Os novos desafios e perspectivas futuras do controle / New challenges and the future of control

A situação epidemiológica da doença de Chagas no país foi substancialmente alterada como resultado das ações de controle e de mudanças ambientais, econômicas e sociais, havidas nas últimas décadas no país. A transmissão vetorial domiciliar por Triatoma infestans foi interrompida, e controlada em níveis importantes por espécies nativas de vetor. A transmissão transfusional tende ao esgotamento, desde que se logrou a triagem praticamente integral de candidatos à doação de sangue. A transmissão congênita, ainda que possível, especialmente em algumas áreas, tende também ao progressivo esgotamento em consequência do controle da transmissão vetorial e transfusional. Os mecanismos primordiais de transmissão, relacionados diretamente ao ciclo enzoótico, como a transmissão vetorial extradomiciliar ou por visitação de vetores silvestres aos domicílios, além da transmissão oral, passaram a ter relevância na produção de casos humanos de infecção por Trypanosoma cruzi. Diante deste quadro, os novos desafios a enfrentar em relação à doença de Chagas incluem I) a necessidade de se preservar os níveis de controle alcançados; II) a concepção e desenvolvimento de novas tecnologias e métodos de vigilância e controle que permitam reduzir os riscos de ocorrência de casos associados à transmissão enzoótica; e, III) a garantia de adequada atenção aos infectados e enfermos crônicos de doença de Chagas.

The epidemiological situation of Chagas disease in Brazil was substantially altered in the last decades, partially as a consequence of the control measures implemented and partially due to the environmental, economical and social changes that took place in the country. Domicile vector transmission was interrupted when caused by Triatoma infestans and importantly controlled when associated with native species of the vector. Transfusion transmission is no longer a problem since generalized screening of blood donors came into routine. Congenital transmission, although still possible, mainly in some areas, also tends to disappear due to the control in the vector and transfusion transmission. The primordial mechanisms of transmission directly related to the enzootic cycle, as the one caused by vectors outside the homes, or by sporadic entrance of vectors in the domicile, in addition to the oral transmission, started to become relevant in the generation of new infections by Trypanosoma cruzi. The new challenges in facing Chagas disease include: a) to preserve the excellent level of control that was achieved; b) to develop new technologies and methods of surveillance and control capable of reducing the risk of cases associated to enzootic transmission; c) to provide adequate medical attention to patients with the infection or the disease in its chronic stage.

Current epidemiological trends for Chagas disease in Latin America and future challenges in epidemiology, surveillance and health policy

Chagas disease, named after Carlos Chagas, who first described it in 1909, exists only on the American Continent. It is caused by a parasite, Trypanosoma cruzi, which is transmitted to humans by blood-sucking triatomine bugs and via blood transfusion. Chagas disease has two successive phases: acute and chronic. The acute phase lasts six-eight weeks. Several years after entering the chronic phase, 20-35% of infected individuals, depending on the geographical area, will develop irreversible lesions of the autonomous nervous system in the heart, oesophagus and colon, and of the peripheral nervous system. Data on the prevalence and distribution of Chagas disease improved in quality during the 1980s as a result of the demographically representative cross-sectional studies in countries where accurate information was not previously available. A group of experts met in Brasilia in 1979 and devised standard protocols to carry out countrywide prevalence studies on human T. cruzi infection and triatomine house infestation. Thanks to a coordinated multi-country programme in the Southern Cone countries, the transmission of Chagas disease by vectors and via blood transfusion was interrupted in Uruguay in 1997, in Chile in 1999 and in Brazil in 2006; thus, the incidence of new infections by T. cruzi across the South American continent has decreased by 70 percent. Similar multi-country initiatives have been launched in the Andean countries and in Central America and rapid progress has been reported towards the goal of interrupting the transmission of Chagas disease, as requested by a 1998 Resolution of the World Health Assembly. The cost-benefit analysis of investment in the vector control programme in Brazil indicates that there are savings of US$17 in medical care and disabilities for each dollar spent on prevention, showing that the programme is a health investment with very high return. Many well-known research institutions in Latin America...