Síndrome de Good, una causa infrecuente de diarrea crónica / Good Syndrome, a rare cause of chronic diarrhea

Chronic diarrhea is a frequent cause of consultation in daily clinical practice. There are multiple diagnostic algorithms that allow a staggered approach to the most frequent pathologies, leaving out some lesser-known ones. This article reports the case of a 66-year-old female patient with a history of arterial hypertension, dyslipidemia and resected AB thymoma and a history of chronic diarrhea of 8 weeks of evolution. The etiological study ruled out infectious causes, celiac disease and negative viral serology. Due to a history of thymoma, immunoglobulin count was performed, showing severe pan-hypogammaglobulinemia. Good's Syndrome is the combination of thymoma and hypogammaglobulinemia, where patients may present with diarrhea secondary to immunodeficiency. Hypogammaglobulinemia associated with the presence of a thymoma is a rare cause but widely described in the literature as Good's Syndrome. Therefore, it seems relevant to describe a case, its approach and subsequent management.

La diarrea crónica constituye una causa frecuente de consulta en la práctica clínica diaria. Existen múltiples algoritmos diagnósticos que permiten realizar un abordaje escalonado de las patologías más frecuentes y permiten descartar algunas menos conocidas. En el presente artículo se reporta el caso de una paciente de género femenino de 66 años, antecedentes de hipertensión arterial, dislipidemia y timoma AB resecado con historia de diarrea crónica de 8 semanas de evolución. Dentro del estudio etiológico se descartan las causas infecciosas, enfermedad celíaca y serologías virales negativas. Por antecedente de timoma, se realizó recuento de inmunoglobulinas, evidenciando una severa pan-hipogammaglobulinemia. El Síndrome de Good es la combinación de timoma e hipogammaglobulinemia, donde los pacientes podrían presentar diarreas secundarias a inmunodeficiencia. La hipogammaglobulinemia asociada a la presencia de un timoma es una causa poco frecuente pero ampliamente descrita en la literatura como Síndrome de Good. Por lo antes señalado, nos parece relevante describir un caso, su abordaje y manejo posterior.

Enterite mesentérica como complicação rara do lúpus eritematoso sistêmico / Mesenteric enteritis as a rare complication of systemic lupus erythematosus

A dor abdominal no paciente com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico tem amplo espectro clínico, variando desde condições inespecí- ficas, como diarreia e vômitos, até eventos de importante morbi- mortalidade, como o abdome agudo inflamatório e/ou perfura- tivo. A seguir, descreve-se um caso de paciente do sexo feminino, de 23 anos, internada por dor abdominal associada a vômitos e à diarreia crônica e progressiva. Foi diagnosticada com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico há 2 anos. Durante a internação, evoluiu com quadro de abdome agudo, e foi realizada tomografia compu- tadorizada de abdome, revelando importante edema de parede intestinal difuso. Isso, somado a alterações clínico-laboratoriais, permitiu o diagnóstico de enterite lúpica. Foi realizado tratamen- to conservador, com corticoterapia e terapia de suporte com correção de distúrbios eletrolíticos severos, sendo iniciado ciclo- fosfamida, com resolução dos sintomas gastrintestinais.

Abdominal pain in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus has a broad clinical spectrum, ranging from nonspecific symp- toms, such as diarrhea and vomiting, to events of significant morbidity and mortality, such as acute inflammatory and/or per- forating abdomen. This article describes a case of a 23-year-old female patient hospitalized for abdominal pain, associated with vomiting and progressive chronic diarrhea. She was diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematosus 2 years ago. During hospita- lization, the patient progressed with acute abdomen, and an ab- dominal computed tomography scan was performed, revealing major diffuse intestinal wall edema. This, added to clinical and laboratories alterations, allowed the diagnosis of lupus enteritis. A conservative treatment with corticotherapy and supportive therapy with correction of severe electrolyte disturbances were initiated, as well as the prescription of cyclophosphamide, with resolution of gastrointestinal symptoms.

Panorama histórico de la enfermedad diarreica aguda en México y el futuro de su prevención / Historical overview of acute infectious diarrhea in Mexico and future preventive strategies

Resumen: Objetivo: Revisar los aspectos epidemiológicos de la enfermedad diarreica aguda (EDA) a través de la historia de México y analizar las estrategias que potencialmente podrán prevenir su aparición en la población mexicana. Material y métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda sistematizada utilizando los siguientes descriptores de las ciencias de la salud: diarrea, morbilidad, mortalidad, México y promoción de la salud de los últimos 20 años (1878-2018). Resultados: Se obtuvieron más de 8 600 artículos que fueron evaluados en función de los objetivos de la presente publicación. Conclusión: Como resultado de una revisión sistemática se observó que, gracias a las estrategias implementadas a lo largo del tiempo, se ha logrado graduar los matices de riesgo de la EDA; ello permite ahora plantear estrategias que guiarán a la prevención de ese padecimiento, de la mano de políticas que incluyan aspectos higiénico-dietéticos, innovaciones farmacéuticas y aplicaciones tecnológicas en medidas sanitarias.

Abstract: Objective: To analyze the epidemiological aspects of AID through Mexican history and the potential strategies to prevent AID in Mexican population. Materials and methods: A systematic review was performed exploring the key words, diarrhea, morbidity, mortality, Mexico, health promotion for the last 20 years (1978-2018). Results: Over 8 600 articles were obtained; all of them were evaluated to consider those follow the aim of the present work. Conclusion: The result of the performed systematic review denoted the influence of AID in Mexican public health policy the adopted actions diminished the AID's associated risks and allowed future strategies to prevent it; those actions must include hygienic and dietetic measures, pharmaceutical innovations and technological tools applied to health policies.

