Interrelación entre enfisema y disfunción diastólica ventricular izquierda: nuestra experiencia en el Hospital Privado Centro Médico de Córdoba / Interrelation between emphysema and diastolic dysfunction left ventricular: our experience in the Hospital Private Medical Center of Córdoba

Introducción: Las consecuencias hemodinámicas de la hiperinflación y el enfisema se producen por compresión cardíaca debido a elevadas presiones intratorácicas, lo que produciría disfunción diastólica ventricular izquierda subclínica. Nuestro objetivo es correlacionar el porcentaje de enfisema con parámetros de función pulmonar y con el tamaño de las cámaras cardíacas, función sistólica ventricular global y función diastólica ventricular izquierda, en la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica. Materiales y Métodos: participaron pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica moderada y severa asistidos en un Servicio de Neumonología del Hospital Privado Centro Médico de Córdoba, desde el 01 de enero al 31 de octubre de 2014. Se cuantificó el volumen y porcentaje de enfisema por tomografía computada de alta resolución, se realizaron espirometría, prueba de marcha de seis minutos, determinación de volúmenes pulmonares y ecocardiograma Doppler color. Resultados: Se encontró correlación negativa y significativa del porcentaje de enfisema con el porcentaje del valor teórico del VEF1 postbroncodilatador (p = 0.005) y el cociente VEF1/CVF postbroncodilatador (p = 0.004) y; además, entre el cociente VEF1/CVF postbroncodilatador y el volumen del enfisema en cm3 (p = 0.000). De un subgrupo de 20 pacientes. Siete pacientes (35%) presentaron diagnóstico de disfunción diastólica ventricular izquierda de grado I. Se encontraron correlaciones negativas pero no significativas entre el porcentaje de enfisema con función sistólica ventricular global y el tamaño de las cámaras cardíacas. Conclusiones: Se destaca la utilidad del ecocardiograma para reducir el sub diagnóstico de disfunción diastólica ventricular izquierda. Se destaca la importancia que tendrían la hiperinflación y el enfisema en el deterioro del patrón de llenado diastólico ventricular izquierdo y en la reducción del tamaño de las cámaras cardíacas con disminución en la tolerancia al ejercicio.

Interrelationship between Emphysema and Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction: our experience in the Hospital Privado Centro Médico de Córdoba

Introduction: The hemodynamic consequences of hyperinflation and emphysema are produced by cardiac compression due to high intrathoracic pressures, which could produce subclinical left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. Our purpose is to correlate the percentage of emphysema with lung function parameters and cardiac chamber sizes, the global ventricular systolic function and the left ventricular diastolic function, in cases of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Materials and Methods: The participants were patients with moderate and severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated in the Pulmonology Service of the Hospital Privado Centro Médico de Córdoba from January 1st to October 13th, 2014. We quantified the volume and percentage of emphysema by high resolution computed tomography and carried out a spirometry, a Six Minute Walk Test, measurement of pulmonary volumes and color Doppler echocardiography. Results: We found a significant negative correlation between the percentage of emphysema and the percentage of the post-bronchodilator FEV1 theoretical value (p = 0.005) and the post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC (Forced Expiratory Volume in First Second/Forced Vital Capacity) quotient (p = 0.004), and, also, between the post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC quotient and the emphysema volume in cm3 (p = 0.000). Out of a sub-group of 20 patients, seven patients (35%) were diagnosed with grade I left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. We found negative, but not significant correlations between the percentage of emphysema and global ventricular systolic function and cardiac chamber sizes. Conclusions: We should emphasize the usefulness of the echocardiography in reducing sub-diagnoses of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. We should also stress on the importance hyperinflation and emphysema would have in the impairment of the left ventricular diastolic filling pattern and in the decrease in cardiac chamber sizes, with a decrease in exercise tolerance.

Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica en el Siglo XXI - Optimismo basado en evidencia / Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in the 21st Century - Evidence-based optimism

