Prevalence of and risk factors for intestinal parasite infections in pediatric patients admitted to public hospitals in Southern Brazil

Abstract INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis and to identify risk factors associated therewith in hospitalized children. METHODS: Three fecal samples from each patient were evaluated using three different techniques. The patients' nutritional and socioeconomic status and hematologic profiles were evaluated. RESULTS: Of 106 children, 32.1% tested positive for intestinal parasitosis. The associated risk factors were low parental education levels and children's nail-biting habit. Eosinophilia, observed in 15 cases, was not associated with parasitosis. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend routine fecal parasitologic examination for hospitalized children and implementation of educational campaigns on the prevention of these diseases.

Ocorrência e fatores associados a enteroparasitoses em catadores de lixo / Occurrence and factors associated with intestinal parasitic infections in waste recyclers

Introdução: As enteroparasitoses são doenças que afetam pessoas em todo o mundo e estão relacionadas a fatores inerentes aos indivíduos acometidos, como consumo de água contaminada, saúde e educação em saúde precárias e baixas condições socioeconômicas. Este estudo pretende verificar a ocorrência de enteroparasitoses em coletores de lixo e estabelecer se há relações entre os parasitos e o trabalho de coleta de lixo. Métodos: As fezes de 25 coletores de resíduos foram coletadas, e questionários sobre hábitos alimentares, condições de habitação e uso de equipamentos de proteção individual foram aplicados. As amostras fecais foram analisadas por duas técnicas coproparasitológicas. Resultados: Do total de participantes (N = 30), 8% apresentaram cistos de Endolimax nana e 4% apresentaram ovos de Ascaris lumbricoides. As idades dos coletores variaram de 22 a 67 anos, e os tipos de habitação foram casa de alvenaria (10), de madeira (17), mista (2) e outros tipos (1). Mais de 80% tinham algum tipo de animal de estimação. Conclusão: Embora todas as amostras fecais tenham sido obtidas de pessoas que manipularam diretamente o lixo, o que envolve a possibilidade de infecção por agentes biológicos, a maioria estava livre de enteroparasitos. Isso sugere que os participantes com enteroparasitoses podem ter sido infectados em outros lugares, como na própria casa. Novos estudos devem ser realizados, mas de uma forma que seja estendida a outros locais de vida dos coletores, além de incluir seus parentes (AU)

Introduction: Intestinal parasitic diseases affect people all over the world and are related to factors inherent to affected individuals, such as consumption of contaminated water, poor health and health education, and low socioeconomic conditions. This study aimed to assess the occurrence of parasitic infections in waste recyclers and establish whether there are relations between parasites and the work of waste collection. Methods: Feces were collected from 25 waste recyclers, and questionnaires on eating habits, housing conditions and use of individual protection equipment were applied. Fecal samples were analyzed using parasitological techniques. Results: Of the total number of participants (N = 30), 8% had Endolimax nana cysts and 4% Ascaris lumbricoides eggs. Recyclers' age ranged from 22 to 67 years, and the types of houses were the following: brick house (10), wooden house (17), mixed construction (2) and other types (1). More than 80% had pets. Conclusion: Although all the fecal samples were obtained from people who had direct contact with waste, which involves the possibility of infection by biological agents, most participants were free of intestinal parasites, suggesting that those infected could have been infected elsewhere, such as their own home. Further studies should be conducted, but extended to other places where recyclers circulate and including their relatives (AU)

Desigualdad en la prevalencia de parasitosis intestinal en escolares de una escuela urbana y dos rurales de la comuna de Puerto Montt / Inequality in the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among schoolchildren from urban and rural schools

Background: Parasitic infections in children reflect social inequalities throughout the world, especially in urban and rural territories. Aim: To assess inequalities in the prevalence of infections by protozoa and intestinal helminths and associated factors in children of different geographical areas from the commune of Puerto Montt. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study carried out in 103 students from one urban and two rural schools in the commune of Puerto Montt. A socio-demographic survey was applied and the presence parasitic infections was evaluated in serial stool samples. Results: The prevalence of Protozoan and intestinal helminthic infections were 37.5 and 68.1% in urban and rural areas respectively. A regression analysis showed that the differences between rural and urban children, disappear when the results are adjusted by family income and the quality of sewage disposal. In urban children, the prevalence of parasitic infections increases along with the decrease in family income. Conclusions: Income and sanitary conditions rather than being or urban or rural origin explain the variations in rates of childhood parasitic infections. Infections with protozoa and intestinal helminths are an indicator of social inequality in health.