Neuroendocrine tumor in a child with common variable immunodeficiency / Tumor neuroendócrino em criança com imunodeficiência comum variável

ABSTRACT Objective: To report a case of a child with primary immunodeficiency who at eight years developed digestive symptoms, culminating with the diagnosis of a neuroendocrine tumor at ten years of age. Case description: One-year-old boy began to present recurrent pneumonias in different pulmonary lobes. At four years of age, an immunological investigation showed a decrease in IgG and IgA serum levels. After the exclusion of other causes of hypogammaglobinemia, he was diagnosed with a Common Variable Immunodeficiency and started to receive monthly replacement of human immunoglobulin. The patient evolved well, but at 8 years of age began with epigastrium pain and, at 10 years, chronic persistent diarrhea and weight loss. After investigation, a neuroendocrine tumor was diagnosed, which had a rapid progressive evolution to death. Comments: Medical literature has highlighted the presence of gastric tumors in adults with Common Variable Immunodeficiency, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis and the investigation of digestive neoplasms. Up to now there is no description of neuroendocrine tumor in pediatric patients with Common Variable Immunodeficiency. We believe that the hypothesis of digestive neoplasm is important in children with Common Variable Immunodeficiency and with clinical manifestations similar to the case described here in the attempt to improve the prognosis for pediatric patients.

RESUMO Objetivo: Relatar um caso de criança portadora de imunodeficiência primária que, aos oito anos, desenvolveu sintomas digestivos, culminando com o diagnóstico de tumor neuroendócrino aos dez anos de idade. Descrição do caso: Menino, com um ano de idade, começou a apresentar pneumonias de repetição em diferentes lobos pulmonares. Aos quatro anos, a investigação imunológica mostrou diminuição dos níveis séricos de IgG e IgA. Após exclusão de outras causas de hipogamaglobulinemia, teve diagnóstico de imunodeficiência comum variável, passando a receber reposição mensal de imunoglobulina humana. Evoluiu bem, porém, aos oito anos, começou com epigastralgia e, aos dez anos, diarreia crônica persistente e perda de peso. O quadro culminou com o diagnóstico de tumor neuroendócrino intestinal, de rápida progressão, com óbito do paciente. Comentários: A literatura tem chamado a atenção para tumores gástricos em adultos com imunodeficiência comum variável, alertando para a importância do diagnóstico precoce e da pesquisa de neoplasias digestivas. Até o momento, não há descrição de tumor neuroendócrino em pacientes pediátricos portadores de imunodeficiência comum variável. Acredita-se ser importante a hipótese de neoplasia digestiva diante de crianças com imunodeficiência comum variável e com manifestações clínicas semelhantes ao caso descrito, na tentativa de melhorar o prognóstico para pacientes pediátricos.

Updated analysis of irritable bowel syndrome: a review of the literature / Análisis actualizado del síndrome de intestino irritable: una revisión de la literatura

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic pathology with disorders of the bowel-brain interaction, characterized by abdominal pain localized anywhere in the abdomen as well as bowel habit alteration (constipation, diarrhea or mixed), in the absence of any disease that can cause these symptoms. With the updated concepts according to the latest meeting of experts in Rome 2016, our goal is to raise awareness about irritable bowel syndrome, by reviewing the literature regarding definition, classification, pathophysiology, clinical aspects, treatment, prognosis and the future. IBS is a chronic pathology, characterized by abdominal pain, at least 1 day per week in the last 3 months, associated with the alteration of the intestinal bowel habits. With a classification based on the alteration of intestinal bowel movements and in addition to constipation induced by opioids or narcotics, the etiology and pathophysiology are not well explained or well-known so far. The clinical aspects are based on the Rome IV criteria. A good doctor-patient relationship is key to reassuring the patient's doubts about his illness, which increases the chances of adherence to individualized treatment from patient to patient depending on the sing and symptoms that may manifest in those that include: dietary advice, psychological support, in some cases pharmacological prescription, suspension of medications or change medications, minimize the dose of drugs or suspend, according to the needs of the patient as is the case of opioids. The prognosis is still uncertain, and a promising future to illustrate new definitions, classifications, pathophysiologies, clinical aspects and treatments according to the type of clinical manifestation of each patient.

El síndrome del intestino irritable (SII) es una patología crónica con desordenes de la interacción cerebro intestino, caracterizado por dolor abdominal localizado en cualquier parte del abdomen además de alteración del hábito intestinal como (constipación, diarrea o mixto), en ausencia de alguna enfermedad que pueda causar estos síntomas. Con los conceptos actualizados conforme en la última reunión de expertos en Roma 2016, nuestra meta es dar a conocer más sobre el síndrome del intestino irritable, mediante revisión de la literatura en cuanto a definición, clasificación, fisiopatología, aspectos clínicos, tratamiento, pronóstico y el futuro. El SII es una patología crónica, caracterizado por dolor abdominal, por lo menos 1 día por semana en los últimos 3 meses, asociado a la alteración del hábito intestinal. Con una clasificación basada en la alteración de los hábitos intestinales y además de constipación inducida por opioides o narcóticos, la etiología y fisiopatología no están bien explicadas ni se conocen bien hasta el momento. Los aspectos clínicos son basados en los criterios de Roma IV. Una buena relación médico-paciente es clave para tranquilizar las dudas del paciente sobre su enfermedad, lo que aumenta las posibilidades de adherencia al tratamiento individualizado de paciente a paciente dependiendo de las sintomatologías y signos que puedan manifestar en los que incluyen: asesoramiento dietético, apoyo psicológico, en algunos casos cambiar medicación, disminuir al mínimo la dosis del medicamento o suspender, según las necesidades del paciente como son los casos de los opiodes. El pronóstico todavía incierto, y un futuro prometedor para ilustrar nuevas definiciones, clasificaciones, fisiopatologías, aspectos clínicos, tratamientos posiblemente de acuerdo con el tipo de manifestación clínica de cada paciente.

