Conciencia de enfermedad cardiovascular y conocimiento sobre factores de riesgo y prevención cardiovascular: resultados chilenos de encuesta SIAC cono sur / Awareness of risk factors and prevention of cardiovascular disease in chile: SIAC cono sur survey

Resumen La conciencia de la enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV) en mujeres es crucial para prevenir futuros eventos cardiovasculares. En Chile, la percepción sobre ECV es baja. Objetivo: Actualizar el grado de conocimiento de las chilenas sobre ECV. Método: Estudio de corte transversal realizado a través de encuesta online a mujeres entre 20 y 70 años de edad, residentes en Chile durante marzo 2020. La invitación se efectuó a través de redes sociales. La muestra fue no probabilística, ponderándose por edad, nivel socioeconómico y región de residencia (Región Metropolitana, Coquimbo, Valparaíso, Bío-Bío). Resultados: Se obtuvieron 1227 cuestionarios validados. La muestra ponderada correspondió a 900 mujeres. La percepción de ECV como principal causa de muerte fue de 8%, menor que las correspondientes a cáncer de mama (44%) y muerte violenta / homicidio (20%). Como principal problema de salud, la opción más percibida fue cáncer general (39%), seguido de diabetes (18%). Sólo 6 % refirió la ECV como el principal problema. Los principales accesos a la información sobre ECV fueron la internet y las redes sociales (64%, mayor en <30 años), y en el consultorio (32%). La opresión o dolor en el pecho fueron los síntomas más reconocidos asociados al infarto, siendo más seleccionado por mujeres con nivel educacional alto (p< 0.05). Conclusión: Persiste una baja percepción del riesgo de la ECV como principal causa de muerte y problema de salud en mujeres chilenas, aunque tienen acceso a la información y reconocen síntomas de infarto. Es necesario adaptar las estrategias comunicacionales para incrementar la percepción de riesgo CV.

Abstract Awareness of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in women is crucial to prevent cardiovascular events. According to prior information the perception and knowledge about CVD in Chile is extremely low. The aim of this study was to update the information about awareness of CVD in Chilean women. Method: Cross-sectional study carried out through an online survey. Data was obtained from women between 20 and 70 years old during March 2020. Social networks were used to recruit participants. The sample was non-probabilistic, weighted by age, socio-economic level and region of residence (Metropolitan Region, Coquimbo, Valparaíso, Bío-Bío). Results: 1227 validated surveys were obtained. The weighted sample corresponded to 900 women. CVD was perceived as the main cause of death in 8% of women, compared to higher degrees of perception for breast cancer (44%) and violent death/homicide (20%). CVD was perceived as the main health problem by only 6% of women, compared to cancer (39%) and diabetes (18%). The primary source of information about CVD were the internet and social networks (64%,higher in women <30 years old), and the doctor's office (32%). Chest tightness or pain as symptoms associated with a heart attack were significantly more recognized by respondents with a high educational level (p<0.05). Conclusion: An extremely low awareness about CVD as the main cause of death and health problem is persistent in Chilean women, notwithstanding that they have access to information and recognize symptoms of a heart attack. It is necessary to modify our communication strategies to increase the perception of CV risk in Chilean women.

Signo de Spodick: ¿aliado o enemigo? / Spodick's sign: ally or enemy?

La pericarditis se refiere a la inflamación de las capas del pericardio y es la forma más común de enfermedad pericárdica. Puede estar asociada a derrame pericárdico y resultar en un taponamiento. La enfermedad puede ser una condición aislada o una manifestación cardíaca de un trastorno sistémico (por ejemplo, enfermedades autoinmunes o autoinflamatorias). La pericarditis se categoriza como aguda, incesante, recurrente o crónica, pero se debe tener en cuenta que también se clasifica como de etiología infecciosa y no infecciosa, siendo la presentación idiopática la más común

Pericarditis refers to inflammation of the layers of the pericardium and is the most common form of pericardial disease. It may be associated with pericardial effusion and result in tamponade. The disease may be an isolated condition or a cardiac manifestation of a systemic disorder (e.g., autoimmune or autoinflammatory diseases). Pericarditis is categorized as acute, incessant, recurrent, or chronic, but it should be noted that it is also classified as being of infectious and noninfectious etiology, with the idiopathic presentation being the most common

Anesthetic considerations and postoperative pain management in radical penectomy: Case report / Penectomía radical, consideraciones anestésicas y manejo del dolor postoperatorio: Reporte de un caso

Abstract Radical penectomy (RP) is infrequently performed as it is reserved for specific cases of penile cancer, hence the paucity of reports regarding surgical and anesthetic considerations. Acute postoperative pain, chronic post-surgical pain, concomitant mood disorders as well as a profound impact on the patient's quality of life have been documented. This case is of a patient with diabetes and coronary heart disease, who presented with advanced, over infected penile cancer, depressive disorder and a history of pain of neuropathic characteristics. The patient underwent radical penectomy using a combined spinal-epidural technique for anesthesia. Preoperatively, the patient was treated with pregabalin and magnesium sulphate, and later received a blood transfusion due to intraoperative blood loss. Adequate intra and postoperative analgesia was achieved with L-bupivacaine given through a peridural catheter during one week. Recovery was good, pain was stabilized to preoperative levels and the patient received pharmacological support and follow-up by psychiatry and the pain team.

