Cirugía ambulatoria electiva en patología proctológica: experiencia prospectiva de 14 años en un hospital público docente / Elective ambulatory surgery in proctological pathology: 14 years of prospective experience in a public teaching hospital

INTRODUCCIÓN: Se presenta nuestra experiencia en cirugía ambulatoria en patología proctológica. MATERIALES Y MÉTODO: La serie corresponde al análisis de 1.399 pacientes tratados entre agosto de 2003 y diciembre de 2017 en forma prospectiva, RESULTADOS: Fueron intervenidos por fístula anorrectal (20%), enfermedad hemorroidaria (19%), enfermedad pilonidal sacro coccígea (EPSC) (15%), fisura anal (13%), biopsia rectal quirúrgica o resección local endoanal (12%), condilomas (10%) y otras (10%). La morbilidad inmediata es de un caso, por un hematoma luego de una cirugía por EPSC que requirió hemostasia y cierre primario. La tasa de hospitalización inmediata fue de 0,3% y corresponde a 5 casos de retención aguda de orina. La hospitalización tardía fue de un 1,6% y corresponde a 22 pacientes, hospitalizados por sangrado tardío (9), dolor intratable (9) y fiebre (4). Todos fueron tratados en forma conservadora con resolución entre los 2 y 5 días. No se registra morbilidad mayor en esta serie. CONCLUSIONES: La cirugía ambulatoria en patología proctológica es factible y segura.

INTRODUCTION: We present our prospective experience in ambulatory anorectal surgery between August 2003 and December 2017. MATERIALS AND METHOD: The series corresponds to the analysis of 1399 patients treated between August 2003 and December 2017 prospectively. RESULTS: The etiology of the surgerys were anal fistula (20%), hemorrhoidal disease (19%), sacrococcygeal pilonidal disease (15%), anal fissure (13%), rectal surgical biopsy or local resection (12%), condylomata (10%) and others (10%). The immediate morbidity was seen one case, a hematoma after an EPSC surgery that required hemostasis and primary closure. The immediate hospitalization rate was 0.3% and corresponds to 5 cases of acute urinary retention. The late hospitalization was 1.6% and corresponds to 22 patients, due to late bleeding (9), severe pain (9) and fever (4). All were treated conservatively with resolution between 2 and 5 days. No major morbidity is recorded in this series. CONCLUSION: We concluded that outpatient surgery in proctologic pathology is feasible and safe.

Características manométricas en niños con estreñimiento crónico y patología anorrectal adquirida / Manometric characteristics in children with chronic constipation and acquired anorectal pathology

Objetivos: Describir los resultados de las manometrías anorrectales (MAR) en pacientes pediátricos con estreñimiento crónico y patología anorrectal adquirida. Materiales y métodos: Se revisaron los expedientes de pacientes pediátricos referidos entre 2004 y 2016 al Laboratorio de Motilidad Gastrointestinal del Hospital San José Tec de Monterrey para evaluación por manometría anorrectal y que presentaron patología anorrectal adquirida. Resultados: Se revisaron 170 expedientes. Edad 7,18 ± 4,51 años. La prevalencia de patología anorrectal (PA) fue de 73%. Síntomas con mayor incidencia: dificultad para evacuar (78%), dolor al evacuar (67%), heces duras (50%) e incontinencia fecal asociado (49%). El 44% de los pacientes con esfínter anal externo (EAE) hipotónico presentaron incontinencia y 74% estos últimos, presentaron menor volumen máximo tolerable (VMT). Los valores manométricos con mayor significancia: presión en reposo del EAE (promedio ± DE) 14,16 ± 10,19 en PA y de 26,08 ± 13,65 en SPA; presión en contracción del EAE 48,4 ± 34,1 en PA y 68,3 ± 37,7 en SPA; VMT 120,8 ± 60,4 en PA y de 173,2 ± 78,0 en SPA. El 97,97% de los pacientes en los que se evaluó la coordinación abdomino-pélvica tuvieron disinergia del piso pélvico. Conclusiones: A diferencia de la población adulta, los valores manométricos de niños con patología anorrectal se encontraron dentro de rangos normales excepto por el EAE y el VMT los cuales estuvieron disminuidos. Esto puede sugerir un mecanismo diferente en la población pediátrica. La disinergia del piso pélvico podría explicar el estreñimiento crónico en estos pacientes.

Objective: To describe the anorectal manometry results in the pediatric population with chronic constipation and acquired anorectal disease. Materials and methods: We reviewed the records of children who were referred to the Motility and Pelvic Floor Laboratory of the Hospital San Jose Tecnologico de Monterrey between 2004-2016 for further evaluation with anorectal manometry and who presented acquired anorectal disease. Results: We reviewed 170 records. The mean age was 7.18 ± 4.51 years old. The prevalence of anorectal disease was 73%. The symptoms more frequently presented were difficult evacuation (78%), painful defecation (67%), large and hard stool (50%) and fecal soiling (49%). 44% of patients with hypotonic external anal sphincter (EAS) presented with soiling and 74% of those had diminished critical volume. Significant manometric values (p<0.05) were EAS resting pressure, maximal squeeze pressure, and critical volume. 97.7% of those who underwent abdomino pelvic coordination evaluation had pelvic floor dyssynergia (anismus). Conclusions: Contrary to adult population, the manometric values in children with acquire anorectal pathology were within normal values except for the EAS resting pressure and critical volume that were diminished. This could suggest a different mechanism in the pediatric population. Pelvic floor dyssynergia could explain chronic constipation in these patients.

