Relación del reflujo gastroesofágico y manifestaciones respiratorias, desde el punto de vista de la gastroenterología pediátrica / Relationship between gastroesophageal reflux and respiratory manifestations, from the pediatric gastroenterologist point of view

Gastroesophageal reflux is a frequent condition in the daily life of infants and older children. When reflux causes symptoms, it is called gastroesophageal reflux disease. Different extraesophageal symptoms have been frequently attributed to gastroesophageal reflux, however, new diagnostic techniques available, such as pHmetry with impedance measurement, have allowed us to evaluate and eventually dismiss such relationships. In this article we review the relationship between gastroesophageal reflux and laryngeal pathology, chronic cough, asthma and aspiration. In general terms, the empirical treatment of a presumed reflux is not recommended in asymptomatic patients, in whom its presence is not demonstrated by techniques such as pHmetry with impedance, given that therapeutic response is low and similar to placebo, with potential adverse effects.

El reflujo gastroesofágico es una condición frecuente en la vida diaria de lactantes y niños mayores. Cuando produce síntomas, se denomina enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico. Se ha atribuido frecuentemente diferentes síntomas extraesofágicos al reflujo, sin embargo, nuevas técnicas diagnósticas disponibles, como la pHmetría con medición de impedanciometría, han permitido evaluar y eventualmente descartar tales asociaciones. En este artículo se revisa la relación entre el reflujo gastroesofágico y patología laríngea, tos crónica, asma y aspiración. En términos generales, no se recomienda el tratamiento empírico de un supuesto reflujo en pacientes asintomáticos, en quienes tampoco esté demostrada su presencia por técnicas como la pHmetría con impedanciometría, dado que la respuesta terapéutica es baja y similar a placebo, con potenciales efectos adversos.

Comparative study of oral and salivary parameters in patients with and without loss of bone mass

Abstract Osteoporosis is an insidious and increasingly prevalent disease that can cause fractures and affect patients' quality of life. The current study comparatively evaluates patients with and without loss of bone mass in terms of salivary calcium, viscosity, and pH. A controlled cross-sectional study was conducted in two groups of 32 postmenopausal women subjected to a bone densitometry scan and later referred for dental management at the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The patients were assigned to two groups: Group 1 - patients with low bone mineral density (BMD) and Group 2 - patients without bone mineral changes. The following salivary parameters were evaluated: calcium concentration, flow rate, viscosity, pH, and average total protein. An oral examination was performed for assessment of DMFT variables and tongue coating. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, adopting a p-value < 0.05. The patients' mean age was 60 years (± 7.35). Salivary flow, pH, and viscosity were similar among the groups. Average total protein was 14.8 mg/mL and 19.0 mg/mL in Groups 1 and 2, respectively. Tongue coating and salivary calcium levels were significantly higher in Group 1 (p < 0.001). Salivary calcium is an important screening tool and may eventually be used for the diagnosis of bone mineral changes.

Impact of inhalation therapy on the incidence of carious lesions in patients with asthma and COPD

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of carious lesions, the amount of salivary flow rate and pH value in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD), using inhalation therapy. The obtained results were compared with the results of adult healthy subjects, forming a control group. Material and Methods: The study included 80 participants aging between 18 and 65 years. The experimental group (EG) was comprised of 40 participants, previously diagnosed with asthma or COPD undergoing inhalation therapy for more than five years. The control group (CG), comprised of 40 participants, mirrored the same age and gender status of the EG. Dental status was determined by decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT index). Quantity and pH value of saliva were determined in the laboratory. Results: In the EG, the mean value of the salivary flow rate and pH value were statistically significantly lower than in the CG (p<0.001). Patients in the EG had a higher value of DMFT index when compared with the CG, although the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.199). Mean number of decayed teeth, as well as missing teeth, in the EG was statistically significantly higher than in the CG (p<0.001). Mean number of filled teeth in the EG was statistically significantly lower than in the CG (p<0.001). Conclusion: It was found that patients undergoing inhalation therapy face increasing risk of dental caries due to the lower salivary flow rate and pH value along with the inhalation therapy. They should receive intensive preventive care, including oral hygiene instruction and dietary advice.

Efeito sobre a morfologia do esmalte dental e análise físico-química de medicamentos utilizados por pacientes pediátricos com paralisia cerebral / Effect on dental enamel morphology and physical-chemical analysis of medicines used by pediatric patients with cerebral palsy

Introdução: Muitos medicamentos pediátricos líquidos são considerados fatores de risco para a estrutura dentária. Esse potencial pode aumentar quando ingeridos de forma crônica, como é o caso do tratamento de algumas condições, tal como a paralisia cerebral. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito sobre a morfologia do esmalte dental e as propriedades físico-químicas de medicamentos de uso contínuo indicados a pacientes infantis com Paralisia Cerebral. Material e método: A amostra foi constituída por quatro medicamentos: Fenobarbital (M1), Carbamazepina (M2), Oxcarbazepina (M3) e Domperidona (M4), todos em suspensão oral. Analisaram-se o pH, o teor de Sólidos Solúveis Totais (SST) e a viscosidade dos medicamentos. Todos os testes foram realizados em duplicata. Para análise em microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), 15 blocos de esmalte bovino foram distribuídos aleatoriamente e imersos em oxcarbamazepina (n=5), carbamazepina (n=5) e saliva artificial (n=5). Os ciclos de imersão foram feitos por seis dias, durante cinco minutos, duas vezes ao dia, com intervalos de 12 horas, quando ficavam mantidos em saliva artificial. O grupo controle permaneceu em saliva artificial. Os dados foram analisados descritivamente. Resultado: Em relação ao pH endógeno, os valores variaram de 2,82 (M3) a 9,60(M1). Para o SST, as médias de maior e menor valor foram, respectivamente, de 20,5% (M3) e 46% (M1). A viscosidade variou de 6,89 mm2/s (M1) a 58 mm2/s (M3). Em MEV, observaram-se alterações sugestivas de perda de estrutura no esmalte dental em oxcarbamazepina e carbamazepina, proveniente da ação dos medicamentos analisados. Conclusão: Concluiu-se que os medicamentos líquidos pediátricos analisados, indicados a pacientes com paralisia cerebral, apresentam potencial cariogênico e erosivo, destacando-se a Oxcarbazepina.

