Estudio de la deformación miocárdica longitudinal en pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica / Study of longitudinal myocardial deformation in patients with ischemic cardiopathy

Resumen Introducción: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares constituyen la primera causa de muerte en Cuba y la mayoría de los países desarrollados. La ecocardiografía con speckle tracking bidimensional (ST 2D) es una técnica reciente en la evaluación de la función cardíaca. Objetivos: Determinar la relación entre la deformación miocárdica medida por ST 2D y el estado de la circulación coronaria en pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica, en el CIMEQ, durante un año. Material y método: Se realizó un estudio analítico y transversal con 55 pacientes con indicación de coronariografía sometidos a ecocardiograma bidimensional y estudio de ST 2D con medición de la deformación longitudinal (DLG). Se crearon dos grupos: enfermedad coronaria significativa (ECS = 32) y no significativa (ECNS = 23). Se utilizó SSPS para análisis de los resultados. Resultados: La edad promedio fue mayor en la ECS (55.6 ± 9.3 vs. 61.8 ± 8.8; p = 0.014). Predominaron los hombres con ECS (47.3%), los hipertensos (ECS = 90.6% y ENCS = 65.2%; p = 0.02) y los fumadores (ECS = 59.4% y ENCS = 17.4%; p = 0.002). El diagnóstico más frecuente fue la angina crónica estable (87%). En la ECS predominó la enfermedad de tres vasos (75%). La DLG fue menor en la ECS [(-20.0 ± 3.2 vs. -22.1 ± 3.6; p = 0.035); AUC = 0.458]. No hubo diferencias en la DLG según el número de vasos significativamente afectados. Conclusiones: Los resultados encontrados no justifican el empleo del ST 2D para diferenciar la ECS.

Abstract Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in Cuba and most of the developed countries. Two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2D ST) is a recent technique in the evaluation of cardiac function. Objectives: To determine the relationship between myocardial deformation measured by 2D ST and coronary circulation in patients with ischemic heart disease, in the CIMEQ, for 1 year. Material and method: An analytical, cross-sectional study was carried out with 55 patients with an indication for coronary angiography who underwent 2D echocardiography and 2D ST study with longitudinal strain measurement (LSM). Two groups significant coronary disease (SCD = 32) and not significant (NSCD = 23) were created. SSPS was used to analyze the results. Results: The average age was higher in SCD (55.6 ± 9.3 vs. 61.8 ± 8.8, p = 0.014). Men with SCD (47.3%), hypertensive (SCD = 90.6% and NSCD = 65.2%, p = 0.02) and smokers (SCD = 59.4% and NSCD = 17.4%, p = 0.002) predominated. The most frequent diagnosis was chronic stable angina (87%). Three-vessel disease (75%) prevailed in SCD. The LMS was lower in SCD ([−20.0 ± 3.2 vs. −22.1 ± 3.6, p = 0.035]; AUC = 0.458). There were no differences in LSM according to the number of significantly diseased vessels. Conclusions: The results found do not justify the use of 2D ST to discriminate SCD.

Coronary risk assessment in primary health care: a descriptive study / Avaliação do risco coronariano na atenção primária à saúde: um estudo descritivo / Evaluación de riesgo coronario en la atención primaria de salud: estudio descriptivo

Problem: The risk of coronary disease in the Brazilian population has increased along with other chronic non-communicable diseases and accounts for more than 70% of the mortality in this population. Aim: Determine the health profile and risk of coronary disease among youth, adults, and elderly people in primary health care. Method: A descriptive study was conducted in a basic health unit in Londrina city, Brazil. We interviewed 120 individuals. Their personal, anthropometric, and biochemical data; daily habits; history of disease; and coronary risk scores were analyzed using a mobile application. Results: The results showed 66.5% of individuals were overweight, 36.5% were physically active, 39% had hypercholesterolemia, 21.5% were hypertensive, 29% were smokers, 25.5% consumed alcoholic drinks, and 11% had hyperglycemia. The coronary risks were 88% and 68% in men and women, respectively. Conclusion: The results demonstrated a substantial risk for developing coronary heart disease in this population.

Problema: O risco de doença coronariana na população brasileira aumentou junto com outras doenças crônicas não transmissíveis, representando mais de 70% da mortalidade nessa população. Objetivo: Determinar o perfil de saúde e o risco de doença coronariana entre jovens, adultos e idosos na atenção primária à saúde. Método: Estudo descritivo realizado em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde da cidade de Londrina, Brasil. Entrevistamos 120 pessoas. Os dados pessoais, antropométricos e bioquímicos; hábitos diários; história de doença, e os escores de risco coronariano foram analisados usando uma aplicação móvel. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram 66,5% de sobrepeso, 36,5% fisicamente ativos, 39% de hipercolesterolemia, 21,5% hipertensos, 29% tabagistas, 25,5% consumiam bebidas alcoólicas e 11% apresentavam hiperglicemia. Os riscos coronarianos foram 88% e 68% em homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Conclusão: Os resultados demonstraram um risco substancial para o desenvolvimento de doença coronariana nessa população.