There are increasingly more data on the prevalence and distribution of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) from around the world. COPD is predicted to be the third most frequent cause of death in the world by 2020. COPD is mainly caused by chronic tobacco smoking, which induces important changes in both the airways and lung parenchyma. COPD is a progressive, disabling condition that ultimately ends in respiratory failure and death. Is a multicomponent disease, there is evidence that systemic inflammation and extrapulmonary effects are also common in COPD, although the association between systemic inflammation and systemic manifestations of COPD is still not entirely clear. COPD has been associated with a nihilistic attitude. On the basis of current evidence, this nihilistic attitude is totally unjustified. The disease must be viewed through the lens of a new paradigm: COPD is not only preventable but also treatable. The past decade has witnessed great progress in COPD research. New drugs have been developed and tested and a growing base of scientific evidence now documents the efficacy of various therapies for symptoms and exacerbations. It is clear that many patients with COPD can benefit from aggressive management, with a decrease in the frequency of hospitalizations and improvements in symptoms and quality of life. In addition, basic and clinical scientists have now identified cells, mechanisms, and molecules that appear to play key roles in disease pathogenesis. Additional novel treatments are on the horizon and the advent of newer and more effective therapies will lead to a decline in the contribution of this disease to poor world health. The good news about COPD is to increase awareness of the disease. COPD is now viewed under a new paradigm as preventable and treatable.

Nuevos procedimientos broncoscópicos en Argentina: Reducción volumétrica pulmonar endoscópica con válvulas endobronquiales / Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction. New bronchoscopic procedures in Argentina

La Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica (EPOC) es una enfermedad caracterizada por limitación del flujo aéreo espiratorio donde el atrapamiento aéreo y la hiperinsuflación dinámica conducen a la producción de disnea que muchas veces incapacita al paciente a pesar de un correcto tratamiento farmacológico y de rehabilitación. Los tratamientos quirúrgicos destinados a paliar esta situación como la cirugía de reducción de volumen pulmonar (CRVP) presentan una morbimortalidad que limita su uso. La búsqueda de formas menos invasivas para conseguir el mismo propósito dieron origen a una serie de procedimientos broncoscópicos para la reducción de volumen pulmonar dentro de los cuales, las válvulas endobronquiales (VEB), son las que acumulan mayor desarrollo y experiencia. Si bien los estudios con VEB son heterogéneos y en su conjunto, muestran modestos beneficios en los test de función pulmonar, ejercicio y calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, existe un grupo de pacientes con enfisema pulmonar heterogéneo, cisura interlobar intacta, atrapamiento aéreo severo y baja tolerancia al ejercicio que muestra beneficios estadística y clínicamente significativos. Nuevos estudios se encuentran en desarrollo para dar más peso de evidencia a la acumulada en la actualidad.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is characterized by airflow limitation, air trapping and dynamic hyperinflation that lead to disabling dyspnea despite appropriate pharmacologic treatment and pulmonary rehabilitation. Though surgical treatments such as lung transplant surgery and lung volume reduction (LVRS) are available, their high morbidity and mortality limit their use. To avoid these complications multiple procedures for bronchoscopic lung volume reduction have been developed, among which endobronchial valves (EBV) have accumulated the largest amount of evidence. While studies with EBV are heterogeneous and show modest benefits in pulmonary function tests, exercise capacity and quality of life, there is a group of patients with heterogeneous emphysema, intact interlobar fissure, severe air trapping and low exercise tolerance that show a statistically and clinically significant benefits. New studies are under way to further support the growing evidence.

Resultados tempranos y alejados del trasplante pulmonar en el enfisema avanzado / Early and Late Results of Lung Transplantation in Advanced Emphysema

Introducción y objetivos: El enfisema constituye la indicación más frecuente de trasplante pulmonar (TP). El propósito del presente trabajo fue evaluar las características demográficas y funcionales de pacientes con enfisema y analizar la supervivencia. Métodos: Estudio observacional analítico de 84 pacientes con enfisema que recibieron TP entre junio 1994 y marzo 2012. Se utilizó el método de Kaplan-Meier para analizar la supervivencia. Resultados: Se realizaron 84 TP en 84 pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) por enfisema avanzado, todos fumadores, 11 (13%) padecían déficit de alfa-1 antitripsina (DA1AT); 70 trasplantes unipulmonares (TUP) (83%) y 14 trasplantes bipulmonares (TBP) (17%); 69 en situación electiva (82%) y 15 en emergencia/urgencia (18%). Edad promedio: 54,95 ± 6,10 años, 54 hombres (64%). Volumen espiratorio forzado en el primer segundo (VEF1) 0,60 ± 0,28 L (20 ± 9%); capacidad vital forzada (CVF) 1,78 ± 0,62 L (46 ± 16%); presión arterial pulmonar media (PAPm) 21,08 ± 5,79 mmHg; presión parcial de oxígeno arterial (PaO2) 67,54 ± 12,27 mmHg; presión parcial de dióxido de carbono arterial (PaCO2) 46,40 ± 8,04 mmHg; distancia recorrida en prueba de marcha de 6 minutos (PM6M) 225,59 ± 113,67 m. La mortalidad hospitalaria (MH) fue 16% (13/84). La supervivencia global a 1, 3, 5, 7 y 10 años: 67%, 53%, 40%, 27% y 13%. Supervivencia condicional a 3, 5, 7 y 10 años: 79%, 59%, 41% y 20%. Conclusiones: El TP es una opción terapéutica en enfisema avanzado. Este trabajo muestra características y supervivencia de pacientes con EPOC trasplantados en Hospital Universitario Fundación Favaloro (HUFF).