Introduction: Many liquid pediatric medicines are considered risk factors for tooth structure. This potential may increase when taken chronically as is the case of some conditions such as cerebral palsy. Objective: To evaluate the effect on the morphology of dental enamel and the physicochemical properties of continuous use of drugs given to pediatric patients with cerebral palsy. Material and method: The sample consisted of three drugs for epilepsy: Phenobarbital (D1), Carbamazepine (D2), Oxcarbazepine (D3); and one drug for gastroesophageal reflux: Domperidone (D4). All in oral suspension. The pH, content of total soluble solids (TSS), and viscosity of the drugs were analyzed. The tests were made two measurements. For SEM analysis, 15 bovine enamel blocks were randomly distributed and immersed in oxcarbazepine (n=5); carbamazepine (n=5); and artificial saliva (n=5). The immersion cycles were made for 6 days, during 5 minutes, 2 times a day with intervals of 12 hours, when they were kept in artificial saliva. The control group remained in artificial saliva. Data were descriptively analyzed. Result: Regarding endogenous pH, values ranged from 2.82 (D3) to 9.60 (D1). For TSS, the highest and lowest mean values were, respectively, 20.5% (D3) and 46% (D1). Viscosity ranged from 6.89 mm2/s (D1) to 58 mm2/s (D3). In SEM, observed alterations suggestive of loss of structure in the enamel in oxcarbazepine and carbamazepine from the action of the drugs analyzed. Conclusion: It was concluded that the pediatric liquid drugs analyzed, indicated to patients with cerebral palsy, have the potential cariogenic and erosive, especially the Oxcarbazepine.

Caracterização da saúde bucal de indivíduos renais crônicos aptos a transplante / Characterization of the oral health of transplant-ready chronic kidney disease patients

Introdução: A doença renal crônica leva a alterações salivares que interferem na saúde bucal. A imunossupressão no pós-transplante pode facilitar que situações restritas à boca se tornem sistêmicas. Objetivo: Caracterizar a saúde bucal de pacientes renais crônicos aptos a transplante, avaliando fluxo e pH salivar, capacidade tamponante salivar (CTS), lesões estomatológicas, sangramento gengival, cálculo e índice de dentes cariados, perdidos e obturados (CPOD). Material e método: Estudo transversal, observacional e analítico. Foi coletada saliva não estimulada de 83 voluntários, com hipofluxo salivar caracterizado como < 0,3 mL/min. O pH salivar foi mensurado por fita e considerado alcalino quando > 7. A CTS foi avaliada pela Técnica de Ericsson. Um único examinador calibrado procedeu às avaliações clínicas. Foram utilizados Teste Exato de Fisher, ANOVA e Regressão Linear, com nível de significância de 0,05 e Intervalo de Confiança de 95%. Resultado: Hipofluxo salivar esteve presente em 61% da amostra e foi influenciado pelo ganho hídrico interdialítico (p=0,01). A presença de pH salivar alcalino foi influenciada pela ureia sérica (p<0,01) e pela hiperfosfatemia (p=0,01). A CTS foi ótima em 92% e sofreu influência do pH salivar (p=0,02). Três indivíduos apresentaram lesões estomatológicas infecciosas. Sangramento gengival esteve presente em 55%, cálculo em 94% e cárie em 88%. O índice CPOD da amostra foi 17,9 ± 7,48. Conclusão: A saúde bucal dos voluntários foi considerada precária e esse agravo pode se tornar mais maléfico se esses indivíduos forem transplantados. Salienta-se a importância da inserção do Dentista na equipe que assiste o renal crônico.

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) promotes salivary alterations that impact oral health. Post-transplantation immunosuppression could lead to localized mouth conditions becoming systemic. Objective: To characterize the oral health of transplant-ready CKD patients by evaluating salivary flow and pH, salivary buffering capacity (SBC), oral lesions, gingival bleeding, calculus, and index of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT). Material and method: In the present cross-sectional, observational, and analytic study, spontaneous saliva was collected from 83 volunteers, with hyposalivation defined as < 0.3 mL/min. Salivary pH was measured using a test strip and considered alkaline when >7. Ericsson's technique was used to assess SBC. A single trained examiner conducted the clinical assessments. Fisher's exact test, ANOVA, and linear regression were used in the statistical analysis, with a level of significance of 0.05 and 95% confidence interval. Result: Hyposalivation occurred in 61% of the sample and was influenced by interdialytic fluid gains (p = 0.01). The presence of alkaline salivary pH was influenced by serum urea (p < 0.01) and hyperphosphatemia (p = 0.01). Salivary buffering capacity was optimal in 92% of patients and was influenced by salivary pH (p = 0.02). Three individuals exhibited infectious oral lesions. Gingival bleeding occurred in 55%, calculus in 94%, and caries in 88% of patients. The DMFT index of the sample was 17.9 ± 7.48. Conclusion: The participants' oral health was considered poor; this condition can worsen if these individuals undergo transplantation. The importance of having a dentist in the team assisting the CKD patient is paramount.