Indicadores de saúde ambiental nos assentamentos do município de Cáceres: faixa fronteiriça Brasil/Bolívia / Environmental health indicators in the settlements of the county of Cáceres: border strip Brazil/Bolivia / Indicadores de salud ambiental em los asentamientos del município de Cáceres: banda fronteriza Brasil/Bolívia

Objetivo: propor e avaliar indicadores de saúde ambiental dos assentados na faixa fronteiriça cacerense. Método: utilizou-se o estudo descritivo, explicativo, quanti-qualitativo e censo, abrangendo todos os responsáveis pelas propriedades (lotes) dos assentamentos Jatobá, Nova Esperança, Rancho da Saudade, Sapicuá, Corixo, Bom Sucesso e Katira. Para coleta de dados foi aplicado um formulário semiestruturado, no período de março a julho de 2016, a 136 agricultores. Na construção dos indicadores utilizou-se a abordagem derivada do modelo Pressão-Estado-Impacto-Resposta. Os indicadores propostos foram: destinação do lixo, qualidade da água e casos de diarreia em crianças. As fontes de captação de água foram submetidas a quatro análises físico-química e microbiológica. Resultados: na destinação do lixo doméstico predominou a categoria queima com 80,9%, seguida das categorias enterra com 8,8% e queima e enterra com 10,3%. Verificou-se que a água não atende as exigências do Ministério da Saúde, devido à presença de Coliformes Totais. O número de crianças nos assentamentos foi 69, destas 88,40% consomem água dos poços coletivos, 52,45% apresentaram episódios de diarreia. Conclusão: os indicadores mostraram-se eficazes, sendo necessárias ações coletivas de orientações referentes aos cuidados com a destinação do lixo e o isolamento no entorno dos poços, e análises periódicas das águas destes assentamentos.(AU)

Objective: to propose and evaluate indicators of environmental health of the settlers in the border area of Caceres. Method: the descriptive, explanatory, quantitative-qualitative and census study was used, covering all those responsible for the properties (lots) of the Jatobá, Nova Esperança, Rancho da Saudade, Sapicuá, Corixo, Bom Sucesso and Katira settlements. For data collection, a semistructured form was applied, from March to July 2016, to 136 farmers. In the construction of the indicators we used the approach derived from the Pressure-State-Impact-Response model. The proposed indicators were: waste disposal, water quality and cases of diarrhea in children. The sources of water abstraction were submitted to four physical-chemical and microbiological analyzes. Results: domestic waste disposal predominated in the category burned with 80.9%, followed by the categories burial with 8.8% and burning and burial with 10.3%. It was verified that the water does not meet the requirements of the Ministry of Health, due to the presence of Total Coliforms. The number of children in the settlements was 69, of whom 88.40% consume water from the collective wells, 52.45% had episodes of diarrhea. Conclusion: the indicators were effective, requiring collective actions of guidelines regarding waste disposal and isolation in the vicinity of the wells, and periodic analysis of the waters of these settlements.(AU)

Objetivo: proponer y evaluar indicadores de salud ambiental de los asentados en la franja fronteriza cacerense. En el presente trabajo se analizaron los resultados obtenidos en el análisis de los resultados obtenidos en el análisis de los resultados obtenidos. Método: para la recolección de datos se aplicó un formulario semiestructurado, en el período de marzo a julio de 2016, a 136 agricultores. En la construcción de los indicadores se utilizó el abordaje derivado del modelo Presión-Estado-Impacto-Respuesta. Los indicadores propuestos fueron: destino de la basura, calidad del agua y casos de diarrea en niños. Las fuentes de captación de agua se sometieron a cuatro análisis físico-químicos y microbiológicos. Resultados: en la destinación de la basura doméstica predominó la categoría quema con 80,9%, seguida de las categorías enterra con 8,8% y quema y enterra con el 10,3%. Se verificó que el agua no atiende las exigencias del Ministerio de Salud, debido a la presencia de Coliformes Totales. El número de niños en los asentamientos fue 69, de estas 88,40% consumen agua de los pozos colectivos, 52,45% presentaron episodios de diarrea. Conclusión: los indicadores se mostraron eficaces, siendo necesarias acciones colectivas de orientaciones referentes a los cuidados con la destinación de la basura y el aislamiento en el entorno de los pozos, y análisis periódicos de las aguas de estos asentamientos.(AU)

Coexistencia de colitis linfocítica y enteritis microscópica en pacientes con diarrea crónica / Concurrent lymphocytic colitis and microscopic enteritis in patients with chronic diarrhea

Introducción: Colitis linfocítica y enteritis microscópica son causas relativamente comunes de diarrea crónica y ambas se caracterizan por un infiltrado linfocitico intraepitelial. No existen reportes previos de la coexistencia de ambas entidades. Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas e histológicas de los pacientes que presentan este diagnóstico simultáneamente. Material y métodos: Se seleccionaron pacientes adultos con diarrea crónica que tuvieran biopsia simultánea de colon y duodeno tomados el mismo día, durante los años 2010-2016, en el Servicio de Gastroenterología del Hospital Nacional Daniel Alcides Carrión. Se recopiló información clínica del archivo de historias. Las láminas fueron reevaluadas histológicamente por 3 patólogos. Se realizó estudio inmunohistoquímico de linfocitos intraepiteliales para CD8 y CD3 en 6 casos. Resultados: De 63 pacientes con diarrea crónica y biopsia simultánea de duodeno y colon, se identificó un total de 35 pacientes (55,5%) con diagnóstico simultáneo de enteritis microscópica y colitis linfocítica, 80% fueron mujeres. Se identificó anemia en 28,5% de los pacientes e infestación por Blastocystis hominis en el 31,8.%. En enteritis microscópica, el promedio de linfocitos intraepiteliales con CD8 y CD3 fue 40%, mientras que, en colitis linfocítica, el promedio fue de 37,2% para CD3 y 29,2% para CD8. En 11 de los 35 casos, se pudo obtener biopsias de íleon que fueron diagnosticadas como ileitis linfocítica. En 9 casos se diagnosticó colitis eosinofílica asociada a colitis linfocítica. Conclusión: Se encontró coexistencia de colitis linfocítica, enteritis microscópica y en algunos de ileitis linfocítica en un 55,5% pacientes con diarrea crónica con biopsia duodenal y colónica. Estos resultados abren la interrogante sobre si colitis linfocítica y enteritis microscópica son entidades diferentes o constituyen una sola patología que en algunos pacientes afecta varios segmentos del tubo digestivo.

