Estandarización de requerimientos mínimos para la formación de centro de detección temprana de cáncer de pulmón en América Latina / Standardization of Minimum Requirements for the Formation of an Early Detection Center for Lung Cancer in Latin America

Introducción: El cáncer de pulmón (CP) es una enfermedad con gran impacto a nivel mundial en el número de muertes y en costos en salud. La alta incidencia y mortalidad de esta enfermedad asociada al diagnóstico tardío, y la mejoría del pronóstico ante una detección temprana, determinan que sea una patología pasible de beneficiarse mediante detección temprana. La tomografía de baja dosis de radiación (TCBD) demostró ser un método que se pue- de realizar periódicamente a un grupo de personas con alto riesgo de desarrollar CP y así reducir la mortalidad por esta enfermedad. Sin embargo, este beneficio es tal cuan- do se encuentra desarrollado bajo un programa organizado y con participación multi- disciplinaria especializada en cáncer de pulmón. Métodos: Se plantea determinar lineamientos básicos para el desarrollo de la detección temprana de cáncer de pulmón en América Latina para que pueda ser realizada en forma uniforme, con el menor riesgo y el máximo beneficio esperado. Se analizaron las principales publicaciones referidas a este tema, contemplando la diversidad de atención y acceso de América Latina. Resultado: Se desarrollan requerimientos mínimos para la implementación de un pro- grama. Discusión: El número de programas en la región es escaso y depende más de esfuerzos individuales que de políticas generales de salud. Consideramos que estos lineamien- tos pueden servir de apoyo para el desarrollo de más programas en la región y de for- ma más homogénea.

Introduction: Lung cancer (LC) is a disease with a great impact worldwide in the number of deaths and health costs. The high incidence and mortality of this disease associated with late diagnosis and the improved prognosis with early detection determine that it is a pathology that can benefit from early detection. Low radiation dose tomography (LDCT) demonstrated a method that can be performed periodically to a group of people at high risk of developing CP and thus reduce mortality from this disease. However, this benefit is such when it is developed under an organized program with multidisciplinary participation specialized in lung cancer. Methods: It is proposed to determine basic guidelines for the development of early de- tection of lung cancer in Latin America so that it can be carried out uniformly, with the lowest risk and the maximum expected benefit. The main publications referring to this topic were analyzed, considering the diversity of care and access in Latin America. Result: Minimum requirements are developed for the implementation of a program. Discussion: The number of programs in the region is small and depends more on individual efforts than on general health policies. We consider that these guidelines can serve as support for the development of more programs in the region and in a more ho- mogeneous way.

Reflexiones sobre el cáncer de cérvix y la salud pública / Reflections on Cervical Cancer and Public Health

En este artículo tratamos de mostrar la actual realidad y problemática del cáncer de cuello uterino en la salud pública. Su repercusión en la población femenina desde temprana edad y el plan de acción para su control como política a largo plazo para disminuir su mortalidad

In this article we try to show the current reality and problems of cervical cancer in public health. Its impact on the female population from an early age and the action plan for its control as a long-term policy to reduce mortality

Desafios do rastreamento do câncer de mama / Challenges of breast cancer screening

A mamografia é o método de eleição para o rastreamento do câncer de mama, sendo o único que demonstra redução de mortalidade na população de risco habitual. A periodicidade de realização e a idade de início do rastreamento mamográfico são um tema controverso na literatura. Entretanto, dados no nosso país apontam para uma porção significativa de neoplasia de mamas em mulheres abaixo dos 50 anos. A Federação Brasileira das Associações de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia (Febrasgo), a Sociedade Brasileira de Mastologia (SBM) e o Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem (CBR) concordam que o rastreamento mamográfico deveria ser realizado, anualmente, por todas as mulheres a partir de 40 anos de idade. No Brasil, há uma distribuição desigual de mamógrafos nas várias regiões. As políticas de rastreamento devem considerar essa desigualdade. A grande maioria dos serviços no Brasil realiza rastreamento oportunístico para o câncer de mama. A implantação de rastreamento organizado por faixa etária e estratificação de risco pode otimizar os custos do sistema público de saúde. Pacientes de alto risco precisam ser rastreadas de forma diferente das pacientes de risco habitual. Essas pacientes precisam ter acesso à ressonância magnética das mamas e também iniciar seu rastreamento em idade mais precoce. O protocolo abreviado da ressonância magnética para rastreamento de pacientes de alto risco para câncer de mama pode melhorar a adesão e o acesso dessas pacientes ao programa de rastreamento. A ultrassonografia das mamas não é método de rastreamento isoladamente. Entretanto, ela tem seu papel como método complementar à mamografia e à ressonância magnética em cenários específicos, bem como em substituição à ressonância magnética em pacientes com contraindicação ao uso desse método. As mamas densas possuem baixa sensibilidade para o rastreamento por mamografia

Inequidades en la detección temprana del cáncer de cérvix: una realidad en la población costarricense / Inequalities in the early detection of cervical cancer: a reality in the Costa Rica