Introduction and objectives: Emphysema is the most frequent indication of lung transplantation (LT)). The aim of this paper is to evaluate the demographic and functional characteristics of patients with emphysema and to analize survival. Methods: Observational and analytic study of 84 patients with emphysema who were transplanted between june 1994 and march 2012. Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze survival. Results: 84 (40%) out of 212 transplanted patients had diagnosis of emphysema; 11 (13%) of them with diagnosis of alfa-1 antitrypsin defcit. Seventy of them (83%) were single lung transplantation and 14 (17%) double lung transplantation; 69 in elective situation (82%) and 15 in emergency/urgency situation (18%). Mean age: 54, 95 ± 6, 10 years, 54 male (64%). Baseline characteristics were: forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1) 0,60 ± 0,28 L (20 ±9%); forced vital capacity (FVC) 1,78 ± 0,62 L (46 ± 16%); mean pulmonary artery pressure (map) 21,08 ± 5,79 mmHg; mean partial artery oxygen pressure (PaO2) 67,54 ± 12,27 mmHg; mean partial carbon dioxide pressure (PaCO2) 46,40 ± 8,04 mmHg, Six minute walk test (6MWT) distance was 225,59± 113,67 m. In-hospital mortality was 16% (13/84). Global survival at 1, 3, 5, 7 y 10 years was 67%, 53%, 40%, 27% y 13% respectively. Conditional survival at 3, 5, 7 y 10 years was 79%, 59%, 41% y 20% respectively. Conclusions: lung transplantation is a therapeutic option in advanced emphysema. This paper shows characteristics and survival of COPD patients who underwent lung transplantation in the University Hospital Foundation Favaloro.

Inhaler use in adolescents and adults with self-reported physician-diagnosed asthma, bronchitis, or emphysema in the city of Pelotas, Brazil / Uso de inaladores na população de adolescentes e adultos com diagnóstico médico autorreferido de asma, bronquite ou enfisema em Pelotas, RS

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the characteristics of users of inhalers and the prevalence of inhaler use among adolescents and adults with self-reported physician-diagnosed asthma, bronchitis, or emphysema. METHODS: A population-based study conducted in the city of Pelotas, Brazil, involving 3,670 subjects ≥ 10 years of age, evaluated with a questionnaire. RESULTS: Approximately 10% of the sample reported at least one of the respiratory diseases studied. Among those individuals, 59% reported respiratory symptoms in the last year, and, of those, only half reported using inhalers. The use of inhalers differed significantly by socioeconomic status (39% and 61% for the lowest and the highest, respectively, p = 0.01). The frequency of inhaler use did not differ by gender or age. Among the individuals reporting emphysema and inhaler use, the use of the bronchodilator-corticosteroid combination was more common than was that of a bronchodilator alone. Only among the individuals reporting physician-diagnosed asthma and current symptoms was the proportion of inhaler users higher than 50%. CONCLUSIONS: In our sample, inhalers were underutilized, and the type of medication used by the individuals who reported emphysema does not seem to be in accordance with the consensus recommendations. .

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as características dos usuários de dispositivos inalatórios e a prevalência de uso desses em adolescentes e adultos com diagnóstico médico autorreferido de asma, bronquite ou enfisema. MÉTODOS: Estudo de base populacional realizado em Pelotas, RS, incluindo 3.670 indivíduos com idade ≥ 10 anos, avaliados com um questionário. RESULTADOS: Aproximadamente 10% da amostra referiram pelo menos uma das doenças respiratórias investigadas. Entre esses, 59% apresentaram sintomas respiratórios no último ano, e, desses, apenas metade usou inaladores. O uso de inaladores diferiu significativamente de acordo com o nível socioeconômico (39% e 61% entre mais pobres e mais ricos, respectivamente; p = 0,01). Não houve diferença na frequência de uso de inaladores por sexo ou idade. Entre indivíduos com enfisema, o uso da combinação broncodilatador + corticoide inalatório foi mais frequente que o uso isolado de broncodilatador. Somente entre os indivíduos que referiram diagnóstico médico de asma e sintomas atuais, a proporção de uso de inaladores foi maior que 50%. CONCLUSÕES: Em nossa amostra, os inaladores foram subutilizados, e o tipo de medicamento usado por aqueles que referiram enfisema parece não estar de acordo com o preconizado em consensos sobre essa doença. .