Problema: El riesgo de cardiopatía coronaria en la población de Brasil ha aumentado junto con otras enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles, y alcanza más del 70% de la mortalidad en esta población. Objetivo: Determinar el perfil de salud y el riesgo de sufrir enfermedad coronaria entre jóvenes, adultos y ancianos en atención primaria de salud. Método: Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo en una Unidad Básica de Salud en la ciudad de Londrina, Brasil. Se entrevistaron 120 personas; mediante una aplicación móvil se analizaron sus datos personales, antropométricos y bioquímicos, hábitos diarios, historial médico y puntuación de riesgo coronario. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron un 66,5% de sobrepeso, un 36,5% eran físicamente activos, el 39% tenían hipercolesterolemia, el 21,5% eran hipertensos, el 29% eran fumadores, el 25,5% consumían bebidas alcohólicas y el 11% tenían hiperglucemia. El riesgo coronario fue del 88% y 68% en hombres y mujeres, respectivamente. Conclusión: Los resultados demostraron un riesgo sustancial para el desarrollo de enfermedad coronaria en esta población.

Análisis con perspectiva de género sobre percepción y prácticas en enfermedad coronaria en mujeres en el norte de México / A gender perspective analysis of perception and practices in coronary disease in women from northern México

Resumen: Objetivo: Analizar la percepción de riesgo coronario y prácticas de cuidados de un grupo de mujeres mexicanas, desde una perspectiva de género. Material y métodos: Estudio realizado de septiembre de 2013 a diciembre de 2014 en el estado de Sonora, México. Diseño mixto: encuesta a 140 mujeres. Análisis: contraste de proporciones; nueve entrevistas en profundidad a mujeres con enfermedad coronaria; ocho entrevistas semiestructuradas a médicos. Aplicación de técnicas de la teoría fundamentada. Resultados: Más de 50% desconoce su riesgo y cómo reducirlo. Mujeres informadas vulnerables con dolor de pecho buscan menos atención médica que las no vulnerables p=0.01 y son responsabilizadas por parte del personal médico sobre su enfermedad. Las mujeres consideran que están desinformadas sobre cómo reducir el riesgo de enfermedad coronaria; sin embargo, se culpabilizan por enfermar. Conclusiones: Las condiciones de vulnerabilidad de las mujeres modulan una baja percepción de riesgo coronario y mínimas prácticas de cuidados.

Abstract: Objective: To analyze the perception of coronary risk and health care practices in a group of Mexican women, from a gendered perspective. Materials and methods: Mixed methods: survey of 140 women; nine in-depth interviews to women with coronary disease; eight semi-structured interviews to physicians. Analysis: proportions contrast for quantitative data; and procedures of grounded theory for qualitative information. Results: More than 50% of women don't know their coronary risk and how to reduce it. Despite having information about heart disease, vulnerable women with chest pain sought medical attendance less than non-vulnerable women (p=0.0l); and are blamed by physicians. Women consider they lack sufficient information about how to reduce the risk of coronary disease, and blame themselves when ill. Conclusions: There are vulnerability conditions in women that modulate a low perception of their being at risk, and the scarcity of health care practices.

Asociación entre evento coronario y factores de riesgo psicosociales: agotamiento vital, ansiedad e ira en una población de Argentina. Estudio de correlación entre factores de riesgo / [Association between acute coronary events and psychosocial risk factors: vital exhaustion, anxiety and anger in an Argentinian population. A correlation study between risks factors].

OBJECTIVE: To study the association between vital exhaustion, anxiety and anger with acute coronary event; second, determine whether they are associated with each other, and third, if the joint interaction of two or more factors increases the risk for coronary event. METHOD: We conducted a case-control study with 165 patients, both sexes, between 35 and 75 years, 90 patients with acute ischemic coronary event and 75 controls hospitalized with an acute event of non-ischemic cardiac causes. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences between the control group and the ischemic coronary group for vital exhaustion was found (OR = 3.0 (1.6-5.5) p < 0.001 (chi2)). Psychosocial risk factors are associated each with p < 0.001: anxiety and vital exhaustion (Spearman Rho = 0.58), anger and vital exhaustion (Spearman Rho = 0.41) and anxiety and anger (Spearman Rho = 0.38). The simultaneous presence of vital exhaustion and anxiety increases the probability of an acute ischemic coronary event (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: In this study we found a significative association between vital exhaustion and acute ischemic coronary event, psychosocial risk factors are associated with each other and simultaneous presence of vital exhaustion and anxiety increases the probability of an acute ischemic coronary event.