Resumen Introducción: el cáncer de cérvix es una de las enfermedades neoplásicas más frecuentes que afecta la salud de las mujeres en el mundo. Objetivo: determinar si existen diferencias entre regiones de Costa Rica en el uso del papanicoláu, con el fin de visualizar las inequidades relacionadas con la detección temprana del cáncer cérvico-uterino. Metodología: este estudio se realizó a partir de la Encuesta Nacional de Hogares de 2014, la cual es representativa en el ámbito nacional. Se utilizó R-Studio para estimar dos modelos de regresión multinomial que explican el tiempo transcurrido desde el último papanicoláu y las razones por las que las mujeres nunca se habían realizado uno. Se recurrió a datos del Registro Nacional de Tumores del Ministerio de Salud para evaluar la razón in-situ/invasor. Resultados: en comparación con las residentes de la región Central, las mujeres de las regiones Chorotega, Pacífico Central y Huetar Caribe son respectivamente un 80 % (OR=1,80; p<0,01), un 52 % (OR=1,52; p=0,031) y un 58 % (OR=1,58; p<0,01) más propensas a haberse realizado la citología vaginal por última vez hace 5 años o más que hace 1 o 2 años. Discusión: de acuerdo con los resultados de la presente investigación, la Región Chorotega presenta las condiciones más desventajosas en cuanto a la práctica de PAP, esto implica un mayor riesgo de desarrollar lesiones y cáncer de cérvix. Conclusiones: en busca de reducir las brechas y mejorar las condiciones de acceso, es necesario coordinar y articular esfuerzos institucionales tanto gubernamentales como no gubernamentales, incluyendo la participación y el protagonismo de las mujeres.

Abstract Introduction. Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancer types that affects the health of women worldwide. Objective: To determine if there are differences in the use of Pap smears at the regional level in Costa Rica, in order to visualize the inequalities related to the early detection of cervical-uterine cancer. Methodology. This study was conducted based on information from the 2014 National Household Survey. This survey is representative at the national level. R-Studio was used to estimate two multinomial regression models. The first one was used to explain the time that has elapsed since the last time women had a Pap smear. The second one was used to explain the reasons why women had never had a Pap smear. Data on the incidence of cervical cancer, from the National Tumor Registry of the Ministry of Health, were used in order to estimate the in-situ/invasive ratio. Results: Women who participate less regularly in screening are those residing in the Chorotega, Central Pacific and Huetar Caribbean regions. Compared to women in the Central region, women in these three regions are 80% (OR=1.80; p<0.01), 52% (OR=1.52; p=0.031) and 58% (OR=1.58; p<0.01) respectively more likely to have had a Pap screening 5 or more years ago, as compared to 1 to 2 years ago. Discussion: According to the results of this research, the Chorotega Region presents the most disadvantageous conditions in terms of the use of PAP, which represents a higher risk for women to develop lesions and cervical cancer. Conclusions: In order to reduce gaps and improve conditions of access to prevention, it is necessary to coordinate institutional efforts, both governmental and non-governmental, as well as the participation and protagonism of women.

Tendência Temporal da Cobertura de Mamografias no Sistema Único de Saúde, Brasil, 2010-2019 / Temporal trend of Mammography Coverage in the National Health System, Brazil, 2010-2019 / Tendencia Temporal de la Cobertura de Mamografías en el Sistema Único de Salud, Brasil, 2010-2019

Introdução: O câncer de mama no Brasil apresenta elevadas taxas de incidência e mortalidade apesar da tendência de redução da mortalidade em algumas Regiões. Objetivo: Descrever a tendência da cobertura de mamografias de rastreamento nas Macrorregiões e Estados brasileiros e identificar a influência de Políticas Nacionais voltadas ao controle do câncer de mama entre 2010-2019. Método: Foi calculada a razão entre mamografias de rastreamento na faixa etária de 50-69 anos por local de residência e subtraída a população das residentes com plano de saúde na faixa etária e no período referidos. A tendência foi avaliada pelo modelo de regressão Joinpoint. Resultados: A cobertura aumentou no Brasil de 2010-2014 e apresentou queda de 2014-2019, com aumento na proporção de exames realizados na população-alvo. Esse padrão foi observado nas demais Regiões, exceto na Centro-Oeste, porém com ano de mudança da tendência diferente. Foram identificados dois pontos de mudança no país: de 2010-2014, com tendência crescente (APC 8,7, IC 95% 6,2; 11,3), e de 2014-2019, com tendência decrescente (APC -4,2, IC 95% -5,7; -2,7), ambos significantes. A Região Nordeste foi a única com três pontos de mudança de tendência: 2010-2012 (APC 30,3, IC 95% 22,9; 38,2), 2012-2017 (APC 4,7, IC 95% 3,0; 6,4) e 2017-2019 (APC -14,9, IC 95% -19,7; -9,8). Não foi identificada tendência para a Região Centro-Oeste. Conclusão: Houve crescimento na proporção de mamografias de rastreamento realizadas na população-alvo no período, para Brasil e Regiões, e tendência de redução na cobertura da mamografia a partir de 2014. Esses resultados indicam priorização da população-alvo do programa nas ações de rastreamento

