Interaction between physical exercise and APOE gene polymorphism on cognitive function in older people

We aimed to present an overview of the literature regarding the interaction between physical exercise and APOE gene polymorphism on cognitive function, particularly in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Firstly, this review focused on the effect of the physical exercise on cognitive function, regardless of APOE gene polymorphism. Some studies have shown that a high level of cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with less neuronal damage with an improvement in memory score tests whereas other studies failed to detect any association between physical exercise and cognitive improvement either in healthy individuals or patients with AD. Taken together, standardized protocols and more longitudinal studies are required to provide a better insight into the effects of physical exercise on cognitive function. Although there is no agreement in the literature regarding the effects of physical exercise on cognitive function, it is well established that it improves social interaction and the feeling of well-being, thereby positively contributing to the quality of life of the elderly. Regarding the influence of physical exercise on cognitive function in APOE ε4 allele carriers, the data trend shows that the carriers of allele ε4 for APOE gene were more responsive to the beneficial effects of physical exercise on cognitive function compared with non-carriers. Nevertheless, studies with larger sample sizes will provide more accuracy about this relationship.

Cell cycle synchronization and BrdU incorporation as a tool to study the possible selective elimination of ErbB1 gene in the micronuclei in A549 cells

Lung cancer often exhibits molecular changes, such as the overexpression of the ErbB1 gene that encodes epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). ErbB1 amplification and mutation are associated with tumor aggressiveness and low response to therapy. The aim of the present study was to design a schedule to synchronize the cell cycle of A549 cell line (a non-small cell lung cancer) and to analyze the possible association between the micronuclei (MNs) and the extrusion of ErbB1 gene extra-copies. After double blocking, by the process of fetal bovine serum deprivation and vincristine treatment, MNs formation was monitored with 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation, which is an S-phase marker. Statistical analyses allowed us to infer that MNs may arise both in mitosis as well as in interphase. The MNs were able to replicate their DNA and this process seemed to be non-synchronous with the main cell nuclei. The presence of ErbB1 gene in the MNs was evaluated by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH). ErbB1 sequences were detected in the MNs, but a relation between the MNs formation and extrusion of amplified ErbB1could not be established. The present study sought to elucidate the meaning of MNs formation and its association with the elimination of oncogenes or other amplified sequences from the tumor cells.

Clinical and neuropsychological assessment of attention and ADHD comorbidity in a sample of children and adolescents with idiopathic epilepsy / Avaliação clínica e neuropsicológica da atenção e comorbidade com TDAH em crianças e adolescentes com epilepsia idiopática

Children with epilepsy present significant problems concerning attention and comorbidity with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Objective To determine the prevalence of attention complaints, ADHD diagnosis and attention profile in a sample of children and adolescents with idiopathic epilepsy. Method 36 children and adolescents with idiopathic epilepsy and 37 genre and age matched healthy controls underwent several procedures to diagnose their neuropsychological profile and comorbidity with ADHD. Results The prevalence of ADHD was higher in patients with epilepsy [χ2= 4.1, p = 0.043, 6 (16.7%) vs 1 (2.7%)], with worse results in attention related WISC items and factors in patients with epilepsy comparing to the controls, but not between patients with and without ADHD. Clinical characteristics did not influence those results. Conclusion This study found a greater prevalence of problems wih attention in pediatric patients with idiopathic epilepsy, but not a distinct profile between those with or without ADHD. .

Crianças com epilepsia podem apresentar problemas de atenção e comorbidade com transtorno de atenção e hiperatividade (TDAH). Objetivo Determinar a prevalência de queixas de atenção, diagnóstico de TDAH e perfil atentivo em uma amostra de crianças e adolescentes com epilepsia idiopática. Método 36 crianças e adolescentes com epilepsia idiopática e 37 controles saudáveis foram submetidos a vários procedimentos para diagnosticar perfil neuropsicológico e comorbidade com TDAH. Resultados A prevalência de TDAH foi maior em pacientes com epilepsia [χ2 = 4,1, p = 0,043, 6 ( 16,7%) vs 1 (2,7%)] , que também apresentaram piores resultados em itens e fatores dependentes de atenção do WISC. Não foram observadas diferenças entre pacientes com e sem TDAH. As características clínicas não influenciaram resultados. Conclusão Este estudo encontrou uma maior prevalência de problemas com atenção em pacientes pediátricos com epilepsia idiopática , mas não um perfil distinto entre aqueles com ou sem TDAH. .