Design and baseline characteristics of a coronary heart disease prospective cohort: two-year experience from the strategy of registry of acute coronary syndrome study (ERICO study)

OBJECTIVES: To describe the ERICO study (Strategy of Registry of Acute Coronary Syndrome), a prospective cohort to investigate the epidemiology of acute coronary syndrome. METHODS: The ERICO study, which is being performed at a secondary general hospital in São Paulo, Brazil, is enrolling consecutive acute coronary syndrome patients who are 35 years old or older. The sociodemographic information, medical assessments, treatment data and blood samples are collected at admission. After 30 days, the medical history is updated, and additional blood and urinary samples are collected. In addition, a retinography, carotid intima-media thickness, heart rate variability and pulse-wave velocity are performed. Questionnaires about food frequency, physical activity, sleep apnea and depression are also applied. At six months and annually after an acute event, information is collected by telephone. RESULTS: From February 2009 to September 2011, 738 patients with a diagnosis of an acute coronary syndrome were enrolled. Of these, 208 (28.2%) had ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), 288 (39.0%) had non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and 242 (32.8%) had unstable angina (UA). The mean age was 62.7 years, 58.5% were men and 77.4% had 8 years or less of education. The most common cardiovascular risk factors were hypertension (76%) and sedentarism (73.4%). Only 29.2% had a prior history of coronary heart disease. Compared with the ST-elevation myocardial infarction subgroup, the unstable angina and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients had higher frequencies of hypertension, diabetes, prior coronary heart disease (p<0.001) and dyslipidemia (p = 0.03). Smoking was more frequent in the ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients (p = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Compared with other hospital registries, our findings revealed a higher burden of CV risk factors and less frequent prior CHD history.

Standard surgical treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia is safe for patients over 75 years: analysis of 100 cases from a high-volume urologic center

OBJECTIVES: In this study, we aimed to determine the complications of standard surgical treatments among patients over 75 years in a high-volume urologic center. METHODS: We analyzed 100 consecutive patients older than 75 years who had undergone transurethral prostatic resection of the prostate or open prostatectomy for treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia from January 2008 to March 2010. We analyzed patient age, prostate volume, prostate-specific antigen level, international prostatic symptom score, quality of life score, urinary retention, co-morbidities, surgical technique and satisfaction with treatment. RESULTS: Median age was 79 years. Forty-eight patients had undergone transurethral prostatic resection of the prostate, and 52 had undergone open prostatectomy. The median International Prostatic Symptom Score was 20, the median prostate volume was 83 g, 51% were using an indwelling bladder catheter, and the median prostatespecific antigen level was 5.0 ng/ml. The most common comorbidities were hypertension, diabetes and coronary disease. After a median follow-up period of 17 months, most patients were satisfied. Complications were present in 20% of cases. The most common urological complication was urethral stenosis, followed by bladder neck sclerosis, urinary fistula, late macroscopic hematuria and persistent urinary incontinence. The most common clinical complication was myocardial infarction, followed by acute renal failure requiring dialysis. Incidental carcinoma of the prostate was present in 6% of cases. One case had urothelial bladder cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Standard surgical treatments for benign prostatic hyperplasia are safe and satisfactory among the elderly. Complications are infrequent, and urethral stenosis is the most common. No clinical variable is associated with the occurrence of complications.

Características clínicas de pacientes ingresados con diagnóstico de insuficiencia cardiaca en un hospital de la familia y la comunidad / Clinical characteristics of patients admitted with diagnosis of heart failure in a hospital of family and community

INTRODUCCIÓN: La Insuficiencia Cardiaca corresponde a una patología cardiovascular muy frecuente en nuestra población. Causa gran número de hospitalizaciones al año, significando un gasto importante en salud. Hay clara relación de factores demográficos con el desarrollo, evolución y pronóstico de IC, siendo uno de los más aceptados la edad, y uno de los más discutidos, el sexo. El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido caracterizar a los pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca que se hospitalizaron en el Servicio de Medicina del Hospital de Familia y Comunidad de Mulchén, Chile, durante el año 2011. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, observacional y descriptivo, mediante la revisión de los registros oficiales de ingreso-egreso del Servicio de Medicina del Hospital de Mulchén durante el 2011, analizando variables como edad, sexo y días de hospitalización. Se incluyó un total de 162 pacientes; 84 varones (51,85 por ciento). RESULTADOS: Las edades variaron entre 38 y 96 años, con un promedio de 67 años y con un 73,45 por ciento de pacientes con 60 años o más. La duración de la hospitalización varió entre 3 y 19 días, con un promedio de11. Casi el 80 por ciento de los pacientes provino del servicio de urgencia. Los diagnósticos asociados más frecuentes fueron hipertensión/cardiopatía hipertensiva (22 por ciento), y cardiopatía coronaria (11,2 por ciento). Se registraron 12 fallecimientos (7 por ciento). El 55 por ciento de los pacientes corresponde al Fondo Nacional de Salud B. DISCUSIÓN: Los resultados obtenidos están de acuerdo a lo descrito en la literatura para la población general y aportan datos útiles para enfrentar al paciente con insuficiencia cardiaca que se atiende en el servicio.