Introduction: Lymphocytic colitis and microscopic enteritis are relatively common causes of chronic diarrhea and it is characterized by an intraepithelial lymphocytic infiltrate. There have been no previous reports of coexistence between these 2 pathologies. Objective: To describe histological and clinical characteristic in patients with coexistence of lymphocytic colitis and microscopic enteritis. Material and methods: All cases with simultaneous diagnosis of lymphocytic duodenosis and lymphocytic colitis were reevaluated during lapse time 2010-2016 in hospital Daniel Carrion. The slides were reviewed by 3 pathologists and clinical information was obtained from clinical records. Expression of CD3 and CD8 was detected in 6 cases by immunohistochemical assays. Results: A total of 35 patients with coexistence of lymphocytic duodenitis and lymphocytic colitis were selected of the pathology archives, 80% were females, Anemia was identified in 28.5% of patients. Blastocysitis hominis infestation was identified in 31.8%. The mean intraepithelial lymphocyte CD8 and CD3 positive was 40% in microscopic enteritis, while the mean intraepithelial lymphocyte CD3 positive was 37.2% and CD8 positive was 29.2% Additionally, lymphocytic ileitis was diagnosed in 11 of our cases. Eosinophilic colitis was diagnosed in 9 cases of lymphocytic colitis Conclusion: We found that lymphocytic colitis, microscopic enteritis and even lymphocytic ileitis can coexist in a group of patients with chronic diarrhea. These findings bring the question if this concurrence of both pathologies constituted a more generalized gastrointestinal disorder, involving both the large and the small intestines.

Epidemiological profile of patients co-infected with visceral leishmaniasis and HIV/AIDS in Northeast, Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) co-infection has been a research topic of interest worldwide. In Brazil, it has been observed that there is a relative underreporting and failure in the understanding and management of this important association. The aim of this study was to analyze epidemiological and clinical aspects of patients with VL with and without HIV/AIDS. METHODS: We conducted an observational and analytical study of patients with VL followed in a Reference Service in the State of Maranhão, Brazil from 2007-2013. RESULTS: In total 126 patients were enrolled, of which 61 (48.4%) were co-infected with HIV/AIDS. There were more males among those with HIV/AIDS (85.2%, P>0.05) or with VL only (81.5%, P>0.05). These findings significantly differed based on age group (P<0.003); the majority of patients were aged 31-40 years (41.0%) and 21-30 years (32.3%) among those with and without HIV/AIDS co-infection, respectively. The incidence of diarrhea and splenomegaly significantly differed between the two groups (P=0.0014 and P=0.019, respectively). The myelogram parasitic examination was used most frequently among those with HIV/AIDS (91.8%), followed by those with VL only (69.2%). VL recurrences and mortality were significantly higher in the HIV/AIDS co-infected patients (P<0.0001 and P=0.012, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with VL with or without HIV/AIDS co-infection were mostly adult men. Diarrhea was more frequent in HIV/AIDS co-infected patients, whereas splenomegaly was more common in patients with VL only. In the group of HIV/AIDS co-infected patients, there was a higher rate of VL recurrence and mortality.

Diarrea crónica en el diabético: Una revisión de la literatura / Chronic diarrhea in the diabetic: A review of the literature

Desde hace más de 70 años se conoce la asociación de diarrea con diabetes mellitus. En pacientes diabéticos su prevalencia es de alrededor del 20%. Sus manifestaciones clínicas son diversas, y representa un reto diagnóstico y terapéutico. Existen ciertos diagnósticos de mayor prevalencia en pacientes diabéticos que en la población general. Las distintas etiologías relacionadas pueden ser diagnosticadas adecuadamente a través de la historia clínica y pruebas diagnósticas complementarias. Los medicamentos utilizados por el paciente diabético para el manejo de su enfermedad, frecuentemente causan diarrea crónica, por lo que se debe profundizar en los antecedentes farmacológicos al momento de estudiar la diarrea. Los pacientes diabéticos pueden presentar otras condiciones patológicas asociadas, como enfermedad celíaca o colitis microscópica, cuya molestia única es la diarrea. La función del páncreas exocrino puede estar disminuida en el paciente diabético, frecuentemente llevando a insuficiencia pancreática exocrina. Factores dietarios, como los edulcorantes libres de azúcar y otros agentes, pueden causar diarrea en el paciente diabético. La presencia de condiciones como la neuropatía autonómica y neuropatía periférica secundarias a la diabetes mellitus, pueden explicar desordenes como la disfunción anorrectal y la incontinencia fecal. Finalmente, la enteropatía diabética per se o con sobrecrecimiento bacteriano asociado, puede causar diarrea. Lograr un control glicémico adecuado constituye el pilar del tratamiento de la diarrea en el diabético, después de esto existen medidas adicionales que se aplican según el contexto especifico del paciente. En el presente artículo se revisan las causas de mayor incidencia diarrea en el paciente diabético y los mecanismos fisiopatológicos implicados