Codon 129 polymorphism of prion protein gene in is not a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease / Polimorfismo do codon 129 do gene da proteina prionica nao e fator de risco para doenca de Alzheimer

Interaction of prion protein and amyloid-b oligomers has been demonstrated recently. Homozygosity at prion protein gene (PRNP) codon 129 is associated with higher risk for Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. This polymorphism has been addressed as a possible risk factor in Alzheimer disease (AD). Objective To describe the association between codon 129 polymorphisms and AD. Methods We investigated the association of codon 129 polymorphism of PRNP in 99 AD patients and 111 controls, and the association between this polymorphism and cognitive performance. Other polymorphisms of PRNP and additive effect of apolipoprotein E gene (ApoE) were evaluated. Results Codon 129 genotype distribution in AD 45.5% methionine (MM), 42.2% methionine valine (MV), 12.1% valine (VV); and 39.6% MM, 50.5% MV, 9.9% VV among controls (p>0.05). There were no differences of cognitive performance concerning codon 129. Stratification according to ApoE genotype did not reveal difference between groups. Conclusion Codon 129 polymorphism is not a risk factor for AD in Brazilian patients.

Polimorfismo do códon 129 do gene da proteína priônica não é fator de risco para doença de Alzheimer A interação entre proteína priônica e oligômeros b-amiloide foi demonstrada recentemente. Homozigose no códon 129 do gene da proteína priônica (PRNP) é fator de risco para doença de Creutzfeldt-Jakob. Este polimorfismo foi estudado como possível fator de risco para doença de Alzheimer (DA). Objetivo Estudar uma possível associação entre o polimorfismo do códon 129 e DA. Métodos Foram investigados 99 pacientes com DA e 111 controles em relação ao polimorfismo do códon 129 e sua associação com desempenho cognitivo. Foram pesquisados outros polimorfismos do PRNP e efeito aditivo do gene da apolipoproteína E (ApoE). Resultados Distribuição no códon 129: 45,5% metionina (MM), 42,2% metionina valina (MV), 12,1% valina (VV) nos pacientes com DA; e 39,6% MM, 50,5% MV, 9,9% VV, nos controles (p >0.05). Não houve diferença no desempenho cognitivo em relação ao códon 129. Estratificação pelo genótipo do ApoE não mostrou diferença entre grupos. Conclusão Polimorfismo do códon 129 não é fator de risco para DA em pacientes brasileiros.

Single-nucleotide polymorphisms of GSK3B, GAB2 and SORL1 in late-onset Alzheimer's disease: interactions with the APOE genotype

In this study, we investigated the associations between single-nucleotide polymorphisms in GAB2 (rs2373115), GSK3B (rs6438552) and SORL1 (rs641120) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), both alone and in combination with the APOE*4 allele.

Protective effect of the APOE-e3 allele in Alzheimer’s disease

Although several alleles of susceptibility to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have been studied in the last decades, few polymorphisms have been considered as risk factors for the disease. Among them, the APOE-e4 allele appears to be the major genetic risk factor for the onset of the disease. However, it is important to confirm the potential susceptibility of these genetic variants in different populations in order to establish a genetic profile for the disease in specific communities. This study analyzed the APOE polymorphisms regarding susceptibility to AD in a sample of 264 individuals (primarily Caucasians; 82 cases and 182 controls) in the population from Vitória, ES, Brazil, by PCR restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) methods. The patients were selected according to clinical criteria for probable AD. Whereas the e4 allele showed statistically significant positive association with susceptibility to AD (OR = 3.01, 95 percentCI = 1.96-4.61; P < 0.0001), the e2 allele did not. The results of the e4 allele confirm the role of this polymorphism as a risk factor for AD in the sample studied as observed in other populations. Although the e3 allele has been considered neutral in several studies, our results suggest that it acts as a protective factor against AD in the population studied (OR = 0.46, 95 percentCI = 0.30-0.67; P < 0.0001). This study may provide a new insight into the role of the APOE-e3 allele in the etiology of AD and might help to estabilish a profile of risk for AD in the population from Vitória, ES.