Rectal ulcer due to Kayexalate deposition - an unusual case

SUMMARY Sodium polystyrene sulfonate (PSP) or Kayexalate is a cation-exchange resin, widely used in the management of hyperkalaemia due to renal disease. A rare, yet potentially dangerous, adverse event related to sodium polystyrene sulfonate use is intestinal mucosal injury, especially in the colon. The injury to the gastrointestinal mucosa can range from mild and superficial to wall necrosis and bowel perforation. The mechanism that leads to mucosal damage remains unclear. However, it is believed that sorbitol, commonly given to counteract PSP's tendency to cause constipation, may play an important role in the development of gastrointestinal injury. Other potential risk factors are uraemia or end-stage renal disease, hemodynamic instability, solid organ transplantation, postoperative status and concomitant opioid administration. The authors present a case of diarrhoea and haematochezia after the administration of PSP without sorbitol, in a patient with hyperkalaemia due to acute kidney injury, in the absence of other risk factors. A colonoscopy was performed and revealed a rectal ulcer which histological findings were suggestive of mucosal injury due to Kayexalate deposition. This case supports the concept that this widely used drug can itself, without sorbitol, cause injury to the gastrointestinal wall. Even though this is a rare adverse effect, the widespread use of this medication may put a large population at risk.

RESUMO O polistireno sulfonato de sódio (PSP) ou kayexalato é uma resina de troca iônica, amplamente usada no tratamento da hipercalemia associada à doença renal. Um efeito adverso raro, mas potencialmente grave, dessa terapêutica é a agressão à parede do trato gastrointestinal, principalmente ao nível do cólon, que pode ser ligeira e superficial ou culminar em necrose e perfuração intestinal. O mecanismo pelo qual o PSP lesa a mucosa intestinal não é totalmente conhecido. Contudo, pensa-se que o sorbitol, frequentemente administrado em simultâneo para contrabalançar o efeito obstipante do PSP, possa ter um papel preponderante no desenvolvimento de lesão gastrointestinal. Outros potenciais fatores de risco são a presença de uremia ou doença renal em estágio terminal, instabilidade hemodinâmica, pós-operatório, pós-transplante renal e a administração concomitante de opioides. Os autores descrevem um caso de diarreia e hematoquesias após a administração de PSP sem sorbitol, numa paciente com hipercalemia secundária a lesão renal aguda, sem outros fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento desse efeito adverso. A investigação etiológica com colonoscopia revelou a presença de uma úlcera retal, cujo estudo histológico foi compatível com lesão por deposição de cristais de kayexalato. Este relato incomum reforça o conceito de que este fármaco de uso frequente, mesmo na ausência de sorbitol, pode ser lesivo para a mucosa intestinal. Assim, e apesar de este ser um efeito adverso raro, a utilização difundida do PSP coloca uma vasta população em risco.

Abordaje microquirúrgico transanal. Experiencia inicial. Indicaciones y resultados / Transanal microsurgical approach. Initial experience. Indications and results

Introducción: El tratamiento quirúrgico de las afecciones del recto bajo se encuentra en permanente revisión intentando mantener una adecuada función de continencia y urogenital. Una opción reciente es el abordaje microquirúrgico transanal. El objetivo del trabajo es evaluar una serie de pacientes tratados mediante dicho abordaje, analizando indicaciones, resultados inmediatos y alejados. Material y método: Se seleccionaron 41 pacientes operados en el período comprendido entre febrero de 2009 y febrero de 2015. Resultados: En 41 pacientes, las afecciones tratadas fueron: pólipos, 22; cáncer de recto, 14; estenosis de anastomosis, 2; absceso retrorrectal, 1; endometriosis, 1; poliposis adenomatosa familiar, 1. Los pacientes con pólipos llegaron a consulta: por primera vez, 15; recidivados, 4; segunda recidiva, 2; tercera recidiva, 1. Los procedimientos realizados fueron: resección local, 29; microcirugía transanal transabdominal (TATA), 6; dilatación de estenosis, 4; biopsia transrectal, 3; drenaje de absceso retrorrectal, 1; control de hemorragia, 1; colocación de stent, 1. En cáncer de recto: resección local, 7; biopsia transrectal, 2; TATA, 4; colocación de stent, 1. El tiempo operatorio promedio fue 48,6 minutos, y la estadía hospitalaria promedio 2,21 días. De los 29 pacientes en quienes se realizó resección local, fueron controlados 25 durante un período de 6 a 72 meses. Se complicaron 11 pacientes, sin mortalidad ni recidivas locales. Conclusiones: Este abordaje permite tratar lesiones del recto y último segmento del colon sigmoides. Otorga mejor visión permitiendo una disección más exacta, mejorando resultados postoperatorios inmediatos y alejados en patología benigna y maligna, minimizando la posibilidad de recidivas. (AU)

