Retroperitoneal iliac conduits as an alternative access site for endovascular aortic repair: a tertiary care center experience / Condutos ilíacos retroperitoneais como local de acesso alternativo para reparo endovascular de aneurisma: experiência em centro de atenção terciária

Abstract Background Retroperitoneal open iliac conduits (ROIC) are used in patients with hostile iliac anatomy undergoing endovascular aortic repair (EVAR). Objectives We hereby report our experience of ROIC in patients subjected to EVAR. Methods This was a retrospective evaluation of 8 patients out of a total of 75 patients (11%) who underwent EVAR in the last 10 years. Pre-procedure computed tomography angiography was used to assess the dimensions of iliac and femoral arteries. Patients who had small arterial dimensions (i.e. smaller than the recommended access size for the aortic endograft device) were subjected to ROIC. Results The mean age of the 3 males and 5 females studied was 45.7 ± 15.2 years. The indication for ROIC was the small caliber ilio-femoral access site in 7 patients and atherosclerotic disease in 1 patient. All external grafts were anastomosed to the right common iliac artery except one which was anastomosed to the aortic bifurcation site because of a small common iliac artery. The procedural success rate was 100%. Local access site complications included infection (n=1), retroperitoneal hematoma (n=1), and need for blood transfusion (n=3). The median post-intervention hospital stay was 10 days. All patients had favorable long-term outcomes at a median follow-up of 18 months. Conclusions Female patients require ROIC during EVAR more frequently. Adjunctive use of iliac conduit for EVAR was associated with favorable perioperative and short-term outcomes.

Resumo Contexto Os condutos ilíacos abertos retroperitoneais são utilizados em pacientes submetidos a reparo endovascular de aneurisma (REVA) com anatomia ilíaca hostil. Objetivos Relatamos a nossa experiência com os condutos ilíacos em pacientes submetidos a REVA. Métodos Trata-se de uma avaliação retrospectiva de oito pacientes, de um total de 75 (11%), os quais foram submetidos a REVA nos últimos 10 anos. Foi realizada angiotomografia computadorizada antes do procedimento para avaliar as dimensões das artérias ilíaca e femoral. Os pacientes com dimensões arteriais menores, abaixo do tamanho de acesso recomendado para o dispositivo de endoprótese aórtica, foram submetidos a condutos ilíacos. Resultados A média de idade dos participantes foi de 45,7±15,2 anos, sendo três do sexo masculino e cinco do sexo feminino. As indicações para condutos ilíacos foram local de acesso ilíaco femoral de pequeno calibre, para sete pacientes, e doença aterosclerótica, para um paciente. Todas as próteses externas foram anastomosadas na artéria ilíaca comum direita, com exceção de uma, que foi anastomosada no local da bifurcação aórtica por apresentar artéria ilíaca comum menor. A taxa de sucesso do procedimento foi de 100%. As complicações no local de acesso incluíram infecção (n = 1), hematoma retroperitoneal (n = 1) e necessidade de transfusão de sangue (n = 3). O tempo mediano de internação hospitalar pós-intervenção foi de 10 dias. Todos os pacientes apresentaram desfechos de longo prazo favoráveis no seguimento mediano de 18 meses. Conclusões As pacientes do sexo feminino necessitaram de condutos ilíacos durante REVA com maior frequência. O uso adjuvante de condutos ilíacos com REVA foi associado a desfechos perioperatórios e de curto prazo favoráveis.

Comparison between arch zones in modified frozen elephant trunk procedure for complex thoracic aortic diseases

Abstract Introduction: The aim of this study is to compare postoperative outcomes and follow-up of two different modifications facilitating surgical technique of frozen elephant trunk (FET) procedure for complex thoracic aortic diseases - zone 0 (fixation with total arch debranching) and zone 3 (fixation with islet-shape arch repair). Methods: From May 2012 to December 2018, data were collected from 139 patients who had been treated with FET procedure for complex thoracic aortic diseases. According to Ishimaru arch map, patients with proximal anastomotic site of hybrid graft at zone 0 and zone 3 were grouped as Group A (n=58, 41.7%) and Group B (n=81, 58.3%), respectively. Mean age of study population was 54.7±11.4 years, and 111 patients were male (79.9%). Results: In-hospital mortality was observed in 20 (14.4%) patients (n=12, acute type A aortic dissection, and n=4, previous aortic dissection surgery). There was no significant difference between both groups in terms of in-hospital mortality. Four patients from Group A and three patients from Group B had permanent neurological deficit (P=0.32). Three patients from both groups had transient spinal cord ischemia (P=0.334). Although mean total perfusion time was longer in Group A, duration of visceral ischemia, when compared with Group B, was shorter (P<0.001). Five-year survival rate was 82.8% in Group A and 81.5% in Group B (P=0.876). Conclusion: FET procedure is a feasible repair technique in the treatment of complex aortic diseases, providing satisfactory early results. Because of its advantageous aspects, zone 0 fixation with debranching is the preferred technique in our clinic.

Predictive factors of mortality in acute aortic dissection and validity of the euroscore algorithm in a small-sized cardiac surgery institution

Abstract Introduction: Acute aortic dissection (AAD) is a devastating surgical emergency, with high operative mortality. Several scoring algorithms have been used to establish the expected mortality in these patients. Our objective was to define the predictive factors for mortality in our center and to validate the EuroSCORE and Penn classification system. Methods: Patients who underwent surgery for AAD from 2006 to 2016 were retrieved from the institution's database. Preoperative, operative and postoperative variables were collected. Observed and expected mortality was calculated by EuroSCORE. Logistic regression analysis and Cox regression analysis were performed to find predictors of operative mortality and survival, respectively. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted for logistic EuroSCORE, and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was calculated. Results: 87 patients (27.6% female) underwent surgery for AAD. The mean age was 58.6±9.7 years. Expected and observed operative mortality was 25.8±15.1% and 20.7%, respectively. Penn Aa, Ab and Abc shared similar observed/expected (O/E) mortality ratio. The only independent predictor of operative mortality (OR: 3.63; 95% CI: 1.19-11.09) and survival (HR: 2.6; 95% CI: 1.5-4.8) was female gender. EuroSCORE showed a very poor prediction capacity, with an AUC=0.566. Conclusion: Female gender was the only independent predictor of operative mortality and survival in our institution. EuroSCORE is a poor scoring algorithm to predict mortality in AAD, but with consistent results for Penn Aa, Ab and Abc.