APOEepsilon-4 polymorphism and cognitive deficit among the elderly population of Fernando de Noronha / Polimorfismo de APOEépsilon-4 e déficit cognitivo na população idosa de Fernando de Noronha

BACKGROUND: Polymorphism of the gene for apolipoprotein E (APOE) is an important risk factor for the development of Alzheimer's disease. The ε4 allele of the APOE gene has been linked with a number of neuropsychiatric illnesses, and also with stress and depression among geriatric populations. OBJECTIVE: To identify APOE-ε4 polymorphism and correlate this with cognitive deficit among the elderly population of the island of Fernando de Noronha. METHOD: Neuropsychiatric tests (mini-mental state examination, verbal fluency test and clock drawing test) were applied to 52 elderly people without Alzheimer's disease. DNA was isolated from peripheral blood and genotyping of APOE was done by the PCR-RFLP method. RESULTS: 87 percent of the elderly population (mean age 69.6±7.0) had cognitive deficit. CONCLUSION: The observed frequency of the ε4 allele was 10 percent, but the correlation between the presence of ε4 and cognitive deficit in this population was not statistically significant.

INTRODUÇÃO: Polimorfismos no gene da apoliproteína E (APOE) são importantes fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento da doença de Alzheimer (DA). O alelo ε4 do gene APOE tem sido relacionado com declínio cognitivo e algumas doenças neuropsiquiátricas, primariamente a doença de Alzheimer. OBJETIVO: Identificar os polimorfismos de APOE-ε4 e relacionar com deficit cognitivo na população idosa da ilha de Fernando de Noronha. MÉTODO: Foram aplicados testes neuropsiquiátricos (mini exame do estado mental, teste de fluência verbal e teste do relógio) em 52 idosos sem DA. O DNA foi isolado do sangue periférico e a genotipagem de APOE foi realizada por PCR-RFLP. RESULTADOS: 87 por cento da população idosa com idade média de 69.6±7.0 apresentou déficit cognitivo. Foi observada uma freqüência de 10 por cento do alelo ε4. CONCLUSÃO: Não foi encontrada significância estatística quando relacionada a presença deste alelo e déficit cognitivo nos idosos avaliados.

Alelos do gene LRP associados ao risco genético da doença de Alzheimer em população exposta ao aluminío / Alleles of the LRP gene associated to the genétic risk of Alzheimer's Disease in population exposed to aluminum

Objetivo:Quantificar os alelos do polimorfismo 766C/T do gene LRP em indivíduos moradores do Lago Batata, expostos à contaminação por Al, e em indivíduos-controle nas comunidades do lago Erepecu e Arancuã pertencentes ao município de oriximiná (Pará). Método: Utilizou-se a técnica de PCR seguida de digestão enzimática com enzima apropriada(Rsal) na análise molecular. Extraiu-se o DNA das amostras de sangue coletadas de 40 moradores do Lago Batata e de 36 indivíduos-controle. Resultados: Em todoas as comunidades, o genótipo C/C e o alelo C mostraram-se os mais comuns, com freqüências superiores a 69 por cento e 80 por cento, respectivamente. Conclusão: A maior prevalência do genótipo C/C pode sugerir a existência de risco genético aumentado para o desenvolvimento da DA. Em relação à população do Lago Batata, particularmente, esse risco pode ser potencializado pela contaminação por alumínio

Is MTHFR polymorphism a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease like APOE?

INTRODUÇÃO: O papel do polimorfismo do gene da metilenotetrahidrofolato redutase (MTHFR) como um fator de risco para demência de Alzheimer (DA) é controverso ainda. OBJETIVO: Verificar a associação entre os polimorfismos da MTHFR e apolipoproteína E (APOE) e DA. MÉTODO: O trabalho foi conduzido como um estudo caso-controle. Trinta pacientes com DA provável foram incluídos no grupo caso. Vinte e nove indivíduos sem demência comprovadas por testes neuropsicológicos, emparelhados pela idade, sexo, cor e nível educacional constituíram o grupo controle. DNA foi isolado de leucócitos periféricos extraídos de sangue venoso anticoagulado. Genótipos de APOE e MTHFR foram realizados por amplificação de DNA e digestão. As freqüências dos genótipos da APOE e MTHFR foram submetidas ao teste do chi-quadrado corrigido pelo teste de Fisher; os genótipos da APOE, ao teste do chi-quadrado com tendência linear e as freqüências da MTHFR mutante e DA à análise estratificada corrigida pelo método de Mantel-Haenszel. RESULTADOS: Houve diferença significativa entre APOE4 e APOE2 nos grupos (p=0,002). O odds ratio aumentou exponencialmente com o aumento do número de alelo E4 (teste c2 com tendência linear). Nenhuma diferença significativa foi detectada nos genótipos da MTHFR em ambos grupos caso e controle. CONCLUSÃO: O alelo APOE4 é um fator de risco e demonstrou efeito dose-dependente enquanto o alelo E2 conferiu proteção para DA. A mutação da MTHFR não teve correlação dom DA.