Introduction: Breast cancer in Brazil has high incidence and mortality rates despite the declining trend of mortality in some regions. Objective:To describe the trend of mammograms screening coverage in Brazilian macroregions and states and identify the influence of the national breast cancer control policies between 2010-2019. Method: The ratio of screening mammograms in the age group of 50-69 years per local of residence was calculated minus the population of health-insured residents in that age group and period. The trend was evaluated by the Joinpoint regression model. Results: Coverage raised in Brazil from 2010-2014 and declined from 2014-2019, with increase of the proportion of exams in the target population. This pattern was noticed in other regions, except the Midwest, but with different year of shifting trend. Two significant shifting points were identified in the country: from 2010-2014, with increasing trend (APC 8.7, 95%CI 6.2; 11.3), and from 2014-2019 with decreasing trend (APC -4.2, 95%CI -5.7; -2.7). The Northeast region was the only one with three points of shifting trend: from 2010-2012 (APC 30.3, 95%CI 22.9; 38.2), 2012-2017 (APC 4.7, 95%CI 3.0; 6.4) and 2017-2019 (APC -14.9, 95%CI -19.7; -9.8). No trend was identified for the Midwest region. Conclusion: There was an increase in the proportion of screening mammograms performed in the target population in the period for Brazil and macroregions, and a declining trend in mammograms coverage from 2014 onwards. These results indicate the priority given to the target population in the program of screening actions

Introducción: El cáncer de mama en Brasil tiene altas tasas de incidencia y mortalidad a pesar de tendencia a reducción de mortalidad en algunas regiones. Objetivo: Describir tendencia en cobertura de mamografías de cribado en Macrorregiones y Estados brasileños e identificar influencia de políticas nacionales de control del cáncer de mama entre 2010-2019. Método: Calculó la razón entre mamografías de detección en grupo de edad 50-69 años por residencia, menos la población de las residentes con seguro médico en ese grupo de edad y período. La tendencia se evaluó mediante modelo de regresión Joinpoint. Resultados: Cobertura aumentó en Brasil de 2010-2014 y disminuyó de 2014-2019, con aumento em proporción de pruebas realizadas em población objetivo. Este patrón se observó en otras regiones, excepto Medio Oeste, con diferente año de cambio de tendencia. Se identificaron dos puntos de cambio en país: 2010-2014, con tendencia creciente (APC 8,7, IC 95% 6.2; 11.3), y 2014-2019 con tendencia decreciente (APC -4,2, IC 95% -5,7; -2,7), ambos significativos. Región Nordeste fue única con tres puntos de cambio de tendencia: 2010-2012 (APC 30,3, IC 95% 22,9; 38,2), 2012-2017 (APC 4,7, IC 95% 3,0; 6,4) y 2017-2019 (APC -14,9, IC 95% -19,7; -9,8). No se identificó ninguna tendencia para Región Medio Oeste. Conclusión: Hubo un aumento en proporción de mamografías de detección realizadas en población en período, para Brasil y regiones, y una tendencia a reducción de cobertura mamográfica a partir de 2014. Estos resultados indican priorización de población del programa en acciones de cribado

Impacto da Pandemia da Covid-19 no diagnóstico do Câncer de Boca no Brasil / Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Diagnosis of Oral Cancer in Brazil / Impacto de la Pandemia de Covid-19 en el Diagnóstico de Cáncer Bucal en Brasi

Introdução: A identificação e a investigação de lesões suspeitas na cavidade oral são determinantes para o diagnóstico precoce do câncer de boca. A sobrevida dos casos diagnosticados e a qualidade de vida dos pacientes são diretamente afetadas pelo tratamento oncológico com pior prognóstico em tumores avançados. Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto da pandemia da covid-19 na realização de procedimentos diagnósticos para câncer de boca no Brasil. Método: Estudo transversal com dados do Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais do Sistema Único de Saúde (SIA/SUS). A média de procedimentos diagnósticos registrados mensal, semestral e anualmente no período pré-pandemia (2016 a 2019) foi comparada, por meio da variação percentual, com a produção registrada no período pandêmico (2020). Resultados: Observou-se diminuição dos procedimentos de diagnóstico para o câncer de lábio e cavidade oral em 2020 comparado com o período de 2016 a 2019, com exceção das Regiões Sul e Centro-Oeste. A Região Nordeste apresentou a maior variação percentual negativa (-26,2%) entre a média de procedimentos realizados de 2016 a 2019 em comparação ao ano de 2020. Rondônia e Goiás apresentaram variação positiva, 66,2% e 43,5%, respectivamente. O país registrou as maiores reduções percentuais em abril (-43,2%) e em maio (-42,3%) de 2020, retornando à variação positiva apenas em dezembro (10,6%). Com exceção da Região Norte, o segundo semestre de 2020 foi pior do que o primeiro. Conclusão: A pandemia da covid-19 impactou a realização de diagnósticos de câncer de boca. Os achados indicam necessidade de orientações para profissionais de saúde e para a população sobre o caráter de urgência do diagnóstico de câncer de boca

Introduction: The identification and investigation of suspicious lesions in the oral cavity is crucial for the early diagnosis of oral cancer. The survival of diagnosed cases and the quality of life of the patients are directly affected by cancer treatment with a worse prognosis in advanced tumors. Objective: To evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the performance of diagnostic procedures for oral cancer in Brazil. Method: Cross-sectional study with data from the SUS Outpatient Information System (SIA-SUS). The average of diagnostic procedures recorded monthly, half-yearly and annually in the pre-pandemic period (2016 a 2019) was compared, through the percentage variation, with the production recorded in the pandemic (2020). Results: There was a drop in diagnostic procedures for cancer of the lip and oral cavity in 2020 compared to the period 2016 to 2019, with the exception of the South and Midwest regions. The Northeast region had the highest negative percentage change (-26.2%) among the average of procedures performed between 2016 and 2019 compared to 2020. Rondônia and Goiás showed positive variations, 66.2% and 43.5%, respectively. The country recorded the biggest percentage reductions in April (-43.2%) and in May (-42.3%) 2020, returning to positive variation only in December (10.6%). And with the exception of the North region, the second half of 2020 was worse than the first. Conclusion: The pandemic had an impact on the performance of oral cancer diagnoses. The findings indicate the need for guidance to health professionals and the population on the urgency of the diagnosis of oral cancer