Resumen La penectomía radical (PR) es una cirugía infrecuente, reservada para casos específicos de cáncer de pene, por lo que hay escasos informes sobre sus consideraciones quirúrgicas y anestésicas. Se ha documentado dolor agudo postoperatorio, dolor crónico posquirúrgico y alteraciones del estado de ánimo concomitantes, así como un profundo impacto en la calidad de vida posterior del paciente. Se presenta el caso de un paciente diabético y cardiópata coronario con cáncer de pene avanzado y sobreinfectado, trastorno depresivo y dolor previo de características neuropáticas, que recibe técnica combinada espinal-peridural para cirugía de penectomía radical. Se le trata también con pregabalina preoperatoria, sulfato de magnesio y transfusión por sangrado quirúrgico. Se otorgó una adecuada analgesia intra y postoperatoria, mediante catéter peridural con L-bupivacaína hasta por una semana. El paciente tuvo una buena recuperación, estabilización del dolor a niveles preoperatorios, controles y apoyo farmacológico por psiquiatría de enlace y equipo del dolor.

Factores determinantes en la calidad de vida de pacientes con enfermedad coronaria sometidos a diferentes intervenciones terapéuticas / Determinants in quality of life of patients with coronary artery disease who underwent different therapeutic interventions

Resumen Introducción: La enfermedad coronaria es la principal causa de mortalidad en el mundo. Su tratamiento se asocia con una mejor calidad de vida, la cual puede medirse con el cuestionario de MacNew. Objetivo: Establecer los factores determinantes de calidad de vida en pacientes con enfermedad coronaria. Materiales y métodos: Estudio analítico de corte transversal, en el que se usó el cuestionario de MacNew para valorar la calidad de vida en tres dominios: social, emocional y físico. Se incluyeron 249 pacientes con enfermedad coronaria diagnosticada en los años 2004, 2009 o 2013. Los resultados se estratificaron por el tipo de tratamiento (médico, implantación de stent o cirugía de revascularización miocárdica). Se usó un modelo de regresión beta, como una alternativa al modelo de regresión lineal. Resultados: Los puntajes más bajos se asociaron con hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemia y aumento del índice de masa corporal. En el dominio físico el puntaje disminuyó en los pacientes mayores de 60 años. El alto grado de escolaridad se asoció con mayores puntajes en todos los dominios. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con enfermedad coronaria presentaron menor calidad de vida asociada a hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemia, aumento del índice de masa corporal o mayor edad y mejor calidad de vida asociada con mayor nivel de escolaridad y afiliación al sistema de salud, indiferente a la intervención terapéutica.

Abstract Introduction: Coronary heart disease is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Its treatment is associated with a better quality of life; it can be measured with the MacNew questionnaire. This study aims to establish the determin. Objective: To stablish the determinants of quality of life in coronary heart disease patients, in Cali, Colombia. Materials and methods: Analytical cross-sectional study, in which the MacNew questionnaire was applied to assess life quality in three domains: social, emotional and physical. 249 patients with coronary heart disease diagnosed in 2004, 2009 or 2013 were included. The results were stratified by type of treatment (doctor, stent implantation or myocardial revascularization surgery). Beta regression model was used, as an alternative to the linear regression model. Results: The MacNew lower scores were associated with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and increased body mass index. In the physical domain, the life quality score decreased in patients older than 60 years. High levels of education were associated with higher quality of life scores in all domains. Conclusions: Coronary heart disease patients presented lower quality of life associated with hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, increased body mass index or older age and better quality of life associated with higher level of education and affiliation to the health system, regardless of the therapeutic intervention received.

Avaliação do suporte social e da adesão medicamentosa em pacientes com doença arterial coronariana / Evaluation of social support and medication adherence in patients with coronary artery disease

Objetivo: Avaliar a adesão medicamentosa e o suporte social percebido e sua associação em pacientes hospitalizados por Doença Arterial Coronária. Método: Estudo transversal envolvendo pacientes hospitalizados por Síndrome Coronariana Aguda ou Crônica. A adesão medicamentosa foi avaliada pelo Brief Medication Questionnaire e o suporte social pela Escala de Apoio Social do Medical Outcomes Study. Valor p<0,05 foi considerado como significativo. Resultados: Incluídos 59 pacientes, sendo que 50,8% foram classificados como potencial para não adesão e 37,3% como não aderentes. O suporte social percebido identificado foi considerado como quase sempre a sempre. Os pacientes aderentes e aqueles classificados como potencial para não adesão apresentaram maior escore no domínio emocional/informacional quando comparados com aqueles classificados como potencial para adesão (p=0,01). Conclusão: Houve alta prevalência de baixa adesão medicamentosa e altos escores de suporte social percebido. O suporte emocional e de informação apresentou associação com os níveis de adesão medicamentosa.

Objective: Was to evaluate medication adherence and perceived social support and their association in patients hospitalized for Coronary Artery Disease. Methods: Cross-sectional study involving patients hospitalized for Acute or Chronic Coronary Syndrome. Medication adherence was assessed by the Brief Medication Questionnaire and social support by the Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Scale. P-value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: Fifty-nine patients were included, of which 50.8% were classified as potential for non-adherence and 37.3% as non-adherent. The perceived social support identified was considered as almost always. Adherent patients and those classified as potential for non-adherence had a higher score in the emotional/informational domain compared to those classified as potential for adherence (p=0.01). Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of low medication adherence and high perceived social support scores. Emotional and informational support was associated with the levels of medication adherence.