Introduction: The surgical treatment of conditions located at the low rectum is in constant review, triying to maintain proper urogenital and continence function. One of the most recent options is the transanal microsurgical. The aim of this paper is to analyze a series of patients treated with this approach, its indications, immediate and long term results. Material and Methods: 41 patients were analyzed retrospectively in the period between February 2009 and February 2015. Results: In these patients, treated conditions were polyps: 22; rectal cancer: 14; anastomotic stricture: 2; retrorectal abscess: 1; endometriosis: 1; familial adenomatous polyposis: 1. Patients affected with polyps reached the first consultation in 15 opportunities; 4 on first recurrence; 2 with second recurrence; 1 with third recurrence. The procedures were 29 local resections; 6 transanal transabdominal resections (TATA); 4 dilations of stenosis; 3 transrectal biopsies; 1 retrorectal abscess drainage; 1 hemorrhage control; 1 stent placement. In rectal cancer were: 7 local resection; 2 transrectal biopsies; 4 TATA; 1 stent placement. Mean operative time was 48.6 minutes and mean hospital stay was 2.21 days. Of the 29 patients in whom local resection was performed, 25 were controlled for a period of 6 to 72 months. 11 patients were complicated; no deaths or local recurrences were registered. Conclusions: This approach allows to treat lesions located throughout the rectum and the last segment of sigmoid colon. A better insight is obtained allowing a more accurate dissection, thus improving the immediate and remote postoperative results and minimizes the possibility of recurrence, particularly when it comes to benign conditions. (AU)

Implementación de un programa de cirugía proctológica en régimen de cirugía mayor ambulatoria: experiencia inicial / Early results of an ambulatory surgery programme for benign anorectal disorders

Introducción: La realización en régimen de cirugía mayor ambulatoria (CMA) de procedimientos proctológicos complejos es aún infrecuente en nuestro medio. El objetivo del presente trabajo es presentar los resultados iniciales de un programa de cirugía proctológica en régimen de CMA que incluye procedimientos complejos tales como esfinteroplastias o colgajos de avance rectal. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo en el que se incluyeron 186 pacientes intervenidos de patología proctológica en un programa de CMA. El programa se basó en la unión de una Unidad de Coloproctología con amplia experiencia en cirugía proctológica y una Unidad de CMA ya establecida en el centro. Se analizaron los resultados tanto de ingreso como de reintervención en el postoperatorio inmediato y precoz. Resultados: Entre enero de 2014 y diciembre de 2015 se realizaron un total de 197 intervenciones, destacando 105 (53,3%) cirugías de fístula anal, 33 (16,8%) hemorroidectomías y 11 (5,6%) esfinteroplastias. De los pacientes intervenidos por fístula perianal, en 25 (23,8%) se realizó un colgajo de avance rectal. Una paciente (0,5%) requirió ingreso tras la cirugía por haberse realizado un proceso más complejo del inicialmente programado, todos los demás pacientes pudieron ser dados de alta sin complicaciones. Tres pacientes (1,5%) reingresaron en el postoperatorio precoz y fueron reoperados debido a una hemorragia poshemorroidectomía, un absceso perianal y dolor anal. Conclusiones: La implementación de un programa de patología proctológica en régimen de CMA que incluya procedimientos complejos como el colgajo de avance endorrectal o la esfinteroplastia es factible, con una baja tasa de ingresos en hospitalización y reingresos posteriores.

Introduction: Complex procedures for anorectal disorders are uncommonly performed as Ambulatory Surgery (AS). The aim of this study was to describe the early results of an AS program that included complex procedures such as advancement rectal flaps for fistula repair. Material and methods: A retrospective descriptive study was performed with 186 patients who were submitted to AS because of benign anorectal disorders. The AS program for anorectal disorders started when a Colorectal Surgery Unit with broad experience in anorectal surgery joined an AS Unit that was already working in the hospital. Hospital admissions and need of early reoperation were analyzed. Results: One hundred and ninety seven procedures were performed between January 2014 and December 2015. One hundred and five (53.3%) fistula repair surgeries were performed, as well as 33 (16.8%) hemorrhoidectomies and 11 (5.6%) anal sphincter repairs. Among the patients who were operated because of an anorectal fistulae, 25 (23.8%) were submitted to advancement rectal flap. One patient (0.5%) could not be discharged after the surgery because the procedure performed was more complex than previously expected. All other patients were discharged. Three patients (1.5%) were addmited during early postoperative course, all of them had to undergo revisional surgery because of hemorrhage, pain and anorectal abscess respectively. Conclusions: Anorectal procedures, including complex procedures such as advancement rectal flap and sphincter repair, can be performed as AS with a low percentage of patients addmited before or after discharge.