The use of neurovascular ultrasound versus digital subtraction angiography in acute ischemic stroke / O uso do ultrassom neurovascular comparado a angiografia digital no AVC isquêmico agudo

Cervical and intracranial arterial evaluation is an important issue for acute ischemic stroke (IS). Objective Compare the use of the neurovascular ultrasound examination (NVUE) to digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in acute IS patients for diagnosing significant extracranial and intracranial arteriopathy. Method Nonconsecutive patients with IS or transient ischemic attack admitted within 12 hours of the onset of symptoms were evaluated retrospectively. Standardized NVUE and DSA were done in all patients within the first 120 hours of hospital admission. Results Twenty-four patients were included in the study. Compared to DSA, the NVUE demonstrated 94.7% sensitivity and 100% specificity for identifying symptomatic extracranial and/or intracranial arteriopathy. Conclusion The standardized NVUE technique demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity compared to DSA for diagnosing arterial abnormalities in acute IS patients. .

A avaliação cervical e intracraniana é uma etapa importante no AVC isquêmico (AVCi) agudo. Objetivo Comparar o uso do ultrassom neurovascular (USNV) com técnica padronizada e a angiografia digital (AD) em paciente com AVCi agudo no diagnóstico de doença arterial significativa extra e/ou intracraniana. Método Pacientes com AVCi e AIT admitidos em até 12 horas do início dos sintomas foram retrospectivamente avaliados. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a USNV e AD padronizado em até 120 horas da admissão. Resultados Vinte e quatro pacientes foram incluídos no estudo. Em comparação com a AD, o USNV apresentou sensibilidade de 94,7% e especificidade de 100% para o diagnóstico de doença arterial significativa extra e/ou intracraniana. Conclusão O uso de técnica padronizada de USNV demonstrou elevada sensibilidade e especificidade para o diagnóstico de doença arterial significativa extra e intracraniana quando comparado a AD. .

Self-rated health in Brazilian adults and elderly: Data from the National Household Sample Survey 2008 / Percepción de la salud en adultos y ancianos brasileños: datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares 2008

Objective. To investigate prevalence of poor self-rated health and its association with individual and household-level characteristics among adults and elderly in Brazil. Materials and methods. Cross-sectional study with Brazilian National Household Sample Survey 2008 (n=257 816). Crude and multilevel-adjusted Poisson regression models were fitted. Results. After adjusted analysis, poor self-rated health was significantly associated with higher household income, living alone, not having piped water nor garbage collection, lower education, not having health insurance, female sex, higher age, being a current or previous smoker, physical inactivity, having chronic diseases, having physical impairment. Subjects living in rural areas also had higher prevalence of poor self-rated health. The factors most strongly associated with the outcome were physical impairment and reporting three or more chronic diseases. Conclusions. Socioeconomic, health related behaviors, and physical health were associated with poor self-rated health.

Objetivo. Investigar la prevalencia de la percepción negativa de salud y su asociación con características individuales a nivel de los hogares en adultos y adultos mayores de Brasil. Material y métodos. Estudio transversal con datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares de 2008 (n=257 816). Se estimaron modelos de regresión de Poisson multinivel crudos y ajustados. Resultados. Después del análisis ajustado, la autopercepción negativa de salud se asoció significativamente con mayor ingreso, vivir solo, no tener agua corriente ni recolección de basura, baja educación, carecer de seguro de salud, sexo femenino, mayor edad, tabaquismo, inactividad física, enfermedades crónicas y deterioro físico. Los habitantes de zonas rurales también tuvieron mayor prevalencia de percepción negativa. Los factores más fuertemente asociados fueron impedimento físico y presentación de tres o más enfermedades crónicas. Conclusiones. Factores socioeconómicos, comportamientos relacionados con la salud y salud física se asociaron con la percepción negativa.

Ph salival y su relacion con la periodontitis severa de pacientes adultos con síndrome de down / Salival ph related to severe periodontitis in adults down syndrome patient

Objetivo. Relacionar el pH salival con la periodontitis severa de pacientes adultos con síndrome de Down, comparados con un grupo control. Material y método. Es un estudio epidemiológico, observacional, analítico de casos y controles, de corte transversal. La muestra estuvo constituida por 43 adultos entre 18 a 42 a más años con Síndrome de Down comparados en edad y género con 43 adultos sin síndrome de Down: 44,2% hombres y 55,8% mujeres. Se midieron los parámetros clínicos periodontales. El pH salival ha sido medido con un peachímetro digital. Los datos fueron analizados usando SPSS, versión 15. Resultados. El pH salival basal no estuvo asociado con la periodontitis que presentan los pacientes adultos con síndrome de Down. Tampoco hubo diferencia significativa de la periodontitis cuando se comparó con el grupo control (p > 0,05). El pH salival de los pacientes Down fue de 6,97 vs 6,99 de los pacientes del grupo control (p > 0,05). La periodontitis crónica severa localizada y generalizada tuvo mayor incidencia en pacientes con síndrome de Down. Hubo diferencia significativa comparada con el grupo control (p < 0,05). En el grupo Down [OR = 2,3 (0,4-12,8) [ (95% vs 1,6(0,3-9,4) ] grupo control (p>0,05). Conclusiones. El pH alcalino es un factor de riesgo para desarrollar periodontitis en adultos con síndrome de Down.