Análise da Segurança e Exequibilidade do Ecocardiograma sob Estresse com Dobutamina em Dez Mil e Seis Exames de uma População Geral / Analysis of the Safety and Feasibility of Dobutamine Stress Echocardiography in Ten Thousand and Six Tests of a General Population

Fundamento: Durante o ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina, podem ocorrer efeitos adversos e exames inconclusivos. Objetivo: Avaliar em uma grande população geral a segurança e a exequibilidade do ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina. Métodos: Estudo de 10.006 ecocardiogramas sob estresse com dobutamina realizados no período de julho de 1996 a setembro de 2007. A dobutamina foi administrada em quatro estágios (10, 20, 30 e 40 µcg.kg-1.min-1) para pesquisa de isquemia miocárdica e iniciada com 5 µcg.kg- ¹.min-1 apenas na análise de viabilidade miocárdica. A atropina foi iniciada conforme os protocolos vigentes. Foram verificados dados clínicos, hemodinâmicos e efeitos adversos associados ao ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina. Resultados: Durante os ecocardiogramas sob estresse com dobutamina, ocorreu angina típica (8,9%), pico hipertensivo (1,7%), ectopias ventriculares isoladas (31%), taquiarritmia supraventricular (1,89%), fibrilação atrial (0,76%) e taquicardia ventricular não sustentada (0,6%). Os efeitos adversos citados foram mais frequentes nos pacientes com ecocardiogramas sob estresse com dobutamina positivos para isquemia. A desaceleração sinusal paradoxal (0,16%) não ocorreu em ecocardiogramas sob estresse com dobutamina positivo. As três complicações graves ocorreram em ecocardiogramas sob estresse com dobutamina positivos para isquemia. Foram dois casos (0,02%) com fibrilação ventricular e um caso de síndrome coronariana aguda (0,01%). Não houve caso de taquicardia ventricular sustentada, ruptura cardíaca, assistolia ou óbito. Comparados aos exames concluídos, nos inconclusivos, os pacientes usaram menos atropina (81,5% versus 49,9%; p< 0,001) e mais betabloqueador (4,7% versus 19%; p< 0,001), apresentando mais pico hipertensivo (1,1% versus 14,2%; p = 0,0001) e taquicardia ventricular não sustentada (0,5% versus 2,2%; p< 0,001). Conclusão: O ecocardiograma sob estresse com dobutamina realizado de forma apropriada é seguro e apresenta elevada exequibilidade.

Background: Adverse effects and inconclusive results may occur on dobutamine stress echocardiography. Objective: To assess the safety and feasibility of dobutamine stress echocardiography in a large general population. Methods: A total of 10,006 dobutamine stress echocardiographies were performed between July 1996 and September 2007. Dobutamine was administered in four stages (10, 20, 30, and 40 µcg·kg-1·min-1) to research myocardial ischemia starting with 5 µcg·kg- ¹·min-1 to analyze myocardial viability. Atropine administration was initiated according to current protocols. Clinical, hemodynamic, and adverse effect data associated with dobutamine stress echocardiography findings were verified. Results: Typical angina (8.9%), hypertensive peak (1.7%), isolated ventricular ectopias (31%), supraventricular tachyarrhythmia (1.89%), atrial

Estudio de la deformación miocárdica longitudinal en pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica / Study of longitudinal myocardial deformation in patients with ischemic cardiopathy

Resumen Introducción: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares constituyen la primera causa de muerte en Cuba y la mayoría de los países desarrollados. La ecocardiografía con speckle tracking bidimensional (ST 2D) es una técnica reciente en la evaluación de la función cardíaca. Objetivos: Determinar la relación entre la deformación miocárdica medida por ST 2D y el estado de la circulación coronaria en pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica, en el CIMEQ, durante un año. Material y método: Se realizó un estudio analítico y transversal con 55 pacientes con indicación de coronariografía sometidos a ecocardiograma bidimensional y estudio de ST 2D con medición de la deformación longitudinal (DLG). Se crearon dos grupos: enfermedad coronaria significativa (ECS = 32) y no significativa (ECNS = 23). Se utilizó SSPS para análisis de los resultados. Resultados: La edad promedio fue mayor en la ECS (55.6 ± 9.3 vs. 61.8 ± 8.8; p = 0.014). Predominaron los hombres con ECS (47.3%), los hipertensos (ECS = 90.6% y ENCS = 65.2%; p = 0.02) y los fumadores (ECS = 59.4% y ENCS = 17.4%; p = 0.002). El diagnóstico más frecuente fue la angina crónica estable (87%). En la ECS predominó la enfermedad de tres vasos (75%). La DLG fue menor en la ECS [(-20.0 ± 3.2 vs. -22.1 ± 3.6; p = 0.035); AUC = 0.458]. No hubo diferencias en la DLG según el número de vasos significativamente afectados. Conclusiones: Los resultados encontrados no justifican el empleo del ST 2D para diferenciar la ECS.

Abstract Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in Cuba and most of the developed countries. Two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2D ST) is a recent technique in the evaluation of cardiac function. Objectives: To determine the relationship between myocardial deformation measured by 2D ST and coronary circulation in patients with ischemic heart disease, in the CIMEQ, for 1 year. Material and method: An analytical, cross-sectional study was carried out with 55 patients with an indication for coronary angiography who underwent 2D echocardiography and 2D ST study with longitudinal strain measurement (LSM). Two groups significant coronary disease (SCD = 32) and not significant (NSCD = 23) were created. SSPS was used to analyze the results. Results: The average age was higher in SCD (55.6 ± 9.3 vs. 61.8 ± 8.8, p = 0.014). Men with SCD (47.3%), hypertensive (SCD = 90.6% and NSCD = 65.2%, p = 0.02) and smokers (SCD = 59.4% and NSCD = 17.4%, p = 0.002) predominated. The most frequent diagnosis was chronic stable angina (87%). Three-vessel disease (75%) prevailed in SCD. The LMS was lower in SCD ([−20.0 ± 3.2 vs. −22.1 ± 3.6, p = 0.035]; AUC = 0.458). There were no differences in LSM according to the number of significantly diseased vessels. Conclusions: The results found do not justify the use of 2D ST to discriminate SCD.

