Enfermedades cardio-metabólicas en el embarazo: revisión sobre diagnóstico, tratamiento y proyección del riesgo cardiovascular a largo plazo / Cardio-metabolic diseases in pregnancy: a review on diagnosis, treatment and projection of long-term cardiovascular risk

Las enfermedades cardiovasculares representan la mayor causa de morbimortalidad a nivel mundial. Si bien presenta un descenso en la población general, en las mujeres tiende a mantenerse estable la prevalencia de enfermedad coronaria. Varios factores propios de la mujer predisponen a que esto ocurra, incluyendo el embarazo, mediado tanto por los cambios hematológicos y cardiovasculares característicos de la gestación; como por patologías asociadas, principalmente trastornos hipertensivos del embarazo y diabetes gestacional. Su presencia se ha asociado fuertemente a la aparición a futuro de otras patologías de alto riesgo cardiovascular como hipertensión crónica, dislipidemia y diabetes mellitus. Dado el impacto que esto representa, se hace imperante la identificación de grupos de alto riesgo y la implementación de medidas preventivas, así como de diagnóstico precoz y tratamientos adecuados con el fin de disminuir complicaciones materno-fetales en las etapas perinatal y posparto.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although there is a decrease in general population, the prevalence of coronary heart disease remains stable in women. Several factors typical of womenkind predispose to cardiovascular disease, including pregnancy, mediated by hematological and cardiovascular changes characteristic of it; and by associated pathologies, mainly hypertensive disorders and diabetes. The presence of these diseases has been strongly associated with future presence of other conditions of high cardiovascular risk such as chronic hypertension, dyslipidemia and diabetes mellitus. Given this impact, the identification of high-risk groups and the implementation of preventive measures, as well as early diagnosis and adequate treatment in order to reduce both maternal and fetal complications in perinatal and postpartum stages becomes imperative.

Tromboembolismo venoso no ciclo gravídico puerperal / Venous thromboembolism in pregnant-puerperal cycle

Tromboembolismo pulmonar e trombose venosa profunda são os doiscomponentes da síndrome de tromboembolismo venoso, atualmente considerada uma das principais causasde morbimortalidade materna no mundo ocidental. Durante a gestação, classicamente conhecida como umestado de hipercoagulação, a frequência de fenômenos tromboembólicos é ainda maior. A presença de fatoresde risco para o tromboembolismo adicionada à gravidez requer atenção especial, visto que diagnóstico tardio,tratamento inadequado ou tardio e profilaxia imprópria podem levar à morte materna. Esta revisão tem comoobjetivo esclarecer os fatores de risco relacionados a fenômenos tromboembólicos na gestação, os métodos dediagnóstico disponíveis, medidas de profilaxia e tratamentos atualmente recomendados.

Pulmonary thromboembolism and deep vein thrombosis are the twocomponents of Venous Thromboembolism Syndrome, considered nowadays as one of the leading causes ofmaternal morbimortality in the occidental world. During the gestational period, which is classically known as ahipercoagulable state, the frequency of thromboembolic events is even bigger. The presence of risk factors forthromboembolism added to pregnancy demands special attention, since late diagnosis, inadequate or delayedtreatment and improper prophylaxis may lead to maternal death. The purpose of this review is to present the riskfactors related to thromboembolic events in the gestational period, to discuss available diagnostic and prophylaxismethods and treatments currently recommended.

Estudo dos principais fatores de risco maternos nas síndromes hipertensivas da gestação / Study on the major maternal risk factors in hypertensive syndromes

FUNDAMENTO: Os fatores de risco para as síndromes hipertensivas gestacionais (SHG) são vários e podem relacionar-se à região e etnia da população. No Estado de Goiás, são escassos os estudos sobre esse tema. OBJETIVO: Investigar os fatores de risco maternos para SHG. MÉTODOS: Utilizou-se um estudo caso-controle por meio da análise dos prontuários das parturientes da Maternidade do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Goiás (HC-UFG), em 2005. Os fatores de risco foram analisados pela análise de regressão logística e pelo teste exato de Fisher. RESULTADOS: Em 2005, houve 890 partos na Maternidade do HC-UFG, e 129 gestantes apresentaram diagnóstico de SHG (14,5 por cento). A análise multivariada identificou a obesidade como fator de risco tanto para hipertensão gestacional (HG) (OR: 17,636; IC 95 por cento: de 2,859 a 108,774) como para hipertensão arterial crônica superajuntada à pré-eclâmpsia (HCSPE) (OR: 27,307; IC 95 por cento: de 4,453 a 167,440). Primiparidade constituiu fator de risco para HG (OR: 5,435; IC 95 por cento: de 1,923 a 15,385). Idade acima de 30 anos foi fator de risco para HCSPE (OR: 5,218; IC 95 por cento: de 1,873 a 14,536) e fator de proteção para pré-eclâmpsia (PE) (OR: 0,035; IC 95 por cento: de 0,003 a 0,364). Raça não-branca representou risco independente para PE (OR: 13,158; IC 95 por cento: de 1,672 a 100,000) e PE prévia para HCSPE (OR: 4,757; IC 95 por cento: de 1,261 a 17,938). Das gestantes com hipertensão arterial crônica (HAC), 73,5 por cento desenvolveram HCSPE (p < 0,001). CONCLUSÃO: Os fatores obesidade, raça não-branca, PE prévia, idade acima de 30 anos e HAC identificados foram semelhantes à maioria dos achados da literatura.