Objective. To relate the saliva pH with severe periodontitis in adult population with Down syndrome compared with a control group. Material and method. This is an epidemiological, observational, case-controls and transversal study. The sample was constituted by 43 adults without Down syndrome: 44.2% men and 55.8% women. Clinical periodontal parameters were measured. The saliva pH was measured using a digital pH meter. Data were analyzed by SPSS. 15. Results. Salival pH is not related to periodontitis of adults with Down Syndrome neither with control group, p>0.05 Down Syndrome adults showed a pH of 6.97 vs 6.99 of controls, p>0.05. Chronic severe periodontitis showed higher incidence, 23.3%, than 20% showed by control group. [OR = 2.3 (0.4 – 12.8) IC 95% vs 1.6 (0.3 – 9.4)] control group: p>0.05. Conclusions. Alkaline pH is a risk factor to raise periodontitis in Down syndrome adults.

Valor diagnóstico de la inhibición de la secreción de ácido en la enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico / Diagnostic value of acid inhibition in gastro-esophageal reflux disease

La enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico (ERGE) es unade las más frecuentes tanto en atención primaria comoen atención especializada. En el mundo desarrollado, el2.5% al 10% de los sujetos tienen pirosis diaria y alrededordel 30% al menos una vez al mes. Esta enfermedad puede también manifestarse con síntomas extraesofágicos, como dolor torácico no cardíaco, laringitis,tos crónica y asma. Pacientes con síntomas sugestivosde enfermedad no complicada son con frecuenciatratados empíricamente con medidas higiénico-dietéticasy medicación antisecretora. Los inhibidores de la bombade protones (IBP) son escogidos como primera líneade tratamiento por su mayor eficacia en la ERGE. Por ello, en la práctica clínica muchos médicos consideranque el alivio sintomático rápido después de un tratamiento corto con IBP es un marcador adecuado para diagnosticar ERGE. Es la base para que se desarrollara la llamada“prueba de los IBP”. La endoscopia es la exploración más recomendada y aceptada en la ERGE, pero 50% a 75%de los pacientes con síntomas compatibles tienen una endoscopia normal...

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is one of the most common disorders observed by both primary carephysicians and gastroenterologists. In the developed world, between 2.5 and 10% of the adult populationhas heartburn daily and about 30% experience thiscondition at least once monthly. This disorder can alsobe associated with extra-esophageal symptoms, such asnon-cardiac chest pain, laryngitis, cough and asthma. Patients with symptoms suggestive of uncomplicated disease are frequently treated empirically with lifestyle modifications and acid suppressive medications. ProtonPumpInhibitors (PPI) are often used as first-line therapy because they are more effective than other availabletreatments for GERD. In clinical practice, therefore, manyphysicians consider that rapid symptom relief after a shortcourse of PPI therapy is a valuable marker for a diagnosisof GERD This represents the basis for the developmentof so-called “PPI test”. Endoscopy is the most acceptableand recommendable exploratory procedure but resultsare normal in 50-75% of patients whose symptoms are compatible with GERD...

pH nasofaríngeo e refluxo gastroesofágico em crianças com doença respiratória crônica / Nasopharyngeal pH and gastroesophageal reflux in children with chronic respiratory disease

OBJETIVOS: Este estudo de caso-controle teve o objetivo de avaliar o pH nasofaríngeo em crianças com pHmetria normal ou anormal em dois grupos de pacientes: 1) crianças com sintomas gastrintestinais; e 2) crianças com sintomas respiratórios. MÉTODOS: Entre fevereiro de 2004 e janeiro de 2005, todos os pacientes consecutivos encaminhados para pHmetria de 24 horas com suspeita de doença do refluxo gastroesofágico foram recrutados para participar de um estudo prospectivo. Os pacientes foram colocados em quatro grupos: sintomas gastrintestinais (GG) com pHmetria normal (A) ou anormal (B), sintomas respiratórios crônicos (GR) com pHmetria normal (C) ou anormal (D). O pH foi medido durante 5 minutos, antes do teste de 24 horas. RESULTADOS: Trinta e oito testes de pHmetria foram incluídos (20 no GR e 18 no GG). Resultados de pHmetria anormais foram observados em 11 pacientes do GG e em 12 do GR. As médias do pH nasofaríngeo foram 6,3273 e 5,6917, respectivamente (p < 0,0001). A média do pH nasofaríngeo nos 12 pacientes com pHmetria anormal no GR foi de 5,6917 e de 6,5000 nos oito pacientes remanescentes com resultados normais (p = 0,0006). A análise do GR através de uma curva ROC mostrou um pH de 5,8 como ponto de corte (sensibilidade de 91,7 por cento e especificidade de 87,5 por cento). A área sob a curva ROC foi de 0,870. CONCLUSÕES: o pH nasofaríngeo é significativamente menor entre os pacientes do GR com pHmetria anormal. Um pH nasofaríngeo de 5,8 apresenta boa sensibilidade e especificidade e pode ser usado como teste de triagem para indicar a realização de pHmetria convencional de 24 horas em pacientes com doenças respiratórias crônicas.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this case-control study was to evaluate the nasopharyngeal pH (NasopH) in children with normal or abnormal pH-metry in two groups of patients: 1) children presenting gastroenterological symptoms; and 2) children with chronic respiratory symptoms. METHODS: From February 2004 to January 2005, all consecutive patients referred for 24-hour pH-metry and in whom gastroesophageal reflux disease was suspected were enrolled in a prospective study. They were assigned to four groups: gastroenterological symptoms with normal (A) or abnormal (B) pH-metries (GG), and chronic respiratory symptoms with normal (C) or abnormal (D) pH-metries (RG). NasopH was measured for 5 minutes, before the 24-hour test was performed. RESULTS: Thirty-eight pH-metry tests were included (20 in the RG and 18 in the GG). Abnormal pH-metry results were observed in 11 patients in the GG and in 12 in the RG. NasopH means were 6.3273 and 5.6917, respectively (p < 0.0001). Average nasopharyngeal pH was 5.6917 among the 12 RG patients with abnormal pH-metry results and 6.5000 among the remaining eight patients with normal test results (p = 0.0006). Analysis of the RG with a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showed pH of 5.8 as cutoff point (sensitivity of 91.7 percent and specificity of 87.5 percent). The area below the ROC curve was 0.870. CONCLUSIONS: Nasopharyngeal pH is significantly lower among patients in the RG presenting abnormal pH-metry results. A 5.8 NasopH has good sensitivity and specificity and can be used as a screening test in patients with chronic respiratory diseases to select those for whom conventional 24-hour pH-metry is indicated.

