Síndrome de Budd-Chiari por obstrução da via de saída da veia hepática por membrana: tratamento percutâneo por angioplastia com balão / Budd-Chiari syndrome due to hepatic venous web outflow obstruction: percutaneous treatment with balloon angioplasty

Resumo A síndrome de Budd-Chiari é uma doença venosa hepática rara, mais incidente em adultos jovens, podendo se apresentar na forma aguda, subaguda ou crônica, o que resulta em hipertensão portal. O tratamento tradicional consiste em técnicas de trombólise e de shunts portossistêmicos intra-hepáticos, como pontes para o transplante hepático. Recentemente, técnicas de angioplastia com balão ou stents têm sido relatadas para o tratamento dessa afecção. Neste artigo, é relatado e discutido um caso de síndrome de Budd-Chiari por obstrução membranosa da via de saída da veia supra-hepática com trombose da veia hepática média em uma paciente de 24 anos. O tratamento estabelecido foi a angioplastia transjugular com balão, que obteve resultados satisfatórios e boa evolução clínica.

Abstract The Budd-Chiari syndrome is a rare hepatic venous disease. It is more prevalent in young adults and may present in acute, subacute, or chronic forms, causing portal hypertension. Traditional treatment consists of thrombolysis techniques and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, as a bridge to liver transplantation. Recently, use of balloon or stent angioplasty techniques has been reported for treatment of this condition. In this article, we report and discuss a case of BCS by membranous obstruction in the hepatic vein outflow tract, with middle hepatic vein thrombosis, in a 24-year-old patient. The treatment chosen and employed was transjugular balloon angioplasty, which achieved satisfactory results and good clinical evolution.

Tratamiento de quilotórax y quiloascitis refractaria en paciente cirrótico. Caso clínico

Chylous Ascites (CA) and chylothorax (CTx) are associated with obstruction, disruption or insufficiency of the lymphatic system. We report a 68-year-old male, with a history of alcoholic cirrhosis, who had recurrent events of CTx and CA. After a complete study, no other etiologies other than portal hypertension were found. Therapy with diuretics, nothing per mouth, parenteral feeding plus octreotide did not relieve symptoms. A transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) was successfully placed and pleural effusion subsided. This case shows that CA and CTx can be caused by portal hypertension and they may subside employing a multimodal management strategy.

Observational Cohort Study of Hepatic Encephalopathy After Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS)

Abstract: Introduction and aim. Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a common complication of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting (TIPS). It is associated with a reduced quality of life and poor prognosis. The aim of this study was to compare two groups of patients who did and did not develop overt HE after TIPS. We looked for differences between these groups before TIPS. Material and methods. A study of 895 patients was conducted based on a retrospective analysis of clinical data. Data was analyzed using Fisher’s exact test, χ2, Mann Whitney test, unpaired t-test and logistic regression. After the initial analyses, we have looked at a regression models for the factors associated with development of HE after TIPS. Results. 257 (37.9%) patients developed HE after TIPS. Patients’ age, pre-TIPS portal venous pressure, serum creatinine, aspartate transaminase, albumin, presence of diabetes mellitus and etiology of portal hypertension were statistically significantly associated with the occurrence of HE after TIPS (p < 0.01). However, only the age, pre-TIPS portal venous pressure, serum creatinine, presence of diabetes mellitus and etiology of portal hypertension contributed to the regression model. Patients age, serum creatinine, presence of diabetes mellitus and portal vein pressure formed the model describing development of HE after TIPS for a subgroup of patients with refractory ascites. Conclusion. We have identified, using a substantial sample, several factors associated with the development of HE after TIPS. This could be helpful in further research.

Encefalopatía hepática en el 2011 / Hepatic encephalopaty in 2011

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric and motor disorder, resulting from hepatic failure. It is one of the main manifestations of chronic liver disease and the cardinal presentation of acute liver failure. Its presence and severity are the main prognostic determinants among these patients. It is frequent in advanced chronic liver disease (30-45 percent) and in patients with TIPS (transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt) (10-50 percent). Its pathogenesis is complex and it has multiple components, including ammonia, inflammatory cytokines, benzodiazepine- and manganese-like components, which alter the function of the neuronal cell. Its management requires identification and treatment of the precipitating factors, and ruling out other causes of mental status alteration. The majority of the therapies are aimed at reducing ammonia load in the intestine, such as non absorbable disaccharides (lactulose), antibiotics (neomycin, metronidazole and currently, rifaximin) and other, whose role has yet to be established. Severe encephalopathy is considered an indicator for liver transplantation. This article will analyze mainly hepatic encephalopathy in cirrhotic patients, its classification, etiopathogeny and current management.