INTRODUCTION: Heart Failure is very frequent in our adult population. It causes a great number of hospitalizations a year and means an important expense in health. There is a clear relationship between diverse demographic factors and the development, evolution and prognosis of heart failure, being one of the accepted the age and of the discussed the sex. The objective of this study was to characterize hospitalized patients with heart failure in the Department of Medicine of the Familia y Comunidad Hospital of Mulchén, Chile, in 2011. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Retrospective, observational and descriptive study, there were checked the records of admission-discharge of the department and were selected all the patients with heart failure diagnosis at the income analyzing variables as age, sex, days and others. Included a total of 162 patients; 84 males (51.85 percent).RESULTS: The ages ranged from 38 to 96 years, with an average of 67 years, with a 73.45 percent of patients 60 years or older. The length of hospitalization ranged between 3 and 19 days, with an average of 11 days. Almost 80 percent of the patients came from to Emergency Department. The most frequent associated diagnoses were hypertension/hypertensive cardiomyopathy (22 percent) and coronary heart disease (11.2 percent. There were 12 deaths (7 percent). 55 percent of patients were affiliated to Fondo Nacional de Salud B.DISCUSSION: We conclude that the results obtained are concordant with those described in the literature for the general population and provide useful data to confront the patient with heart failure served in our service.

Assessment of cardiovascular risk of patients with arterial hypertension of a public health unit / Avaliação do risco cardiovascular de indivíduos portadores de hipertensão arterial de uma unidade pública de saúde

Objective: To assess the cardiovascular risk, using the Framingham risk score, in a sample of hypertensive individuals coming from a public primary care unit. Methods: The caseload comprised hypertensive individuals according to criteria established by the JNC VII, 2003, of 2003, among 1601 patients followed up in 1999, at the Cardiology and Arterial Hypertension Outpatients Clinic of the Teaching Primary Care Unit, at the Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo. The patients were selected by draw, aged over 20 years, both genders, excluding pregnant women. It was a descriptive, crosssectional, observational study. The Framingham risk score was used to stratify cardiovascular risk of developing coronary artery disease (death or non-fatal acute myocardial infarction). Results: Age range of 27-79 years (x = 63.2 ± 9.58). Out of 382 individuals studied, 270 (70.7%) were female and 139 (36.4%) were characterized as high cardiovascular risk for presenting diabetes mellitus, atherosclerosis documented by event or procedure. Out of 243 stratified patients, 127 (52.3%) had HDL-C < 50 mg/dL; 210 (86.4%) had systolic blood pressure greater than or equal to 120 mmHg; 46 (18.9%) were smokers; 33 (13.6%) had a high cardiovascular risk. Those added to 139 enrolled directly as high cardiovascular risk, totaled up 172 (45%); 77 (20.2%) of medium cardiovascular risk and 133 (34.8%) of low risk. The highest percentage of high cardiovascular risk individuals was aged over 70 years; those of medium risk were aged over 60 years; and the low risk patients were aged 50 to 69 years. Conclusion: The significant number of high and medium cardiovascular risk individuals indicates the need to closely follow them up.

Objetivo: Identificar o risco cardiovascular, por meio do escore de risco de Framinghan, em uma amostra de hipertensos de uma unidade pública de saúde. Métodos: A casuística foi constituída por hipertensos, segundo critérios do JNC VII, 2003, de 2003, dentre 1.601 acompanhados no ano de 1999 no Ambulatório de Cardiologia e Hipertensão Arterial do Centro Saúde Escola da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto da Universidade de São Paulo. Os pacientes foram selecionados por sorteio, com idade acima de 20 anos, ambos os gêneros, excluindo-se as gestantes. Tratou-se de estudo observacional descritivo e transversal. Utilizou-se o Escore de Risco de Framinghan para estratificação do risco cardiovascular para desenvolvimento de doença arterial coronária (morte ou infarto agudo do miocárdio - não fatal). Resultados: A idade variou de 27 a 79 anos (x = 63,2 ± 9,58). Dos 382 indivíduos estudados, 270 (70,7%) eram mulheres e 139 (36,4%) foram caracterizados como de alto risco cardiovascular por apresentarem diabetes mellitus, aterosclerose documentada por evento ou procedimento. Dos 243 estratificados, 127 (52,3%) apresentaram HDL-C < 50 mg/dL; 210 (86,4%) apresentaram pressão arterial sistólica maior ou igual a 120 mmHg; 46 (18,9%) eram fumantes; 33 (13,6%) eram de alto risco cardiovascular - que somados aos 139 incluídos diretamente como alto risco cardiovascular, totalizaram 172 (45%); 77 (20,2%) eram de médio risco cardiovascular e 133 (34,8%) de baixo risco. O maior percentual de indivíduos de alto risco cardiovascular situou-se acima 70 anos; de médio risco, acima de 60 anos; e de baixo risco entre 50 e 69 anos. Conclusão: O número significativo de indivíduos de alto e médio risco cardiovascular indica a necessidade de um acompanhamento mais próximo dos mesmos.