Resultados de la cirugía coronaria sin circulación extracorpórea en dos períodos de uso de la técnica / Off pump coronary artery surgery: comparison of two consecutive periods with the technique

OBJETIVO: Describir los resultados inmediatos y alejados de la cirugía coronaria sin circulación extracorpórea (CEC) y comparar los resultados de la estrategia de indicación de la técnica en dos períodos. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio retrospectivo de 428 pacientes intervenidos de cirugía coronaria sin CEC entre 2004 y 2019 en el Hospital Guillermo Grant Benavente. Se dividen en Grupo 1, período 2004-2008 (N=216) y Grupo 2, período 2009-2019 (N=212). Se estudiaron sus características clínicas, resultados quirúrgicos, morbi-mortalidad operatoria y eventos adversos al 31 de junio de 2019 y se compararon los resultados de los grupos a 5 años. RESULTADOS: No hubo diferencias en la distribución por sexo, edad, factores de riesgo y patologías asociadas entre los grupos. Hubo diferencias en las lesiones coronarias entre los Grupos 1 y 2: lesión de un vaso en 45 (20,4%) versus 125 (59%) y tres vasos en 75 (34,5%) versus 19 (9%) respectivamente (p<0,001). El riesgo operatorio por EuroSCORE logístico fue 3,3±3,95 versus 5,4±7,7 (p<0,001). Se confeccionaron 2,3±0,9 anastomosis distales en el Grupo 1 versus 1,3±0,6 en Grupo 2 (p<0,001). La tasa de complicaciones fueron 17,6% en el Grupo 1 y 5,7% en el 2 (p<0,001). La mortalidad operatoria globral fue 4 pacientes (0,9%). El seguimiento comprendió 9,2±3,8 años. La sobrevida a 10 años fue 76,9% y tasa de eventos cardiovasculares mayores 37,6%. No hubo diferencia entre los grupos a los 5 años. CONCLUSIONES: La selección de pacientes con anatomía más favorables o de mayor riesgo operatorio tuvo tasas de sobrevida y eventos similares a los observados con la estrategia menos selectiva a 5 años de seguimiento.

AIM: To describe the immediate and long-term results of off pump coronary artery surgery without cardiopulmonary bypass (OPCABG) comparing the results observed in two consecutive periods. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of 428 patients undergoing OPCABG between 2004 and 2019 at the Guillermo Grant Benavente Hospital. Group 1 patients operated between 2004 - 2008 (N = 216) and Group 2 operated between 2009 and 2019 (N = 212). RESULTS: There were no differences in sex, age, risk factors and co morbidities between groups. There were differences in the number of coronary lesions between groups: one vessel disease in 45 (20.4%) versus 125 (59%) and three vessels in 75 (34.5%) versus 19 (9%) in Group 1 vs Group 2, respectively (p <0.001). The operative risk for logistic EuroSCORE was 3.3 ± 3.95 in Group 1 versus 5.4 ± 7.7 in Group 2 (p <0.001). 2.3 ± 0.9 distal anastomoses were performed in Group 1 compared to 1.3 ± 0.6 in Group 2 (p<0.001). Adverse events occurred in 17.6% o patients in Group 1 compared to 5.7% in Group 2 (p<0.001). Overall, 4 patients died (0.9%). Mean overall survival at 10 years was 76.9% and the rate of major cardiovascular events was 37.6%, no differences being observed between groups. CONCLUSIONS: At 5 years of follow-up the selection of patients with more favorable anatomy or greater operative risk had similar survival rates and events than those observed with the least selective strategy.

Dietary patterns of patients with chronic coronary heart disease: a cross-sectional study / Modelos dietéticos de pacientes con enfermedad crónica de las arterias coronarias: un estudio transversal

The objective of this study was to identify dietary patterns in an outpatient cohort of coronary heart disease (CHD) patients, to compare these patterns with dietary recommendations of the international cardiology guidelines, and verify associations with cardiovascular risk factors. Dietary intake was assessed through a food frequency questionnaire. Dietary patterns were identified by cluster analysis. The total energy intake, fiber, cholesterol, macro and micronutrients were calculated. Two dietary patterns were identified in 123 patients. Pattern I was characterized by a greater consumption of whole carbohydrates, beans, meats, vegetables, and fruits. Pattern II was rich in refined carbohydrates, fried foods, and sweets. Participants in pattern I had lower values of diastolic blood pressure (DBP) with 77.1 ± 9.9 mmHg (p= 0.002) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) of 7.83 ± 1.76 % (p= 0.029) compared to pattern II with 84.1 ± 14.3 mmHg and 9.02 ± 2.29 %, respectively. Therefore, pattern I had a healthier nutritional composition, however, nutritional adequacy was still lacking. Despite this, participants in pattern I had significantly lower values of DBP and HbA1c, in addition to being associated with a better control of DBP.

El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar los modelos dietéticos de una cohorte de pacientes ambulatorios con enfermedad de las arterias coronarias (EAC) y compararlos con las recomendaciones dietéticas de las directrices internacionales de cardiología y verificar su asociación con el control de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. La ingesta dietética se evaluó mediante un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo. El modelo dietético fue identificado por análisis de conglomerados. Se calculó la ingesta energética total, fibras, colesterol, macro y micronutrientes. Se identificaron dos modelos dietéticos en 123 pacientes. El modelo I se caracterizó por un mayor consumo de carbohidratos enteros, frijoles, carnes, verduras y frutas. El modelo II era rico en carbohidratos refinados, alimentos fritos y dulces. Los participantes en el modelo I tuvieron valores más bajos de presión arterial diastólica (PAD) con 77.1 ± 9.9 mmHg (p= 0.002) y hemoglobina glucosilada (HbA1c) de 7.83 ± 1.76 % (p= 0.029) en comparación con el modelo II con 84.1 ± 14.3 mmHg y 9.02 ± 2.29%, respectivamente. Por lo tanto, el modelo I tenía una composición nutricional más saludable, sin embargo, todavía carece de adecuación nutricional. A pesar de esto, los participantes del modelo I tuvieron valores más bajos de PAD y HbA1c.