Enfermedad de Alzheimer y nutrición / Alzheimerïs disease and nutrition

De todos los cambios relacionados con la edad y con el envejecimiento, la pérdida de las facultades mentales es quizás la que ocasiona mayores dificultades a los propios individuos, familiares o instituciones encargadas del cuidado de los ancianos. La pérdida masiva de dichas funciones se produce principalmente en personas con enfermedad de Alzheimer. En los últimos 20 años, se ha investigado el papel de algunos factores del ambiente, entre ellos los nutricionales, en la etiología de la enfermedad. Dos minerales han recibido el foco de atención: el aluminio (AI) y el calcio (CA). Algunos trabajos muestran la asociación del AI en las lesiones neuropatológicas características de la enfermedad, y un contenido mayor de AI en las redes neurofibrilares, al comparar con neuronas adyacentes sin redes neurofibrilares. Se ha evidenciado la presencia de AI en las placas neuríticas (seniles), bajo la forma de silicato de aluminio amorfo, su uso no es aún concluyente, por esto no se han elaborado recomendaciones específicas para evitarlo. Se reportó alteración a nivel celular de la homeostasis del CA en pacientes con Alzheimer. Cada día cobran más importancia, las terapias antioxidantes, a objeto de incidir en el daño ocasionado por los radicales libres producidos en el desarrollo de la enfermedad, sin dejar de lado el tratamiento de otras formas se necesitan nuevas investigaciones que permitan disminuir los factores genéticos y de naturaleza ambiental y evitar, de esta manera la malnutrición consiguiente, producto de desórdenes alimentarios que se suceden a causa de la demencia. El tratamiento dietético de los pacientes con Alzheimer, tiene como objetivos: mantener un estado nutricional óptimo y prevenir las complicaciones, promoviendo una mejor calidad de vida

Apolipoprotein E4 and Alzheimer's disease in Säo Paulo - Brazil

Several recently published studies showed the existence of an association between the allele (4 of the apolipoprotein E and Alzheimer's disease (AD) in developed countries. We examined this association in 55 patients with possible or probable AD and 56 elderly controls referred to outpatient clinics at the "Hospital das ClÝnicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de SÒo Paulo "and "Centro de Saude Escola da Faculdade de Saude Publica da Universidade de Sao Paulo". The allele (4 was significantly more frequent among patients than controls (20.9 percent vs 8.9 percent, p=0.038). Thirty-six percent of the cases presented with at least one allele (4 compared with only 17.9 percent of the controls (p=0.027). The presence of at least one (4 allele increased by 2.63 times the risk of subjects being diagnosed as suffering from AD. All three (4(4 patients were male and had a pre-senile onset of the disease. There was no significant difference between senile and pre-senile cases (41.9 percent vs 29.2 percent, p=0.326) nor between men and women (36.0 percent vs 36.7 percent, p=0.959) regarding their risk of being (4. The age at onset of symptoms did not differ among the different genotype groups, although (4(4 cases showed a consistent trend for earlier onset. When only patients with the diagnosis of "probable AD" were included in the analysis (n=43), we observed that 22.1 perccent of the alleles were (4, a rate that was significantly higher than the 8.9 percent of controles (p=0.024). This study supports the association between the presence of the (4 allele and AD and extend this finding to Brazilian patients. Nonetheless, the presence of this allele is not necessary nor sufficient for the development of the disease and it is possible that its contribution to the pathogenesis of the disorder depends on the subject's ethnic group.