"Overtime Hours Effect" on emergency surgery of acute type A aortic dissection

Abstract Objective: Treatment of acute diseases of the aorta is still associated with high mortality and morbidity. It is believed that interventions for these diseases on overtime hours (night shifts or weekend shifts) may increase mortality. In this study, we investigated the effect of performing acute type A aortic dissection surgery on overtime hours in terms of postoperative outcomes. Methods: 206 patients who underwent emergency surgery for acute type A aortic dissection were retrospectively evaluated. Two groups were constituted: patients operated on daytime working hours (n=61), and patients operated on overtime hours (n=145), respectively. Results: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and repeat surgery were higher in group 1. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of operative and postoperative results. Mortality rates and postoperative neurological complications in group 1 were 9.8% and 13.1%, respectively. In group 2, these rates were 13.8% and 12.4%, respectively (P=0.485 - P=0.890). Multivariate analysis identified that cross-clamp time, amount of postoperative drainage, preoperative loss of consciousness and postoperative neurological complications are the independent predictors of mortality. Conclusions: As the surgical experience of the clinics improves, treatment of acute type A aortic dissections can be successfully performed both overtime and daytime working hours.

Treatment of aortic dissecting aneurysm involving visceral arteries with multi-layer bare stents

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Aortic dissecting aneurysms involving visceral arteries are difficult for clinical treatment. This study aimed to explore the clinical efficacy and safety of multi-layer bare stents technique in the treatment of aortic dissecting aneurysms involving visceral arteries. METHOD: The clinical data of 16 patients of aortic dissecting aneurysm involving visceral artery treated with multi-layer bare stents technique from March 2013 to March 2017 in Tianjin Medical University General Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. To explore the clinical efficacy, the number of stents applied, postoperative aortic dissecting thrombosis and postoperative cumulative branch arterial patency of the16 patients. RESULTS: The operations of the 16 patients were successfully completed without peri-operative death cases. The 16 patients were implanted with 39 bare stents with an average of 2.44 per person. There were 2 cases with 1 stent, 8 cases with 2 stents and 7 cases with 3 stents. One month after the operation, CTA showed complete thrombosis in the arterial dissection in 4 cases (25.0%), partial thrombosis in 12 cases (75.0%); CTA showed that celiac artery, left and right renal arteries, and superior mesenteric artery were all unobstructed. There were 4 cases (25.0%) of dissecting artery with reduced diameter, 12 patients (75.0%) without changes in the diameter, and no diameter expanding cases. CONCLUSION: The treatment for aortic dissecting aneurysm involving the visceral arteries using multi-layer bare stents technique is safe and reliable with a higher patency rate of postoperative accumulated branch arteries.

RESUMO Objetivo: Aneurismas dissecantes da aorta envolvendo artérias viscerais são de difícil tratamento clínico. O objetivo deste estudo foi explorar a eficácia e segurança clínica da técnica de stents multicamadas não farmacológicos para o tratamento de aneurismas dissecantes da aorta envolvendo artérias viscerais. Métodos: Foi feito um estudo retrospectivo usando os dados de 16 pacientes com aneurisma dissecante da aorta envolvendo artérias viscerais e tratados com stents multicamadas não farmacológicos de março de 2013 a março de 2017, do Hospital da Escola de Medicina da Universidade de Tianjin. Foram analisados nos 167 pacientes: a eficácia clínica, o número de stents aplicados, trombose dissecante da aorta no pós-operatório e patência cumulativa pós-operatória do ramo arterial. Resultados: As operações dos 16 pacientes foram concluídas com sucesso sem nenhum óbito perioperatório. Os 16 pacientes receberam 39 stents não farmacológicos, com uma média de 2,44 por indivíduo. Houve 2 casos com 1 stent, 8 com 2 stents, e 7 com 3. Um mês após a operação, a ATC mostrou trombose completa da dissecção arterial em 4 casos (25,0%) e trombose parcial em 12 casos (75%). Também mostrou que a artéria celíaca, as artérias renais direita e esquerda e a artéria mesentérica superior estavam todas desobstruídas. Houve 4 casos (25,0%) de artéria dissecante com diâmetro reduzido, 12 (75,0%) pacientes sem alteração no diâmetro, e nenhum caso de aumento de diâmetro. Conclusão: O tratamento para aneurisma dissecante da aorta envolvendo artérias viscerais com a técnica de stents não farmacológicos multicamadas é seguro e confiável, com uma taxa mais alta de patência de ramos arteriais acumulados no pós-operatório.

Predictors of outcomes after correction of acute type a aortic dissection under moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest and antegrade cerebral perfusion

Abstract Introduction: Hypothermic circulatory arrest is widely used for correction of acute type A aortic dissection pathology. We present our experience of 45 consecutive patients operated in our unit with bilateral antegrade cerebral perfusion and moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest. Methods: Between January 2011 and April 2015, 45 consecutive patients were admitted for acute type A aortic dissection and operated emergently under moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest and bilateral antegrade cerebral perfusion. Results: Mean age was 58±11.4 years old. Median circulatory arrest time was 41.5 (30-54) minutes while the 30-day mortality and postoperative permanent neurological deficits rates were 6.7% and 13.3%, respectively. Unadjusted analysis revealed that the factors associated with 30-day mortality were: preoperative hemodynamic instability (OR: 14.8, 95% CI: 2.41, 90.6, P=0.004); and postoperative requirement for open sternum management (OR: 5.0, 95% CI: 1.041, 24.02, P=0.044) while preoperative hemodynamic instability (OR: 8.8, 95% CI: 1.41, 54.9, P=0.02) and postoperative sepsis or multiple organ dysfunction (OR: 13.6, 95% CI: 2.1, 89.9, P=0.007) were correlated with neurological dysfunction. By multivariable logistic regression analysis, postoperative sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction independently predicted (OR: 15.9, 95% CI: 1.05, 96.4, P=0.045) the incidence of severe postoperative neurological complication. During median follow-up of 6 (2-12) months, the survival rate was 86.7%. Conclusion: Bilateral antegrade cerebral perfusion and direct carotid perfusion for cardiopulmonary bypass, in the surgical treatment for correction of acute aortic dissection type A, is a valuable technique with low 30-day mortality rate. However, postoperative severe neurological dysfunctions remain an issue that warrants further research.