Introducción: La identificación y la investigación de lesiones sospechosas en la cavidad bucal son cruciales para el diagnóstico precoz del cáncer oral. La supervivencia de los casos diagnosticados y la calidad de vida de los usuarios se ven directamente afectadas por el tratamiento del cáncer con peor pronóstico en tumores avanzados. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de la pandemia de covid-19 en la realización de procedimientos diagnósticos de cáncer oral en Brasil. Método: Estudio transversal con datos del Sistema de Información de Ambulatorios del Sistema Único de Salud (SIA/SUS). El promedio de procedimientos diagnósticos registrados mensual, semestral y anualmente en el período previo a la pandemia (2016 a 2019) se comparó, a través de la variación porcentual, con la producción registrada en el período pandémico (2020). Resultados: Se observó una disminución de los procedimientos de diagnóstico de cáncer de labio y cavidad oral en 2020 en comparación con el período de 2016 a 2019, con la excepción de las Regiones del Sur y del Medio Oeste. La Región Noreste presentó la mayor variación porcentual negativa (-26,2%) entre el promedio de procedimientos realizados de 2016 a 2019 en comparación con el año 2020. Rondônia y Goiás mostraron una variación positiva, 66,2% y 43,5%, respectivamente. El país registró las mayores reducciones porcentuales en abril (-43,2%) y mayo (-42,3%) de 2020, volviendo a la variación positiva sólo en diciembre (10,6%). Con la excepción de la Región Norte, el segundo semestre de 2020 fue peor que el primero. Conclusión: La pandemia de covid-19 impactó en el número de diagnósticos de cáncer oral. Los resultados indican la necesidad de orientar a los profesionales de la salud y a la población sobre el carácter urgente del diagnóstico del cáncer oral

Análise dos efeitos da implantação de um serviço de rastreamento e diagnóstico de câncer de mama no Sertão Nordestino / Analysis of the effects of implementing a tracking and diagnosis service of breast cancer in the northeastern wilderness

INTRODUÇÃO: O câncer de mama é a neoplasia mais incidente entre mulheres, representando 24,5% entre todos os tipos de câncer nesta população. Além disto, representa a maior causa de morte neste grupo, respondendo por 15,5% dos óbitos entres todos os tipos de cânceres femininos. A faixa etária a partir de 50 anos é mais acometida, sendo relativamente raro antes dos 35 anos. As estratégias de detecção precoce são a base da Política Nacional de Atenção ao Câncer de Mama através do rastreamento e o diagnóstico precoce. Entretanto, parte significativa das mulheres brasileiras recebem o diagnóstico em estágios mais avançados da doença, principalmente nas regiões menos desenvolvidas do país. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados e o impacto do programa de rastreamento e diagnóstico de câncer de mama, na Região de Saúde Juazeiro, Bahia (RSJ/BA), no período de 1998 a 2017. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo de serie temporal, avaliando as taxas de mortalidade por câncer de mama antes e após a implantação do serviço de diagnóstico do câncer na cidade de Juazeiro-BA, referência em diagnóstico de câncer na MSJ/BA, composta por dez cidades. As informações foram coletadas do Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade e Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, estabelecidas tendências temporais através do softwere JoinPoint e verificadas correlações entre distância e o IDH dos municípios através do teste de correlação de Pearson. Foram descritas características e perfil tumoral de todas as mulheres diagnosticadas no período de 2014 a 2018 através do softwere stata 11. RESULTADOS: As taxas de mortalidade aumentaram após implantação do serviço de diagnóstico, com tendência de crescimento da mortalidade, porém, com maior intensidade após a implantação do serviço. Houve correlação negativa entre as taxas de mortalidade e a distância das cidades e positiva com o IDH dos municípios. A maioria dos casos diagnosticados no serviço de referência (27%) ocorreu em 2018, na faixa etária de 50 a 69 anos (58%), CONCLUSÕES: A tendência de aumento da taxa mortalidade na RSJ/BA coincide com a implantação do serviço de rastreamento e diagnóstico precoce na cidade de Juazeiro ­ BA. Em todas as cidades atendidas pelo serviço, houve aumento das taxas de mortalidade, onde o acesso ao exame de MMG foi facilitado pela implantação do atendimento da unidade móvel de rastreamento e diagnóstico, principalmente nos municípios mais distantes, localizadas a mais de 200 km do centro de diagnóstico. As mulheres residentes em locais mais distantes dos serviços têm mais dificuldades para acessar o diagnóstico precoce e apresentam tumores maiores ao diagnóstico. Aprofundar o conhecimento e a compreensão das condições do acesso ao diagnóstico e tratamento é importante para melhorar as chances de prevenção e sobrevida das mulheres sertanejas.

