Evaluación de factores de riesgo asociados a dehiscencia anastomótica en cirugía colorrectal: análisis multivariado de 748 pacientes / Evaluation of the risk factors associated with anastomotic dehiscence in colorectal surgery: multivariate analysis of 748 pacients

INTRODUCCIÓN: La dehiscencia anastomótica (DA) es una complicación severa en cirugía colorrectal con una incidencia que oscila entre 2 y 19%. La literatura internacional muestra numerosos estudios sobre la identificación de factores de riesgo (FR), mientras que en la nacional existen solo dos series que analizan esta complicación. OBJETIVO: Realizar una caracterización descriptiva de resultados institucionales y establecer la tasa de DA, sus factores de riesgo asociados y la mortalidad. MATERIALES Y MÉTODO: Serie de casos no concurrente, cuya muestra son pacientes consecutivos intervenidos de patología colorrectal con anastomosis primaria con o sin ostoma derivativo entre los años 2004 y 2016. Se realiza modelo de regresión logística univariable y multivariable. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvieron 748 pacientes, 50,5% mujeres, media de edad fue 56,2. Las indicaciones quirúrgicas más frecuentes fueron cáncer colorrectal en 381 (50,9%) pacientes y enfermedad diverticular en 163 (21,8%). La DA fue de 5,6% (42/748) y la mortalidad fue de 2% (15/748), siendo de 1% para los electivos (7/681). En el análisis univariado encontramos que los FR que tuvieron significancia estadística fueron la albúmina (p < 0,001), altura anastomosis (p < 0,001), transfusión (p < 0,001), localización (colon derecho > izquierdo) (p = 0,011), mientras que en el análisis multivariado fueron la albúmina (p = 0,002) con un OR 3,64 (IC 95% 1,58-8,35) y transfusión (p = 0,015) con un OR 7,15 (IC 95% 1,46-34,91). CONCLUSIÓN: Nuestra serie es la más grande reportada en Chile, con resultados similares a estudios internacionales y nacionales. Establecemos que la hipoalbuminemia y la presencia de transfusiones intraoperatorias se asocian a alta tasa de DA.

INTRODUCTION: Anastomotic leakage (AL) is a severe complication in colorectal surgery, its incidence ranges from 2 to 19%. In international literature, we found numerous studies on the identification of risk factors (RF), while in the national there are only two series that analyze this complication. AIM: Perform a descriptive characterization of institutional results and establish the AL rate, its associated risk factors and mortality. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Non-concurrent series of cases, whose sample is consecutive patients operated for colorectal pathology with primary anastomosis with or without a derivative ostoma between 2004 and 2016. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression model was performed. RESULTS: There were 748 patients, 50.5% women, mean age was 56.2. The most frequent surgical indications were colorectal cancer in 381 (50.9%) patients and diverticular disease in 163 (21.8%). The AL was 5.6% (42/748) and the mortality was 2% (15/748), being 1% for the electives (7/681). In the univariate analysis, we found that the RF that had statistical significance were albumin (p < 0.001), anastomosis height (p < 0.001), transfusion (p < 0.001), location (right colon > left) (p = 0.011), while that in the multivariate analysis were albumin (p = 0.002) with an OR 3.64 (IC 95% 1.58-8.35) and transfusion (p = 0.015) with an OR 7.15 (IC 95% 1.46-34.91). CONLUSION: Our series is the largest reported in Chile, with similar results to international and national studies. We establish that hypoalbuminemia and the presence of intraoperative transfusions are associated with a high rate of AL.