Current hospital mortality, neurological deficit, and mid-term survival after surgery for acute type A aortic dissection in Argentina / Mortalidad hospitalaria, déficit neurológico y supervivencia alejada después de cirugía de disección aórtica aguda tipo A en la actualidad en Argentina

Abstract Objective: To present the current in-hospital outcomes and mid-term survival of acute type A aortic dissection (AAAD) surgery performed by a group of dedicated high-volume thoracic aortic surgeons in a University Hospital in Argentina. Methods: A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data over a 6-year period (2011---2016) was performed on a consecutive series of 53 adult patients who underwent emer- gency cardiac surgery for AAAD in the Buenos Aires University Hospital in Argentina. Results: A mean of 8.8 AAAD repairs were performed yearly during the 6-year period. In-hospital mortality was 17%, and was statistically equivalent to the expected operative mortality rate of 21% (EuroSCORE II) (observed-to-expected mortality ratio 0.81; p = 0.620). New neurological deficit appeared postoperatively in 6% of cases, and the observed major postoperative morbidity rate was 42%. All-cause death cumulative survival probability was 0.711 (SE 0.074), with a mean follow-up period of 49.2 (SE 5.0) months. Cumulative survival probability for in-hospital survivors was 0.903 (SE 0.053), with a mean follow-up period of 62.5 (SE 3.6) months. Conclusion: Although the present results do not reach international standards, AAAD surgery in our institution was associated with an acceptable mortality risk and satisfactory mid-term survival compared with previous local studies. In addition to in-hospital mortality, the incidence of new permanent neurological deficit after surgery must be considered the most devastating complication to avoid. Patient-focused care in referral aortic centers with surgery performed by specialized teams should be encouraged in order to improve surgical outcomes in acute aortic dissection surgery in Argentina.

Resumen Objetivo: Presentar los resultados hospitalarios actuales y la supervivencia a mediano plazo de la cirugía de la disección aguda aórtica tipo A (DAAA) realizada por un grupo de cirujanos de alto volumen de cirugías en un Hospital Universitario de Argentina. Método: Se realizó un análisis retrospectivo de datos recolectados en forma prospectiva durante 6 años (2011-2016) de una serie de 53 adultos sometidos a cirugía de emergencia por DAAA en un Hospital Universitario de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Resultados: Durante 6 años se operaron en promedio 8.8 DAAA por año. La mortalidad hospitalaria fue del 17% y estadísticamente equivalente a una tasa de mortalidad esperada del 21% por el EuroSCORE II (razón de mortalidad observada/esperada 0.81; p = 0.620). El déficit neurológico postoperatorio apareció en el 6% de los casos, y la tasa de morbilidad mayor fue del 42%. La probabilidad acumulada de supervivencia fue de 0.711 (EE 0.074), con un promedio de seguimiento de 49.2 (EE 5.0) meses. La supervivencia acumulada descartando la mortalidad operatoria fue de 0.903 (EE 0.053), con un promedio de seguimiento de 62.5 (EE 3.6) meses. Conclusiones: Aunque estos resultados no alcanzan los estándares internacionales, la cirugía de la DAAA en nuestra institución estuvo asociada a un riesgo aceptable de mortalidad y una supervivencia satisfactoria a mediano plazo comparadas con estudios previos locales. Además de la mortalidad, la incidencia de daño neurológico permanente después de la cirugía debe considerarse la complicación más devastadora a evitar.

Hybrid approach of aortic diseases: zone 1 delivery and volumetric analysis on the descending aorta

Abstract Introduction: Conventional techniques of surgical correction of arch and descending aortic diseases remains as high-risk procedures. Endovascular treatments of abdominal and descending thoracic aorta have lower surgical risk. Evolution of both techniques - open debranching of the arch and endovascular approach of the descending aorta - may extend a less invasive endovascular treatment for a more extensive disease with necessity of proximal landing zone in the arch. Objective: To evaluate descending thoracic aortic remodeling by means of volumetric analysis after hybrid approach of aortic arch debranching and stenting the descending aorta. Methods: Retrospective review of seven consecutive patients treated between September 2014 and August 2016 for diseases of proximal descending aorta (aneurysms and dissections) by hybrid approach to deliver the endograft at zone 1. Computed tomography angiography were analyzed using a specific software to calculate descending thoracic aorta volumes pre- and postoperatively. Results: Follow-up was done in 100% of patients with a median time of 321 days (range, 41-625 days). No deaths or permanent neurological complications were observed. There were no endoleaks or stent migrations. Freedom from reintervention was 100% at 300 days and 66% at 600 days. Median volume reduction was of 45.5 cm3, representing a median volume shrinkage by 9.3%. Conclusion: Hybrid approach of arch and descending thoracic aorta diseases is feasible and leads to a favorable aortic remodeling with significant volume reduction.

Dacron graft intussusception technique for treatment of type a aortic dissections: technical notes and preliminary results

Abstract Introduction: Optimal surgical management for acute type A aortic dissection (AAAD) remains unclear. The in-hospital mortality rate is still high (15%), and the intraoperative bleeding is an independent risk factor for hospital mortality. Objective: The aim of our study was describe a new method for aortic anastomosis in the repair of AAAD and report the hospital mortality and bleeding complications. Methods: Between January 2008 and November 2014, 24 patients, 16 male, median age 62 years, underwent surgical treatment of AAAD. The surgical technique consisted of intussusception of a Dacron tube in the dissected aorta, which is anastomosed with a first line of 2-0 polyester everting mattress suture and a second line of 3-0 polypropylene running suture placed at the outermost side. Open distal anastomosis was performed with bilateral selective antegrade cerebral perfusion in 13 (54.1%) patients. Results: Cardiopulmonary bypass and aortic clamping time ranged from 75 to 135 min (mean=85 min) and 60 to 100 min (mean=67 min), respectively. The systemic circulatory arrest ranged from 29 to 60 min (mean=44.5 min). One (4.1%) patient required reoperation for bleeding, due to the use of preoperative clopidogrel. The postoperative bleeding was 382-1270 ml (mean=654 ml). We used an average of 4.2 units of red blood cells/patient. There were two (8.3%) hospital deaths, one due to intraoperative bleeding and another due to mesenteric ischemia. The average length of stay in the intensive care unit and hospital was 44 hours and 6.7 days, respectively. Conclusion: This new method for surgical correction of AAAD was reproducible and resulted in satisfactory clinical outcomes.

