The relationship between low birth weight and exposure to inhalable particulate matter / Relação entre baixo peso ao nascer e exposição ao material particulado inalável / Relación entre el bajo peso al nacer y la exposición a partículas inhalables

Atmospheric pollution is a global public health problem. The adverse effects of air pollution are strongly associated with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and, to a lesser extent, with adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study analyzes the relationship between exposure to PM10 and low birth weight in the city of Santo André, São Paulo State, Brazil. We included babies born to mothers resident in Santo André between 2000 and 2006. Data on daily PM10 levels was obtained from the São Paulo State Environmental Agency. We performed descriptive analysis and logistic regressions. The prevalence rate of low birth weight was 5.9%. There was a dose-response relationship between PM10 concentrations and low birth weight. Exposure to the highest quartile of PM10 (37,50µg/m³) in the third trimester of pregnancy increased the risk of low birth weight by 26% (OR: 1.26; 95%CI: 1.14-1.40) when compared to the first quartile. The same effect was observed in the remaining trimesters. This effect was observed for ambient particle concentrations that met the current air quality standards.

Em todo o mundo a poluição atmosférica é um problema de saúde pública. Os efeitos adversos relacionados aos poluentes atmosféricos estão fortemente associados com doenças respiratórias e cardiovasculares e, em menor grau, com os resultados adversos da gravidez. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a relação entre PM10 e baixo peso ao nascer no Município de Santo André, São Paulo, Brasil. Foram incluídos no estudo recém-nascidos de mães residentes em Santo André (2000-2006). A Agência Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo forneceu dados diários de PM10. Realizou-se análise descritiva e de regressão logística. A prevalência de baixo peso ao nascer foi de 5,9%. Observou-se uma relação dose-resposta entre as concentrações de PM10 e baixo peso ao nascer. As concentrações de PM10 no quartil mais alto (37,50µg/m³) no terceiro trimestre gestacional aumentaram o risco de baixo peso ao nascer em 26% (OR = 1,26; IC95%: 1,14-1,40) quando comparadas com o primeiro quartil. O mesmo efeito foi observado nos demais trimestres. Esse efeito foi verificado mesmo com as concentrações de partículas dentro dos padrões de qualidade do ar.

La contaminación del aire en todo el mundo es un problema de salud pública. Los efectos adversos relacionados con los contaminantes del aire están fuertemente asociados con enfermedades respiratorias y cardiovasculares, pero en menor medida con los resultados adversos del embarazo. En este estudió se evaluó la relación entre PM10 y bajo peso al nacer en el municipio de Santo André, São Paulo, Brasil. Se incluyeron en el estudio los recién nacidos de madres residentes en Santo André (2000-2006). La Agencia ambiental del Estado de São Paulo informó de los índices diarios de PM10. Además, se realizó un análisis descriptivo y por regresión logística. La prevalencia de bajo peso al nacer fue de un 5,9%. Hubo una relación dosis-respuesta entre las concentraciones de PM10 y bajo peso al nacer. Las concentraciones de PM10 en el cuartil más alto (37,50µg/m³) en el tercer trimestre aumentaban el riesgo gestacional de bajo peso al nacer en un 26% (OR = 1,26; IC95%: 1,14-1,40), en comparación con el primer cuartil. El mismo efecto se observó en los trimestres restantes. Este efecto fue observado incluso en partículas con concentraciones que están dentro de los estándares del aire.

Oral clefts, consanguinity, parental tobacco and alcohol use: a case-control study in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

This hospital-based, case-control study investigated the possible associations between family history of malformations, parental consanguinity,smoking and alcohol drinking and nonsyndromic orofacial cleft (OC, subdivided in 2 main groups: CL/P - cleft lip with or without cleft palate and CP - cleft palate alone). 274 cases were matched (age, sex and place of residence) to 548 controls. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confi dence intervals (95% CI) – adjusted for maternal age, schooling and smoking / alcohol use – were calculated by conditional logistic regression. The results demonstrated that the history of oral clefts either in thefather's (CL/P: OR = 16.00, 5.64- 9.23; CP: OR = 6.64, 1.48-33.75) or in the mother's family (CL/P: OR = 5.00, 2.31-10.99, CP: OR = 12.44, 1.33-294.87) was strongly associated with both types of clefts, but parental consanguinity was associated only with CL/P (OR = 3.8, 1.27-12.18). Prevalence of maternal smoking during the fi rst trimester of pregnancy was higher among cases but the OR (1.13, 0.81-1.57) was not statistically signifi cant. Maternal passive smoking (nonsmoking mothers) during pregnancy was associated with CL/P (1.39, 1.01-1.98) but not with CP.Maternal alcohol use during the 1st trimester increased odds for CL/P (OR = 2.08, 1.27-3.41) and CP (OR = 2.89, 1.25-8.30), and odds for OC tended to increase with dose. Neither smoking nor alcohol use by fathers increased risks for OC. This study provides further evidence of a possible role of maternal exposure to tobacco smoke and alcohol in the etiology of nonsyndromic oral clefts.

Are birth weight and maternal smoking during pregnancy associated with malnutrition and excess weight among school age children?

In the late 1980's child malnutrition was still prevalent in Brazil, and child obesity was beginning to rise in the richest regions of the country. To assess the extent of the nutritional transition during the period and the influence of birth weight and maternal smoking on the nutritional condition of schoolchildren, we estimated the prevalence of excess weight and malnutrition in a cohort of Brazilian schoolchildren from 1987 to 1989. We calculated the body mass index (BMI) of 8- to 10-year-old schoolchildren born in Ribeirão Preto in 1978/79. We considered children with a BMI <5th percentile (P5) to be malnourished, children with P5³BMI