Application of unilateral pectoralis major muscle flap in the treatment of sternal wound dehiscence

Abstract Objective: This study aims to report the use of the unilateral pectoralis major muscle flap for the treatment of the sternal wound dehiscence. Methods: A retrospective study including patients who underwent unilateral pectoralis major muscle flap was performed for the treatment of sternotomy dehiscence due to coronary artery bypass, valve replacement, congenital heart disease correction and mediastinitis, between 1997 and 2016. Data from the epidemiological profile of patients, length of hospital stay, postoperative complications and mortality rate were obtained. Results: During this period, 11 patients had their dehiscence of sternotomy treated by unilateral pectoralis major muscle flap. The patients had a mean age of 54.7 years, the mean hospital stay after flap reconstruction was 17.9 days (from 7 to 52 days). In two patients, it was necessary to harvest a flap from the rectus abdominis fascia, in association with the pectoralis major muscle flap, to facilitate the closure of the distal wound. In the postoperative period, seroma discharge from the surgical wound was observed in six patients, five reported intense pain (temporary), three had partial cutaneous dehiscence, and two presented granuloma of the incision. Conclusion: The complex wound from sternotomy dehiscences presents itself as a challenge to surgical teams. Treatment should include debridement of necrotic tissue and preferably coverage with well-vascularized tissue. We propose that the unilateral pectoralis major muscle flap is an interesting and low morbidity option for the reconstruction of sternal wound dehiscences, with proper sternum stability and satisfactory functional and aesthetic outcomes.

Post-thoracotomy wound separation (DEHISCENCE): a disturbing complication

OBJECTIVES: We described the treatment of dehiscence of thoracotomy incisions in patients who underwent thoracic surgery in the present study. METHODS: Twenty-four patients with either partial or complete dehiscence of their thoracotomy incisions were included in the study from 2005 to 2010. The patients were evaluated regarding their age, sex, indication for thoracotomy, and surgical approaches. We also described our method of re-closure. RESULTS: The male/female ratio was 17/7. The youngest and oldest patients were 15 and 75 years old, respectively, and the mean age was 43 years. Among the indications for thoracotomy, empyema was the most common reason (determined in eight [33%] patients), followed by vertebral surgery (determined in six [25%] patients). Bacterial growth was detected in the wound site cultures from 13 (54%) patients. For the patients with dehiscence of their thoracotomy incisions, an en block approximation technique with debridement was performed under general or local anesthesia in 16 (66%) and eight (33%) of the cases, respectively. Three patients exhibited an open thorax with dehiscence of the thoracotomy incision. Thoracoplasty was required in two patients. Using this method, successful closure was obtained in 91.7% (n = 22) of the patients with dehiscence of their thoracotomy incisions. CONCLUSION: Dehiscence of the thoracotomy incision is an important complication that causes concern in patients and their thoracic surgeons and strongly affects the success of the surgery. An en block approximation technique with significant debridement that enables removal of the necrotic tissues from the wound site can successfully be applied to patients with dehiscence of their thoracotomy incisions.

Use of the pectoralis major fasciocutaneous flap in the treatment of post sternotomy dehiscence: a new approach / Utilização do retalho fasciocutâneo do músculo peitoral maior na deiscência de esternotomia: uma nova abordagem

OBJECTIVE: To describe a new surgical technique for the treatment dehiscence after median thoracotomy transsternal using fasciocutaneous flap composed of the pectoralis major fascia. METHODS: Between January 2009 and December 2010, from 1,573 patients submitted to coronary artery bypass graft, 21 developed wound dehiscence after sternotomy and were treated with bilateral pectoralis major muscle fasciocutaneous flap, including partial portion of the rectus abdominis fascia. Patients were followed for a minimum of 90 days postoperatively. RESULTS: All patients had favorable outcome following 90 days, not having any partial or total dehiscence. There were no cases of postoperative infection. CONCLUSION: The procedure was rapid and effective. Compared with techniques using muscle, myocutaneous or greater omentum flaps, this surgery was less aggressive and maintained the integrity of tissue region. The authors considered that this technique should be used as the first option, leaving the flaps to more complex cases of relapse.