Refluxo gastroesofágico em pacientes portadores de papilomatose recorrente de laringe / Gastroesophageal reflux in patients with recurrent laryngeal papillomatosis

A cada ano aumentam as evidências de que o refluxo gastroesofágico seja um fator que contribui para as desordens de vias aéreas, principalmente na população pediátrica, podendo gerar sintomas respiratórios como estridor, tosse crônica, pneumonias de repetição e bronquite crônica. Estudos recentes têm sugerido que a associação entre papilomatose laríngea recorrente e refluxo gastroesofágico possa ser um fator determinante na recorrência e crescimento dos papilomas. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a freqüência e a intensidade do refluxo gastroesofágico em crianças portadoras de Papilomatose Laríngea Recorrente (PLR). MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Foram selecionadas 10 crianças portadoras de papilomatose laríngea recorrente, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 3 e 12 anos. Todas foram submetidas a pH-metria de 24 horas com duplo canal para avaliação da presença e intensidade de refluxo gastroesofágico. RESULTADOS: Cinqüenta por cento dos pacientes apresentaram evidências de refluxo gastroesofágico patológico em nível do esfíncter distal, e 90 por cento apresentou refluxo proximal patológico. CONCLUSÃO: A freqüência da associação entre refluxo gastroesofágico proximal em pacientes portadores de papilomatose recorrente de laringe é extremamente alta.

Evidence of a relation between gastroesophaeal reflux and pediatric respiratory disorders increases every year. Many respiratory symptoms and clinical conditions such as stridor, chronic cough, and recurrent pneumonia and bronchitis appear to be related to gastroesophageal reflux. Some studies have also suggested that gastroesophageal reflux may be associated with recurrent laryngeal papillomatosis, contributing to its recurrence and severity. AIM: the aim of this study was to verify the frequency and intensity of gastroesophageal reflux in children with recurrent laryngeal papillomatosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: ten children of both genders, aged between 3 and 12 years, presenting laryngeal papillomatosis, were included in this study. The children underwent 24-hour double-probe pH-metry. RESULTS: fifty percent of the patients had evidence of gastroesophageal reflux at the distal sphincter; 90 percent presented reflux at the proximal sphincter. CONCLUSION: the frequency of proximal gastroesophageal reflux is significantly increased in patients with recurrent laryngeal papillomatosis.

Prevalência de queixas supra-esofágicas em pacientes com doenças do refluxo erosiva e não-erosiva / Prevalence of supraesophageal manifestations in patients with gastroesophageal erosive and non-erosive reflux disease

RACIONAL: Na doença do refluxo gastroesofágico pode-se encontrar, como parte do quadro clínico da doença, queixas respiratórias, otorrinolaringológicas, dor torácica ou disfagia. As duas primeiras são intituladas de manifestações supra-esofágicas da doença. É discutível a prevalência destas alterações em pacientes com doença do refluxo gastroesofágico nas formas erosiva e não-erosiva. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a prevalência de manifestações supra-esofágicas em pacientes com doenças do refluxo erosiva e não-erosiva. MÉTODOS: Foram revistas as fichas de pacientes que realizaram endoscopia digestiva alta, esofagomanometria e pHmetria prolongada nos últimos 5 anos, na investigação de doença do refluxo gastroesofágico (pirose como queixa principal), em que havia informações a respeito de queixas respiratórias e otorrinolaringológicas. Foram selecionados pacientes com doença do refluxo erosiva (graus I a III, pela classificação de Savary-Miller) e com doença do refluxo não-erosiva (endoscopia negativa, com pHmetria prolongada anormal). A análise estatística utilizou o teste de qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: Duzentos e oitenta pacientes preencheram os critérios de inclusão, sendo 162 com doença do refluxo erosiva (70 por cento com esofagite grau I) e 118 com doença do refluxo não-erosiva. No grupo total, 88 apresentavam queixas otorrinolaringológicas (31 por cento), com predomínio de rouquidão e pigarro e 42, queixas respiratórias (15 por cento), predominando a tosse crônica. Dos pacientes com queixas otorrinolaringológicas, 45 pertenciam ao grupo doença do refluxo erosiva (28 por cento) e 43 ao grupo doença do refluxo não-erosiva (36,4 por cento). Em relação aos com queixas respiratórias, 21 pacientes (13 por cento) pertenciam ao grupo doença do refluxo erosiva e 21 (18 por cento) ao grupo doença do refluxo não-erosiva. CONCLUSÃO: Não houve diferença entre a prevalência das queixas supra-esofágicas em pacientes com doenças do refluxo erosiva e não-erosiva.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory, ear-nose and throat complaints, chest pain and dysphagia can be a part of clinical manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease. The first two are named supraesophageal manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Controversy about the prevalence of these clinical manifestations in patients with non-erosive and erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease exists. AIMS: Evaluate the prevalence of supraesophageal manifestations in patients with erosive and non-erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease. METHODS: Files from patients submitted to upper endoscopy, esophageal manometry and pH monitoring for the investigation of gastroesophageal reflux disease (heartburn as the chief complaint) were reviewed and respiratory and ear, nose and throat symptoms were recorded. Patients with erosive disease (grades I to III according to Savary-Miller classifi cation) and with non-erosive disease (normal endoscopy with abnormal pH monitoring were selected. Statistical analysis included the chi-square test. RESULTS: Two hundred and eighty patients fulfi lled the inclusion criteria being 162 with erosive disease (70 percent with grade I esophagitis) and 118 with non-erosive disease. Overall, 88 patients had ear, nose and throat symptoms (31 percent), the more frequent were hoarseness and clearing and 42, respiratory manifestations (15 percent), being cough the more prevalent. In the ear, nose and throat symptoms group, 45 were erosive disease (28 percent) and 43 non-erosive disease (36.4 percent). As for the respiratory symptom group, 21 patients (13 percent) were erosive disease and 21 (18 percent) were non-erosive disease. CONCLUSION: There was no difference in the prevalence of supraesophageal manifestations between patients with gastroesophageal erosive and non-erosive reflux disease.