Manejo de la hiperinsuflación pulmonar: Rol de la broncoscopía / Management of pulmonary hyperinsuflation: Role of bronchoscopy

El Ensayo Nacional para el Tratamiento del Enfisema (NETT) mostró los beneficios que obtenían los pacientes portadores de EPOC severa, adecuadamente seleccionados, mediante la reducción quirúrgica de volumen pulmonar. Estos logros se vieron empañados por la importante morbimortalidad postoperatoria, asociada al trauma quirúrgico. Esta circunstancia generó la búsqueda de un procedimiento que obtuviera los mismos resultados en términos de calidad de vida, tolerancia al ejercicio y sobrevida alejada, sin los riesgos que implica la cirugía. La reducción broncoscópica de volumen pulmonar ha ido desarrollando distintas alternativas encaminadas en esa dirección. El desarrollo de válvulas bronquiales unidireccionales aparece como la propuesta más prometedora. La clave para el éxito de este procedimiento radica en la precisa selección de pacientes. El carácter heterogéneo del enfisema, la presencia de cisuras interlobares completas y la demostración mediante técnicas adecuadas de la ausencia de ventilación colateral son los requerimientos más importantes para esperar un resultado exitoso.

The National Trial on Treatment of Emphysema (NTTE) showed that the surgical reduction of the pulmonary volume was beneficial in selected patients with severe COPD. However, these benefits have to be assessed in comparison with the surgery-associated morbidity and mortality. This drawback led to searching a procedure which could offer the same benefits in terms of quality of life, tolerance to exercise and prolonged survival without the surgical risks. The bronchoscopic reduction of the pulmonary volume offers several alternatives in this direction. The development of unidirectional bronchial valves appears to be the most promising alternative. The key to the success of this procedure lies in the correct selection of patients. The heterogeneous variability of emphysema, the presence of complete interlobular cissures and the absence of collateral ventilation as shown by adequate techniques are the most important requirements for a successful result.

Avaliação funcional pulmonar na DPOC / Pulmonary Function in COPD

A avaliação da DPOC é fundamentada nos dados clínicos e nos testes de função pulmonar, que demonstram obstrução ao fluxo aéreo, predominantemente irreversível. Diversos testes de função pulmonar são importantes no manejo terapêutico e na avaliação prognóstica dessa patologia. A espirometria é o primeiro teste funcional realizado e o mais importante na rotina da maioria dos pacientes. A medida da saturação de oxigênio, a mensuração de volumes estáticos e da capacidade de difusão e o teste de caminhada de seis minutos podem estar indicados nos pacientes mais sintomáticos. Outros testes de maior complexidade, como a pletismografia e a ergoespirometria, também podem estar indicados. A relevância clínica de estudos da função muscular e da mecânica pulmonar ainda não está definida. A presente revisão descreve os testes funcionais mais importantes na prática clínica e evidências científicas recentes sobre amelhor forma de interpretá-los

The assessment of COPD is based on clinical findings and pulmonary function tests demonstrating airflow obstruction that is, in most cases, irreversible.Various pulmonary function tests are important to the therapeutic management and prognostic evaluation of COPD. In the majority of patients, the first such test performed (and the most important) is spirometry. In COPD patients with greater symptom severity, the measurement of oxygen saturation, static volumes and diffusion capacity, as well as a six-minute walk test, can be indicated, as can other, more complex tests such as ergospirometry and plethysmography. The clinical relevance of studies of muscle function and respiratory mechanics has yet to be determined.This review describes the major pulmonary functional tests used in clinical practice and recent scientific evidence regarding the interpretation of the results of those tests.

Fenotipos clínicos en enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica: ¿volver al futuro? / Clinical phenotypes in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a complex and heterogeneous disease, that is defined by the degree of obstruction rendered by the forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEVj). This is a good parameter to define the severity of the disease but does not account for its heterogeneity and does not provide a good comprehension of its different clinical behaviors and responses to treatment. Therefore, the classification of these patients in different clinical phenotypes has been attempted, trying to search for common clinical behaviors and responses to treatment. These phenoptypes must be validated in longitudinal studies. Some of the phenotypes detected are COPD with chronic respiratory failure and responsive to home oxygen therapy, COPD with upper lobe emphysema and responsive to volume reduction surgery, COPD with frequent exacerbation behavior, COPD resembling bronchitis and responsive to Roflumilast and possibly, COPD with systemic involvement. Historically, the phenotypes pink puffer, blue bloater, chronic bronchitis were defined. In the next years, we will know if the definitions of these phenotypes will aid in the management of patients with COPD.

