors were reviewed. RESULTS: The study included 142 patients, 55 of whom had rectosigmoid cancer resections. Average age was 60.1 years (male predominance 52.05%). The circular stapler most frequently used was CDH 33 (Johnson & Johnson). Average distance between the anal margin and the anastomoses for extended low anastomoses was 3.21 cm (low 7.8 cm and high 13.7 cm), and the rate of anastomoses leak was 3.52%. CONCLUSIONS: Double stapler technique used to treat rectosigmoid pathology is safe, secure and assures intestinal continuity in low anterior as well as extended low anterior resections with primary anastomoses. In those patients with associated risk factors and low extended low anterior resection with primary anastomoses, we recommend performing a protective stoma (ileostomy).

Cirugía de la colitis ulcerosa en pediatría / Surgery of ulcerative colitis in children

El fracaso del tratamiento médico en colitis ulcerosa crónica o la existencia de enfermedad prolongada conducen a la cirugía. Actualmente la técnica de elección es la colectomía total con pouch ileal. Con el objetivo de evaluar sus resultados se revisó la evolución de un grupo de 74 pacientes pediátricos con CU moderada a severa. De ellos, quince requirieron tratamiento quirúrgico. Las indicciones fueron: corticodependencia: (n 8). corticorresistencia: (n 4), megacolon tóxico: (n 3). En trece pacientes se realizó colectomía con pouch ileoanal en J. En 4 de los niños la cirugía se efectuó en dos tiempos y en los 8 restantes se completó en tres tiempos. En una paciente sin compromiso rectal se realizó anatomosis ileorrectal y en un niño se efectuó anastomsis ileoanal sin reservorio. Hasta la actualidad en ocho se recontruyó el tránsito intestinal en un promedio de 9 meses (5 a 12 m) con un media de seguimiento de 3.25 años. Las complicaciones inmediatas fueron: absceso de pouch (n 3), necrosis del pouch (n 1) , hemorragia (n 2), peritonitis (n 1), ileitis (n 1). Las complicaciones alejadas incluyeron: puchitis en 2 pacientes, fístula enterocutánea en 1, oclusión intestinal en 2. Después de la reconstrucción del tránsito los pacientes presentaron deposiciones frecuentes reduciéndose en todos los casos a 3 o 4 por día luego de 3 meses. Ninguno de los niños presentó incontinencia. Se concluye que si bien tiene una elevada morbilidad. la economía total con pouch mejora la calidad de vida de los pacientes, tiene buenos resultados funcionales y evita el riesgo del tratamiento con corticoides y/o inmunosupresores.

Proctocolectomía total con anastamosis ileo-anal de reservorio en "J"- Experiencia en el Instituto Nacional de la Nutrición Salvador Zubirán / Total proctocolectomy with ileal pouch anal anastomosis. Experience at the Instituto Nacional de la Nutricion Zubiran in Mexico

Antecedentes. La proctocolectomía total y anastomosis ileo-anal (PCTAIA) es el procedimiento de elección para los pacientes con colitis ulcerativa crónica inespecífica y poliposis adenomatosa familiar que requieren cirugía. La frecuencia de presentación de estas enfermedades es baja en México, por lo que la experiencia con este procedimiento es escasa. Objetivo. Analizar la morbi-mortalidad operatoria y resultados funcionales a largo plazo en una serie de pacientes sometidos a esta operación en un hospital de referencia en México. Material y métodos. Se analizan retrospectivamente 44 pacientes consecutivos operados de PCTAIA entre 1987 y 1997. La operación incluyó resección mucosa de la zona de transición, anastomosis manual del reservorio ileal en "J" e ileostomía temporal en todos los pacientes. Se determinaron las causas y cifras de morbilidad y mortalidad posoperatorias, así como los resultados funcionales y complicaciones a largo plazo. Resultados. La edad promedio fue de 33 ñ 15 años. Hubo 23 mujeres (52 por ciento) y 21 hombres (48 por ciento). Los principales diagnósticos fueron colitis ulcerativa crónica inespecífica en 59 por ciento y poliposis adenomatosa familiar en 36 por ciento. La morbilidad global fue del 39 por ciento y la mortalidad del 2 por ciento. Con un seguimiento promedio de 24 meses, el promedio de evacuaciones diurnas que presentaron los pacientes fue de 4, 10 por ciento presentaron escurrimiento diurno, 30 por ciento escurrimiento nocturno, y ninguno presentó incontinencia. Tres pacientes han presentado inflamación del reservorio, con respuesta adecuada a antibióticos. Dos pacientes han presentado fístulas del reservorio ileal a largo plazo, pero ninguno requirió de su resección. Conclusiones. PCTAIA es una operación factible en nuestro medio que se acompaña de cifras aceptable de morbi-mortalidad y resultados funcionales satisfactorios

Alternativas quirúrgicas para el tratamiento de la colitis ulcerativa crónica inespecífica / Surgical alternatives for chronic ulcerative colitis

Antecedentes: Se han desarrollado nuevas técnicas para el manejo quirúrgico de la colitis ulcerativa crónica inespecífica. Objetivo: En este artículo de revisión se analizan las alternativas quirúrgicas actuales para definir su papel en el manejo general de los pacientes con CUCI. Resultados: La proctocolectomía total no restaurativa con ileostomía permanente continúa la operación estándar de oro para la CUCI. La proctocolectomía total restaurativa, con o sin excisión de la zona de transición anal, se está convirtiendo en la operación más ampliamente utilizada. Evita una ileostomía permanente, y permite buenos resultados funcionales en la mayoría de los pacientes. La proctocolectomía subtotal con una bolsa de Hartmann es un procedimiento adecuado en los pacientes operados de urgencia, para permitir la realización de un reservorio ileoanal en una operación subsecuente. La colectomía con anastomosis ileorrectal, y la creación de una ileostomía continente son procedimientos que deben limitarse a candidatos selectos. Conclusiones: Actualmente, la proctocolectomía total con reservorio es la operación de elección en la mayoría de los pacientes, pero el estado general preoperatorio es importante para definir la mejor alternativa quirúrgica en cada individuo

Colitis ulcerativa: tratamiento médico / Ulcerative colitis: medical treatment

La colitis ulcerativa es una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica de etilogía desconocida, que afecta la mucosa del recto y una variable longitud del colon. No hay curación médica para esta enfermedad, sin embargo la terapia médica ofrece confort a la mayoría de pacientes y mejora sus vidas. La terapia médica incluyendo nuevas drogas se revisan en el presente artículo