OBJETIVO: Descrever uma nova técnica cirúrgica para a reparação das deiscências pós-toracotomia mediana transesternal com o uso de retalho composto fasciocutâneo da fáscia do músculo peitoral maior. MÉTODOS: Entre janeiro de 2009 e dezembro de 2010, de um total de 1.573 cirurgias de revascularização do miocárdio, 21 pacientes que apresentaram deiscência da esternotomia foram submetidos à correção com retalho fasciocutâneo bilateral do músculo peitoral maior, incluindo parcialmente a fáscia do músculo reto abdominal. Os pacientes foram acompanhados por um mínimo de 90 dias de período pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: Todos os pacientes apresentaram evolução favorável no seguimento de 90 dias, não ocorrendo nenhuma parcial ou total da deiscência. Não houve nenhum caso de infecção pós-operatória. CONCLUSÃO: Este procedimento mostrou ser rápido e efetivo. Comparando com o uso de retalhos musculares, musculocutâneos ou de omento, foi uma cirurgia menos agressiva e que manteve a integridade dos tecidos da região. Considerou-se que essa técnica deveria ser utilizada como primeira opção, deixando os retalhos mais complexos para os casos de recidivas.

Manuseio em um estágio de esternotomia infectada com avanço bilateral de flap miocutâneo do peitoral maior / One-stage management of infected sternotomy wounds using bilateral pectoralis major myocutaneous advancement flap

OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados de tratamento, em um único estágio, da ferida esternal infectada, utilizando avanço bilateral do peitoral maior. MÉTODOS: No período de janeiro de 2000 a julho de 2007, foram realizadas 1972 cirurgias cardíacas, com incisão mediana transesternal e 13 (0,65 por cento) pacientes apresentaram infecção esternal e deiscência. No tratamento destes pacientes, adotamos, exclusivamente, intervenção em um estágio, drenagem e imediato fechamento da ferida do esterno utilizando as bordas do peitoral maior e tecido miocutâneo, avançado, bilateralmente à linha média esternal. Dois pacientes, que apresentaram infecção da ferida apenas no plano superficial, e dois outros, submetidos a ajuste de torção dos pontos de fio de aço, não foram incluídos na presente série. RESULTADOS: Houve um óbito no período de 30 dias de pósoperatório. Não houve óbito na sala de cirurgia. Quatro pacientes necessitaram de reparo cirúrgico adicional para drenagem de seroma residual ou infecção local. Em 12 pacientes, ocorreu resolução total da infecção do esterno. CONCLUSÃO: Os autores recomendam o manuseio da ferida esternal infectada, utilizando intervenção precoce, em só estágio com debridamento, drenagem ampla e fechamento imediato da ferida utilizando músculo peitoral maior, bilateralmente avançado à linha média esternal. O procedimento é eficaz e pode contribuir para diminuição da morbidade.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the results of single-stage treatment of infected sternotomy wounds using bilateral pectorals major myocutaneous advancement flaps. METHODS: Between January 2000 and July 2007, 1972 heart surgeries with median transesternal thoracotomy were performed. Thirteen (0.65 percent) patients presented wound infections and dehiscence after sternotomy. To treat those patients we adopted exclusively single-stage management, drainage, early intervention and immediate wounds closure using bilateral pectoralis major myocutaneous advancement flaps to the medium line of the sternum. Two patients with superficial wounds infection and other two who underwent torsion adjustment of the steel wire were not included in this study. RESULTS: There was one death in the 30-day postoperative period. There was no intraoperative death. Four patients needed additional surgical intervention to drain residual seroma or local infection. There was total resolution of the sternal infection in 12 patients. CONCLUSION: The authors recommend the single-stage early management of sternotomy infected wounds with debridement, drainage and immediate closure of the wound using bilateral pectoralis major myocutaneous advancement flaps to the medium line of the sternum. The procedure is effective and may contribute to decrease the morbidity.