Efeito da laserterapia de baixa potência na inflamação pulmonar em rattus novergicus / Effect of low level laser therapy on lung inflammation in rattus norvegicus

Introdução. A doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica é uma enfermidade respiratória caracterizada pela presença de obstrução crônica do fluxo aéreo e manifestação inflamatória. Objetivo. Verificar o efeito da laserterapia de baixa potência no tratamento da inflamação pulmonar. Metodologia. Utilizou-se 30 ratos, divididos em três grupos de dez animais: grupo controle (recebeu apenas ar ambiente); grupo DPOC e grupo DPOC+laser (expostos à fumaça de cigarro durante 45 dias, sendo o grupo DPOC+laser tratado durante 12 dias com laser 904nm). Para análise dos resultados foi realizada histopatologia. Resultados. O grupo controle apresentou espaços aéreos normais com distorção arquitetural periférica do pulmão, o grupo DPOC demonstrou um enfisema acentuado, áreas de atelectasias e destruição das paredes alveolares. O grupo tratado houve uma regressão de enfisema acentuado para discreto. Conclusão. Na análise realizada, a inflamação pulmonar induzida pelo cigarro pode ser comprovada e a laserterapia de baixa potência mostrou-se eficaz na atenuação da inflamação.

Introduction. The chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is a respiratory disease characterized by chronic airflow obstruction and inflammatory manifestation. Objective. To investigate the effect of low level laser therapy in the treatment of pulmonary inflammation. Methodology. We used 30 rats divided into three groups of ten animals: control group (received only room air), group COPD and COPD + laser (exposed to cigarette smoke for 45 days with group COPD + laser treated for 12 days with 904nm laser). For data analysis was performed histopathology. Results. The control group had normal air spaces with architectural distortion of the peripheral lung, COPD group showed a marked emphysema, areas of atelectasis and destruction of alveolar walls in the treated group there was a regression from mild to severe emphysema. Conclusion. Through the analysis performed pulmonary inflammation induced by cigarette can be proved, and the low level laser therapy was effective in reducing inflammation.

Utilização de células-tronco derivadas da medula óssea: terapia viável para doenças pulmonares obstrutivas crônicas? / Use of bone marrow stem cells: feasible therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease?

Doenças pulmonares obstrutivas crônicas acarretam em redução na qualidade de vida dos portadores e altos gastos ao sistema público de saúde. Na maioria dos casos, o tratamento destas enfermidades envolve apenas medidas paliativas, o que as tornam grandes alvos de pesquisa com terapia celular. As células-tronco têm capacidade de se diferenciar em todos os tecidos que compõem o organismo devido à plasticidade, e sua ação na regeneração tecidual é comprovada apesar do mecanismo não estar totalmente elucidado. Células-tronco foram, em princípio, pesquisadas como panacéias para doenças neurológicas, cardiovasculares e diabetes. Os resultados favoráveis à utilização dessa terapia nestes sistemas impulsionaram pesquisas em doenças pulmonares obstrutivas crônicas, como enfisema, fibrose cística e fibrose pulmonar idiopática.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease have been targets of cell therapy research, because they decrease life quality, cost a lot to the public health system and can only be treated with palliative protocols. The stem cells are capable of differentiating into all body tissues, according to their plasticity, and its action in tissue regeneration is established, although the mechanism is not fully elucidated. Stem cells were initially investigated as panaceas for diabetes as well as for neurological and cardiovascular diseases. The positive results obtained with stem cell therapy in these systems stimulated research about its use for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, such as emphysema, cystic fibrosis and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Terapia celular em doenças pulmonares: existem perspectivas? / Cell therapy in pulmonary diseases: are there perspectives?