Enteroparasitosis en niños bajo 5 años de edad, indígenas y no indígenas, de comunidades rurales del Paraguay / Enteric parasitic disease in children under 5 years of age, indigenous and non-indigenous, from rural communities in Paraguay

Background: Official figures of mortality in children under five years of age in the Americas, report that infectious and parasitic diseases caused most of the deaths. Objective: To evaluate the frequency of intestinal parasites in vulnerable children, indigenous and non-indigenous, and their socio-environmental characteristics. Patients and Methods: We evaluated 247 children under five years of age, of both sexes. Descriptive study with an analytical component, transverse cutting. Copro-parasitological examinations were carried out and semi-structured interviews to collect socio-demographic data were conducted. Results: The frequency of intestinal parasitic diseases was 56.1% and 35.5% in indigenous and non-indigenous children, respectively. In both populations, the most common pathogens were Blastocystis hominis and Giardia lamblia. Conclusion: We found a high frequency of parasitism in indigenous children at the expense of protozoa. Non-indigenous children still present the same parasitic species found in previous studies, suggesting the need to implement more control and prevention. The poor conditions in which they live favor the development of these diseases.

Introducción: Cifras oficiales de mortalidad en niños bajo 5 años de edad, en las Américas, refieren que la mayor parte de las defunciones fueron causadas por enfermedades infecciosas incluyendo las parasitarias. Objetivo: Evaluar la frecuencia de enteroparasitosis en población infantil vulnerable, indígenas y no indígenas, y sus características socio-ambientales. Pacientes y Métodos: Se evaluaron 247 niños bajo 5 años de edad, de ambos sexos. Estudio descriptivo con componente analítico, de corte transverso. Se realizaron exámenes copro-parasitológicos y se aplicaron encuestas semi-estructuradas para recoger datos socio-demográficos. Resultados: la frecuencia de enteroparasitosis en los niños indígenas fue de 56,1% y en los niños no indígenas de 35,5%. En ambas poblaciones los patógenos más frecuentes fueron Gardia lamblia y Blastocystis hominis. Conclusión: Encontramos una elevada frecuencia de parasitosis en la población infantil indígena, a expensas de los protozoarios. Los niños no indígenas siguen portando las mismas especies parasitarias encontradas en estudios anteriores, sugiriendo la necesidad de implementar un mayor control y prevención. Existen escasos estudios en nuestro país sobre parasitosis en edades tempranas y no se cuentan con datos en la niñez indígena. Las pobres condiciones en las que viven favorecen el desarrollo de estas enfermedades.

Prevalence of ittestinal parasites among food handlers of sari, northern Iran / Prevalência de parasitas intestinais entre manipuladores de alimentos de Sari, Norte do Iran

Parasitic infection is highly prevalent throughout the developing countries of the world. Food handlers are a potential source of infection for many intestinal parasites and other enteropathogenic infections as well. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of intestinal parasite carriers among food handlers attending the public health center laboratory in Sari, Northern Iran for annual check-up. The study was performed from August 2011 through February 2012. Stool samples were collected from 1041 male and female food handlers of different jobs aged between 18 to 63 years and were examined following standard procedures. Sociodemographic, environmental and behavioral data analysis of the food handlers were recorded in a separate questionnaire. Intestinal parasites were found in 161 (15.5%) of the studied samples. Seven species of protozoan or helminth infections were detected. Most of the participants were infected with Giardia lamblia (53.9%) followed by Blastocystis hominis (18%), Entamoeba coli (15.5%), Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (5.5%), Cryptosporidium sp. (3.1%), Iodamoeba butschlii (3.1%) and Hymenolepis nana (1.9%) as the only helminth infection. The findings emphasized that food handlers with different pathogenic organisms may predispose consumers to significant health risks. Routine screening and treatment of food handlers is a proper tool in preventing food-borne infections.