A espirometria na avaliação pré e pós-transplante de medula óssea / Pre-operative and post-operative spirometry in bone marrow transplant patients

OBJETIVO: Analisar os resultados da espirometria de pacientes submetidos a transplante de medula óssea e verificar sua importância na detecção de complicações pulmonares e sua correlação com a evolução dos pacientes. MÉTODOS:Foram analisados retrospectivamente os resultados da espirometria em 120 pacientes, maiores de doze anos, de ambos os sexos, e comparados com o tipo de transplante de medula óssea, doença de base, sorologia para citomegalovírus, fonte de células para o transplante, tabagismo, infecção pulmonar, doença pulmonar prévia, duração da doença hematológica, quimioterapia utilizada, regime de condicionamento, doença do enxerto contra o hospedeiro aguda e crônica e óbito. RESULTADOS: Dezesseis pacientes apresentaram alterações da espirometria antes do transplante, sendo 5 por cento com obstrução pura, 5,8 por cento com restrição pura e 2,5 por cento com obstrução com redução da capacidade vital. Após o transplante 29 pacientes apresentaram alterações desses exames. A chance de alteração da espirometria foi maior nos pacientes com doença do enxerto contra o hospedeiro aguda (p = 0,02), idade menor que 30 anos (p = 0,02), sexo feminino (p = 0,02) e naqueles que receberam células tronco (p = 0,01). As presenças de doença pulmonar prévia e doença do enxerto contra o hospedeiro crônica associaram-se com aumento da mortalidade. Alterações prévias da espirometria não estiveram relacionadas com o óbito pós-transplante. CONCLUSÃO: As alterações detectadas na espirometria não foram capazes de predizer a ocorrência de complicações pulmonares e óbito pós-transplantes. Também não foram determinantes para a não realização do procedimento. A espirometria simples realizada na avaliação desses pacientes parece ter pouca importância prática.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the spirometry findings in patients undergoing bone marrow transplant, determining the importance of such findings in predicting postoperative pulmonary complications and looking for correlations with postoperative outcomes. METHODS:The spirometry findings in 120 male and female patients, all above the age of 12, were evaluated retrospectively and compared in terms of the following parameters: the type of bone marrow transplant; the underlying disease; cytomegalovirus serology; source of the transplanted cells; smoking; pulmonary infection; history of lung disease; duration of the hematological disease; chemotherapy employed; conditioning regimen; acute or chronic rejection of the transplant; and post-operative mortality. RESULTS: In the pre-operative spirometry, 16 patients (13.3 percent) presented alterations: 6 (5 percent) presented pure obstruction; 7 (5.8 percent) presented pure restriction; and 3 (2.5 percent) presented obstruction accompanied by a reduction in vital capacity. In the post-operative spirometry, 29 patients (24.2 percent) presented alterations. The chance of presenting post-operative spirometry alterations was greater in patients presenting acute transplant rejection (p = 0.02), patients older than 30 (p = 0.02), female patients (p = 0.02) and patients receiving stem cells (p = 0.01). Having a history of lung disease was found to be associated with greater mortality, as was suffering from chronic transplant rejection. No relationship was found between pre-operative spirometry alterations and post-operative mortality. CONCLUSION: In bone marrow transplant patients, the alterations found through pre-operative spirometry were not predictive of post-operative pulmonary complications or mortality. Nor were such alterations determinant of whether or not a given patient was a good candidate for bone marrow transplant. Simple spirometry seems to be of little practical importance in the evaluation of such patients.

Ventilación no invasiva en pacientes con exacerbacion de EPOC / Non invasive positive pressure ventilation in patients with COPD exacerbation