Cardiopatía en el paciente anciano / Cardiovascular disease in the elderly

Las enfermedades cardiovasculares son muy frecuentes en la población anciana (pacientes mayores de 75 años). El enfrentamiento y manejo de ellas es distinto al indicado en pacientes jóvenes. Son escasos los estudios que incluyen población mayor de 75 años, con evidencia acerca de las diferencias que existen en la respuesta terapéutica en comparación al paciente joven. El anciano tiene mayor fragilidad y múltiples comorbilidades, con reserva cardiaca disminuida, lo que obliga a un manejo integral y acucioso. Los cambios propios de la edad repercuten tanto en riñón, cerebro, hígado, musculatura y corazón, lo que los hace pacientes más proclives a presentar complicaciones de la terapia farmacológica o intervencional. El objetivo de este artículo es resumir las recomendaciones sobre el manejo de las cardiopatías más frecuentes en el anciano, incluyendo insuficiencia cardiaca crónica, cardiopatía coronaria, hipertensión arterial, estenosis aórtica valvular y fibrilación auricular no valvular.

Cardiovascular diseases are very common in the elderly population, and their management is different. There are few studies that include population older than 75 years, with little evidence about the differences in the therapeutic response compared to the young patient. The elderly have greater fragility and multiple comorbidities, with diminished cardiac reserve, which requires a comprehensive and careful management. Changes due to advanced age, in kidney, brain, liver and musculature (among others), make them more vulnerable to complications of the pharmacological or interventional treatment. The objective of this article is to summarize the recommendations on the management of the most frequent heart diseases in the elderly, including chronic heart failure, coronary heart disease, arterial hypertension, valvular aortic stenosis, and non-valvular atrial fibrillation.

Perfil cardiovascular en pacientes con disfunción eréctil tratados en un centro de alta complejidad en la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia / Cardiovascular Profile in Patients with Erectile Dysfunction Treated in a High Complexity Center in Medellín City, Colombia

Objetivo Determinar el perfil cardiovascular de los pacientes con disfunción eréctil en un centro de alta complejidad de Medellín. Métodos Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, en el que se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico de disfunción eréctil confirmado por el departamento de Urología, tratados en un centro de alta complejidad de Medellín entre 2010 y 2017; excluyendo aquellos con historia clínica con información incompleta o con desenlace cardiovascular previo al diagnóstico de disfunción eréctil. Los datos se obtuvieron de fuentes secundarias y se realizó su registro en una base de datos para su análisis mediante paquete estadístico (SPSS 24 Inc, Chicago, IL). Resultados Se captaron, durante el periodo de estudio, 67 pacientes con disfunción eréctil que cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad. Con una media de edad de 47,5 años. El 82% presentó disfunción eréctil severa, que estuvo asociada con el antecedente de angina, enfermedad coronaria y síndrome coronario agudo. Así mismo, más del 80% de los pacientes con diabetes, hipertensión, dislipidemia, tabaquismo, enfermedad renal crónica, obesidad y alcoholismo considerados como marcadores importantes de riesgo cardiovascular, presentaron disfunción eréctil severa. Conclusión La comorbilidad cardiovascular en pacientes con DE es alta, existiendo una relación al compartir factores de riesgo y vías fisiopatológicas. Los pacientes con DE severa presentan mayor número de patologías asociadas, volviéndolos más propensos a desenlaces cardio-cerebrovasculares.

Objective To determine the cardiovascular profile of patients with erectile dysfunction in a high complexity center in Medellín. Methods Descriptive, retrospective study, in patients diagnosed with erectile dysfunction confirmed by the Department of Urology, treated in a high complexity center of Medellín between 2010 and 2017; excluding those with a clinical history with incomplete information or with a cardiovascular outcome prior to the diagnosis of erectile dysfunction. The data were obtained from secondary sources and their registration was made in a database for analysis by statistical package (SPSS 24 Inc, Chicago, IL). Results 67 patients with erectile dysfunction were selected during the study period, who met the eligibility criteria. With an average age of 47.5 years. 82% had severe erectile dysfunction, and it was associated with a history of angina, coronary disease and acute coronary syndrome. Likewise, more than 80% of patients with diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, chronic kidney disease, obesity and alcoholism, considered important markers of cardiovascular risk, presented severe erectile dysfunction. Conclusion Cardiovascular comorbidity in patients with ED is high, there is a relationship, sharing risk factors and pathophysiological pathways. Patients with severe ED have a greater number of associated pathologies, making them more prone to cardio-cerebrovascular outcomes.

Beneficio económico en la utilización de reserva fraccional de flujo en lesiones coronarias intermedias y su impacto clínico a un año / Economic benefits of fractional flow reserve utilization on intermediate lesions and its clinical impact after one year-follow up

Resumen Antecedentes: La reserva de flujo fraccional (FFR) es una herramienta con evidencia demostrada para guiar las angioplastias coronarias. El reembolso por los sistemas de cobertura de salud es parcial o nulo a pesar de frecuentemente diferir la angioplastia. Nuestro objetivo fue determinar el beneficio económico de la utilización del FFR en la evaluación de lesiones intermedias, y evaluar asimismo puntos finales clínicos en el seguimiento a un año. Métodos: Estudio observacional prospectivo que incluyó una cohorte de pacientes consecutivos con lesiones coronarias intermedias, evaluadas con FFR, entre abril de 2013 y marzo de 2016. Para el análisis económico se evaluaron los recursos específicos utilizados para la realización del procedimiento. Se analizaron puntos finales clínicos (muerte cardiovascular, revascularización de la arteria objetivo e infarto agudo de miocardio) durante la internación y en el seguimiento a un año Resultados: Se incluyeron 222 lesiones en 151 pacientes consecutivos. Se registró FFR positivo en el 26.1% de las lesiones evaluadas. Se estimó que sin la utilización de FFR, 126 pacientes hubieran sido tratados con angioplastia transluminal coronaria y 25 con cirugía de revascularización miocárdica. El costo estimado con la utilización de FFR fue US$ 891,290.08, mientras que sin el mismo hubiera sido de US$ 1,557,352. Esto implicó un ahorro del 43% de los gastos. Se observaron una muerte de origen cardiovascular y dos reinternaciones en el grupo FFR positivo en el seguimiento a un año. Conclusiones: La revascularización de lesiones intermedias guiada por FFR resultó en un beneficio económico al reducir los costos generales sin resultar clínicamente perjudicial.