Infecção parasitária é altamente prevalente entre os países em desenvolvimento do mundo. Manipuladores de alimentos são fonte potencial de infecção de muitos parasitas intestinais assim como de outras infecções entero-patogênicas. O propósito deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência de portadores de parasitas intestinais entre pessoas que manipulam alimentos e atendem o centro de saúde pública em Sari, norte do Iran para possível check-up. O estudo foi conduzido de agosto de 2011 até fevereiro de 2012. Amostras de fezes foram coletadas de 1041 manipuladores de ambos os sexos e de diferentes funções entre a idade de 18 e 63 anos e foram examinados de acordo com procedimentos standard. Em questionário separado foram colocadas as análises sóciodemográficas, ambientais e de comportamento dos manipuladores de alimentos. Parasitas intestinais foram encontrados em 161 (15,5%) das amostras estudadas. Sete espécies de protozoários ou infecções por helmintos foram observadas. A maior parte dos participantes estava infectada com Giardia lamblia (53,9%) seguida por Blastocystis hominis (18%), Entamoeba coli (15,5%), Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (5,5%), Cryptosporidium sp. (3,1%), Iodamoeba butschlii (3,1%) e Hymenolepis nana (1,9%) como a única infecção por helminto. Os achados enfatizaram que os manipuladores de alimentos, com diferentes organismos patogênicos podem se constituir risco significante para os consumidores. Exames rotineiros e tratamento dos manipuladores de alimentos são as ferramentas apropriadas para prevenir as infecções originadas de alimentos.

Distribución espacial de las parasitosis intestinales en la ciudad de La Plata, Argentina

El análisis de las parasitosis a diferentes escalas (regional, local) se facilita por el Geographic Information System (GIS), que permite identificar áreas con distinto grado de vulnerabilidad. El objetivo del trabajo fue analizar la distribución espacial de las parasitosis intestinales en el partido de La Plata, estableciendo su relación con las condiciones socio-ambientales para identificar áreas con diferente riesgo epidemiológico. Se completó una encuesta epidemiológica y se tomaron muestras seriadas de materia fecal, analizadas por la técnica de Ritchie. Se calcularon niveles de precariedad y vulnerabilidad (Iv), y se compararon con los resultados parasitológicos. Se analizaron parasitológica y ambientalmente 653 personas, de las cuales 585 (89.6%) eran niños y 68 (10.4%) adultos. El análisis indicó que los más vulnerables (Iv = 3-4) estaban en el sector con menor acceso a servicios de infraestructura urbana. El índice se encontró fuertemente asociado a la prevalencia total de parasitosis intestinales y a las 4 especies patógenas asociadas a la contaminación fecal del ambiente: Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, Hymenolepis nana y Giardia lamblia (p < 0.01). Enterobius vermicularis, parásito no vinculado a la condición sanitaria de sus hospedadores, no se asoció al Iv. Hubo asociación estadística entre precariedad y parasitosis y se halló que a mayor Iv mayor frecuencia de parasitosis (p < 0.01). El uso de GIS permitió zonificar las variables socioambientales en un gradiente creciente de condiciones desfavorables y su relación con la presencia de especies patógenas. La continuidad de estos estudios en diferentes regiones de Argentina contribuye a la determinación de áreas en riesgo sanitario.