Factores asociados a mal pronóstico en pacientes con sangrado digestivo bajo en un hospital público / Poor outcome factors associated to patients with lower digestive bleeding in a public hospital

Introducción: El sangrado digestivo bajo (SDB) es una entidad cuyas tasas de complicaciones y mortalidad se han incrementado en las últimas décadas. Si bien se han identificado algunos factores relacionados a mal pronóstico, aún quedan variables por evaluar. Objetivo: Identificar factores de mal pronóstico en pacientes que presentaron SDB en el Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins de Lima, Perú. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico de tipo cohorte retrospectivo. Se realizó un censo de todos los pacientes que presentaron SDB agudo entre enero 2010 y diciembre 2013. Las variables principales a evaluar fueron frecuencia cardiaca ≥100/min, presión arterial sistólica <100 mmHg y hematocrito bajo (≤35%) al ingreso. Se definió mal pronóstico como cualquiera de los siguientes criterios: muerte durante la hospitalización, sangrado que requiera transfusión de ≥4 unidades de sangre, reingreso dentro del primer mes, o necesidad de cirugía de hemostasia. Resultados: Se incluyó un total de 341 pacientes con SDB, de los cuales el 27% tuvo mal pronóstico y 2% fallecieron. Se encontró como variables asociadas a mal pronóstico: frecuencia cardiaca ≥100/min al ingreso (RR: 1,75, IC 95% 1,23-2,50), presión arterial sistólica <100 mmHg al ingreso (RR: 2,18, IC 95% 1,49-3,19), hematocrito ≤35% al ingreso (RR: 1,98, IC 95% 1,23-3,18) y sangrado de origen no determinado (RR: 2,74, IC 95% 1,73-4,36). Conclusiones: Frecuencia cardiaca elevada al ingreso, hipotensión sistólica al ingreso, hematocrito bajo al ingreso y presentar un sangrado en el cual no se encuentra el punto de origen son factores que incrementan el riesgo de presentar mal pronóstico, por lo que se recomienda un monitoreo más estricto en estos pacientes

Background: Lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) is an event that has shown an increase in complications and mortality rates in the last decades. Although some factors associated with poor outcome have been identified, there are several yet to be evaluated. Objective: To identify risk factors for poor outcome in patients with LGIB in the Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins of Lima, Peru. Material and methods: A prospective analytic observational cohort study was made, and a census was conducted with all patients with acute LGIB between January 2010 and December 2013. The main variables were heart rate ≥100/min, systolic blood pressure <100 mmHg and low hematocrit (≤35%) at admission. Poor outcome was defined as any of the following: death during hospital stay, bleeding requiring transfusion of ≥4 blood packs, readmission within one month of hospital discharge, or the need for hemostatic surgery. Results: A total of 341 patients with LGIB were included, of which 27% developed poor outcome and 2% died. Variables found to be statistically related to poor outcome were: heart rate ≥ 100/min at admission (RR: 1.75, IC 95% 1.23-2.50), systolic blood pressure <100 mmHg at admission (RR: 2.18, IC 95% 1.49-3.19), hematocrit ≤35% at admission (RR: 1.98, IC 95% 1.23-3.18) and LGIB of unknown origin (RR: 2.74, IC 95% 1.73-4.36). Conclusions: Elevated heart rate at admission, systolic hypotension at admission, low hematocrit at admission and having a LGIB of unknown origin are factors that increase the risk of developing poor outcome, and these patients should be monitored closely due to their higher risk of complications

Seguridad de la resección con asa fría de lesiones colorrectales no polipoideas (0-IIa y 0-IIb) de hasta 20 mm / [Safety and efficacy of cold snare resection of non-polypoid colorectal lesions (0-IIa and 0-IIb)].

BACKGROUND: Cold polypectomy is a widely used technique for removing small polyps. Little evidence is available regarding its use for removing non-polypoid colorectal lesions (NPCRL). OBJECTIVE: The main aim of this study was to assess the safety of cold snare resection of NPCRL up to 20 mm. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study carried out from January 2009 to January 2012. Consecutive patients scheduled for colonoscopy who had at least one NPCRL were recruited. Patients undergoing antiaggregation or anticoagulation treatment were excluded. NPCRL of up to 20 mm were removed by means of a cold snare, with or without piecemeal technique. To evaluate the safety of the procedure, the measured outcomes were bleeding and perforation rates. Statistical measures as percentages with their respective confidence intervals of 95

were estimated and the level of significance was set at alpha = 0.03. The calculated interval was unilateral, because the experimental rate was 0

, and was built based on the binomial distribution. Statistix (SX9.0) was used. RESULTS: A total of 171 NPCRL were removed from 124 patients. The mean size of the lesions was 9.22 +/- 4.7 mm (range: 4 to 20 mm). The mean age of patients was 55 +/- 11 years (range: 25 to 81 years) and 56

of them were women. No immediate or delayed complications were recorded. CONCLUSIONS: Cold snare resection could be used to remove LNPCR (0-IIa and 0-IIb) measuring up to 20 mm, without immediate or delayed complications.