The association of diarrhea with diabetes mellitus has been known for more than 70 years. In diabetic patients its prevalence is around 20%.Its clinical manifestations are diverse, and represents a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.There are certain diagnoses of higher prevalence in diabetic patients than in the general population.The different related etiologies can be adequately diagnosed through the clinical history and complementary diagnostic tests.The medications used by the diabetic patient to manage their disease often cause chronic diarrhea, so the pharmacological background should be studied at the time of the study of diarrhea.Diabetic patients can present other associated pathological conditions, such as celiac disease or microscopic colitis, which only discomfort is diarrhea.Exocrine pancreatic function may be decreased in the diabetic patient, frequently leading to exocrine pancreatic insufficiency. Dietary factors, such as sugar-free sweeteners and other agents, can cause diarrhea in the diabetic patient.The presence of conditions such as autonomic neuropathy and peripheral neuropathy secondary to diabetes mellitus may explain disorders such as anorectal dysfunction and faecal incontinence. Finally, diabetic enteropathy alone or with associated bacterial overgrowth can cause diarrhea.Achieving adequate glycemic control is the pillar of the treatment of diarrhea in the diabetic, after which there are additional measures that are applied according to the specific context of the patient.This article reviews the causes of higher diarrhea incidence in the diabetic patient and the pathophysiological mechanisms involved

Tuberculosis ileocecal: revisión de la literatura a partir de un caso clínico / Ileocecal tuberculosis: literature review from a case report

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health challenge. The true incidence of intestinal TB is unknown, as it can be asymptomatic, and by its nature, often diverts its diagnosis to neoplastic diseases or inflammatory bowel disease. Therefore, we must have a high index of suspicion, not only in high risk populations and immunocompromised patients. Diagnostic tests that certify the pathology, don't always achieve excellent performance. Endoscopic findings are not always clear in differentiating malignancy, and in some cases, a therapeutic trial may be needed to confirm the disease. We present the case of a patient with chronic diarrhea, consumptive syndrome and without respiratory symptoms at its onset.

La tuberculosis (TBC) sigue siendo un reto importante de salud pública. La verdadera incidencia de TBC intestinal es desconocida, ya que puede ser asintomática, y por su naturaleza a menudo desvía su diagnóstico a patologías neoplásicas o de enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal. Por lo tanto, se debe tener un alto índice de sospecha, no sólo en poblaciones de alto riesgo y en pacientes inmunocomprometidos. Las pruebas diagnósticas que certifiquen la patología no siempre se logran ni tienen un excelente rendimiento. Los hallazgos endoscópicos no siempre son claros para diferenciarla de una neoplasia, y en algunos casos una prueba terapéutica puede ser la confirmación de la enfermedad. Presentamos el caso de un paciente con diarrea crónica, cuadro consuntivo y sin síntomas respiratorios al inicio de su cuadro.

Diarreia crônica como manifestação inicial do lúpus eritematoso sistêmico grave: relato de caso e revisão da literatura / Chronic diarrhea as the initial manifestation of severe systemic lupus erythematosus: case report and literature review

O lúpus eritematoso sistêmico é uma doença autoimune de etiologiadesconhecida que se caracteriza por períodos de remissão ede atividade envolvendo múltiplos órgãos. As manifestações gastrointestinaisdo lúpus eritematoso sistêmico ocorrem entre 25 e40% de todos os pacientes portadores da doença e podem estarassociadas à atividade da doença, ou serem consequência do seutratamento. Entre os sintomas gastrointestinais relacionados aolúpus eritematoso sistêmico, os mais frequentes são dor abdominal(secundária à serosite ou vasculite intestinal), vômitos ediarreia. Entretanto, diarreia crônica como manifestação inicialdo lúpus eritematoso sistêmico grave não tem sido descrito naliteratura, motivo pelo qual se decidiu relatar o presente casolúpus eritematoso sistêmico grave em apresentações iniciais atípicascomo a diarreia crônica. Paciente do gênero masculino, 18anos, com queixa de diarreia crônica, febre intermitente, asteniae emagrecimento há 4 meses. Durante a investigação foi evidenciadaproteinúria, artrite, anemia hemolítica e FAN positivofechando critérios para lúpus eritematoso sistêmico. Apesar deinstituída a terapêutica, evoluiu com acometimento grave deórgão-alvo (hemorragia pulmonar). Devido a sua abrangênciasalienta-se a importância de considerar as manifestações do tratogastrointestinal como primeiros sintomas da doença, proporcionandoum diagnóstico precoce, aumento da eficácia terapêutica,evitando assim possível desfecho grave ou fatal.

Systemic lupus erythematous is an autoimmune disease ofunknown etiology that is characterized by periods of remissionand activity involving multiple organs. Gastrointestinalmanifestations of systemic lupus erythematous occurbetween 25 and 40% of all patients with the disease andmay be associated with disease activity, or be a result of theirtreatment. Among gastrointestinal symptoms related to systemiclupus erythematous, the most common are abdominal pain(secondary to intestinal serositis or vasculitis), vomiting anddiarrhea. However, chronic diarrhea as the initial manifestationof severe systemic lupus erythematous has been describedin the literature, which is why it decided to report this case.Male patient, 18 years old, complaining of chronic diarrhea,intermittent fever, weakness and weight loss for four months.The diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematous was confirmed ofthe following criteria: proteinuria, arthritis, hemolytic anemiaand positive antinuclear antibody test. Although establishedtherapy, she developed severe involvement of the target organ(pulmonary hemorrhage). Due to the scope of systemic lupuserythematous, we emphasize the importance of considering themanifestations of gastrointestinal tract as first symptoms of thedisease, providing early diagnosis, increased therapeutic efficacy,thus avoiding possible severe or fatal outcome.