Abstract Background: Fractional flow reserve (FFR) is a proven technology for guiding percutaneous coronary intervention, but it is not reimbursed despite the fact that it frequently allows to defer revascularization. Our goal was to determine the economic benefit of FFR on intermediate lesions, as well as the clinical endpoints at 1 year follow up. Methods: Observational prospective study that included consecutive patients with intermediate lesions evaluated with FFR between April 2013 and March 2016. For the economic analysis we evaluated the specific resources used during the procedure. Clinical endpoints including cardiovascular death, target lesion revascularization and acute myocardial infarction, were followed up over a one-year period. Results: FFR was performed on 222 lesions in 151 consecutive patients. FFR was positive in 26.1% of the assessed lesions. The estimated total cost using FFR was US$ 891,290.08 while cost estimate without FFR was US$ 1,557,352, meaning 43% in cost savings. There was one cardiovascular death and two readmissions during follow up in the positive FFR group. Conclusions: FFR guided revascularization on intermediate coronary lesions resulted in an economic benefit by reducing overall costs without harming clinical outcomes.

Prevención secundaria tras un síndrome coronario agudo. Resultados a medio plazo de un programa de rehabilitación cardiaca / Secondary prevention after an acute coronary syndrome: medium-term results of a cardiac rehabilitation programme

Resumen Introducción: Los Programas de Rehabilitación Cardiaca han adquirido gran relevancia como herramienta para mejorar el pronóstico y la calidad de vida de pacientes que han presentado un síndrome coronario agudo. Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados de un programa de rehabilitación cardiaca a medio plazo. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de 121 pacientes que presentaron un síndrome coronario agudo y fueron incluidos en el programa de rehabilitación cardiaca. Se analizaron las características demográficas, antropométricas, analíticas y de capacidad funcional a la inclusión, tras finalizar el programa presencial y a los 12 meses. Resultados: La edad media fue 54±7 años. El factor de riesgo cardiovascular más prevalente fue el sobrepeso/obesidad (88,4%). Tras la finalización del programa de rehabilitación cardiaca disminuyeron significativamente los valores de colesterol LDL (81,1±28,7 vs. 76,5±31,5 mg/dl; p 0,03). Un porcentaje significativo de diabéticos alcanzaron objetivos de Hb A1c <7% (50% vs. 68,5%; p 0,01). El perímetro abdominal mostró una disminución estadísticamente significativa (100,8±12,8 vs. 99,5±12,3 cm; p 0,004). El 89,3% de los pacientes mejoraron su capacidad funcional. En la revisión anual la mayoría de los parámetros estudiados mostraron una discreta tendencia negativa. Un 47,36% de los fumadores a la inclusión mantenían el hábito tabáquico al año. Conclusiones: Los programas de rehabilitación cardiaca mejoran el control de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular, cambios de estilo de vida y capacidad funcional en los pacientes que han sufrido un síndrome coronario agudo. Es preciso reforzar las estrategias de control para mantener estos beneficios a medio-largo plazo.

Abstract Introduction: Cardiac rehabilitation programmes have become a very important tool for improving the prognosis and quality of life of patients that have suffered an acute coronary syndrome. Objective: To evaluate the medium-term results of a cardiac rehabilitation programme. Materials and methods: A descriptive study of 121 patients that presented with an acute coronary syndrome and were included in a cardiac rehabilitation programme. An analysis was performed on the demographic and anthropometric characteristics, as well as laboratory tests and functional capacity on inclusion, after finishing the programme, and at 12 months. Results: The mean age of the patients was 54±7 years. The most prevalent cardiovascular risk factor was overweight / obesity (88.4%). After finishing the cardiac rehabilitation programmes, the LDL Cholesterol values significantly decreased (81.1±28.7 vs. 76.5±31.5 mg/dl; P=.03). A significant percentage of diabetics reached objectives of an Hb A1c <7% (50% vs. 68.5%; P=.01). The abdominal circumference showed a statistically significant decrease (100.8±12.8 vs. 99.5±12.3 cm; P=.004). An improvement in functional capacity was observed in 89.3% of the patients. In the annual review, the majority of the parameters studied showed a slight negative trend. Just under half (47.36%) of smokers at inclusion maintained the tobacco habit at one year. Conclusions: Cardiac rehabilitation programmes improve the control of cardiovascular risk factors, changes in life style and functional capacity in patients that had suffered an acute coronary syndrome. Control strategies need to be enforced in order to maintain these benefits in the medium-long term.

Secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: a cross-sectional analysis on the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Coronary heart disease (CHD) remains a major cause of mortality worldwide and in Brazil. Use of standard medications after CHD has been proven to avoid new events and reduce early mortality. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to analyze secondary prevention of CHD and its association with the baseline characteristics of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional analysis on ELSA-Brasil data. METHODS: Secondary prevention of CHD recommended in standard guidelines (antiplatelet plus beta-blocker plus lipid-lowering drug, with or without angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, ACEI, or angiotensin receptor blockers, ARB) was evaluated in relation to sociodemographic data and the time since the coronary event. The chi-square test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Mann-Whitney test were performed, as necessary. RESULTS: Among 15,094 participants, 2.7% reported a previous diagnosis of CHD. Use of recommended drugs for secondary prevention was reported by almost 35% of the participants. Medication use for secondary prevention was generally more frequent among high-income participants than among low-income participants. Use of ARB and ACEI was different between participants who had private health insurance and those who only used the public healthcare system. Men were more likely to use medication than women. The frequency with which participants used the recommended drugs was similar in all time periods after CHD, but use of only one drug increased progressively across time periods. CONCLUSION: The use of medication for secondary prevention of CHD was lower than what is recommended in standardized guidelines, especially among women and lower-income participants.