Se realizó un estudio prospectivo sobre la utilización de la ventilación mecánica no invasiva (VNI) en pacientes internados en Clínica Médica Neumonológica por exacerbación de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC), con el objetivo de evaluar la evolución, los cambios gasométricos, las comorbilidades y la mortalidad de los pacientes internados. Desde enero 2000 a enero 2003 ingresaron al estudio 39 pacientes, evaluados según normas internacionales en 54 internaciones, siendo clasificados como de grado grave y muy grave, dado que la medición del volumen espiratorio forzado en un segundo (VEF1) era del 26%. Veintinueve pacientes (74.4%) presentaron alguna comorbilidad. Como consecuencia de la aplicación de la VNI, el pH se incrementó entre la primera y tercera medición. El pH promedio inicial fue de 7.25 llegando a 7.33 a las 2 horas y a 7.39 al alta, en tanto que la pCO2 con promedio inicial de 83.8 mm Hg llegó a 67.8 mm Hg y 54.2 mm Hg en el mismo período. Treinta y cinco de los 39 pacientes fueron dados de alta con un período de internación promedio de 13.6 días. Cuatro pacientes (10.3%) fallecieron. Se concluye que con la aplicación de la VNI en pacientes con exacerbación de EPOC, el pH y la PaCO2 cambian significativamente en las muestras sucesivas, y que la adecuada capacitación del equipo de salud puede permitir el tratamiento de estos pacientes en áreas de menor complejidad. Deben ser tenidas en cuenta las posibles complicaciones que pueden sufrir los pacientes durante la internación, que pueden requerir la aplicación de ventilación invasiva.

This is a prospective study on the implementation of the non-invasive positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) to treat respiratory failure resulting from exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in patients hospitalized in a Pneumological Unit. From January 2000 to January 2003, 39 patients were included during 54 different exacerbation events after being evaluated under international standards. They were classified as severe and very severe patients on the basis of their FEV1 values of 26%. Twenty nine patients presented co-morbidities. As a consequence of the NPPV treatment, the pH values increased between the first and last register as well as the pCO2 dropped in the same period. The initial mean pH values were 7.25 reaching mean values of 7.33 at 2 hours and 7.39 at the discharge; the corresponding pCO2 mean values were 83.8 mmHg, 67.8 mmHg and 54.2 mmHg. Thirty five patients out of 39 were discharged after a mean hospitalization length of 13.6 days. Four patients died. Apropriate training of health care staff in general facilities could allow the implementation of NPPV in addition to usual medical care to treat exacerbation of COPD. High morbidity situations could arise during hospitalization, so invasive ventilation must be necessary.

Comparación entre el aspecto endoscópico del cardias, hallazgos manométricos y pHmetría de 24 horas en pacientes con síntomas de reflujo gastroesofágico crónico / Comparison of the endoscopic aspect of the cardia, manometry and 24 hours pH measurement in patients with chronic gastroesophageal reflux

Background: The endoscopic view of the gastric cardia could be related with the manometric competence of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and with pathological gastroesophageal reflux. Aim: To compare the endoscopic aspect of the cardia with the results from esophageal manometry and 24 h esophageal pH monitoring. Materials and Methods: The cardia of a group of 150 patients (aged 19 to 72 years, 89 women) with gastroesophageal reflux symptoms was classified as normal or open, during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. All subjects were subjected to a manometric study to measure LES pressure and determine LES incompetence and to a 24 h esophageal pH measurement. Results: LES pressure was 14.7±6.2 and 8.7±4.2 mmHg in patients with normal and open cardia, respectvively (p <0.001). Likewise, 43 and 79% of patients with normal and open cardia had an incompetent LES, respectively (p <0.001). Pathological acid reflux was present in 43 and 71% of patients with normal or open cardia, respectively (p <0.001). Conclusions: The endoscopic appearance of the cardia can identify patients with pathological gastroesophageal reflux.

Estudo comparativo do pH e do volume salivar em indivíduos com laringofaringite crônica por doença do refluxo gastroesofágica antes e após o tratamento / Comparative study of salivary pH and volume in adults with chronic laryngopharyngitis by gastroesophageal reflux disease before and after treatment

INTRODUÇÃO: A Doença do Refluxo Gastroesofágico (DRGE) é a doença digestiva mais prevalente da atualidade e, recentemente, tem sido implicada em uma gama de alterações do seguimento laringofaríngeo (RLF). No entanto, pouco se sabe dos mecanismos fisiopatológicos destas manifestações supraesofágicas da DRGE. Os achados clínicos contraditórios e recentes pesquisas sugerem haver deficiências na capacidade de defesa deste seguimento. Uma das principais responsáveis pela homeostase da mucosa oral e do trato digestivo é a saliva com seu conteúdo orgânico e inorgânico. Tanto alterações do pH quanto do volume salivar já foram correlacionados com os sintomas e sinais sugestivos da DRGE e RLF. Estudo recente de nossa autoria demonstra diminuição estatisticamente significante do pH salivar de indivíduos com RLF quando comparado a controles sem a doença. Outro estudo constatou correlação entre a redução do volume X pH da saliva em indivíduos com DRGE, estando esta redução diretamente relacionada aos níveis de pH esofágico constatados durante pH-metria esofágica de 24 horas. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar como se comportam o pH e volume da saliva em um mesmo indivíduo com DRGE e RLF antes e após o tratamento clínico. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Vinte e três pacientes com RLF tiveram o pH e volume da saliva total testados antes e após receberem tratamento com droga bloqueadora de bomba de prótons durante 12 semanas. RESULTADOS: Houve uma diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,001) entre o pH da saliva antes e após o tratamento, estando este maior após o controle clínico da doença. O volume de saliva no paciente tratado foi significativamente maior do que no paciente pré-tratamento (p=0.009). DISCUSSÃO: Os achados sugerem que o pH salivar é influenciado pela presença de refluxo gastroduodenal à região laringofaríngea. Caso estudos futuros com populações maiores realmente comprovem esta correlação, poderemos cogitar a possibilidade de usar a mensuração do pH salivar, que é feita de forma rápida e não invasiva, como um meio de diagnosticar e avaliar o comportamento e controle do Refluxo Laringofaríngeo.