Importance of biopsies and histological evaluation in patients with chronic diarrhea and normal colonoscopies / Importância das biópsias seriadas e avaliação histológica em pacientes com diarreia crônica e colonoscopia normal

BACKGROUND: In patients with chronic diarrhea, colonoscopy may identify inflammatory causes or some occult disease, and also can show a normal mucosa. Serial biopsies of intestinal mucosa can be useful for a differential diagnosis, and to modify the treatment. AIM: To evaluate whether the biopsies performed in patients with chronic diarrhea and a normal colonoscopy contribute to the differential diagnosis and alter the therapeutic approach. METHODS: A descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional study using a computerized database was done. Patients with chronic diarrhea and a normal colonoscopy underwent serial biopsies of the terminal ileum, ascending colon and rectum. RESULTS: From 398 records, 214 were excluded. Of the 184 patients enrolled, 91 showed histological changes: 40% nonspecific inflammation; 5.18% lymphocytic inflammation, 10.37% eosinophilic inflammation; 39.26% lymphoid hyperplasia; 2.22% collagenous colitis; 2.22% melanosis; and 0.74% pseudomelanose. The sites with the largest number of changes were the terminal ileum and right colon. CONCLUSIONS: Serial biopsies in patients with chronic diarrhea and normal colonoscopy identified changes in almost 50% of cases and 22% of these cases may had modified the treatment after identification of collagenous, lymphocytic and eosinophilic colitis. .

RACIONAL: Nos pacientes com diarreia crônica, a colonoscopia pode identificar causas inflamatórias ou alguma doença oculta, e também evidenciar mucosa normal. Nesse contexto, a biópsia seriada da mucosa intestinal pode ser útil para diagnóstico diferencial e até modificar o tratamento. OBJETIVO: Avaliar se as biópsias seriadas executadas em pacientes com diarreia crônica e colonoscopia normal contribuem para o diagnóstico diferencial e alteram a conduta terapêutica. MÉTODO: Estudo descritivo, retrospectivo e transversal, utilizando banco de dados informatizado. Foram incluídos pacientes com diarreia crônica e colonoscopia normal submetidos à biópsia seriada de íleo terminal, cólon ascendente e reto. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 398 prontuários dos quais 214 foram excluídos. Dos 184 dos incluídos, 91 apresentaram alterações histológicas: inflamação inespecífica 54 (40%); inflamação linfocítica sete (5,18%); inflamação eosinofílica 14 (10,37%); hiperplasia linfoide 53 (39,26%); colite colagenosa três (2,22%); melanose três (2,22%); e pseudomelanose um (0,74%). Os locais com o maior número de alterações foram o íleo terminal e o cólon direito. CONCLUSÕES: Biópsias seriadas em pacientes com diarreia crônica e colonoscopia normal identificaram alterações em quase 50% dos casos, sendo que 22% poderiam ter o tratamento modificado após a identificação de colite colagenosa, linfocítica ou eosinofílica. .

Diarreia aguda / Acute diarrhea

Diarreia aguda é a passagem de quantidade acima do normal de fezes amolecidas associada ao aumento do número de evacuações. No diagnóstico diferencial das diarreias agudas devem ser enfocados as infecções, as alergias alimentares, a intoxicação alimentar, o uso de medicações e a apresentação inicial de diarreia crônica. Dentre estas possíveis etiologias, especialmente em nosso meio, as causas infecciosas devem sempre vir à mente e constituir uma das primeiras opções na investigação diagnóstica. As infecções intestinais associadas a quadros diarreicos são a segunda causa de mortes de origem infecciosa em todo o mundo, com prevalência estimada de 3 a 5 bilhões de casos/ano. Os autores atualizam as novidades e peculiaridades a respeito do diagnóstico e dos tratamentos — geral e/ou específico — dos diferentes agentes associados à diarreia aguda infecciosa.

Acute diarrhea is the passage of above normal quantities of soft faeces also associated with increased bowel movements. Differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea should be focused on infections, food allergies, food poisoning, use of medications and the initial presentation of chronic diarrhea. Among these possible etiologies, given the environment we live in, infectious causes should always be taken into account and be one of the first options in diagnostic investigation. Intestinal infections associated with diarrheal frames are the second leading cause of infectious deaths worldwide, with an estimated to 3-5 billion cases/per year. In this review, the authors intend to review the new features and aspects concerning diagnosis and treatment — general and/or specific — of the different agents associated with acute infectious diarrhea.

Diarrea crónica postcolecistectomía / Chronic diarrhea post cholecistectomy

En el presente artículo se trata sobre la alta frecuencia del antecedente de colecistectomía como factor determinante de diarrea crónica y su control con colestiramina.

In the present article presents the high frequency of previous cholecystectomy as determinant factor of chronic diarrhea and its control with cholestyramine.

Etiología de la diarrea crónica en el adulto mayor del Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati - Lima-Perú: estudio retrospectivo 2005-2011 / Etiology of chronic diarrhea in the elderly in Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati, Lima-Peru

INTRODUCCION: El impacto de la diarrea crónica en el adulto mayor es desproporcionado por diversos factores provocando mayor morbilidad y mortalidad. OBJETIVO: Describir las principales características acerca de la diarrea crónica en los pacientes ancianos del hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati (Lima-Perú) durante el periodo enero del 2005 a diciembre del 2011, METODO: Estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo en la cual se revisaron las historias clínicas de los pacientes adultos mayores con el diagnostico de diarrea crónica, vertiéndose los datos en una ficha de recolección. RESULTADOS: Se revisaron las historias clínicas de 202 pacientes. La edad media fue de 73,5±6,7 años, siendo la mayoría mujeres (57.43%). Las principales comorbilidades fueron las cardiovasculares (60,4%) y endocrinas (27,2%). El tiempo de enfermedad medio fue de 21.6 ± 13.6 semanas. Los exámenes más solicitados fueron hemograma, bioquímica (glucosa, urea y creatinina), albumina, coprofuncional, parasitologico y colonoscopia. El tipo de diarrea más frecuente fue organica (84,16%). Dentro de las principales causas se encontró a la colitis microscópica (35,15%), parasitosis (15,84%), síndrome de intestino irritable (14,85%) y sobrecrecimiento bacteriano (8,42%). CONCLUSIONES: Las causas más frecuentes de diarrea crónica en el anciano son colitis microscópica, parasitosis, síndrome de intestino irritable y sobrecrecimiento bacteriano.