Experience with local negative pressure (vacuum method) in the treatment of complex wounds / Experiência com pressão negativa local (método a vácuo) no tratamento de feridas complexas

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Use of topical negative pressure over difficult-to-heal wounds has been studied. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects from negative pressure in the treatment of complex wounds. DESIGN AND SETTING: Case series developed at Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. METHODS: Twenty-nine patients with complex wounds were treated with the vacuum system and then underwent a surgical procedure to close the wound. RESULTS: 85 percent of the skin grafts took well, and 87.5 percent of the local flaps were successful, thus demonstrating adequate wound preparation. The wounds were closed within shorter times than observed using other conventional treatments In two cases, the vacuum system was also used to stabilize the skin grafts over the wounds. CONCLUSIONS: Use of the vacuum method is safe and efficient for preparing wounds for surgical closure. It allows for an improvement of local wound conditions, and healthy granulation tissue develops with control over local infection.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Foi estudado o uso tópico de pressão negativa em feridas de difícil resolução. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar os efeitos da pressão negativa como tratamento de feridas complexas. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Série de casos atendidos em um hospital terciário (Hospital das Clínicas - Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo). MÉTODOS: Vinte e nove pacientes com feridas complexas foram tratados com o sistema a vácuo e, então, submetidos a um procedimento cirúrgico para o fechamento da ferida. RESULTADOS: 85 por cento dos enxertos de pele tiveram boa "pega" e 87,5 por cento dos retalhos locais foram mobilizados com êxito, o que aponta para um preparo adequado do leito da ferida. As feridas foram fechadas em tempo mais curto que o que nós observamos em outros tratamentos convencionais. Em dois casos, o vácuo também foi usado para a estabilização dos enxertos de pele em cima das feridas. CONCLUSÕES: O vácuo é um método seguro e eficiente no preparo de feridas para o fechamento cirúrgico. Permite melhora das condições locais da ferida, com desenvolvimento de tecido de granulação saudável e controle da infecção local.

Manuseio da deiscência do esterno no pós-operatório de cirurgia cardíaca / Management of sternal dehiscence in the postoperative period of heart surgery

No período de dezembro de 1987 a dezembro de 1989, 906 pacientes foram submetidos a cirurgia cardíaca com circulaçao extracorpórea, no Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia, sendo 43 por cento coronarianos, 37 por cento valvares, 17 por cento congênitos e 3 por cento outros. Dentre eles, observou-se, na fase intra-hospitalar de pós-operatório, a ocorrência de 19 casos de deiscência parcial ou total da toracotomia mediana (2 por cento), que ocorreu, em média, ao redor da 1( semana de pós-operatório, tendo sido a reintervençao cirúrgica por volta da 3( semana. As culturas mostraram predomínio de germes gram positivos e poucos casos de gram negativos e fungos. Em apenas um caso nao foi isolado qualquer agente infeccioso. Neste grupo de pacientes, constatou-se a presença de fatores predominantes, tais como diabetes, obesidade, doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) e tempo prolongado de cirurgia (média de 6 horas). Houve predomínio de pacientes adultos, cujas idades variaram de 40 a 67 anos, média de 53 anos (89 por cento). Constatou-se que, em 84 por cento dos pacientes, a artéria mamária interna foi utilizada como enxerto na revascularizaçao cirúrgica do miocárdio. Além das medidas gerais de terapêutica local e sistêmica com antibióticos específicos, visando ao combate dos agentes infecciosos e à conseqüente esterilizaçao da ferida, os pacientes eram conduzidos à sala de operaçao, procedendo-se à limpeza e desbridamento dos planos cirúrgicos, incluindo o esterno, deixando-se, em alguns casos, irrigaçao contínua com soluçao de povidine. Em dois pacientes foi realizada rotaçao de retalho miocutâneo, devido à refratariedade ao tratamento. De cinco casos de mediastinite, três faleceram por falência de múltiplos órgaos e sepsis. O grupo restante apresentou boa evoluçao, tendo obtido alta hospitalar após a 3( semana da reintervençao, com boa cicatrizaçao da ferida operatória.