Factores asociados a morbilidad precoz en cirugía colorrectal laparoscópica / Factors associated with early morbidity in laparoscopic colorectal surgery

Introduction: different factors have been associated with increased risk of complications in laparosco-pic colorectal surgery. The aim of this study is to identify these factors in our series. Method: retrospective cohort. All patients undergoing laparoscopic colorectal surgery between january 2000 and june 2012 were included. Patients who had postoperative complications until 30 days postoperatively were identified and analyzed by univariate and multivariate logistic regression. A p value less than 0.2 was used was used as a criteria for entry into the multivariate model. Results: the series consists of 848 patients with a median age of 58 +/- 22 years. Main surgical indications were: neoplasia (42.3 percent), diverticular disease (27.8 percent) and inflammatory bowel disease (8.8 percent). Most frecuently-performed procedures were: sigmoidectomy (39.5 percent), anterior resection of the rectum (13.4 percent), right hemicolectomy (13 percent) and total colectomy (8.7 percent). On univariate analysis, factors associated with complications were age over 75 years (OR 1.82, 95 percent CI 1.02 to 3.25) and red blood cell transfusion (OR 8.47, 95 percent CI 3.69 to 19.43). On multivariate analysis, red blood cell transfusion (OR 7.9 95 percent CI 1.78 to 35.88) and ASA III or IV (OR 3.26 95 percent CI 1.01 to 17.23) were independent factors associated with postoperative complications. Conclusion: intraoperative red blood cell transfusion and ASA score III or IV are independent risk factors associated with complications in laparoscopic colorectal surgery.

Introducción: se han descrito factores que se asocian a mayor riesgo de complicaciones en cirugía laparoscópica colorrectal. El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar estos factores en nuestra serie. Método: cohorte histórica. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes sometidos a cirugía colorrectal laparoscópica entre enero de 2000 y junio de 2012. Se identificaron los pacientes que tuvieron complicaciones post operatorias hasta 30 días después de la operación. Se analizaron mediante regresión logística uni y multivariada. Se utilizó como criterio de entrada al modelo multivariado los p < 0,2 y como criterio de significancia un p = 0,05. Resultados: la serie consta de 848 pacientes, con una mediana de edad de 58 +/- 22 años. Las principales indicaciones operatorias fueron: neoplasia (42,3 por ciento), enfermedad diverticular (27,8 por ciento) y enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (8,8 por ciento). Las operaciones realizadas con mayor frecuencia fueron: sigmoidectomía (39,5 por ciento), resección anterior de recto (13,4 por ciento), hemicolectomía derecha (13 por ciento) y colectomía total (8,7 por ciento). En el análisis univariado, los factores asociados a complicación fueron: la edad sobre 75 años (OR de 1,82; IC 95 por ciento 1,02-3,25) y la transfusión de glóbulos rojos (OR 8,47; IC 95 por ciento 3,69-19,43). En el análisis multivariado, la transfusión de glóbulos rojos (OR 7,9 95 por ciento IC 1,78-35,88) y el ASA III o IV (OR 3,26 95 por ciento IC 1,01-17,23) fueron factores de riesgo independientes de complicaciones en el postoperatorio. Conclusión: la necesidad de transfusión y el ASA III o IV son factores de riesgo independientes asociados a complicaciones en cirugía colorrectal laparoscópica.

Management of patients with rectocele, multiple pelvic floor dysfunctions and obstructed defecation syndrome / Tratamento de pacientes com retocele, múltiplas disfunções e síndrome da evacuação obstruída

CONTEXT: Management of patients with obstructed defecation syndrome is still controversial. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the efficacy of clinical, clinical treatment followed by biofeedback, and surgical treatment in patients with obstructed defecation, rectocele and multiple dysfunctions evaluated with echodefecography. METHODS: The study included 103 females aged 26-84 years with obstructed defecation, grade-II/III rectocele and multiple dysfunctions on echodefecography. Patients were distributed into three treatment groups and constipation scores were assigned. Group I: 34 (33%) patients with significant improvement of symptoms through clinical management only. Group II: 14 (14%) with improvement through clinical treatment plus biofeedback. Group III: 55 (53%) referred to surgery due to treatment failure. RESULTS: Group I: 20 (59%) patients had grade-II rectocele, 14 (41%) grade-III. Obstructed defecation syndrome was associated with intussusception (41%), mucosal prolapse (41%), anismus (29%), enterocele (9%) or 2 dysfunctions (23%). The average constipation score decreased significantly from 11 to 5. Group II: 11 (79%) grade-II rectocele, 3 (21%) grade-III, associated with intussusception (7%), mucosal prolapse (43%), anismus (71%) or 2 dysfunctions (29%). There was significant decrease in constipation score from 13 to 6. Group III: 8 (15%) grade-II rectocele, 47 (85%) grade-III, associated with intussusception (42%), mucosal prolapse (40%) or 2 dysfunctions (32%). The constipation score remained unchanged despite clinical treatment and biofeedback. Twenty-three underwent surgery had a significantly decrease in constipation score from 12 to 4. The remaining 32 (31%) patients which 22 refused surgery, 6 had low anal pressure and 4 had slow transit. CONCLUSIONS: Approximately 50% of patients with obstructed defecation, rectocele and multiple dysfunctions presented a satisfactory response to clinical treatment and/or biofeedback. Surgical repair was mainly required in patients with grade-III rectocele whose constipation scores remained high despite all efforts.