Clinical significance of cys-c and hs-crp in coronary heart disease patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention

Abstract Objective: To investigate the clinical significance of serum cystatin C (Cys-C) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) in coronary heart disease (CHD) patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: One hundred and twenty-eight CHD patients were divided into drug treatment (56 cases) and PCI treatment (72 cases) groups, receiving conventional drug treatment and PCI plus conventional drug treatment, respectively. At admission time and 4 weeks after treatment, the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular end diastolic diameter, and left ventricular end systolic diameter were measured. At admission time and 24h, 72h, 1 week, and 4 weeks after treatment, the serum levels of Cys-C and hs-CRP were determined. Results: After 4 weeks of treatment, LVEF in the PCI treatment group was significantly higher than that before treatment (P<0.01) and it was significantly higher than in the drug treatment group at the same time (P<0.01). Cys-C and hs-CRP level in the PCI treatment group were significantly higher than in the drug treatment group 72h and 1 week after treatment (P<0.05 or P<0.01), respectively, but they were significantly lower than in the drug treatment group 4 weeks after treatment (P<0.01). There were obvious interaction effects between grouping factor and time factor in Cys-C (F=3.62, P<0.05) and hs-CRP (F=17.85, P<0.01). Conclusion: Serum levels of Cys-C and hs-CRP are closely related to the heart function in CHD patients undergoing PCI, and they may be used for predicting the outcome of PCI.

Avaliação do nível de conhecimento dos pacientes sobre o tratamento de síndrome coronariana aguda baseado no maugerl cardiac prevention-questionnaire / Evaluation of the level of knowledge of patients with regards to the treatment of acute coronary syndrome using the maugerl cardiac prevention-questionnaire / Evaluación del nivel de conocimiento de los pacientes sobre el tratamiento del síndrome coronario agudo en base al maugerl cardiac prevention-questionnaire

OBJETIVOS: descrever o nível de conhecimento do paciente em tratamento de síndrome coronariana aguda (SCA). MÉTODO: estudo transversal com aplicação do Maugerl Cardiac Prevention-Questionnaire aos pacientes com SCA submetidos ao cateterismo cardíaco (CATE) após alta da unidade coronariana de cuidados intensivos. RESULTADOS: amostra composta de 50 pacientes, 76% do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 58 anos (±10.2), sendo que 72% apresentaram como principal fator de risco a hipertensão arterial sistêmica. Os pacientes apresentaram, de modo geral, bom índice de desempenho no questionário, apesar do baixo nível de escolaridade. A pontuação média no questionário foi proporcional à renda familiar (p=0,002) e ao nível de escolaridade (p=0,007). CONCLUSÃO: a utilização do instrumento O Micro-Q permitiu constatar que a escolaridade e o nível socioeconômico influenciam no entendimento do paciente sobre a própria doença. O instrumento foi uma ferramenta útil para a avaliação do nível de conhecimento do paciente acometido pela SCA, pois a adequada caracterização do perfil dos pacientes atendidos em cada instituição torna-se uma ferramenta facilitadora para planejamentos assistenciais e programas de vigilância em saúde.(AU)

Objectives: describing the level of knowledge of patients undergoing treatment for Acute Coronary Syndrome (SCA). Method: cross-sectional study applying the Maugerl Cardiac Prevention-Questionnaire to SCA patients who underwent cardiac catheterization (CATE) after being discharged from the coronary intensive care unit. Results: the sample was made up of 50 patients, 76% of whom were males, with a mean age of 58 years old ((±10.2). The main risk factor for most of them was the systemic arterial hypertension. Patients presented, in general, a good performance in the questionnaire, despite their low educational level. The mean score in the questionnaire was proportional to family income (p=0.002) and to educational level (p=0.007). Conclusion: using the MICRO-Q instrument allowed this work to observe that educational level and socioeconomic level influence the understanding of the patient with regards to their own disease. The instrument was a useful tool to evaluate the level of knowledge of the patient affected by the SCA, since the adequate characterization of the profile of the patients cared for in each institution becomes a tool that makes it easier to plan assistance and health surveillance programs.(AU)

Objetivo: describir el nivel de conocimiento del paciente en tratamiento del síndrome coronario agudo (SCA). Método: estudio transversal con la aplicación del Cuestionario de Prevención Cardíaca Maugerl a pacientes con SCA sometidos a cateterismo cardíaco (CATE) después del alta de la unidad de cuidados intensivos coronarios. Resultados: muestra compuesta de 50 pacientes, 76% varones, edad media de 58 años (±10.2), 72% de ellos con hipertensión arterial como principal factor de riesgo. En general, los pacientes lograron un buen desempaño en el cuestionario, a pesar del bajo nivel de educación. El puntaje promedio en el cuestionario fue proporcional al ingreso familiar (p=0,002) y al nivel de educación (p=0,007). Conclusión: el uso del instrumento Micro-Q mostró que la educación y el nivel socioeconómico influyen en la comprensión del paciente de la enfermedad en sí. El instrumento fue una herramienta útil para evaluar el nivel de conocimiento de los pacientes afectados por SCA ya que la caracterización adecuada del perfil de los pacientes tratados en cada institución se convierte en una herramienta facilitadora para la planificación de la atención y los programas de vigilancia de ln salud.(AU)