INTRODUCTION: Breast cancer is the most frequent neoplasm among women, representing 24.5% of all types of cancer in this population. In addition, it represents the major cause of death in this group, accounting for 15.5% of deaths among all types of female cancers. The age group from 50 years is more affected, being relatively rare before the age of 35 years. Early detection strategies are the basis of the National Breast Cancer Care Policy through screening and early diagnosis. However, a significant part of Brazilian women are diagnosed at more advanced stages of the disease, especially in less developed regions of the country. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results and impact of the breast cancer screening and diagnosis program in the Juazeiro Health Region, Bahia (RSJ/BA), from 1998 to 2017. MATERIAL AND METHODS: a retrospective serial study was carried out temporal, evaluating breast cancer mortality rates before and after the implementation of the cancer diagnosis service in the city of Juazeiro-BA, reference in cancer diagnosis in MSJ/BA, composed of ten cities. The information was collected from the Mortality Information System and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics, temporal trends were established using the JoinPoint software and correlations between distance and the HDI of the municipalities were verified using Pearson's correlation test. Characteristics and tumor profile of all women diagnosed in the period from 2014 to 2018 were described using the software stata 11. RESULTS: Mortality rates increased after the implementation of the diagnostic service, with a tendency for mortality to increase, but with greater intensity after the implementation of the service. There was a negative correlation between mortality rates and distance from cities and a positive correlation with the HDI of municipalities. Most cases diagnosed in the referral service (27%) occurred in 2018, in the age group from 50 to 69 years (58%). CONCLUSIONS: The trend towards an increase in the mortality rate in RSJ/BA coincides with the implementation of a screening and early diagnosis service in the city of Juazeiro - BA. In all cities served by the service, there was an increase in mortality rates, where access to the MMG test was facilitated by the implementation of the mobile tracking and diagnosis unit, especially in the most distant municipalities, located more than 200 km from the center. of diagnosis. Women residing in locations further away from services have more difficulties in accessing early diagnosis and present larger tumors at diagnosis. Deepening the knowledge and understanding of the conditions of access to diagnosis and treatment is important to improve the chances of prevention and survival of sertaneja women.

A short guide to cancer screening: increase effectiveness, maximize benefits and minimize harm

The purpose of cancer screening tests is to detect pre-cancer or early-stage cancer in asymptomaticindividuals so that timely diagnosis and early treatment can be offered, where this treatment can leadto better outcomes for some people. The aim of a cancer screening programme is either to reducemortality and morbidity in a population by early detection and early treatment of a cancer (forexample, breast screening) or to reduce the incidence of a cancer by identifying and treating itsprecursors (such as cervical and colorectal screening). This short guide is designed to be a quickreference that contains the important ideas about cancer screening. Readers should refer to otherpublications for comprehensive discussion and detailed guidance on cancer screening programmes.

Prostate Cancer Screening in Brazil: a single center experience in the public health system

ABSTRACT Purpose: Incidence and mortality of prostate cancer (PCa) are still increasing in developing countries. Limited access to the health system or more aggressive disease are potential reasons for this. Ethnic and social differences in developed countries seem to make inappropriate to extrapolate data from other centers. We aim to report the epidemiological profile of a PSA-screened population from a cancer center in Brazil. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively selected 9.692 men enrolled in a PCa prevention program, comprising total PSA level and digital rectal examination at the first appointment, associated with complementary tests when necessary. Men aged over 40 years-old were included after shared decision-making process. Prostate biopsy (TRUS) was performed when clinically suspected for PCa. After the diagnosis, patients underwent appropriate treatment. Results: TRUS was performed in 5.5% of men and PCa incidence was 2.6%. Overall ratio between number of patients who needed to be screened in order to diagnose one cancer was 38.9 patients, with 2.1 biopsies performed to diagnose a cancer. Positive predictive value (PPV) of TRUS biopsy in this strategy was 47.2%, varying from 38.5% (<50 years-old) to 60% (>80 years-old). We evidenced 70 patients (27.9%) classified as low risk tumors, 74 (29.5%) as intermediate risk, and 107 (42.6%) as high-risk disease. Conclusions: PSA-screening remains controversial in literature. In front of a huge miscegenated people and considering the big proportion of high-risk PCa, even in young men diagnosed with the disease, it is imperative to inform patients and health providers about these data particularities in Brazil.

Diagnostic and treatment delays in breast cancer in association with multiple factors in Pakistan

Background: Breast cancer has the highest incidence rate among all types of cancer worldwide. There is strong evidence that delay in presentation to an oncologist may lead to a decrease in survival.Aims: This study explores factors causing diagnostic and treatment delays among the breast cancer patients enrolled in Jinnah Hospital, Lahore, from 2016 to 2018.Methods: Data from 372 patients were collected, including tumour characteristics, first symptoms, knowledge and experience of breast cancer, first visit to a doctor, etc. We calculated the patient, physician, treatment, system and total delay intervals.Results: Breast cancer cases showed longer mean patient delay in older women (> 50 years) in comparison with younger women. Women with painless lump as the initial symptom showed the longest delay with median total delay 280 days (25th and 75th percentiles 140 and 410 days respectively). Initial symptoms were correlated with total delay (P = 0.036). Educated women showed shorter delay in treatment compared with illiterate women (P = 0.068). Rural residence showed significant delay (P = 0.007). Lump size showed correlation with delay (P = 0.039). Patients with low household income (< Rs 10 000) had greater delay in diagnosis (P = 0.027) and actively employed women showed shorter delay (P < 0.0001). Unmarried women were diagnosed earlier than married (P < 0.001).Conclusions: Women showed delay in presentation due to lack of resources and lack of awareness about the disease. They presented late due to fear of surgery and chemotherapy. Using traditional treatment methods leads to diagnosis of the disease at more advanced stages.