Long-term efficacy of endovascular vs open surgical repair for complicated type-B aortic dissection: a single-center retrospective study and meta-analysis

This study aimed to evaluate the long-term survival and risk factors of traditional open surgical repair (OSR) vs thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair (TEVAR) for complicated type-B aortic dissection (TBAD). A total of 118 inpatients (45 OSR vs 73 TEVAR) with TBAD were enrolled from January 2004 to January 2015. Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards analysis were performed to identify the long-term survival rate and independent predictors of survival, respectively. Meta-analysis was used to further explore the long-term efficacy of OSR and TEVAR in the eight included studies using Review Manager 5.2 software. An overall 10-year survival rate of 41.9% was found, and it was similar in the two groups (56.7% OSR vs 26.1% TEVAR; log-rank P=0.953). The risk factors of long-term survival were refractory hypertension (OR=11.1; 95%CI=1.428-86.372; P=0.021] and preoperative aortic diameter >55 mm (OR=4.5; 95%CI=1.842-11.346; P=0.001). Long-term survival rate did not differ significantly between OSR and TEVAR (hazard ratio=0.87; 95%CI=0.52-1.47; P=0.61). Compared with OSR, TEVAR did not show long-term advantages for patients with TBAD. Refractory hypertension and total aortic diameter >55 mm can be used to predict the long-term survival of TBAD in the Chinese Han population.

Surgical treatment of complex aneurysms and thoracic aortic dissections with the Frozen Elephant Trunk technique / Tratamento cirúrgico dos aneurismas complexos e dissecções da aorta torácica utilizando a técnica "Frozen Elephant Trunk"

Abstract Objective: Report initial experience with the Frozen Elephant Trunk technique. Methods: From July 2009 to October 2013, Frozen Elephant Trunk technique was performed in 21 patients (66% male, mean age 56 ±11 years). They had type A aortic dissection (acute 9.6%, chronic 57.3%), type B (14.3%, all chronic) and complex aneurysms (19%). It was 9.5% of reoperations and 38% of associated procedures (25.3% miocardial revascularization, 25.3% replacement of aortic valve and 49.4% aortic valved graft). Aortic remodeling was evaluated comparing preoperative and most recent computed tomography scans. One hundred per cent of complete follow-up, mean time of 28 months. Results: In-hospital mortality of 14.2%, being 50% in acute type A aortic dissection, 8.3% in chronic type A aortic dissection, 33.3% in chronic type B aortic dissection and 0% in complex aneurysms. Mean times of cardiopulmonary bypass (152±24min), myocardial ischemia (115±31min) and selective cerebral perfusion (60±15min). Main complications were bleeding (14.2%), spinal cord injury (9.5%), stroke (4.7%), prolonged mechanical ventilation (4.7%) and acute renal failure (4.7%). The need for second-stage operation was 19%. False-lumen thrombosis was obtained in 80%. Conclusion: Frozen Elephant Trunk is a feasible technique and should be considered. The severity of the underlying disease justifies high mortality rates. The learning curve is a reality. This approach allows treatment of more than two segments at once. Nonetheless, if a second stage is made necessary, it is facilitated. .

Resumo Objetivo: Relatar experiência inicial com a técnica "Frozen Elephant Trunk". Métodos: Entre julho de 2009 e outubro de 2013, 21 pacientes, 66% homens, média de idade de 56±11 anos, 66,7% portadores de dissecção da aorta tipo A de Stanford (9,6% agudas e 57,1% crônicas), tipo B (14,3%, todas crônicas) e aneurismas complexos (19%), foram operados pela técnica Frozen Elephant Trunk. Foram 9,5% de reoperações e 38% com procedimentos associados (25,3% revascularizações do miocárdio, 25,3% troca da valva aórtica e 49,4% tubos valvulados). Remodelamento da aorta foi avaliado com a comparação de angiotomografia pré-operatória e pós-operatória mais recente. Seguimento 100% dos pacientes, tempo médio de 28 meses. Resultados: Mortalidade hospitalar de 14,2%, sendo 50% nas dissecções do tipo A agudas, 8,3% nas tipo A crônicas, 33,3% nas tipo B crônicas e 0% nos aneurismas complexos. Tempos médios de CEC (152±24min), isquemia miocárdica (115±31min) e perfusão cerebral seletiva (60±15min). Principais complicações pós-operatórias foram sangramento (14,2%), acidente vascular encefálico (4,7%), paraplegia (9,5%), intubação>72h (4,7%) e insuficiência renal aguda (4,7%). Houve necessidade de complementação do tratamento (distal ao stent) em 19%. Houve trombose da falsa luz em 80%. Conclusão: Frozen Elephant Trunk é opção técnica a ser utilizada. A gravidade e extensão da doença justificam mortalidade mais elevada. A curva de aprendizado é uma realidade. Esta abordagem permite abordar mais de dois segmentos de aorta em um estágio, mas se necessário segundo estágio, este é facilitado. .

Hemorrhagic intracranial distal (cortical) dissections: five cases and a literature review / Dissecções hemorrágicas intracranianas distais (corticais): cinco casos e revisão da literatura

Objective: To describe and analyze five cases of symptomatic intracranial spontaneous cortical dissections and a review of the literature relating to this disorder. Method: Retrospective analysis of patients undergoing investigation for intracranial hemorrhage. Data were compiled from the medical file and PACS of the Nancy University Hospital. Results: Of 350 patients who underwent investigation for spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage, five patients (four women) harbored intracranial distal dissections, with no evidence of infection, trauma, arterial hypertension, vasculitis. The patients age ranged from 35 to 77 years (mean age 50.8 years). No patient presented with a poor grade SAH (Hunt and Hess grade IV or V). All patients presented with headache. The localization of the vessel abnormality was equally distributed between the anterior and posterior circulation. All patients, except one, harbored an aneurysmal sac angiographically detectable. Conclusion: Dissecting aneurysms of the intracranial distal/cortical arteries are exceedingly rare vascular lesions that produce neurologic symptoms related to their topography and hemorrhagic or ischemic nature. In the aneurysmal forms, the treatment in an urgent fashion may be considered if we consider the risk of re-hemorrhage. The first-choice treatment is coil occlusion of the involved artery at the level of the dissection.