Estimación de riesgo de enfermedad coronaria mediante la función de Framingham adaptada para la población chilena / Estimation of coronary heart disease risk in Chilean subjects based on adapted Framingham equations

Background: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Chile and worldwide. Framingham functions were developed to calculate overall coronary heart disease risk However these functions overestimate the risk in some countries ¡ike Chile. Aim To develop Chilean risk tables to assess the overall 10-year risk of coronary heart disease. Material and methods: The Framingham function was adapted for a population aged 35 to 74 years, based on an estimate of Chilean incidence of coronary heart disease and the prevalence of coronary heart disease risk factors such as age, sex, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood pressure, diabetes and smoking. Results: The 10-year incidence of coronary heart disease in Chile (2.7 percent in men, 1.096 in women) was lower than the incidence in the United States (10.096/3.896) and Spain (4.996/2.296), but higher than China (1.196/0.496). Framingham tables have more than 50 percent of cells in the risk category of 10 percent or greater. In contrast, Chilean tables have less than 10 percent of cells in the same risk category. Conclusions: Adapted tables use local information to calculate overall coronary heart disease risk. A validation study should be conducted to assess their predictive power.

Central de regulação de leitos do SUS em Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil: avaliação de seu papel pelo estudo das internações por doenças isquêmicas do coração / The hospital bed referral center under the Unified National Health System in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil: the case of hospitalization for ischemic heart disease

A Central de Internações de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, visa tornar ágil o acesso às internações pelo Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Entretanto, muitas internações ocorrem diretamente nos hospitais, sem intermediação da Central de Internação. O estudo comparou as características das internações realizadas em 2002, com relação à via de acesso. Foram selecionadas internações com hipótese diagnóstica de infarto agudo do miocárdio e insuficiência coronariana aguda. De 3.705 internações, 24,9 por cento foram realizadas pela Central de Internação e 75,1 por cento por via direta. As proporções de internações via direta foram maiores que pela Central de Internação para pacientes > 70 anos, internados por insuficiência coronariana aguda, na clínica cirúrgica e no fim de semana. Os percentuais das internações via Central de Internação foram maiores que os feitos por via direta para residentes em outros municípios, em hospitais não públicos e com utilização de UTI. O número de dias de internação também foi diferente entre as vias. O estudo mostrou diferenças nas características das internações realizadas pelas duas vias de acesso.

The hospital admissions center in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, aims to assure fast, timely, and equitable access to hospitalization services through the Unified National Health System. However, many patients are admitted directly to the hospitals, without going through the admissions center. This study compared the characteristics of hospitalizations in Belo Horizonte in 2002 according to type of access. All admissions for acute myocardial infarction and acute coronary disease were included. Of 3,705 admissions, 24.9 percent were processed through the hospital admissions center and 75.1 percent through direct access. Direct hospitalizations were more common as compared to processing by the hospital admissions center for patients > 70 years ), those with presumptive diagnosis of acute coronary disease, to the surgical department, and on weekends. Admissions via the hospital admissions center were more common than direct access for patients residing outside Belo Horizonte, at non-public hospitals, and for the intensive care unit. Length-of-stay also varied according to type of access. The results confirm differences in the characteristics of admissions according to the two types of access.

Insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada e com disfunção sistólica na comunidade / Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and systolic dysfunction in the community

FUNDAMENTO: Em países desenvolvidos, a insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção preservada (ICFEP) é o modelo mais prevalente que a insuficiência cardíaca com disfunção sistólica (ICDS) na comunidade. No entanto, não está plenamente estabelecido se tal fato também é observado na nossa comunidade. OBJETIVO: Determinar o tipo mais prevalente de insuficiência cardíaca (ICFEP ou ICDS) e se a prevalência de ICFEP é elevada na comunidade. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de pacientes atendidos na comunidade com diagnóstico clínico de IC, de janeiro a dezembro de 2005. O ecodopplercardiograma foi realizado em todos os pacientes. O tipo de IC foi estratificado pela presença de anormalidades e pela fração de encurtamento ao ecodopplercardiograma. RESULTADOS: O estudo avaliou 170 pacientes (61,0±13,3 anos), a maioria mulheres e idosos. A ICFEP foi o tipo de IC mais prevalente (64,2 por cento, p<0,001) com tendência nas mulheres idosas (62 por cento, p=0,07), e o inverso na ICDS, nos homens idosos (63,6 por cento, p=0,07). Os pacientes sem IC representaram um terço dos casos (27,6 por cento). A ICDS apresentou mais edema de membros inferiores, doença coronariana, diabete, insuficiência renal crônica, re-internações e maior escore de Boston. O etilismo e o tabagismo estiveram mais presentes na ICDS. CONCLUSÃO: A ICFEP é o tipo de IC mais prevalente na comunidade, principalmente nas mulheres idosas, enquanto a ICDS, nos homens idosos, com maior gravidade clínica e acometimento dos principais fatores de risco e sem modificação nos hábitos de vida. Apesar dos sinais e dos sintomas de IC, em um terço dos casos a IC não foi confirmada.