INTRODUCTION: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) is the most prevalent digestive disease of the modern society and has been associated with abnormalities in the larynx and pharynx (LPR). Nonetheless, little is known about the mechanisms involved in this atypical form of the disease. Contradictory clinical data suggest a defense deficit at this segment. Saliva with its organic and inorganic components is responsible for the homeostasis of the oral mucosa and the digestive tract. Salivary pH and volume abnormalities have been linked to laryngopharyngeal symptoms of GERD and LPR. In a recent study we demonstrated significant salivary pH reduction in patients with LPR. Another study found correlation between reduced salivary pH and volume directly related to esophageal pH-metry results. AIM: To evaluate salivary pH and volume before and after clinical treatment of LPR. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Twenty-three adults with LPR had total fasting saliva tested before and after a 12-week course of oral proton pump inhibitor. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference was found in salivary pH before and after treatment with increase of pH values after control of the disease (p<0.001). Salivary volumes of treated patients were also significantly higher than in pre-treated patients (p=0.009). DISCUSSION: These findings suggest that salivary pH and volume are influenced by the presence of gastroesophageal contents and that salivary pH monitoring can potentially become a cost-effective method for diagnosing and controlling LPR.

Predomínio de manifestações respiratórias na indicação de pHmetria esofágica prolongada em crianças / Predominant respiratory symptoms in indications for prolonged esophageal pH-monitoring in children

RACIONAL: Observa-se um aumento na prevalência de complicações extra-esofágicas do refluxo gastroesofágico. A avaliação do perfil de pacientes submetidos a pHmetria esofágica prolongada poderia auxiliar na identificação de pacientes que poderiam se beneficiar do diagnóstico precoce de refluxo gastroesofágico. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a população de demanda, indicações e resultados dos exames de pHmetria esofágica prolongada na avaliação de refluxo gastroesofágico em um Serviço de Gastroenterologia Pediátrica. PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Analisaram-se os dados de 190 crianças e adolescentes que realizaram pHmetria esofágica. Realizou-se análise descritiva da população de estudo. As crianças foram categorizadas em cinco grupos conforme a idade. Utilizou-se o aparelho Digitrapper MKIII (Synetics) e software EsopHogram versão 5.7. O parâmetro do exame considerado para análise foi o índice de refluxo. RESULTADOS: As indicações mais freqüentes para o exame foram: asma (26,8 por cento), apnéia/cianose (20 por cento), pneumonias de repetição (18,4 por cento), síndrome do bebê chiador (15,8 por cento) e tosse crônica/rouquidão (11 por cento). Os grupos etários mais freqüentes nas indicações respiratórias foram: asma - maior de 5 anos (92,2 por cento); apnéia/cianose - menor de 3 meses (55,3 por cento); pneumonias de repetição e síndrome do bebê chiador - 3 a 12 meses (31,4 por cento e 83,3 por cento). Os índices de refluxo das crianças com pHmetria positiva para refluxo gastroesofágico foram significativamente mais elevados nas crianças menores de 2 anos, em relação às maiores de 2 anos. CONCLUSÃO: Houve predomínio de manifestações respiratórias nas indicações de pHmetria esofágica. O conhecimento do perfil de pacientes com indicação de pHmetria esofágica pode contribuir para a melhoria da qualidade técnica do exame.

Twenty-four-hour esophageal pH monitoring in children and adolescents with chronic and/or recurrent rhinosinusitis

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) disorder was studied in children and adolescents with chronic and/or recurrent rhinosinusitis not associated with bronchial asthma. Ten children with a clinical and radiological diagnosis of chronic and/or recurrent rhinosinusitis, consecutively attended at the Pediatric Otolaryngology Outpatient Clinic, Federal University of São Paulo, were evaluated. Prolonged esophageal pH monitoring was used to investigate GER disorder. The mean age of the ten patients evaluated (eight males) was 7.4 ± 2.4 years. Two patients presented vomiting as a clinical manifestation and one patient presented retrosternal pain with a burning sensation. Twenty-four-hour esophageal pH monitoring was performed using the Sandhill apparatus. An antimony probe electrode was placed in the lower third of the esophagus, confirmed by fluoroscopy and later by a chest X-ray. The parameters analyzed by esophageal pH monitoring included: total percent time of the presence of acid esophageal pH, i.e., pH below 4 (<4.2 percent); total number of acid episodes (<50 episodes); number of reflux episodes longer than 5 min (3 or less), and duration of the longest reflux episode (<9.2 min). One patient (1/10, 10 percent) presented a 24-h esophageal pH profile compatible with GER disorder. This data suggest that an association between chronic rhinosinusitis not associated with bronchial asthma and GER disorder may exist in children and adolescents, especially in those with compatible GER disorder symptoms. In these cases, 24-h esophageal pH monitoring should be performed before indicating surgery, since the present data suggest that 10 percent of chronic rhinosinusitis surgeries can be eliminated.

Reflujo laringo gastroesofágico / Laryngeal gastroesophageal reflux

El reflujo gastroesofágico (RGE) constituye una enfermedad prevalente, que puede presentar complicaciones esofágicas y extraesofágicas. El reconocimiento de las diversas manifestaciones de esta afección es importante para facilitar el diagnóstico, tratamiento y disminuir al máximo su progresión a dichas complicaciones. Cuando el RGE tiene manifestaciones otorrinolaringológicas se denomina Reflujo Faringolaringeo (RFL) el cual está asociado a una gran variedad de manifestaciones clínicas. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con un reflujo faringolaríngeo severo manifestado como una laringitis crónica hiperplásica. Además, se realiza una revisión del síndrome de reflujo faringolaringeo, su fisiopatología, clínica, diagnóstico, tratamiento y la relación establecida entre cáncer laríngeo y reflujo