Objetivo: Descrever e analisar 5 casos de dissecção intracraniana de artérias distais espontâneas sintomáticas, com revisão da literatura. Métodos: Análise retrospectiva dos prontuários e imagens de tomografia, ressonância e angiografia. Os dados foram compilados do arquivo de imagens eletrônicas em formato DICOM através do sistema PACS do Hospital Universitário de Nancy, França. Resultados: De 350 pacientes investigados por hemorragia intracraniana espontânea, foram identificados 5 pacientes (4 do sexo feminino) com aneurismas intracranianos distais, onde foram descartadas as etiologias habituais (infecção, trauma, hipertensão arterial, vasculite). A média de idade foi de 50,8 anos, com mínima de 35 e máxima de 77 anos. Nenhum paciente estava com hemorragica de alto grau (Hunt-Hess grau 4 ou 5). Todos tiveram cefaléia súbita como sintoma inicial. A localização da anormalidade vascular foi igualmente distribuida entre a circulação anterior e posterior. Todos os pacientes, exceto um, apresentavam aneurisma angiograficamente detectável. Conclusão: Pequenas hemorragias intracranianas em vasos corticais são frequentemente encontradas, mas raramente investigadas. Aneurismas dissecantes das artérias distais/corticais são lesões extremamente raras que produzem sintomas relacionados a sua topografia e natureza isquêmica ou hemorrágica. A história natural destas lesões é pouco conhecida ou documentada. Aneurismas devem ser ocluidos preferencialmente com micromolas, evitando ressangramento.

Debranching Solutions in Endografting for Complex Thoracic Aortic Dissections / Soluções de Desramificação em Endoprótese para Dissecções Complexas da Aorta Torácica

Background: Conventional surgical repair of thoracic aortic dissections is a challenge due to mortality and morbidity risks. Objectives: We analyzed our experience in hybrid aortic arch repair for complex dissections of the aortic arch. Methods: Between 2009 and 2013, 18 patients (the mean age of 67 ± 8 years-old) underwent hybrid aortic arch repair. The procedural strategy was determined on the individual patient. Results: Thirteen patients had type I repair using trifurcation and another patient with bifurcation graft. Two patients had type II repair with replacement of the ascending aorta. Two patients received extra-anatomic bypass grafting to left carotid artery allowing covering of zone 1. Stent graft deployment rate was 100%. No patients experienced stroke. One patient with total debranching of the aortic arch following an acute dissection of the proximal arch expired 3 months after TEVAR due to heart failure. There were no early to midterm endoleaks. The median follow-up was 20 ± 8 months with patency rate of 100%. Conclusion: Various debranching solutions for different complex scenarios of the aortic arch serve as less invasive procedures than conventional open surgery enabling safe and effective treatment of this highly selected subgroup of patients with complex aortic pathologies. .

Fundamentos: O reparo cirúrgico convencional de dissecção da aorta torácica é um desafio devido aos riscos de mortalidade e morbidade. Objetivos: Analisamos nossa experiência no reparo híbrido do arco aórtico em dissecções complexas do arco aórtico. Métodos: Entre os anos de 2009 e 2013, 18 pacientes (idade média de 67 ± 8 anos de idade) foram submetidos ao reparo híbrido do arco aórtico. A estratégia de procedimento foi determinada individualmente para cada paciente. Resultados: Treze pacientes fizeram o reparo tipo I utilizando enxerto trifurcado; outro paciente utilizou um enxerto bifurcado. Dois pacientes fizeram o reparo tipo II com substituição da aorta ascendente. Dois pacientes receberam desvios extra-anatômicos de enxertia pela artéria carótida esquerda, permitindo a cobertura da zona 1. A taxa de implantação do stent foi de 100%. Nenhum paciente apresentou acidente vascular cerebral. Um paciente com desramificação total do arco aórtico após dissecção aguda do arco proximal faleceu 3 meses depois de realizar o reparo endovascular da aorta torácica (TEVAR), por insuficiência cardíaca. Não houve endoleak precoce ou a médio prazo. A média de acompanhamento foi de 20 ± 8 meses, com taxa de patência de 100%. Conclusão: Diversas soluções de desramificação, utilizadas em diferentes cenários complexos do arco aórtico, são procedimentos menos invasivos que a cirurgia aberta convencional e permitem o tratamento seguro e eficaz deste subgrupo, altamente selecionado de pacientes com patologias complexas da aorta. .

Use of a stent-graft and vascular occlude to treat primary and re-entry tears in a patient with a Stanford type B aortic dissection / O uso de endoprótese e oclusor vascular para tratar ruptura primária e de re-entrada em paciente com dissecção aórtica tipo B de Stanford

Thoracic endovascular aortic repair for aortic dissections is recognized as an effective treatment. We herein report the case of a 72-year-old male with a Stanford type B aortic dissection. A stent-graft and double-disk vascular occluder was used to repair the primary and re-entry tears, respectively. At 3 month postoperatively, computed tomographic angiography revealed no endoleaks, the stent-graft and vascular occluder to be in optimal positions, the false lumen was almost completely thrombosed, and the visceral arteries were patent. This case illustrates that it is feasible to treat re-entry tears with a vascular occluder after primary proximal stent-graft repairs.

Reparação endovascular de aorta torácica para dissecção aórtica é reconhecida como um tratamento eficaz. Relatamos o caso de um homem de 72 anos de idade, com dissecção aórtica tipo B de Stanford. A endoprótese e oclusor duplo disco vascular foi usado para reparar as rupturas primária e de re-entrada, respectivamente. Aos três meses de pós-operatório, angiotomografia computadorizada não revelou vazamentos, o oclusor e a endoprótese vascular estavam em posições melhores, a falsa luz foi quase completamente trombosada, e as artérias viscerais estavam patentes. Esse caso demonstra que o tratamento de rupturas na re-entrada com endoprótese vascular após reparos proximais primários é viável.