BACKGROUND: In developed countries, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is more prevalent than heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in the community. However, it has not been completely established if this fact is also observed within our community. OBJECTIVE: To determine the most prevalent form of heart failure (HFpEF or HFrEF) and whether the prevalence of HFpEF is higher in the community. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study conducted with patients clinically diagnosed with HF who were seen in community-based health care centers from January to December 2005. Echodopplercardiograms were performed for all patients. The form of HF was stratified according to the presence of abnormalities and the shortening fraction observed on the echodopplercardiogram. RESULTS: The study evaluated 170 patients (61.0 ± 13.3 years of age), most of them women and elderly. HFpEF was the more prevalent form of HF (64.2 percent, p<0.001), affecting mostly elderly women (62 percent, p = 0.07), whereas the opposite condition, HFrEF, was observed mostly in elderly men (63.6 percent, p = 0.07). Patients with no HF represented one-third of the cases (27.6 percent). HFrEF patients had more lower-limb edema, coronary disease, diabetes, chronic renal failure, higher Boston scores and hospital readmissions. Use of alcoholic beverages and smoking were also more common among HFrEF patients. CONCLUSION: HFpEF is the most prevalent form of HF in the community especially among elderly women, whereas HFrEF affects mostly elderly men and is associated with greater clinical severity, main risk factors and no changes in lifestyle. Despite the signs and symptoms of HF, this condition was not confirmed for one-third of the cases.

Letalidade hospitalar nas angioplastias coronárias no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, 1999-2003 / Hospital case fatality associated with coronary angioplasty in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil, 1999-2003

O estudo analisa a letalidade hospitalar nas angioplastias coronárias, pagas pelo Sistema Unico de Saúde (SUS), realizadas nos hospitais do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, de 1999 até 2003. As informações sobre as angioplastias coronárias provieram do banco de Autorizações de Internações Hospitalares da Secretaria de Estado de Saúde do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. As taxas de letalidade foram estimadas segundo faixas etárias, sexo, diagnósticos e hospitais. A letalidade geral foi de 1,9 por cento em 8.735 angioplastias coronárias. A taxa mais baixa ocorreu nas anginas (0,8 por cento), as mais elevadas nos infartos agudos do miocárdio (6 por cento) e em outros diagnósticos (7 por cento). A letalidade foi menor nas mulheres na faixa etária entre 50 e 69 anos, e a partir dos setenta anos foi quase três vezes maior que a dos mais jovens (de 1,4 a 4 por cento), em ambos os sexos. Ocorreu grande variabilidade entre as taxas de letalidade nas angioplastias coronárias nos diferentes hospitais (entre 0 e 6,5 por cento). Portanto, é necessário acompanhar de modo contínuo a adequação da utilização da angioplastia coronária. Em conclusão, a performance deste procedimento no âmbito da modalidade de atenção pelo SUS nos hospitais, dentro do período estudado, não foi satisfatória.

This study analyzes hospital case fatality associated with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasties (PTCA) covered by the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) and performed in hospitals in the State of Rio de Janeiro from 1999 to 2003. PTCA data were obtained from the State Health Department's database on Authorizations for Hospital Admissions. Case fatality rates were estimated according to age, gender, diagnosis, and hospital. Overall case fatality was 1.9 percent in 8,735 PTCAs. The lowest rate was associated with angina (0.8 percent) and the highest rates with acute myocardial infarction (6 percent) and other diagnoses (7 percent). In the 50-69-year bracket, case fatality was higher in women. In the over-70 group, it was almost three times that of the youngest group (4 percent versus 1.4 percent). There was great variability among PTCA case fatality rates in different hospitals (from 0 to 6.5 percent). Ongoing monitoring of PTCAs is thus necessary in clinical practice. In conclusion, PTCA performance was still unsatisfactory under the Unified National Health System.

Estenose aórtica e doença coronariana: análise dos fatores de risco / Aortic stenosis and coronary disease: analysis of risk factors