CONTEXTO: O tratamento dos pacientes com evacuação obstruída permanece controverso. OBJETIVO: Analisar a eficácia do tratamento clínico, tratamento clínico seguido por biofeedback e tratamento cirúrgico em pacientes com retocele e disfunções do compartimento posterior do assoalho pélvico avaliados com ultrassom tridimensional dinâmico-ecodefecografia. MÉTODO: O estudo incluiu 103 mulheres, em idade entre 26-84 anos, com diagnóstico de evacuação obstruída, retocele grau II/III e disfunções múltiplas na ecodefecografia. Pacientes foram distribuídos em três grupos e registrados os escores de constipação. Grupo I: 34 (33%) pacientes com melhora significante dos sintomas apenas com tratamento clínico. Grupo II: 14 (14%) com melhora ao tratamento clínico e biofeedback. Grupo III: 55 (53%) encaminhadas para cirurgia, sem resposta ao tratamento clínico. RESULTADOS: Grupo I: 20 (59%) pacientes com retocele grau II, 14 (41%) grau III associada a intussuscepção (41%), prolapso mucoso (41%), anismus (29%), enterocele (9%) ou duas disfunções (23%). O escore de constipação reduziu-se significantemente em média de 11 para 5. Grupo II: 11 (79%) retocele grau II, 3 (21%) grau III, associado a intussuscepção (7%), prolapso mucoso (43%), anismus 71% ou duas disfunções (29%). O escore de constipação reduziu-se com significância estatística em média de 13 para 6. Grupo III: 8 (15%) retocele grau II, 47 (85%) grau III, associado a intussuscepção (42%), prolapso mucoso (40%), ou disfunções (32%). O escore de constipação não se alterou, apesar do tratamento clínico e biofeedback. Vinte e três foram encaminhados para cirurgia resultando em redução significante do escore de constipação de 16 para 4. Dos 32 restantes, 22 optaram por não realizar cirurgia, 6 apresentavam pressões anais reduzidas e 4 com trânsito lento. CONCLUSÃO: Aproximadamente 50% dos pacientes com evacuação obstruída, retocele ou disfunções múltiplas apresentaram resposta satisfatória ao tratamento clínico e/ou ao biofeedback. Tratamento cirúrgico foi necessário principalmente em pacientes com retocele grau III em que o escore permaneceu inalterado apesar do tratamento clínico e biofeedback.

Úlcera solitaria de recto / Solitary rectal ulcer

Introducción: La úlcera solitaria de recto es una entidad patológica crónica, benigna e infrecuente, que en general no se la considera entre los diagnósticos diferenciales de las patologías crónicas del recto. A menudo es subdiagnosticada. Las principales manifestaciones clinicas son: proctorragia, mucorrea, esfuerzo defecatorio y tenesmo. Objetivo: Evaluar las características clinicas de una patología infrecuente del recto, a partir de 3 casos clínicos. Lugar de aplicación: Institución privada. Pacientes y método: Se presentan 3 pacientes con diagnóstico anatomopatológico de úlcera solitaria de recto, entre 2003-2010, dos hombres y una mujer, con un promedio de edad de 53 años (rango 41-70 años). Resultados: La presentación clínica fue proctorragia, mucorrea, tenesmo, proctalgía y esfuerzo defecatorio. En los 3 pacientes la úlcera fue solitaria, dos en pared posterior y una en pared anterior del recto. El diagnostico se realizó por medio de la endoscopía, y biopsia de la lesión. Los 3 casos respondieron favorablemente al tratamiento médico. Conclusiones: La etiología es desconocida. Se la relaciona con trastornos de la defecación. La lesión no siempre es ulcerada ni solitaria. El diagnóstico se realiza por medio de colonoscopía y biopsia, debido a que presenta histología patognomónica. El tratamiento puede ser conservador o quirúrgico.

Introduction: Solitary rectal ulcer is a chronic, benign and infrequent entity, generally not considered in the differential diagnosis of chronic diseases of the rectum. It is often under­diagnosed. The main clinical manifestations include bloody stool, mucorrhea, straining and tenesmus. Objective: To asses the current behavior of a rare disease of the rectum, from 3 clinical cases. Point of application: Private institution. Patients and method: Three patients are presented with pathological diagnosis of solitary rectal ulcer, between 2003 - ­2010, two men and a woman, with an average age of 53 years (range 41-70 years). Results: The clinical presentation was bloody stool, mucorrhea. tenesmus, anal pain and straining. In all cases the ulcer was solitary; two in posterior wall and one in anterior wall of the rectum. The diagnosis was made by endoscopy and biopsy of the lesion. The 3 cases responded well to medical treatment. Conclusions: The etiology is unknown. It is related to defecation disorders. The lesion is not always ulcerated of solitary. Diagnosis is made by colonoscopy and biopsy, because it shows pathognomonic histology. Treatment can be conservative or surgical.

Doble engrapado en cirugía colorrectal / Double stapler technique in colorectal surgery

BACKGROUND: Colorectal surgery has evolved significantly during the last 35 years. The circular stapler and the double stapler techniques have favored the development of very low rectal anastomoses with reduction in anastomotic leakage. The objective of this study is to evaluate the functional results and complication rate of this surgical technique in the Department of Colorectal Surgery at the Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI and at the Hospital Angeles del Pedregal, both located in Mexico City. METHODS: Clinical records of patients who underwent surgery from May 1995 to December 2005 using the double stapler technique and performed by the authors were reviewed. RESULTS: The study included 142 patients, 55 of whom had rectosigmoid cancer resections. Average age was 60.1 years (male predominance 52.05%). The circular stapler most frequently used was CDH 33 (Johnson & Johnson). Average distance between the anal margin and the anastomoses for extended low anastomoses was 3.21 cm (low 7.8 cm and high 13.7 cm), and the rate of anastomoses leak was 3.52%. CONCLUSIONS: Double stapler technique used to treat rectosigmoid pathology is safe, secure and assures intestinal continuity in low anterior as well as extended low anterior resections with primary anastomoses. In those patients with associated risk factors and low extended low anterior resection with primary anastomoses, we recommend performing a protective stoma (ileostomy).