BACKGROUND: There are several risk factors for hypertensive syndromes in pregnancy (HSP), and these can be related to regional and ethnic factors. Studies on this issue are scarce in the State of Goiás. OBJECTIVE: To investigate maternal risk factors for HSP. METHODS: Case-control study based on the analysis of medical records of parturients from the Maternity Service of Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Goiás (HC-UFG) in 2005. Risk factors were analyzed using Logistic Regression Analysis and Fisher's Exact Test. RESULTS: In 2005, there were 890 deliveries in the Maternity Service of HC-UFG, and 129 pregnant women were diagnosed with HSP (14.5 percent). The multivariate analysis identified obesity as a risk factor both for gestational hypertension - GH (OR: 17.636; 95 percent CI: 2.859 to 108.774) and for preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension - PESCH (OR: 27.307; 95 percent CI: 4.453 to 167.440). Primiparity was a risk factor for GH (OR: 5.435; 95 percent CI: 1.923 to 15.385). Age above 30 years was a risk factor for PESCH (OR: 5.218; 95 percent CI: 1.873 to 14.536) and a protective factor against preeclampsia - PE (OR: 0.035; 95 percent CI: 0.003 to 0.364). Non-white race was an independent risk for PE (OR: 13.158; 95 percent CI: 1.672 to 100.000) and previous PE for PESCH (OR: 4.757; 95 percent CI: 1.261 to 17.938). Of the pregnant women with chronic hypertension (CH), 73.5 percent developed PESCH (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The factors identified - obesity, non-white race, previous PE, age above 30 years and CH, were similar to those found in the majority of studies in the literature.

Correlates of C-reactive protein levels in young adults: a population-based cohort study of 3827 subjects in Brazil

The socio-demographic, behavioral and anthropometric correlates of C-reactive protein levels were examined in a representative young adult Brazilian population. The 1982 Pelotas Birth Cohort Study (Brazil) recruited over 99 percent of births in the city of Pelotas that year (N = 5914). Individuals belonging to the cohort have been prospectively followed up. In 2004-2005, 77.4 percent of the cohort was traced, members were interviewed and 3827 individuals donated blood. Analyses of the outcome were based on a conceptual model that differentiated confounders from potential mediators. The following independent variables were studied in relation to levels of C-reactive protein in sex-stratified analyses: skin color, age, family income, education, parity, body mass index, waist circumference, smoking, fat/fiber/alcohol intake, physical activity, and minor psychiatric disorder. Geometric mean (95 percent confidence interval) C-reactive protein levels for the 1919 males and 1908 females were 0.89 (0.84-0.94) and 1.96 mg/L (1.85-2.09), respectively. Pregnant women and those using oral contraceptive therapies presented the highest C-reactive protein levels and all sub-groups of women had higher levels than men (P < 0.001). Significant associations between C-reactive protein levels were observed with age, socioeconomic indicators, obesity status, smoking, fat and alcohol intake, and minor psychiatric disorder. Associations were stronger at higher levels of C-reactive protein and some associations were sex-specific. We conclude that both distal (socio-demographic) and proximal (anthropometric and behavioral) factors exert strong effects on C-reactive protein levels and that the former are mediated to some degree by the latter.

Estudo dos fatores relacionados à determinação da via de parto em gestantes portadoras de cardiopatias / Obstetrical and clinical factors related to the mode of delivery in pregnant women with heart disease

Foram estudados 571 partos de mulheres cardiopatas (T) e seus subgrupos: arritmias (A), congênitas (CC) e adquiridas (CA), para avaliar o tipo de parto, os fatores clínicos e obstétricos relacionados à determinação da via de parto e suas complicações. Foi verificado que as taxas de cesárea foram elevadas (T=57,2 por cento, A=45,6 por cento, CC=64,2 por cento, CA=55,7 por cento), e estiveram relacionadas à presença de: cesárea anterior (T), intercorrências obstétricas (T, CC e CA), idade gestacional no parto menor que 37 semanas (T, CA), insuficiência cardíaca (T, CC), medicamentos cardiovasculares (T, A) e cardiopatia congênita (T). Complicações obstétricas foram mais freqüentes em partos vaginais e as clínicas em cesáreas / The mode of delivery was studied in 571 pregnancies in cardiac women (T) in order to establish the clinical and obstetrical factors related to the kind of delivery and their complications. The results showed that cesarean rates were high (total=57,2 per cent, arrhythmias A=45,6 per cent, congenital diseases CD=64,2 per cent, and acquired diseases AD=55,7% per cent and were related to: previous cesarean sections (T), obstetrical events (T, CD, AD), prematurity (T, AD), heart failure (T, AD), cardiovascular drugs (T, A) and congenital heart disease (T). Obstetrical complications were more frequent in vaginal birth and clinical complications in cesarean section...