OBJETIVO: Analisar aspectos clínico-laboratoriais da presença de doença coronariana em pacientes portadores de estenose aórtica e analisar a influência de fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de coronariopatia obstrutiva. MÉTODOS: Estudamos 65 pacientes portadores de estenose aórtica severa com indicação de cirurgia, com idade entre 51 a 85 anos, entre os quais havia 40 mulheres. Da realização da cinecoronariografia resultaram dois grupos: 26(40 por cento) com coronariopatia obstrutiva e 39(60 por cento) sem lesões em artérias coronárias. Foram analisados os antecedentes pessoais para doença coronariana (hábito de fumar, dislipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hipertensão arterial, antecedentes familiares, sedentarismo e alcoolismo), eletrocardiograma, ecocardiograma com Doppler e exames laboratoriais (glicemia, colesterol total e frações, triglicérides, Apo A1 e B, fibrinogênio, lipoproteina(a) e taxa fracional de remoção de triglicérides e colesterol nos dois grupos. RESULTADOS: Na análise da idade, o grupo com coronariopatia obstrutiva apresentou faixa etária mais elevada com significância estatística (p<0,0001). A identificação de sinais de isquemia em parede anterior no eletrocardiograma apresentou relação significante com obstrução em artéria interventricular anterior (p<0,002). A análise univariada mostrou diferença significante entre os grupos em relação às médias das variáveis gradiente aórtico (p= 0,041), HDL (p=0,042) e fibrinogênio (p=0,047). O grupo com doença coronariana apresentou média do gradiente e HDL menor que os sem coronariopatia obstrutiva. Na variável fibrinogênio, o grupo sem doença coronariana apresentou média com níveis menores comparados aos dos portadores de coronariopatia. A análise multivariada pelo método da regressão logística mostrou como variável independente para coronariopatia os níveis de fibrinogênio ( p<0,039). CONCLUSÃO: O fibrinogênio foi fator de risco independente para a associação de coronariopatia obstrutiva com estenose aórtica.

Coronariografía no invasiva mediante tomografía axial computada multicorte / 16 detector computed tomagraphy for coronary angiography

Antecedentes: La tomografía axial computada de 16 detectores de las arterias coronarias (TAC Coronario) ha emergido recientemente como una alternativa diagnóstica a la coronariografía invasiva (CI). Objetivo: Estudiar la exactitud del TAC coronario de 16 detectores para pesquisar la presencia o ausencia de estenosis coronaria en distintos tipos de pacientes, mediante su comparación con la CI. Métodos: A un total de 55 pacientes (46 hombres, 9 mujeres, promedio 57 +/-12 años) en quienes se realizó una CI electiva, se les realizó un TAC coronario. Se analizó específicamente la presencia de lesiones 50 por ciento y se compararon estos resultados con los obtenidos mediante la CI cuantitativa. Resultados: Cincuenta pacientes requirieron beta bloqueo, obteniéndose una FC promedio de 57 lpm. En los segmentos principales se objetivaron 61 lesiones significativas por CI, de las cuales 52 (85,2 por ciento) fueron correctamente detectadas por el TAC coronario. La sensibilidad, especificidad, LH(+) y LH(-) del examen fueron 85 por ciento, 97 por ciento, 33 y 0.15, respectivamente. La presencia o ausencia de enfermedad coronaria significativa fue correctamente diagnosticada en 50 de los 55 pacientes (91 por ciento). Conclusión: El TAC coronario de 16 detectores es un examen sensible y específico para el diagnóstico de estenosis significativas de los segmentos principales del árbol coronario.

Background: Invasive coronary arteriography (ICA) is the gold standard to assess coronary artery stenosis. Sixteen detector computed tomography (Coronary CT) has recently been introduced as a less invasive diagnostic alternative. Aim: To assess the reliability of Coronary CT in detecting coronary stenosis among different types of patients by comparing the results with those obtained by ICA. Methods: 55 patients (age 57+/-12 years, 46 males) who underwent ICA had also a coronary CT. Beta blockade was used to obtain a heart rate < 65 beats per min. The presence of significant stenosis (•'3d50 percent of luminal diameter measured by quantitative angiography) was compared between methods.Results: Adequate coronary images were obtained in 53 of 55 patients with coronary CT; a total of 715 coronary segments were available for analysis. Fifty patients required beta blockade and the mean heart rate was 57 beats per min. Fifty-two out of 61 main segment stenosis were detected by coronary CT (85.2 percent). Sensitivity, specificity, LH+ and LH- of coronary CT were 85 percent, 97 percent, 33 and 0.15, respectively. The presence or absence of significant lesions was correctly diagnosed in 50 of the 55 patients (91 percent). Conclusion: 16 detector coronary CT is a sensitive and specific method to diagnose main segment significant coronary stenosis.