Lesões anorretais em pacientes HIV positivos usuários de terapia anti-retroviral de alta efetividade / Anorrectal lesions in HIV-positive patients using highly active antiretroviral therapy

As lesões anorretais são comuns nos pacientes positivos para o vírus da imunodeficiência humana. A terapia antirretroviral de alta efetividade tem pouca influência na progressão das neoplasias anais. Estudou-se a prevalência das lesões anorretais em 88 pacientes HIV positivos atendidos no serviço de doenças infecto-parasitárias do Hospital Universitário de Brasília, em uso de terapia antirretroviral de alta efetividade. Dados sócio-demográficos foram coletados usando um questionário pré-elaborado e os pacientes foram submetidos a exame proctológico. Cerca de 71 por cento relataram coito anal e 30,7 por cento estavam em uso de inibidor de protease. A prevalência das lesões anorretais foi 36,4 por cento, sendo as mais freqüentes: condiloma acuminado e fissura anal. O condiloma acuminado foi a lesão anorretal mais prevalente e teve associação com o uso de lopinavir/ritonavir. Sugere-se o rastreamento das lesões anorretais causadas pelo papilomavírus humano nos pacientes HIV positivos/AIDS em uso de inibidor de protease.

Anorectal lesions are common in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) has little influence on the progression of anal neoplasms. The prevalence of anorectal lesions in 88 HIV-positive patients attended at the infectious diseases service of the University Hospital of Brasília who were using HAART was studied. Sociodemographic data were collected using a pre-prepared questionnaire and then the patients underwent proctological examination. Around 71 percent of the patients said they practiced anal intercourse. 30.7 percent were using a protease inhibitor. The prevalence of anorectal lesions was 36.4 percent, and condyloma acuminata and anal fissure were the most frequent of these. Condyloma acuminata was the most prevalent anorectal lesion and was strongly associated with the use of lopinavir/ritonavir. Screening for anorectal lesions caused by human papillomavirus in HIV/AIDS patients who use protease inhibitors is suggested.

Colitis diverticular: caso clínico y revisión de literatura / Diverticular colitis disease: case report and review of literature

Estudios recientes han descrito en el sigmoides una colitis segmentaria que compromete el área peridiverticular, la cual respeta el resto del colon y recto. Esta enfermedad es similar a la colitis ulcerosa en su cuadro clínico, apariencia endoscópica e histológica, sin embargo, por definición respeta la mucosa rectal y el colon proximal al sigmoides. Se han descrito casos de progresión de colitis segmentaria a colitis ulcerosa.

Recent articles have described a segmental colitis involving an area of diverticulosis at the sigmoid colon level, but sparing the rest of bowel. This disease is similar to ulcerative colitis in its clinical presentation and endoscopic and histologic appearance, however by definition does not involve the rectum or proximal colon. Few cases have been reported in which there was progression from segmental colitis to typical chronic ulcerative colitis.

Cirurgia ambulatorial em proctologia: análise retrospectiva de 437 casos / Outpatient surgery for anorectal diseases: the experience of the Clinics Hospital of the Medical School, Botucatu, SP, Brazil, in 437 cases

RACIONAL: O número de cirurgias ambulatoriais realizadas em hospitais, como em clínicas particulares, cresce a cada dia. Hoje, em alguns países, como a França, há predomínio das cirurgias ambulatoriais em relação às hospitalares. OBJETIVO: Avaliar retrospectivamente os pacientes operados no Serviço de Cirurgia Ambulatorial do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, SP. CASUíSTICA E MÉTODO: Foram estudados retrospectivamente 437 casos clínicos de patologias orificiais, analisando a distribuição por faixa etária, por sexo, por patologias e as complicações pós-operatórias. RESULTADOS: Notou-se predomínio de pacientes com idade inferior a 45 anos (62,8 por cento), prevalência do sexo feminino (56 por cento), sendo a doença hemorroidária (45,1 por cento) a principal patologia e a dor e sangramento as complicações mais freqüentes (9,8 por cento e 7,3 por cento). CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados satisfatórios observados demonstram a possibilidade de realização, em ambulatório, de diversos procedimentos simples em patologias anorretais freqüentes, a baixo custo e poucas complicações, sendo estas não superiores às observadas em cirurgia hospitalar.