Parasitosis analysis at regional levels is simplified by the use of the Geographic Information System (GIS), which enables the identification of areas with different degrees of vulnerability. We analyzed the spatial distribution of intestinal parasites in La Plata district and their relationship with socio-environmental conditions in order to identify areas with different degrees of epidemiological risk. An epidemiological survey was completed; stool samples were collected and analyzed by Ritchie's method. Levels of precariousness and vulnerability (Iv rate) were calculated and compared to the parasitological results. Parasitological and environmental analysis were carried out on a total of 653 individuals, of whom 585 (89.6%) were children and 68 (10.4%) adults. The analysis indicated that the most vulnerable (Iv = 3-4) were those located in areas with less access to urban infrastructure services. The Iv was strongly associated with the overall prevalence of intestinal parasitosis and the 4 pathogenic species related to the fecal contamination of the environment: Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, Hymenolepis nana and Giardia lamblia (p < 0.01). On the other hand, Enterobius vermicularis, a parasite not related to the sanitary condition of its host, was not associated with the Iv. Statistical association between poverty and parasitosis was noted; the greater the Iv, higher the incidence of parasites (p < 0.01). GIS allowed zoning socio-environmental variables in an increasing gradient of unfavorable conditions and their relationship to the presence of pathogenic species. The continuity of these studies in different regions of Argentina contributes to the determination of health risk areas.

Prevalencia de microsporidios intestinales y otros enteroparásitos en pacientes con VIH positivo de Maracaibo, Venezuela / Prevalence of intestinal microsporidia and other intestinal parasites in hiv positive patients from Maracaibo, Venezuela.

Introducción. Desde 1985, los microsporidios se consideran parásitos causantes de infecciones emergentes y oportunistas en individuos inmunocomprometidos en todo el mundo. Objetivo. Detectar la presencia de microsporidios y otros enteroparásitos en pacientes con VIH/sida del Servicio Autónomo Hospital Universitario de Maracaibo (SAHUM), donde no existían estudios previos en este campo. Materiales y métodos. Las muestras fecales se analizaron mediante examen directo, método de concentración con formol-éter, coloración de Kinyoun y coloración Gram-cromotropo rápida. Se realizaron PCR separadas para diferenciar Entamoeba histolytica o Entamoeba dispar , cuando se observó el complejo E. histolytica/dispar al microscopio. Mediante historia clínica se obtuvo información del paciente. Resultados. De los 56 individuos participantes, 38 (67,86 %) presentaron alguna especie parasitaria comensal o patógena en su muestra fecal. Predominaron los individuos portadores de especies parásitas patógenas (26/38). Fueron diagnosticados protozoos como Isospora belli (17,65 %), Blastocystis spp .(17,65 %), Cryptosporidium spp. (7,84 %), complejo Entamoeba histolytica/dispar (5,88 %) , Entamoeba coli (3,92 %) , Giardia lamblia (3,92 %) , Endolimax nana (3,92 %) , Cyclospora cayetanensis (3,92 %) y Chilomastix mesnili (1,96 %). Entre los helmintos, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura y Strongyloides stercoralis, presentaron un porcentaje de 27,27 % cada uno, e Hymenolepis nana , de 18,18 %. Solo se detectó E. histolytica en uno de los tres casos que presentaron el complejo al examen microscópico. Mediante Gram-cromotropo, 17 muestras evidenciaron esporas del filo Microsporidia, lo que equivale a un 33,33 % de prevalencia. Conclusión. Los microsporidios pueden ocupar el primer lugar de prevalencia en pacientes con VIH positivo, cuando se utilizan técnicas diagnósticas específicas.

Objective: To detect the presence of microsporidia and other enteric parasites in patients with HIVAIDS of the Autonomous Services University Hospital of Maracaibo (SAHUM), where there are no previous studies in this field. Materials and methods: Fecal samples were analyzed by means of direct exam, concetration method with formal-ether, Kinyoun coloration and fast Gram-Chromotrope coloration. Separate PCR were perfomed to differentiate Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar , when the E. histolytica/E. dispar complex was observed in the microscope. Information on the patient was obtained trough clinical history. Results: Of 56 individuals that participated, 38 (67.86%) presented some commensal parasite and/ or pathogenic species in their fecal sample. Carriers of pathogenic species were predominat (26/38). Protozoa such as Isospora belli protozoa (17.65%), Blastocystis spp. (17.65%), Cryptosporidium spp. (7.84%), E. histolytica/E. dispar (5.88%), Entamoeba coli (3.92%), Giardia lamblia (3.92%), Endolimax nana (3.92%), Cyclospora cayetanensis (3.92%), and Chilomastix mesnilli (1.96%) were diagnosed. Among the helminths, Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura and Strongyloides stercoralis , had a percentage of 27.27% each, and Hymenolepis nana , 18.18%. Entamoeba histolytica was only detected in one of three cases presenting complex microscopic examination. By Gram-chromotrope, 17 samples showed spores of the Microsporidia phylum, equivalent to 33.33% prevalence. Conclusion: Microsporidia may be first prevalente in HIV positive patients when specific diagnostic techniques are used.