Impacto da mortalidade da doença da aorta torácica no estado de São Paulo no período de 1998 a 2007 / Mortality impact of thoracic aortic disease in São Paulo state from 1998 to 2007

FUNDAMENTO: Ainda não foram analisadas as características epidemiológicas das doenças da aorta torácica (DAT) no estado de São Paulo e no Brasil, assim como o seu impacto na sobrevida desses pacientes. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar o impacto da mortalidade das DAT e caracterizá-la epidemiologicamente. MÉTODOS: Análise retrospectiva dos dados do Sistema Único de Saúde para os códigos de DAT do registro de internações, de procedimentos e dos óbitos, a partir do Código Internacional de Doenças (CID-10), registrados na Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo durante o período de janeiro de 1998 a dezembro de 2007. RESULTADOS: Foram 9.465 óbitos por DAT, 5.500 homens (58,1%) e 3.965 mulheres (41,9%); 6.721 dissecções (71%) e 2.744 aneurismas, 86,3% diagnosticados no IML. Foram 6.109 internações, 67,9% do sexo masculino, sendo que 21,2% evoluíram a óbito (69% homens), com proporções semelhantes de dissecção e aneurisma entre os sexos, respectivamente 54% e 46%, porém com mortalidade distinta. Os homens com DAT morrem mais que as mulheres (OR = 1,5). A distribuição etária para óbitos e internações foi semelhante, com predomínio na sexta década. Foram 3.572 operações (58% das internações) com mortalidade de 20,3% (os pacientes mantidos em tratamento medicamentoso apresentaram mortalidade de 22,6%; p = 0,047). O número de internações, de cirurgias, de óbitos dos pacientes internados e geral de óbitos por DAT foi progressivamente superior ao aumento populacional no decorrer do tempo. CONCLUSÕES: Atuações específicas na identificação precoce desses pacientes, assim como a viabilização do seu atendimento, devem ser implementadas para reduzir a aparente progressiva mortalidade por DAT imposta à nossa população.

BACKGROUND: The epidemiological characteristics of thoracic aortic diseases (TAD) in the State of São Paulo and in Brazil, as well as their impact on the survival of these patients have yet to be analyzed. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the mortality impact of TAD and characterize it epidemiologically. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of data from the public health system for the TAD registry codes of hospitalizations, procedures and deaths, from the International Code of Diseases (ICD-10), registered at the Ministry of Health of São Paulo State from January 1998 to December 2007. RESULTS: They were 9.465 TAD deaths, 5.500 men (58.1%) and 3.965 women (41.9%); 6.721 dissections (71%) and 2.744. aneurysms. In 86.3% of cases the diagnosis was attained during autopsy. There were 6.109 hospitalizations, of which 67.9% were males; 21.2% of them died (69% men), with similar proportions of dissection and aneurysm between sexes, respectively 54% and 46%, but with different mortality. Men with TAD die more often than women (OR = 1.5). The age distribution for deaths and hospitalizations was similar with predominance in the 6th decade. They were 3.572 surgeries (58% of hospitalizations) with 20.3% mortality (patients kept in clinical treatment showed 22.6% mortality; p = 0.047). The number of hospitalizations, surgeries, deaths of in-patients and general deaths by TAD were progressively greater than the increase in population over time. CONCLUSIONS: Specific actions for the early identification of these patients, as well as the viability of their care should be implemented to reduce the apparent progressive mortality from TAD seen among our population.

Repair of aortic root in patients with aneurysm or dissection: comparing the outcomes of valve-sparing root replacement with those from the Bentall procedure / Reparação de raiz aórtica em pacientes com aneurisma ou dissecção: comparando os resultados da técnica de substituição valve-sparing com os da operação de Bentall

INTRODUCTION: Management of aortic root aneurysm or dissection has been the subject of much discussion that has led to some modifications. The current trend is a valve-sparing root replacement. We compared the outcome following valve sparing root repair with Bentall procedure. METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 70 patients who underwent root replacement for aneurysm or dissection and compared the outcomes of valve-sparing root replacement with those of the Bentall procedure from January 2007 to December 2011 at our institution. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients had valve-sparing aortic root replacement (VSR, including reimplantation or remodeling) (23 males and 2 females), and 45 patients had the Bentall procedure (34 males and 11 females). Patients who underwent a VSR were younger with a mean age of 55.4 ± 14.8 years compared to those who underwent the Bentall procedure with a mean age of 60.6 ± 12.7 (P=ns). The preoperative aortic insufficiency (AI) in the VSR group was moderate in 8 (32%) patients, and severe in 6 (24%). Preoperative creatinine was 1 ± 0.35 mg/dl in the VSR group and 1.1 ± 0.87 mg/dl in the Bentall group. In the VSR group, 3 (12%) patients had emergency surgery; by contrast, in the Bentall group, 8 (17%) patients had emergent surgery. Concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting (excluding coronary reimplantation) was performed in 8 (32%) patients in the VSR group and in 12 (26.6%) patients in the Bentall group (P=0.78); additional valve procedures were performed in 2 (8%) patients in the VSR group and in 11 (24.4%) patients in the Bentall group. The perioperative mortality was 8% (n=2) and 13.3% (n=6), for the VSR and Bentall procedures, respectively (P=0.7, ns). The total duration of intensive care unit stay was 116.6 ± 106 hours for VSR patients and 152.5 ± 218.2 hours for Bentall patients (P=0.5). The overall length of stay in the hospital was 10 ± 8.1 days for VSR and 11 ± 9.52 days for Bentall (P=0.89). The one-year survival was 92% for the VSR group and 79.0% for the Bentall group. The seven-year survival for the VSR group was 92% and 79% for the Bentall group (95% CI [1.215 to 0.1275], P=0.1). CONCLUSION: Aortic valve-sparing root replacement can be performed with acceptable morbidity and mortality with a comparable long-term survival to the Bentall procedure.