Evaluation of the usability of a mobile application in early detection of pediatric cancer / Evaluación de la usabilidad de una aplicación móvil en la detección precoz de cáncer pediátrico / Avaliação da usabilidade de um aplicativo móvel para detecção precoce do câncer pediátrico

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the usability of a mobile application for early detection of pediatric cancer. Method A descriptive study, with a quantitative approach, evaluating the usability of the application "Fique Atento, pode ser câncer" by 19 oncology nurses at the Oswaldo Cruz University Hospital, Pernambuco, Brazil, using the validated System Usability Scale questionnaire. For analysis, Microsoft Excel and the support of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software were used. Results Through the application of the SUS questionnaire, the total value of the averages of all scores was 91.58%, the satisfaction rate was 88.6% and the efficiency rate 91.2%. Discussion The data demonstrated that the application has agreement and compliance with the principles of usability in the criteria of effectiveness, efficiency and user satisfaction. Final considerations The application brings an important contribution to expand the construction and validation of technological tools that align both theoretical and practical knowledge.

RESUMEN Objetivo Evaluar la usabilidad de una aplicación móvil para la detección precoz del cáncer pediátrico. Método Estudio descriptivo, con enfoque cuantitativo, evaluando la usabilidad de la aplicación "Fique atento, pode ser câncer" por 19 enfermeras de oncología del Hospital Universitario Oswaldo Cruz, Pernambuco, Brasil, utilizando el cuestionario de la Escala de Usabilidad del Sistema validado. Para el análisis de los datos se utilizó Microsoft Excel y el soporte del software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Resultados Al aplicar el cuestionario SUS, el valor totals de los promedios de todos los puntajes fue del 91,58%, la tasa de satisfacción fue del 88,6% y la tasa de eficiencia del 91,2%. Discusión Los datos demostraron que la aplicación tiene concordancia y cumplimiento con los principios de usabilidad en los criterios de efectividad, eficiencia y satisfacción del usuario. Consideraciones finales La aplicación aporta un importante aporte para expandir la construcción y validación de herramientas tecnológicas que alinean conocimientos teóricos y prácticos.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a usabilidade de um aplicativo móvel para detecção precoce do câncer pediátrico. Método Estudo descritivo, com abordagem quantitativa, de avaliação da usabilidade do aplicativo "Fique Atento, pode ser câncer" por 19 enfermeiros oncológicos do Hospital Universitário Oswaldo Cruz, Pernambuco, Brasil, utilizando o questionário validado System Usability Scale. Para análise dos dados utilizou-se o Microsoft Excel e o suporte do software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Resultados Mediante a aplicação do questionário SUS, o valor total das médias de todos os scores foi de 91,58%, o índice de satisfação foi de 88,6% e o de eficiência 91,2%. Discussão Os dados demonstraram que o aplicativo possui concordância e conformidade com os princípios de usabilidade nos critérios de efetividade, eficiência e satisfação do usuário. Considerações finais: O aplicativo traz uma importante contribuição para ampliação da construção e validação de ferramentas tecnológicas que alinham o conhecimento teórico ao prático.

Inequalities in mammography and Papanicolaou test coverage: a time-series study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Cancer is a serious public issue problem worldwide. In Brazil, breast cancer is the most common type and cervical cancer is the third most frequent among women. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the temporal trend of coverage of mammography and cervical oncotic cytological testing, between 2007 and 2018. DESIGN AND SETTING: Time-series study conducted in the 26 Brazilian state capitals and in the Federal District. METHODS: A linear regression model was used to estimate trends in coverage of mammography and cervical oncotic cytological testing over the period. The data collection system for Surveillance of Risk and Protection Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey (Vigitel) was used. RESULTS: A significant increase in mammography coverage was observed, from 71.1% in 2007 to 78.0% in 2018. There was a trend towards an increase among women with 0 to 8 years of schooling, in all regions of Brazil. Regarding cervical oncotic cytological testing coverage, there was a trend towards stability during the period analyzed, reaching 81.7% in 2018. On the other hand, there was a significant increase in the northern region. CONCLUSIONS: There was an improvement in the coverage of these screening examinations, especially regarding mammography. However, it is still necessary to expand their provision, quality and surveillance, aimed towards women's health.

Prostate examination among adult and elderly subjects in southern Brazil: a cross-sectional population-based study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Population-wide screening for prostate cancer remains a controversial topic, given the need for an individualized approach to patients regarding the risks and benefits of prostate-specific antigen testing and digital rectal examination. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of, and factors associated with, prostate examination among men aged 45 or older. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional population-based study developed in the city of Rio Grande (RS), Brazil. METHODS: The outcome of interest was a history of prostate examination (prostate-specific antigen testing or digital rectal examination). The following independent variables were analyzed: age group, skin color, marital status, schooling, economic level, leisure-time physical activity, smoking habits, excessive alcohol consumption, overweight, health insurance, visits to the doctor during the preceding year, hypertension and diabetes. After a two-stage sampling process, the final sample consisted of 281 male individuals. RESULTS: The prevalence of a history of prostate-specific antigen testing or digital rectal examination was 68.3% (95% confidence interval (CI): 62.2 to 74.5). The highest prevalence rates were observed among men aged 70 years or older (88%) and the lowest among smokers (36%). The following characteristics were found to be associated with the outcome: advanced age; marital status other than single; more schooling and higher economic status; practicing physical activity; non-smoking habits; overweight; having health insurance; and having visited a doctor during the preceding year. CONCLUSION: Approximately two thirds of the study population had been screened for prostate examination, mostly older individuals, with higher socioeconomic status and a healthier lifestyle.