HIGH PREVALENCE OF Strongyloides stercoralis INFECTION AMONG THE ELDERLY IN BRAZIL / Alta prevalência da infecção por Strongyloides stercoralis em idosos do Brasil

SUMMARY Little is known about the frequency of intestinal parasites in the elderly due to a lack of attention given to the occurrence of these infections among older adults. This study compares the frequency of Strongyloides stercoralis and other enteroparasites between elderly living in nursing homes (n = 100) and those noninstitutionalized (n = 100) from Uberlândia, state of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil, associated with data of epidemiological and socio-demographic conditions. Through coproparasitological examination of both groups, enteroparasites were detected in 15 of 200 individuals examined (7.5%; CI: 5.1- 9.9). S. stercoralis was the most frequent parasite 10/200 (5%; CI: 4.2-5.8), being significantly higher in males and in individuals with autonomy for daily living activities. There were no statistical differences in the prevalence of parasites between the two groups compared. In conclusion, S. stercoralis infection was highly prevalent in elderly patients and it does not depend on whether the individual was institutionalized or not. .

RESUMO Pouco é conhecido sobre a freqüência de parasitas intestinais em idosos devido à falta de atenção dada à ocorrência destas infecções nesta faixa etária. Este estudo compara a freqüência de Strongyloides stercoralis e outros parasitos intestinais entre idosos residindo em lares para idosos (n = 100) e aqueles não institucionalizados (n = 100) de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, região sudeste do Brasil, associados com dados epidemiológicos e condições sócio-demográficas. Ambos os grupos foram submetidos a exames coproparasitológicos. Parasitos foram detectados em 15 dos 200 indivíduos examinados (7,5%; CI: 5,1 - 9,9). S. stercoralis foi o parasito mais freqüente 10/200 (5%; CI: 4,2 - 5,8), sendo significantemente maior em homens e indivíduos com autonomia das atividades diárias. Não houve diferença estatística entre a prevalência de parasitos quando os dois grupos foram comparados. Concluiu-se que a infecção por S. stercoralis foi altamente prevalente em idosos independente se institucionalizados ou não. .

Prevalence of ittestinal parasitism and associated symptomatology among hemodialysis patients / Prevalência de parasitismo intestinal e sintomatologia associada em pacientes hemodialíticos