INTRODUÇÃO: Manejo de aneurisma da aorta ou dissecção da raiz tem sido objeto de muita discussão que levou a algumas modificações. A tendência atual é o uso da técnica de substituição valve-sparing (VSR). Nós comparamos o resultado da reparação da raiz utilizando a técnica de substituição valve-sparing com o procedimento de Bentall. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados, retrospectivamente, 70 pacientes submetidos à substituição da raiz de aneurisma ou dissecção, comparando os resultados da técnica de substituição valve-sparing com os do procedimento Bentall de janeiro de 2007 a dezembro de 2011 em nossa instituição. RESULTADOS: Vinte e cinco pacientes foram submetidos à substituição da valva aórtica com o uso da técnica valve-sparing (VSR, incluindo o reimplante ou remodelação) (23 homens e duas mulheres), e 45 pacientes pelo procedimento de Bentall (34 homens e 11 mulheres). Pacientes que se submeteram à VSR eram mais jovens, com idade média de 55,4 ± 14,8 anos em comparação àqueles que foram submetidos ao procedimento Bentall, idade média de 60,6 ± 12,7 anos (P = ns). A insuficiência aórtica pré-operatória no grupo VSR foi moderada em oito (32%) pacientes e grave em seis (24%). Creatinina pré-operatória foi 1 ± 0,35 mg/dl, no grupo do VSR, e 1,1 ± 0,87 mg/dl, no grupo de Bentall. No grupo VSR, três (12%) pacientes foram operados em caráter de emergência e, no grupo de Bentall, oito (17%). Revascularização do miocárdio concomitante (excluindo reimplante coronariano) foi realizada em oito (32%) pacientes no grupo VSR e, em 12 (26,6%), no grupo de Bentall (P=0,78); procedimentos valvares adicionais foram realizados em 2 (8%) pacientes no grupo do VSR e em 11 (24,4%) no grupo de Bentall. A mortalidade perioperatória foi de 8% (n = 2) e 13,3% (n = 6), para os procedimentos de VSR e Bentall, respectivamente (P=0,7, ns). O tempo de internação na unidade de terapia intensiva foi de 116,6 ± 106,0 horas para pacientes VSR e 152,5 ± 218,2 horas para pacientes Bentall (P=0,5). O tempo de permanência no hospital foi de 10 ± 8,1 dias para VSR e 11 ± 9,52 dias para Bentall (P=0,89). A sobrevida em um ano foi de 92,0 % para o grupo VSR e 79,0% para o grupo de Bentall. A sobrevivência de sete anos para o grupo VSR foi de 92% e 79% para o grupo de Bentall (IC95% [1,215 a 0,1275], P=0,1). CONCLUSÃO: A técnica valve-sparing substituição da raiz aórtica pode ser realizada com a morbidade e mortalidade aceitáveis, e sobrevivência aceitável a longo prazo comparável com o procedimento de Bentall.

Results of Castro Bernardes intraluminal ring in surgery for ascending aortic aneurysms and dissections / Resultados do anel intraluminal de Castro Bernardes nas cirurgias de aneurismas e dissecções da aorta ascendente

OBJECTIVE: To demonstrate surgical results using Castro Bernardes intraluminal ring in ascending aorta surgery, instead of conventional suture. METHODS: 95 patients underwent ascending aorta surgery from December 2008 to April 2011 at Madre Tereza Hospital (Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil), using Castro Bernardes intraluminal ring instead of conventional suture of the aorta. RESULTS: Ninety five patients underwent ascending aorta surgery with Castro-Bernardes intraluminal ring. Thirty patients presented acute dissection and 65 aneurism. Overall postoperative mortality was 15.78% (15/95). Nine patients in 15 (60%) died due to acute type A dissection. For acute type A dissection, mortality was 30% and for aneurism mortality was 9.23%. The intraluminal ring was inserted in distal position in 89 patients and in proximal and distal position in 6 patients. Mortality was related to Bentall & De Bono or Cabrol associated techniques. Average extracorporeal circulation time was 57.4 minutes and average aortic cross-clamping time was 37 minutes. CONCLUSION: The use of Castro Bernardes intraluminal ring in ascending aortic surgery avoiding conventional suture reduces extracorporeal circulation time and aortic cross-clamping time, improving surgical results. This approach simplifies ascending aortic surgery whether the disease is type A dissection or aneurysm, and may be considered a good alternative technique.

OBJETIVO: Demonstrar os resultados do uso do anel intraluminal de Castro Bernardes no tratamento cirúrgico dos aneurismas e dissecções da aorta ascendente. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 95 pacientes submetidos a cirurgia de aorta ascendente, no período de dezembro de 2008 a abril de 2011, no Hospital Madre Teresa (Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil), nos quais foi utilizado anel intraluminal de Castro Bernardes, ao invés de sutura convencional na aorta. RESULTADOS: A mortalidade pós-operatória geral foi de 15,78% (15 pacientes em 95). Dos óbitos, 60% (nove pacientes) foram por dissecção aguda tipo A. Do total de 95 pacientes operados, 30 apresentavam dissecção aguda tipo A, com mortalidade de 30% e 65 pacientes apresentavam aneurismas de aorta ascendente, com mortalidade de 9,23%. Utilizou-se o anel em posição distal em 89 pacientes e, em posições proximal e distal, em seis A mortalidade foi maior no grupo de pacientes submetidos a técnica cirúrgica de Bentall & De Bono ou Cabrol, quando comparados àqueles submetidos ao uso de prótese de Dacron, associada ou não à plastia ou troca valvar aórtica. O tempo médio de circulação extracorpórea (CEC) foi de 57,4 minutos e o tempo médio de pinçamento de aorta, 37 minutos. CONCLUSÃO: A utilização do anel intraluminal de Castro Bernardes, que evita sutura convencional, foi eficaz em reduzir o tempo de CEC e de pinçamento de aorta e, por conseguinte, de melhorar os resultados pós-operatórios. Essa opção contribuiu para simplificar o tratamento cirúrgico dos aneurismas e dissecções da aorta ascendente e constitui boa alternativa técnica.