A terapia celular poderia ser conceituada de forma ampla e genérica como o emprego de células para tratamento de doenças. Apesar de um número não tão expressivo de relatos tendo o pulmão como objeto de estudo na terapia celular em pacientes humanos, há dados consistentes da literatura, tanto em humanos, quanto em modelos animais,que evidenciam a migração de células-tronco da medula óssea para o pulmão,em diferentes situações experimentais. Esses resultados forneceram o embasamento experimental para o emprego de células-tronco na regeneração do tecido pulmonar em modelos animais. Em nosso laboratório, vários projetos de pesquisa têm sido conduzidos com a finalidade de avaliar a resposta pulmonar (morfológica e funcional) ao tratamento com células-tronco adultas em camundongos com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) induzida experimentalmente. Os resultados obtidos, aliados àqueles de outros grupos de pesquisa, permitem aventar a possibilidade de aplicação, a curto prazo, da terapia celular em pacientes com DPOC. Em outra patologia pulmonar, fibrose cística (FC), cuja abordagem terapêutica com células-tronco apresenta aspectos particulares em relação às patologias pulmonares crônico-degenerativas, há avanços promissores e potencialmente interessantes; no entanto, os resultados podem ser considerados incipientes e deve-se assinalar, portanto, que a associação da terapia gênica e celular apresenta-se como uma alternativa possível, mas ainda muito distante quanto à sua consolidação e incorporação como opção terapêutica segura e eficaz em FC. Por outro lado, tendo por embasamento os resultados obtidos em modelos experimentais, é possível postular que a terapia celular com células-tronco hematopoéticas (ou de outras fontes) encerra perspectivas consistentes de aplicação em diversas outras patologias pulmonares humanas, especialmente em DPOC.

Cell therapy can be briefly described as the use of cells in the treatment of diseases. Although the number of scientific reports involving lung and cell therapy in humans is not expressive, there are consistent data, both in humans and animal models. Experiments show the migration of bone marrow stem cells to the lung, in different situations. These results provide the experimental basis for the use of stem cells in the regeneration of the lung tissue in animal models. In our laboratory, several projects have been conducted aiming to evaluate the pulmonary response (morphological and functional) to treatment with adult stem cells in mice with experimentally induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The results obtained, together with those from other research groups, allow us to consider the possibility of application, in the near future, of cell therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. For another disease, cystic fibrosis, cell therapy shows particular aspects in relation to other chronic degenerative pulmonary diseases. In this pathology, there are interesting and promising advances, however, the results are incipient and, thus, it must be said that the association between genetic and cell therapy appears to be a possibility, but still far from being consolidated and incorporated as a safe and effective therapeutic alternative in cystic fibrosis. On the other hand, based on the results obtained in experimental models, it is possible to postulate that cell therapy with hematopoietic stem cells (or from other sources) brings consistent application perspectives in several other human pulmonary diseases, especially in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

DPOC hoje / COPD today

A doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica (DPOC) é um grave problema de saúde pública que vem crescendo de importância. As estimativas são de que passe a ser a terceira causa de morte e incapacitação em 2020 em todo o mundo. Causada principalmente pelo tabagismo, reduz a qualidade e o tempo de vida. Doença de etiopatogenia complexa, na qual a integração entre predisposição genética e exposição do trato respiratório a diferentes fatores resulta em imbricados mecanismos inflamatórios que comprometem não apenas o pulmão, assim como o sistema cardiovacular e a musculatura esquelética. Mais ainda, é fator de risco para outras doenças cardíacas e neoplásicas. Diferentemente do passado recente, dispomos hoje de terapêutica que permite interferir em sua história natural

Características y riesgo de las personas con diabetes y EPOC registrados en las empresas sociales del Estado de la red pública del departamento de Risaralda, durante el período comprendido entre el primero de julio 2002 al 30 de junio del 2005 / Characteristic and Risks of People with diabetes and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Registered in the Public Network of Social Services of the Department of Risaralda from July 2002 to June 30, 2005

La Diabetes Mellitus y la Enfermedad Pulmonar Obstructiva Crónica, EPOC, hacen parte de las patologías que clásicamente se han definido como degenerativas y crónicas. La mortalidad en Risaralda reporta la EPOC sistemáticamente entre las tres primeras causas de defunción en la serie desde 1997. La tendencia es al descenso y aunque que la mortalidad por Diabetes Mellitus parece tener una tendencia al descenso, en el último año presenta alza en las tasas de mortalidad. A pesar que existe un sistema de información de morbilidad y mortalidad para la Secretaría Departamental de Salud de Risaralda, no son suficientes las políticas de promoción de la salud con la información reportada por los certificados de defunción, al punto que actualmente se desconocen las características de los factores de riesgo de las personas con diagnóstico de DIABETES y/o EPOC, registrados en las Empresas Sociales del Estado de la red pública del departamento Risaralda.