Caracterización clínico epidemiológico de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en pacientes hospitalizados. Mayarí, 2016 / Clinical and epidemiological characterization of the diabetes mellitus type 2 in patients hospitalized. Mayarí, 2016

RESUMEN Introducción: la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 ha mantenido un incremento en los últimos años convirtiéndose en una pandemia. Objetivo: describir las características clínicas en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 hospitalizados en el Servicio de Medicina Interna del Hospital Universitario Mártires de Mayarí en el período abril - julio de 2016. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo de tipo serie de casos. La muestra fueron 59 pacientes. Se determinaron variables asociadas con la diabetes. Se utilizó la entrevista, el análisis y la síntesis; el análisis documental y estadístico. Resultados: prevaleció el sexo femenino (69,5 %). La principal enfermedad aguda asociada fue la infección (42,3 %). Se reportó una alta prevalencia de hipertensión arterial (67,8 %). La cardiopatía isquémica fue la complicación crónica más frecuente (39 %). Los pacientes con los niveles de glicemia no deseables prevalecieron con respecto a aquellos con deseables niveles. Conclusiones: la diabetes mellitus es más frecuente en el sexo femenino. El principal motivo de admisión fue la infección, con una elevada prevalencia de comorbilidades y complicaciones, en correspondencia con el tiempo de evolución, siendo las de mayor incidencia la hipertensión arterial y la enfermedad coronaria, respectivamente (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: diabetes mellitus type 2 has maintained an increase in recent years becoming a pandemic. Objective: to describe the clinical characteristics in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus hospitalized in the Internal Medicine Service of the Mártires de Mayarí University Hospital in the period April - July 2016. Materials and methods: an observational, descriptive, retrospective study of a series of cases was conducted. The sample consisted of 59 patients. Variables associated with diabetes were determined. The interview, the analysis and the synthesis were used; the documentary and statistical analysis. Results: female sex prevailed (69,5 %). The main associated acute illness was infection (42,3 %). A high prevalence of arterial hypertension was reported (67,8 %). Ischemic heart disease was the most frequent chronic complication (39 %). Patients with undesirable blood sugar levels prevailed over those with desirable levels. Conclusions: diabetes mellitus is more frequent in females. The main reason for admission was infection, with a high prevalence of comorbidities and complications, corresponding to the time of evolution, with the highest incidence being arterial hypertension and coronary disease, respectively (AU).

Impact of anxiety and depression on morbidity and mortality of patients with coronary syndrome / Impacto de la ansiedad y depresión en la morbimortalidad de pacientes con síndrome coronaria / Impacto da ansiedade e depressão na morbimortalidade de pacientes com síndrome coronariana

ABSTRACT Objective: Evaluate the impact of anxiety and depression on morbidity and mortality of patients with acute coronary syndrome. Method: Retrospective cohort study, with follow-up of two years, conducted with 94 patients. The morbidity and mortality (readmission, myocardial revascularization, and death) was evaluated immediately after discharge and after one and two years. Anxiety and depression were evaluated by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and by Beck's Depression Inventory. The Kaplan-Meier estimator and the Logrank test were used. The significance level adopted was 0.05. Results: We observed that 76.6% of the patients did not present symptoms of depression or had mild signs, while 78.8% had low to moderate anxiety. The symptoms of depression and anxiety were not related to morbidity (need for MR p=0.098 and 0.56, respectively; readmission p=0.962 and 0.369, respectively) and mortality (p=0.434 and 0.077, respectively). Conclusion: No relationship was found between levels of anxiety and depression with the morbidity and mortality of patients.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de la ansiedad y de la depresión en la morbimortalidad de pacientes con síndrome coronaria aguda. Método: Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo, con seguimiento de dos años, ha sido realizado con 94 pacientes. La morbimortalidad (la readmisión, la revascularización del miocardio y del óbito) ha sido evaluada inmediatamente después del alta hospitalaria y después de uno y dos años. La ansiedad y la depresión han sido evaluadas por el Inventario de Ansiedad Trazo y por el Inventario de Depresión de Beck. Se ha utilizado de los gráficos de Kaplan-Meier y de la prueba Logrank. El nivel de significancia que ha sido adoptado ha sido de 0,05. Resultados: Se ha observado que el 76,6% de los pacientes no presentaban síntomas de depresión o presentaban señales leves y el 78,8% tenían ansiedad de baja a moderada. Los síntomas de depresión y de ansiedad no se han relacionado a la morbilidad (necesidad de RM p=0,098 y 0,56, respectivamente; readmisión p=0,962 y 0,369, respectivamente) y a la mortandad (p=0,434 y 0,077, respectivamente). Conclusión: No hubo relación entre niveles de ansiedad y depresión con la morbimortalidad de los pacientes.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto da ansiedade e depressão na morbimortalidade de pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda. Método: Estudo de coorte retrospectivo, com seguimento de dois anos, realizado com 94 pacientes. A morbimortalidade (readmissão, revascularização do miocárdio e óbito) foi avaliada imediatamente após a alta hospitalar e depois de um e dois anos. A ansiedade e a depressão foram avaliadas pelo Inventário de Ansiedade Traço e pelo Inventário de Depressão de Beck. Utilizou-se dos gráficos de Kaplan-Meier e do teste Logrank. O nível de significância adotado foi de 0,05. Resultados: Observou-se que 76,6% dos pacientes não apresentavam sintomas de depressão ou apresentavam sinais leves e 78,8% tinham ansiedade baixa a moderada. Os sintomas de depressão e ansiedade não se relacionaram à morbidade (necessidade de RM p=0,098 e 0,56, respectivamente; readmissão p=0,962 e 0,369, respectivamente) e à mortalidade (p=0,434 e 0,077, respectivamente). Conclusão: Não houve relação entre níveis de ansiedade e depressão com a morbimortalidade dos pacientes.