INTRODUCTION: The impact of chronic diarrhea in the elderly is disproportionate by several factors causing increased morbidity and mortality. OBJECTIVE: To describe the main features about the chronic diarrhea in elderly patients from Edgardo Rebagliati Hospital (Lima-Peru) during the period January 2005 to December 2011, METHOD: A descriptive and retrospective study in which we reviewed the medical records of elderly patients with the diagnosis of chronic diarrhea, pouring in a data collection sheet. RESULTS: We reviewed the medical records of 202 patients. The mean age was 73.5 ± 6.7 years, with most women (57.43%). Major comorbidities were cardiovascular (60.4%) and endocrine (27.2%). The half time of illness was 21.6 ± 13.6 weeks. The most requested tests were CBC, biochemistry, albumin, coprofuncional, parasitological and colonoscopy. The most common type of diarrhea was the organic (84.16%). Among the main causes were found microscopic colitis (35.15%), parasites (15.84%), irritable bowel syndrome (14.85%) and bacterial overgrowth (8.42%). CONCLUSIONS: The most common causes of chronic diarrhea in the elderly are microscopic colitis, parasites, irritable bowel syndrome and bacterial overgrowth.

Diarreia aguda / Acute diarrhea

Diarreia aguda é a passagem de quantidade acima do normal de fezes amolecidas associada ao aumento do número de evacuações. No diagnóstico diferencial das diarreias agudas devem ser enfocados as infecções, as alergias alimentares, a intoxicação alimentar, o uso de medicações e a apresentação inicial de diarreia crônica. Dentre estas possíveis etiologias, especialmente em nosso meio, as causas infecciosas devem sempre vir à mente e constituir uma das primeiras opções na investigação diagnóstica. As infecções intestinais associadas a quadros diarreicos são a segunda causa de mortes de origem infecciosa em todo o mundo, com prevalência estimada de 3 a 5 bilhões de casos/ano. Os autores atualizam as novidades e peculiaridades a respeito do diagnóstico e dos tratamentos - geral e/ou específico - dos diferentes agentes associados à diarreia aguda infecciosa

Acute diarrhea is the passage of above normal quantities of soft faeces also associated with increased bowel movements. Differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea should be focused on infections, food allergies, food poisoning, use of medications and the initial presentation of chronic diarrhea. Among these possible etiologies, given the environment we live in, infectious causes should always be taken into account and be one of the first options in dignostic investigation. Intestinal infections associated with diarrheal frames are the second leading cause of infectious deaths worldwide, with an estimated to 3-5 billion cases/per year. In this review, the authors inted to review the new features and aspects concerning diagnosis and treatment - general and/or specific - of the different agents associated with acute infectious diarrhea

Diarrea crónica en el niño / Chronic diarrhea in children

Chronic diarrhea, defined as that lasting more than 4 weeks, is a common complaint in patients who present to the pediatrician's or pediatric gastroenterologist's office. Causes of Chronic Diarrhea vary widely and differ according to the patient's age. In children under 6 months of age congenital anomalies and food allergies prevail; in preschoolers disaccharide intolerance, Giardiais, nonspecific diarrhea and tumors are seen; in children of school age inflammatory bowel disease must be considered. Celiac Disease and infectious etiologies must be ruled out at all ages. The diagnostic approach should be organized, progressive and systematic; based on clinical history, starting with a nutritional evaluation and general workup to rule out infection, malabsorption or maldigestion. Some cases may require further and more specific evaluation at the hands of a specialist. Treatment should focus on preserving nutritional status, while specific therapies are instituted. Chronic diarrhea should be managed initially by the general pediatrician, and referral to a pediatric gastroenterologist at a specialized facility may be needed at times for further management.

La Diarrea Crónica, definida como aquella que se prolonga por más de 4 semanas, es motivo común de consulta al Pediatra y Gastroenterólogo infantil. Las causas son muy variadas y dependen principalmente de la edad del paciente. En menores de 6 meses, predominan las anomalías congénitas y las alergias alimentarias; en preescolares aparecen las intolerancias a disacáridos, giardiasis, diarrea inespecífica y tumores; en escolares se agrega la Enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal. A cualquier edad debe considerarse además, la etiología infecciosa y en ciertas circunstancias la Enfermedad celíaca. El estudio debe ser sistemático y progresivo, orientado por la historia clínica. Se inicia con una evaluación del estado nutricional y con exámenes generales destinados a descartar infección y evaluación de las funciones digestivas y absortivas. Luego, en algunos casos, se requerirá de estudios más específicos a cargo del especialista. El tratamiento debe enfocarse en preservar un adecuado estado nutricional del paciente, mientras se toman medidas terapéuticas específicas cuando corresponda. La Diarrea crónica debe inicialmente ser manejada por el Pediatra general y cuando sea necesario se requerirá de la participación del Gastroenterólogo infantil en Centros de Salud de mayor complejidad.