Desigualdad social en México en el uso de servicios de tamizaje en adultos: un análisis de las encuestas nacionales de salud 2006 y 2012 / Social inequality in the use of screening tests in Mexico: an analysis of the national health surveys 2006 and 2012

Resumen Objetivo: Medir la desigualdad en el uso de servicios de tamizaje en adultos de 20 a 59 años, a partir de las encuestas nacionales de salud y nutrición 2006 y 2012. Material y métodos: A partir de la selección de cinco indicadores de tamizaje en adultos (detección de diabetes, hipertensión y cánceres de mama, cérvicouterino y de próstata) se estimaron el índice de Kuznets, el índice de desigualdad de la pendiente y el índice de concentración de salud, considerando como indicadores sociales la escolaridad, etnicidad, desempleo, nivel socioeconómico y tipo de protección en salud. Resultados: Las coberturas de las cinco pruebas se incrementaron, sin embargo, la desigualdad observada disminuyó únicamente en las intervenciones en mujeres; en el caso de la detección de cáncer de próstata se incrementó. Conclusión: Si bien es importante monitorear el desempeño de los servicios curativos, persiste el reto de asegurar el acceso efectivo y equitativo a servicios de diagnóstico temprano.

Abstract Objective: To measure health inequality in the use of screening services in adults from 20 to 59 years of age from the 2006 and 2012 national health and nutrition surveys. Materials and methods: Considering the selection of five indicators of screening in adults (detection of diabetes, hypertension, breast cancer, cervical cancer and prostate cancer), the Kuznets index, the slope inequality index and the health concentration index were estimated. Considering as social indicators schooling, ethnicity, unemployment, socioeconomic level and type of health protection. Results: The coverage of the five tests increased, but the inequality observed only decreased in the interventions in women; and in the case of the detection of prostate cancer it was increased. Conclusions: While it is important to monitor the performance of curative services, the challenge remains to ensure effective and equitable access to early diagnosis services.

Screening de lesiones orales malignas y potencialmente malignas en funcionarios de Universidad de Valparaíso y Universidad Viña del Mar durante los años 2016 - 2017 / Screening of malignant and potentially malignant oral lesions in employee of the University of Valparaíso and the University of Viña del Mar during 2016 - 2017

El objetivo de este estudio es determinar la prevalencia de lesiones orales malignas y potencialmente malignas (LPM) en funcionarios de la Universidad de Valparaíso y de Viña del Mar durante los años 2016 - 2017. Fueron citados 161 funcionarios, quienes accedieron a una encuesta que evaluaba factores de riesgo de cáncer oral (tabaco y alcohol) y si habían escuchado de la patología, sumado a un examen clínico. De los pacientes examinados, se diagnosticaron 121 lesiones de las cuales 2 fueron diagnosticadas como lesiones potencialmente malignas: Liquen plano y Leucoplasia, con una prevalencia de 1,7 %. El 50,3 % de los pacientes sabía de la existencia de cáncer oral. El Screening es una medida que permite dar a conocer a la población la existencia de cáncer oral y alertarlos sobre la importancia de su examen para su identificación de manera temprana.

The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of malignant and potentially malignant oral lesions (PML) in University of Valparaíso and Viña del Mar employees, during the years 2016 - 2017. We cited 161 employees, who accessed a survey evaluating risk factors for oral cancer (tobacco and alcohol) and if they had heard of the disease. In addition, a clinical examination was carried out. Of the patients examined, 121 lesions were diagnosed, of which 2 were diagnosed as potentially malignant lesions: Lichen planus and Leukoplakia, with a prevalence of 1.6 %. 50.3 % of patients knew of the existence of oral cancer. Epidemiological designs are needed to better establish causality between risk factors and malignant or, potentially malignant lesions.

Prostate cancer screening among elderly men in Brazil: should we diagnose or not?

ABSTRACT Purpose: Prostate cancer screening in the elderly is controversial. The Brazilian government and the National Cancer Institute (INCA) do not recommend systematic screening. Our purpose was to assess prevalence and aggressiveness of prostate cancer in men aged 70 years and above, on the first Latin American database to date. Materials and Methods: Cross-sectional study (n=17,571) from 231 municipalities, visited by Mobile Cancer Prevention Units of a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) based opportunistic screening program, between 2004 and 2007. The criteria for biopsy were: PSA>4.0ng/ml, or PSA 2.5-4.0ng/ml with free/total PSA ratio ≤15%, or suspicious digital rectal examination findings. The screened men were stratified in two age groups (45-69 years, and ≥70 years). These groups were compared regarding prostate cancer prevalence and aggressiveness criteria (PSA, Gleason score from biopsy and TNM staging). Results: The prevalence of prostate cancer found was 3.7%. When compared to men aged 45-69 years, individuals aged 70 years and above presented cancer prevalence about three times higher (prevalence ratio 2.9, p<0.01), and greater likelihood to present PSA level above 10.0ng/ml at diagnosis (odds ratio 2.63, p<0.01). The group of elderly men also presented prevalence of histologically aggressive disease (Gleason 8-10) 3.6 times higher (p<0.01), and 5-fold greater prevalence of metastases (PR 4.95, p<0.05). Conclusions: Prostate cancer screening in men aged over 70 may be relevant in Brazil, considering the absence of systematic screening, higher prevalence and higher probability of high-risk disease found in this age range of the population studied.