La encefalopatía hepática (EH) es un síndrome neuropsiquiátrico y motor, que resulta de una disfunción hepática. Es una de las manifestaciones principales de la enfermedad hepática crónica y la presentación cardinal en la falla hepática aguda. Su presencia y gravedad son uno de los mayores determinantes pronósticos en estos pacientes. Es frecuente en enfermedad hepática crónica avanzada (30-45 por ciento)y en portadores de shunt postosistémico transyugular intrahepático (TIPS) (10-50 por ciento). Su patogénesis es compleja y tiene múltiples componentes, incluyendo el amonio, citoquinas inflamatorias, compuestos que semejan a benzodiacepinas y manganeso, que causan alteración funcional de la célula neuronal. El manejo requiere identificar y tratar los factores precipitantes, además de excluir otras causas de alteración del estado mental. La mayoría de las terapias están dirigidas a reducir la carga de amonio en el intestino, tales como los disacáridos no absorbibles (lactulosa), antibióticos (neomicina, metronidazol y actualmente rifaximina) y otros cuyo rol está por establecerse. La encefalopatía grave es considerada un indicador para trasplante hepático. En este artículo analizaremos principalmente la encefalopatía hepática en pacientes con cirrosis, su clasificación, etiopatogenia y manejo actual.

Tratamento de hidrotórax com shunt portossistêmico transjugular intra-hepático (TIPS) / Treatment of hydrothorax with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS)

O hidrotórax hepático caracteriza-se pelo derrame pleural secundário a ascite volumosa em pacientes com cirrose descompensada. É complicação rara em hepatopatas com hipertensão portal e de difícil reversão com o manejo clínico convencional para o tratamento da ascite. A introdução do shunt portossistêmico transjugular intra-hepático (TIPS) como opção terapêutica para esses pacientes mostrou-se procedimento bastante eficaz e com pequena morbidade associada. O objetivo deste trabalho é relatar o caso de uma paciente hepatopata crônica, com ascite volumosa e hidrotórax refratários ao tratamento clínico, a qual foi submetida à colocação de TIPS para tratamento. Pacientes com cirrose descompensada e ascite são candidatos a complicações como peritonite bacteriana espontânea, síndrome hepatorrenal e hidrotórax. O tratamento definitivo nestes casos é o transplante hepático – nem sempre viável e de rápido acesso. O TIPS é opção terapêutica temporária e de baixo risco para esses pacientes e que vem mostrando altas taxas de sucesso.

Liver hydrothorax is characterized by pleural effusion secondary to voluminous ascites in patients with uncompensated cirrhosis. It is a rare complication in hepatopaths with portal hypertension, one not easily reverted through the standard clinical management for the treatment of ascites. The introduction of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) as a therapeutic option for these patients proved to be quite efficacious and with little associated morbidity. The aim of this work is to report the case of a chronic female hepatopath with voluminous ascites and hydrothorax refractory to clinical treatment, who was submitted to TIPS. Patients with uncompensated cirrhosis and ascites are candidates to complications such as spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, hepatorenal syndrome, and hydrothorax. Definitive treatment in these cases is the hepatic transplant – not always viable and easily accessed. TIPS is the temporary, low-risk therapeutic option for such patients, which has shown high rates of success.

Utilizacion del shunt portosistemico intrahepatico transyugular (TIPS) en un paciente de 84 años durante un episodio de hemorragia aguda por varices esofagicas / Use of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) in an 84 year-old patient during acute variceal bleeding

El shunt portosistémico intrahepático transygular (TIPS) es un procedimiento no quirúrgico que consiste en crear una comunicación porto-cava a través del parénquima hepático. La mortalidad asociada al procedimiento es baja y no interfiere en el transplante hepático. Se presenta un paciente añoso con hepatopatía crónica e hipertensión portal que se internó por un episodio de hemorragia por várices esofágicas. Debido al fallo del tratamiento médico y escleroterápico, se le embolizó la vena coronaria estomáquica con un coil y se colocó un TIPS durante el episodio agudo de hemorragia por várices esofágicas. Evolucionó favorablemente y a un año del procedimiento se encuentra asintomático.