Capsule endoscopy in clinical practice: four years of experience from a single center / Cápsula endoscópica na prática clínica: quatro anos de experiência de um centro

Capsule endoscopy is a diagnostic method of increasing use nowadays, with various applications such as, evaluation of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, chronic diarrhea and anemia. The experience of 4 years is reported in a retrospective review of 109 medical records to determine the main indications and the most common diagnostic findings and the percentage of positive studies. The main indications were obscure bleeding in 65 percent, chronic anemia in 8 percent. Vascular lesions in 33 percent, being that, hematocistic spot was found in 53 percent of studies. The location of active bleeding was possible in five patients (4.5 percent). Capsule endoscopy shows a high diagnostic yield in obscure bleeding.

A endoscopia por cápsula é um método cada vez mais empregado na prática clínica, com diversas aplicações tais como: investigação de sangramento gastrointestinal obscuro, diarreia e anemia. A experiência de 4 anos é relatada em revisão retrospectiva de 109 registros médicos objetivando determinar as indicações e achados mais comuns e o percentual de exames positivos. As principais indicações foram: sangramento gastrointestinal obscuro em 65 por cento, anemia crônica em 8 por cento, lesões vasculares em 33 por cento e a mancha hematocística foi observada em 53 por cento dos estudos. A localização do sangramento ativo foi possível em 4,5 por cento dos casos. A endoscopia da cápsula demonstrou bom rendimento diagnóstico no sangramento obscuro.

Terminal ileum of patients who underwent colonoscopy: endoscopic, histologic and clinical aspects / Íleo terminal de pacientes submetidos a colonoscopia: aspectos endoscópicos, histológicos e clínicos

CONTEXT: For the diagnosis of the diseases which affect the terminal ileum, the colonoscopy allows macroscopic evaluation and the performing of biopsies. Studies with criteria for the endoscopic and histological characterization of this segment are scarce and there are still some doubts about the need of biopsies in patients with normal ileoscopy. OBJECTIVE: Study the terminal ileum of patients who underwent colonoscopy considering: endoscopic and histological correlation; agreement between results of the initial histological evaluation and slides review, and the chance of subjects with normal ileoscopy with abdominal pain and/or chronic diarrhea to show histological alterations. METHODS: In a prospective study, 111 patients who presented smooth mucosa without enanthema in the endoscopic exam of the terminal ileum were selected. Biopsies of the ileal mucosa of such patients were performed, being the slides routinely examined and reviewed afterwards. RESULTS: The correlation between patients with normal ileoscopy and ileum with preserved histological architecture was of 99.1 percent. The agreement between initial histological evaluation and slides review calculated by the Kappa test was 0.21. In patients with abdominal pain and/or chronic diarrhea, the chance of showing histological alterations was 2.5 times higher than the others. CONCLUSIONS: The correlation between endoscopic and histological findings was high. The agreement between the initial histologic evaluation and slides review was not satisfactory. The chance of subjects with normal ileoscopy with abdominal pain and/or chronic diarrhea, showing histological alterations was higher in relation to the asymptomatic ones or with other symptoms, although the clinical importance of this datum was not evaluated.

CONTEXTO: Para o diagnóstico de doenças que afetam o íleo terminal, a colonoscopia permite avaliação macroscópica e realização de biopsias. Estudos com critérios para caracterização endoscópica e histológica desse segmento são escassos e ainda persistem dúvidas quanto à necessidade de biopsias em pacientes com ileoscopia normal. OBJETIVO: Estudar o íleo terminal de pacientes submetidos a colonoscopia, considerando correlação endoscópica e histológica; concordância entre resultados da avaliação histológica inicial e revisão de lâminas e chance de indivíduos com ileoscopia normal, com dor abdominal e ou diarreia crônica apresentarem alterações histológicas. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo, no qual foram selecionados 111 pacientes, que apresentaram ao exame endoscópico do íleo terminal mucosa lisa e sem enantema. Foram realizadas biopsias da mucosa ileal nesses indivíduos, sendo as lâminas examinadas rotineiramente e revisadas posteriormente. RESULTADOS: A correlação entre pacientes com ileoscopia normal e íleo com arquitetura histológica preservada foi de 99,1 por cento. A concordância entre avaliação histológica inicial e revisão de lâminas calculada pelo teste de Kappa, foi 0,21. Nos pacientes com ileoscopia normal, com dor abdominal e ou diarreia crônica, a chance de apresentarem alterações histológicas foi 2,5 vezes maior em relação aos demais. CONCLUSÃO: A correlação entre achados endoscópicos e histológicos foi elevada. A concordância entre avaliação histológica inicial e revisão de lâminas não foi satisfatória. A chance de indivíduos com ileoscopia normal, com dor abdominal e ou diarreia crônica, apresentarem alterações histológicas foi maior, porém a importância clínica desse dado não foi avaliada.

Implicações do saneamento na saúde pública observadas na região da Leopoldina, Rio de Janeiro / Sanitation implications in public health observed the Leopoldina region, Rio de Janeiro

O presente trabalho mostra uma discussão entre as condições de saneamento, na malha hidrográfica da Região da Leopoldina, no Município do Rio de Janeiro, e os indicadores de saúde, considerando-se as taxas de mortalidade proporcionais de doenças infecciosas e parasitárias, criando, com isto, subsídios às políticas públicas do setor pelo impacto das doenças de veiculação hídrica observadas. A utilização do saneamento como instrumento de promoção da saúde pressupõe a superação dos entraves tecnológicos, políticos e gerenciais, levando em conta que a maioria dos problemas sanitários que afetam a população mundial está relacionada com o meio ambiente. Um exemplo disto é a diarréia que, com mais de 4 bilhões de casos por ano, é a doença que mais aflige a humanidade. Entre as causas dessas doenças, destacam-se as condições inadequadas dos serviços de abastecimento de água e de esgotamento sanitário.