Cirurgia laparoscópica colorretal: resultados do inquérito nacional brasileiro - 2001 / Laparoscopic colorectal surgery

Este trabalho multicêntrico reúne a experiência de 14 equipes brasileiras em cirurgia laparoscópica colorretal. No período de 1992 a 2001, foram operados 1843 pacientes, sendo 896 homens e (48,6 por cento) e 947 mulheres (51,4 por cento) cuja idade variou de 1 a 94 anos (média de 56,4 anos). Doenças beniginas foram diagnosticadas em 1109 pacientes (60,2 por cento). A maioria das afecções (60,5 por cento) localizava-se no cólon esquerdo e sigmóide, 21,3 por cento no reto e canal anal e 9,5 por cento no cólon direito. Houve 73 (4,0 por cento) complicações intra-operatórias (variaçäo de 2,0 por cento a 6,2 por cento), a maioria delas (54-73,9 por cento) registradas nos primeiros 50 casos operados por equipe. Foram relatadas 199 (10,66 por cento) conversões para laparotomia (0 a 23,5 por cento), que também foram mais freqüentes nos primeiros 50 casos operados (n=119-59,8 por cento). Complicações pós-operatórias foram registradas em 367 (19,9 por cento) (8,0 a 29,6 por cento). Ocorreram 29 óbitos (1,6 por cento). Foram operados 734 (39,8 por cento) pacientes portados de tumores malignos, tendo sido informados os tipos histológicos de 685 tumores, assim distribuídos: 652(95,2 por cento) adenocarcinoma 23 (3,4 por cento) carcinomas espinocelulares e outros tipos histológicos em 10 (1,5 por cento) pacientes

Procedimentos cirúrgicos em pacientes proctológicos selecionados, sob anestesia local: estudo de 150 casos / Surgical procedures in proctological selected patients, with local anesthesia: study of 150 cases

Experience in the treatment of 150 patients with anorectal disorders and disorders of the sacrococcygeal region who were operated on with local anesthesia at the University Hospital, ABC Medical School, Sao Bernardo do Campo, SP, Brazil, from March 1995 to March 1998. The anesthesia technique, the operations carried out and the tolerance to the procedure are reported. Intraoperative morbidity was 10.6 per cent (16 patients), and postoperative morbidity was 6 per cent (nine patients). The age of patients was between 15 and 92 years old, with mean age 42 years old; 58 per cent of patients were male and 42 per cent female. Surgical mean time was 45 minutes and the patients remained in the hospital for a mean time of 8 hours. All of patients was instructed about the anesthesia technique, their advantages and disadvantages, and only with their permit the surgery was programmed. Hospitalization was required in five patients (3.3 per cent). The anesthesia technique employed was the same for all patients. Upon survey, 96.7 per cent of the patients stated they did not feel pain during the surgery and that they would go through the procedure again. The authors conclude the surgical treatment of anorectal disorders and disorders of the sacrococcygeal region with local anesthesia is viable and safe, and in addition, is well accepted by the patients

Rectorragia como complicación del síndrome de Klippel-Trenaunay / Rectal bleeding as a complication of Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome

Objetivo: describir la presentación clínica y el tratamiento de dos pacientes con síndrome de Klippel-Trenaunay referidos a nuestro hospital por rectorragia y revisar la literatura para establecer las modalidades actuales de diagnóstico y tratamiento que se le pueden ofrecer a estos pacientes. Caso 1: paciente masculino de 15 años de edad con síndrome de Klippel-Trenaunay y antecedente de anemia crónica. Internado por cuadro de rectorragia severa. Caso 2: paciente femenino de 19 años de edad con el mismo síndrome y dos años de evolución con rectorragia intermitente, anemia y trombocitopenia. El protocolo diagnóstico de cada paciente mostró várices colónicas como la causa de la rectorragia además de otras alteraciones vasculares propias del síndrome. Tratamiento: el primer caso fue tratado con hemicolectomía izquierda y colorrecto anastomosis. Cuatro años después volvió a presentar rectorragia leve y se realizó esclerosis de várices rectales residuales con formol al 40 por ciento. El segundo caso fue tratado con hemicolectomía izquierda y colostomía. Se le han realizado dos sesiones de esclerosis con alcohol absoluto en las várices del muñón rectal y se encuentra en espera del cierre de la colostomía. Conclusión: el síndrome de Klippel-Trenaunay es una enfermedad poco frecuente, con afección vascular en varios niveles. Un porcentaje bajo de pacientes presenta hemorragia a través de las várices colónicas que puede condicionar anemia crónica o hemorragia aguda con compromiso hemodinámico. Esta complicación amerita tratamiento quirúrgico con resección del segmento afectado, complementado con alguna medida local para las várices residuales en el recto

Surgery for severe idiopathic constipation: a report of personal experience

Discute-se protocolo para estudo de tratamento de constipacao idiopatica severa (CIS); 108 pacientes foram assim classificados: 58 com constipacao colica cronica, 30 com transito lento, quatro com megacolon idiopatico, 24 com sindrome de intestino irritavel, 45 com constipacao retal, 21 com obstrucao intestinal baixa, 12 com megareto e 12 com hipertonia do esfincter anal interno, alem de cinco casos de formas mistas. Em sete pacientes com CIS colica (cinco com transito lento e dois com megacolon idiopatico) foi indicado tratamento cirurgico, com realizacao de colectomia subtotal e anastomose ileo-retal. Todos esses doentes evoluiram satisfatoriamente no pos-operatorio...