Gynecological cancer and metabolic screening of 1001 elderly Brazilian women

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate gynecological cancer and metabolic screening of Brazilian women aged 65 years or older. METHODS This retrospective descriptive study was conducted by including 1,001 Brazilian patients of the gynecological geriatric outpatient office of our institution to evaluate the influence of age on gynecological cancer and metabolic screening parameters at the first clinical visit. All patients were divided into three groups: a) 65 to 69 years; b) 70 to 74 years; c) ≥ 75 years. We considered clinical, laboratorial, and image data as variables of this study. The Chi-square test was used to assess the proportion of differences among the age groups, and Kruskal-Wallis was used for quantitative variables. RESULTS The values of BMI and height in the group over 75 years was lower than that of the 65 to 69 years (p = 0.001). Regardless of the age group, high arterial blood pressure levels were found in 85.45% of participants. Also, many patients had glucose intolerance in the blood. The pelvic ultrasonography showed abnormal endometrial echo thickness (> 5 mm) in 6.14% of patients, but with no significant statistical difference between the age groups. A total of 4.04% of patients had ovaries with high volume values ( > 6.1 mL). Abnormal mammography (BI-RADS 3 or 4) was observed in 12.21%. CONCLUSIONS our data suggest that a great reduction in BMI and stature is more frequent in the group over 75 years. Also, systemic arterial hypertension and carbohydrate disturbance are frequent morbidities in women over 65 years.

RESUMO OBJETIVO O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar retrospectivamente alguns dados clínicos, laboratoriais e imagens de um grupo de idosas brasileiras. MÉTODOS Estudo observacional retrospectivo realizado com inclusão de 1.001 mulheres brasileiras atendidas no ambulatório de geriatria ginecológica de nossa instituição. Foram analisados: a idade dos pacientes na primeira consulta clínica e a idade na menopausa natural; alguns achados clínicos durante um exame ginecológico; resultados de análises laboratoriais. Considerou-se a relação dessas variáveis com o grupo da idade das mulheres. O teste do qui-quadrado foi utilizado para avaliar os dados e para algumas variáveis, Kruskal-Wallis ou Anova. RESULTADOS A avaliação do IMC e da estatura nas diferentes faixas etárias das mulheres mostrou que, com o aumento da idade, há diminuição do IMC e da estatura (p=0,001). Nível anormal de pressão arterial estava presente em 85,45%. De acordo com o grupo de idade, as medidas laboratoriais foram avaliadas pelo método estatístico Kruskal-Wallis, e a Anova mostrou diferença estatisticamente significante apenas no valor da creatinina, com pequeno aumento com a idade. A ultrassonografia pélvica foi alterada com espessura endometrial normal (>5 mm) em 29 (6,14%), mas sem diferença estatística significativa com os grupos de idade, e os ovários mostraram sete (4,04%) com volume anormal (>6,1). Mamografia anormal (BI-Rads 3 ou 4) foi observada em 104 pacientes (12,21%). CONCLUSÕES O estudo conclui que, com o aumento da idade, há redução do IMC e da estatura. A hipertensão é morbidade frequente. Os dados laboratoriais e a avaliação de imagens deste estudo são importantes para aumentar o conjunto de informações sobre mulheres idosas e talvez para melhorar a assistência à saúde.

Prostate cancer screening in low- and middle- income countries: the Mexican case / Tamizaje para cáncer de próstata en países de bajos y medianos ingresos: el caso mexicano

Abstract: Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)-based early detection for prostate cancer is the subject of intense debate. Implementation of organized prostate cancer screening has been challenging, in part because the PSA test is so amenable to opportunistic screening. To the extent that access to cancer screening tests increases in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), there is an urgent need to thoughtfully evaluate existing and future cancer screening strategies to ensure benefit and control costs. We used Mexico's prostate cancer screening efforts to illustrate the challenges LMICs face. We provide five considerations for policymakers for a smarter approach and implementation of PSA-based screening.

Resumen : El uso del Antígeno Prostático Específico (APE) para tamizaje para cáncer de próstata sigue siendo tema de amplio debate. La implementación de estrategias de tamiz organizado de cáncer de próstata ha sido un reto en parte porque la prueba de APE se presta para detección oportunista. A medida que aumenta el acceso a las pruebas de detección de cáncer en los países de ingresos bajos y medianos (PIBM), existe la necesidad urgente de evaluar cuidadosamente las estrategias actuales y futuras de detección oportuna de cáncer para garantizar su beneficio y controlar sus costos. Utilizamos los esfuerzos de tamizaje de cáncer de próstata de México para ilustrar los retos para PIBM. Ofrecemos cinco consideracio nes dirigidas a tomadores de decisión que permitan contar con estrategias racionales de implementación de tamizaje para cáncer de próstata basado en el uso de APE.