Reinforced aortic root reconstruction for acute type A aortic dissection involving the aortic root / Reconstrução da raiz da aorta reforçada para dissecção aguda da aorta tipo A envolvendo a raiz da aórtica

OBJECTIVE: There are debates regarding the optimal approach for AAAD involving the aortic root. We described a modified reinforced aortic root reconstruction approach for treating AAAD involving the aortic root. METHODS: A total of 161 patients with AAAD involving the aortic root were treated by our modified reinforced aortic root reconstruction approach from January 1998 to December 2008. Key features of our modified approach were placement of an autologous pericardial patch in the false lumen, lining of the sinotubular junction lumen with a polyester vascular ring, and wrapping of the vessel with Teflon strips. Outcome measures included post-operative mortality, survival, complications, and level of aortic regurgitation. RESULTS: A total of 161 patients were included in the study (mean age: 43.3 1 15.5 years). The mean duration of follow-up was 5.1 1 2.96 years (2-12 years). A total of 10 (6.2%) and 11 (6.8%) patients died during hospitalization and during follow-up, respectively. Thirty-one (19.3%) patients experienced postoperative complications. The 1-, 3-, 5-, and 10-year survival rates were 99.3%, 98%, 93.8%, and 75.5%, respectively. There were no instances of recurrent aortic dissection, aortic aneurysm, or pseudoaneurysm during the entire study period. The severity of aortic regurgitation dramatically decreased immediately after surgery (from 28.6% to 0% grade 3-4) and thereafter slightly increased (from 0% to 7.2% at 5 years and 9.1% at 10 years). CONCLUSION: This modified reinforced aortic root reconstruction was feasible, safe and durable/effective, as indicated by its low mortality, low postoperative complications and high survival rate.

OBJETIVO: Há um debate sobre a melhor abordagem para dissecção aguda da aorta tipo A (DAAA) envolvendo a raiz da aorta. Nós descrevemos abordagem aórtica reforçada modificada de reconstrução de raiz para o tratamento DAAA envolvendo a raiz da aorta. MÉTODOS: Um total de 161 pacientes com DAAA envolvendo a raiz da aorta foram tratados pelo nosso abordagem reforçada modificada da reconstrução da raiz da aorta de janeiro de 1998 a dezembro de 2008. As características-chave da nossa abordagem modificada foram a colocação de um remendo de pericárdio autólogo na falsa luz, forro do lúmen supravalvar com um anel vascular, poliéster e envolvimento dos vasos com tiras de teflon. A avaliação pós-operatória incluiu mortalidade, sobrevivência, complicações, e grau de insuficiência aórtica. RESULTADOS: Um total de 161 pacientes foram incluídos no estudo (média de idade: 43,3 1 15,5 anos). A duração média de acompanhamento foi de 5,1 1 2,96 anos (2-12 anos). Um total de 10 (6,2%) e 11 (6,8%) pacientes morreram durante a internação e durante o acompanhamento, respectivamente. Trinta e um (19,3%) pacientes apresentaram complicações pós-operatórias. A 1 -, 3 -, 5 -, e as taxas de sobrevivência de 10 anos foram 99,3%, 98%, 93,8% e 75,5%, respectivamente. Não houve casos de dissecção aórtica recorrente, aneurisma ou pseudoaneurisma da aorta durante o período de estudo. A gravidade da regurgitação aórtica diminuiu drasticamente logo após a cirurgia (de 28,6% para grau 0 de 3-4%) e, posteriormente, teve ligeiro aumento (de 0% a 7,2% em 5 anos e de 9,1% aos 10 anos). CONCLUSÃO: A reconstrução da raiz da aorta reforçada modificada é viável, segura e durável/eficaz, como indicado pelas baixas mortalidade e complicações pós-operatórias e taxa de sobrevivência elevada.

Mortality within the endovascular treatment in Stanford type B aortic dissections / Mortalidade no tratamento endovascular nas dissecções aórticas tipo B

BACKGROUND: Endovascular stent-graft repair of aortic dissections is a relatively new procedure, and although apparently less invasive, the efficacy and safety of this technique have not been fully established. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate mortality in patients with complicated Stanford type B aortic dissections submitted to endovascular treatment. METHODS: Clinical, anatomical, imaging and autopsy data of 23 patients with complicated type B aortic dissections were reviewed from November 2004 to October 2007. The main indications for transluminal thoracic stent-grafting included: persistent pain in spite of medical therapy, signs of distal limb ischemia, signs of aortic rupture, progression of aneurismal dilation of the descending aorta during follow-up (defined as a diameter > 50 mm) and the diameter of descending thoracic aorta of 40mm or larger at the onset of aortic dissection. Data were analyzed statistically; all p-values were two-tailed and differences < 0.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance. Continuous variables were expressed as mean (± SD), and medians were compared by the Student's t test. Differences in categorical variables between the groups were analyzed by the Chi-square or Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: The procedure presented primary technical success in 82.6 percent of patients. Four patients (17.4 percent) had an incomplete proximal entry seal. Three patients (13 percent) died within 30 days of the procedure and eight patients (34.8 percent) died after 30 days. CONCLUSION: Endovascular correction of complicated Stanford type B aortic dissections is a feasible and effective treatment option.

INTRODUÇÃO: O tratamento endovascular na dissecção de aorta é um procedimento relativamente novo e, embora aparentemente menos invasivo, a eficácia e a segurança dessa técnica não estão totalmente estabelecidas. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a mortalidade e complicações nos pacientes submetidos a tratamento endovascular na dissecção de aorta tipo B de Stanford. MÉTODOS: Foram revisados, a partir de novembro de 2004 a outubro de 2007, em estudo clínico, anatômico, de imagens e dados da autopsia de 23 pacientes com dissecção aórtica tipo B. As principais indicações para o procedimento foram: dor persistente apesar da terapia médica, sinais de isquemia distal do membro, sinais de ruptura da aorta, progressão da dilatação do aneurisma da aorta descendente, durante o seguimento (definida como um diâmetro > 5 cm) e descendente da aorta torácica de 40 mm ou mais de diâmetro no início da dissecção aórtica. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente considerados erro alfa de 5 por cento. As variáveis contínuas foram expressas como média (± dp) e medianas e comparadas pelo teste t Student. As diferenças entre os grupos em variáveis categóricas e analisadas pelo chi-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher. RESULTADOS: O procedimento apresentou sucesso técnico primário em 82,6 por cento dos pacientes. Quatro (17,4 por cento) pacientes tinham um selo de entrada incompleto proximal. Três (13 por cento) pacientes morreram antes de 30 dias e oito (34,8 por cento), após 30 dias do procedimento. CONCLUSÃO: Os procedimentos endovasculares são factíveis na dissecção da aorta torácica tipo B, na qual as complicações das causas de mortalidades alertam sobre a gravidade da doença e de intercorrências das próteses como no caso das fistulas.