Intestinal parasites are an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Immunocompromised individuals may develop more severe forms of these infections. Taking into account the immunity impairment in patients suffering from chronic renal failure (CRF), we will determine the prevalence and associated symptoms of intestinal parasites in these patients. Controls without CRF were used for comparison. Stool samples were collected and processed for microscopic identification of parasites using the Formalin-ether concentration method. For Cryptosporidium diagnosis, the ELISA technique was used. One hundred and ten fecal samples from hemodialysis patients were analyzed, as well as 86 from a community group used as control group. A result of 51.6% of intestinal parasites was observed in hemodialysis patients and 61.6% in the control group. Cryptosporidium and Blastocystis were the most common infections in patients with CRF (26.4% and 24.5%, respectively). Blastocystis was the most common infection in the control group (41.9%), however no individual was found positive for Cryptosporidium. Among the CRF patients, 73.6% were symptomatic, 54.3% of these tested positive for at least one parasite, in contrast to 44.8% in asymptomatic patients (p = 0.38). The most common symptoms in this group were flatulence (36.4%), asthenia (30.0%) and weight loss (30.0%). In the control group, 91.9% were symptomatic, 60.8% of these tested positive for at least one parasite, in contrast to 71.4% in asymptomatic patients (p = 0.703). A significant difference between the two groups was observed with regard to symptoms, with bloating, postprandial fullness, and abdominal pain being more frequent in the control group than in the hemodialysis group (all p < 0.05). Comparing symptomatic with asymptomatic, there was no association in either group between symptoms or the prevalence of parasitic infection, nor with the type of parasite or with multiple parasitic infections. Patients with chronic renal failure are frequent targets for renal transplantation, which as well as the inherent immunological impairment of the disease itself, results in immunosuppression by medication. For this reason, carriers of intestinal parasites with pathogenic potential can develop serious clinical complications influencing the success of transplantation. This fact, coupled with the high prevalence of intestinal parasites and the dissociation between symptoms and infection in CRF patients, suggests that the stool test should be incorporated in routine propedeutics. Furthermore, preventive measures for the acquisition of parasites through the fecal-oral contamination route should be introduced.

Doenças parasitárias infectam grande número de indivíduos em todo o mundo. Manifestações clínicas mais severas podem se apresentar em pacientes imunocomprometidos. Considerando o importante comprometimento imunológico observado em pacientes com insuficiência renal crônica (IRC), foi determinada a prevalência e sintomas associados a parasitoses intestinais nesses pacientes em comparação a controles saudáveis. Foram coletadas amostras fecais de cada participante e processadas para identificação microscópica dos parasitas pelo método de concentração por formol-éter. Foi utilizada a técnica de ELISA para identificar coproantígenos de Cryptosporidium. Foram analisadas 110 amostras fecais de pacientes em hemodiálise e 86 de um grupo controle comunitário. Cryptosporidium e Blastocystis foram as infecções mais freqüentes nos pacientes em hemodiálise (26,4% e 24,5%, respectivamente). Blastocystis foi a infecção mais freqüente no grupo controle (41,9%), entretanto nenhum indivíduo positivo para Cryptosporidium foi identificado. Considerando os pacientes com IRC, 73,6% eram sintomáticos, sendo 54,3% positivos para algum parasita, contra 44,8% nos assintomáticos (p = 0,38). Os sintomas mais frequentes neste grupo foram flatulência (36,4%), adinamia (30,0%) e perda de peso (30,0%). No grupo controle, 91,9% eram sintomáticos, sendo 60,8% positivos para algum parasita, contra 71,4% nos assintomáticos (p = 0,703). Em relação aos sintomas, houve diferença significativa entre os dois grupos, sendo que flatulência, plenitude pós-prandial, e dor abdominal foram mais freqüentes no grupo controle que nos pacientes em hemodiálise (todos p < 0,05). Comparando-se sintomáticos com assintomáticos, não houve associação entre a sintomatologia e a prevalência de parasitose, nem com o tipo de parasita, e nem com o poliparasitismo, nos dois grupos. Considerando que pacientes com IRC são frequentes alvos de transplante renal, resultando em imunossupressão por medicamentos, que é somada à deficiência imunológica inerente à própria doença. Os portadores de parasitas intestinais com potencial patogênico podem desenvolver sérias complicações clínicas que influenciam o sucesso do transplante. Este fato, aliado a alta prevalência de parasitas intestinais e dissociação entre os sintomas e infecção nesses pacientes, sugerem a incorporação do exame de fezes na propedêutica de rotina dos mesmos, juntamente com medidas preventivas para a aquisição de parasitas com rota de contaminação fecal-oral.