Prevalence of cardiovascular conditions and health services utilization in Puerto Rico, 2001

OBJECTIVE To study the prevalence of cardiovascular conditions and health services utilization in Puerto Rico, 2001. METHODS All medical claims for coronary heart disease (ICD-9 410-414), hypertension (ICD-9 401-405), congestive heart failure (ICD-9 428) and cerebrovascular accidents and transient ischemia (ICD-9:430-438.9) submitted for reimbursement purposes to an insurance company (private and public sector) in Puerto Rico in 2001 were identified. Prevalence and medical care utilization concerning cardiovascular conditions was estimated with 95% confidence. RESULTS Overall prevalence of cardiovascular conditions was 13.5% (95% CI: 11.68%-15.44%), being larger in the private sector (16.0%; 95% CI: 15.98%-16.08% vs. 11.7%; 95% CI: 11.62%-11.77%). Although in both sectors prevalence increased with age, at same age groups was two times higher in the private sector. Hypertension was the most prevalent condition (9.7; 95% CI: 8.14%-11.41%) being higher in females (10.4; 95% CI: 10.37%-10.51%) than in males (8.9; 95% CI: 8.81%-8.96%). The health service utilization (physician's office visits, emergency room visits, and hospital admissions) was higher in males. However, it varies by sectors. CONCLUSIONS Significant difference exists in the prevalence of cardiovascular conditions and health services utilization among private and public sectors in Puerto Rico. The observed differences among the private and public populations imply that there are factors such as socioeconomic status, education, lifestyles, environmental hazards in neighborhoods, and health habits that could be involved in the differences

Early postoperative complications after coronary artery bypass grafting at the San Juan Veterans Affairs Medical Center

OBJECTIVES: Describe the perioperative characteristics of the patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in San Juan, Veterans Affairs Medical Center (SJ-VAMC). Determine the in-hospital and 30-day morbidity and mortality following CABG and identify adverse predictors for postoperative complications. BACKGROUND: Preoperative risk factors for complications post-CABG have been identified; however limited data is available regarding the value of these predictors in the Puerto Rican Population. METHODS: Perioperative characteristics and 30-day complications were gathered from all patients undergoing CABG (n = 252) at the SJ-VAMC (2001-2003). Logistic regression analysis was performed to determine factors associated with the occurrence of complications. RESULTS: The population's mean age was 66.9 +/- 8.1 years. Associated illnesses included: hypertension (95.6), diabetes (57), past smoking (61), COPD (26), chronic renal insufficiency (CRI-11.5), cerebrovascular disease (CVD-20.6), disabling angina (78), 3-vessel coronary disease (75.8), significant left main stenosis (20), and non-elective surgical intervention (54). The most frequent primary complications were postoperative myocardial infarction (MI-4.8) and congestive heart failure (4.8). The 30-day mortality was 1.2. Upon multivariate analysis PRBC transfusions > 3 units was associated to increased risks of primary complications, in patients with prior history of CVD. CRI and LVEF < or = 40were independently associated to development of primary complications, in patients with prior MI and CVD. CONCLUSION: The preoperative characteristics are suggestive of an older and sicker patient that is undergoing CABG at the SJ-VAMC. Despite this, the death rate was low and the frequency of other complications comparable to the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) National Adult Cardiac Database.

Anticuerpos contra Chlamydophilaen pacientes con infarto agudo del miocardio y riesgo coronario, y su relación con la muerte / Antibodies against Chlamydophila in patients with acute myocardial infarction and coronary risk and their association with mortality

OBJETIVO: Determinar si los anticuerpos contra Chlamydophila pneumoniae en pacientes con infarto agudo del miocardio y factores de riesgo coronario se asocian con la muerte. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se hizo un estudio observacional, prospectivo, transversal y comparativo. Se incluyeron en el estudio 100 sujetos que, entre 1999 y 2000, estuvieron hospitalizados en la Unidad Coronaria del Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico La Raza, del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Se trataba de una muestra constituida por pacientes de ambos sexos, mayores de 18 años, con infarto agudo del miocardio y riesgo coronario. Mediante microinmunofluorescencia indirecta se identificaron anticuerpos contra Chlamydophila pneumoniae, Chlamydophila psitacii y Chlamydia trachomatis. De entre los 100 sujetos, se eligieron al azar 33, a quienes se les determinaron anticuerpos contra Chlamydophila, no sólo durante su estancia en el hospital, sino también al salir de éste y a los tres meses de haber sufrido el infarto agudo del miocardio. Se calcularon las medias y las desviaciones geométricas estándares para los títulos de anticuerpos contra Chlamydophila, y se determinó la razón de momios y el intervalo de confianza al 95 por ciento entre los factores de riesgo coronario y la muerte. RESULTADOS: Setenta por ciento de los pacientes de la muestra inicial presentaron anticuerpos contra Chlamydophila pneumoniae; no se identificaron anticuerpos contra Chlamydophila psitacii y Chlamydia trachomatis. No se observó una fuerza de asociación estadísticamente significativa con la muerte en pacientes con infarto agudo del miocardio y factores de riesgo coronario. De los 33 individuos de la submuestra, 25 presentaron anticuerpos contra Chlamydophila pneumoniae, y en 83 por ciento de estos últimos casos, se registró un descenso de dichos anticuerpos a los tres meses de haberse presentado el infarto agudo del miocardio. CONCLUSIONES: A pesar de que en pacientes con infarto agudo del miocardio y riesgo coronario se presentó un incremento en la frecuencia de seropositividad a Chlamydophila pneumoniae, no se observó una fuerza de asociación estadísticamente significativa de ello con la muerte.