Prevalence and risk factors for intestinal protozoa infection in elderly residents at Long Term Residency Institutions in Southeastern Brazil / Prevalência e fatores de risco para infecção por protozoários intestinais em idosos residentes nas Instituições de Longa Permanência no Sudeste do Brasil

This study determined the prevalence of intestinal protozoa in Long Term Residency Institutions for the Elderly (ILPI) in elders, nurses and food handlers, identifying the risk factors associated with the infections. Stool samples taken from the elderly (n = 293), nurses (63) and food handlers (19) were studied. Questionnaires were used with questions related to sociodemographic variables, health, behavior and health characteristics. Stool samples were examined using the techniques of Faust and Ziehl Neelsen, and the prevalence of G. duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., E. histolytica/dispar in the elderly was 4.0%, 1.0% and 0.3% respectively. Nurses and food handlers showed 4.8% and 5.2% positivity only for G. duodenalis, respectively. The origin of the individuals and contact with domestic animals has been associated with infection by G. duodenalis in the elderly, and contact with domestic animals was considered a risk factor for infection. The last stool examinations were related to Cryptosporidium spp.. None of the variables were associated with E. histolytica/dispar. The frequency of hand washing was significantly associated with G. duodenalis among nurses. The frequency of positive samples of G. duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., E. histolytica/dispar showed that ILPIs environments are conducive to this occurring due to contact between the elderly, nurses and food handlers, which are often poorly trained in hygiene procedures and food handling.

Este estudo determinou a prevalência de protozoários intestinais em Instituições de Longa Permanência para Idosos (ILPI), enfermeiros, manipuladores de alimentos identificando fatores de risco associados às infecções. Amostras de fezes de idosos (n = 293), enfermeiros (63), manipuladores de alimentos (19) foram estudadas. Foram aplicados questionários relacionados a variáveis sociodemográficas, de higiene, comportamento e características de saúde. As amostras de fezes foram examinadas pelas técnicas de Faust e Ziehl Neelsen e a prevalência de G. duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., E.histolytica/dispar nos idosos foi de 4,0%, 1,0% e 0,3%, respectivamente. Enfermeiros e manipuladores de alimentos apresentaram 4,8% e 5,2% de positividade apenas para G. duodenalis, respectivamente. A origem dos indivíduos, o contato com animais domésticos foram associados à infecção por G. duodenalis nos idosos, sendo que o contato com animais domésticos foi considerado um fator de risco para a infecção, o tempo do último exame coproparasitológico foi relacionado a Cryptosporidium spp.. Nenhuma das variáveis apresentaram associação com E. histolytica/dispar. A frequência da lavagem das mãos foi associada significativamente com G. duodenalis entre enfermeiros. As frequências de amostras positivas para G. duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., E. histolytica/dispar demonstram que ILPIs são ambientes propícios para esta ocorrência devido ao contato entre idosos, enfermeiros, manipuladores de alimentos, que muitas vezes são mal treinados em procedimentos de higiene e manipulação de alimentos.

Factors influencing growth and intestinal parasitic infections in preschoolers attending philanthropic daycare centers in Salvador, Northeast Region of Brazil / Crescimento linear e infecções parasitárias intestinais em pré-escolares matriculados em creches filantrópicas de Salvador, Nordeste do Brasil

Poor growth and intestinal parasitic infections are widespread in disadvantaged urban children. This cross-sectional study assessed factors influencing poor growth and intestinal parasites in 376 children aged three to six years in daycare centers in Salvador, in the Northeast Region of Brazil. Data was obtained from seven daycare centers on child weight, height, socio-economic status, health and intestinal parasites in stool samples. Prevalence of moderate underweight (< -1SD > -2SD), wasting and stunting was 12%, 16% and 6% respectively. Socioeconomic status, birth order, and maternal weight were predictors of poor anthropometric status. Almost 30% of children were infected with more than one intestinal parasite. Helminths (17.8%), notably Trichuris trichiura (12%) and Ascaris lumbricoides (10.5%), and protozoan Giardia duodenalis (13%) were the most common types of parasites detected. One percent of children had hookworm and Cryptosporidium sp. and 25% had non-pathogenic protozoan cysts. Boys from families with very low socio-economic status had lower linear growth and presented a greater risk of helminth infection. Deworming is considered an alternative for reducing the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in this age group.

Déficit de crescimento e parasitoses são comuns entre crianças residentes em periferias. Em estudo transversal com 376 pré-escolares (3-6 anos) de creches em Salvador, Nordeste do Brasil, avaliamos fatores predisponentes para déficit de crescimento e parasitose. Obtiveram-se dados em sete creches sobre peso da criança, altura, nível socioeconômico, estado de saúde e parasitos em amostras de fezes. Prevalência de baixo peso (-1 < DP > -2), desnutrição e baixa estatura foram 12%, 16%, e 6%, respectivamente; nível socioeconômico, ordem de nascimento e peso materno foram preditores da antropometria. Aproximadamente 30% estavam infectados com ≥ 1 parasita. Helmintos (17.8%), notavelmente Trichuris trichiura (12%) e Ascaris lumbricoides (10.5%) e protozoário Giardia duodenalis (13%) foram os mais comuns; < 1% tinha ancilostomíase e Cryptosporidium sp.; 25% apresentaram protozoários cistos não patogênicos. Meninos de famílias muito pobres tiveram menor crescimento e maior risco de helmintose. A desparasitação pode ser considerada uma alternativa para a redução da prevalência de parasitoses intestinais nesse grupo etário.

Estudio clínico-epidemiológico de coccidiosis intestinales en una población rural de región semiárida del estado Falcón, Venezuela / Clinical and epidemiological study of intestinal coccidioses in a rural population of a semiarid region from Falcon state, Venezuela

A pesar de que las coccidiosis intestinales ocasionadas por Cryptosporidium, Cystoisospora belli y Cyclospora cayetanensis constituyen patologías parasitarias de alta relevancia en la Salud Pública, en el estado Falcón, Venezuela, se desconocen muchos aspectos de sus características clínicas y epidemiológicas. Durante junio-octubre de 2011, se realizó un estudio para determinar los aspectos clínicos y epidemiológicos en 157 habitantes (X ± D.S= 21,28 ± 17 años), de Sabaneta, estado Falcón, Venezuela. Se hizo evaluación clínica y anamnesis para la búsqueda de signos y síntomas que usualmente se encuentran asociados a las coccidiosis intestinales. La detección de la infección parasitaria se realizó por análisis microscópico al fresco y ooquistes en extendidos teñidos con Kinyoun. El análisis de los resultados reveló una prevalencia global de parasitosis intestinales de 61,78% (97/157), siendo Blastocystis sp. el taxón más frecuentemente observado (56,68%). La prevalencia de coccidiosis intestinal fue de 26,11% (41/157), siendo la ciclosporiosis la más prevalente con 24,2%, no detectándose diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre sexos ni edades (X2= 0,20; p=0,70 y x2=10,06; p= 0,44, respectivamente). La diarrea y la epigastralgia fueron las manifestaciones características más frecuentemente observadas, y las únicas significativamente asociadas con las coccidiosis (p < 0,05). A la luz de los resultados obtenidos, se concluye que el lavado de manos (OR= 1.93), la tenencia de animales domésticos (OR= 10.1), su alimentación con desperdicios (OR= 6.58), y su aseo (OR= 2.78), son potenciales factores de riesgo que aparecen de forma significativa en la dinámica de transmisión y mantenimiento endémico de las coccidiosis intestinales.

Although intestinal coccidioses caused by Cryptosporidium sp., Cystoisospora belli and Cyclospora cayetanensis are parasitic diseases of major clinical importance in Public Health, several clinical and epidemiological aspects of these diseases still remain unknown in Falcon state, Venezuela. A cross-sectional survey was conducted between June and October 2011, to investigate clinical and epidemiological data in 157 people (X ± S.D. = 21.28 ± 17 years-old) from Sabaneta, Falcón state, Venezuela. Symptoms associated with intestinal coccidioses were determined by means of anamnesis and clinical examination. Direct smear and Kinyoun staining were used to perform the parasitological diagnosis. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites was 61.78% (97/157) and Blastocystis sp. was the most prevalent intestinal parasite (56.68%). Coccidioses prevalence was 26.11% (41/157) and among these, cyclosporiasis was the most prevalent with 24.2%. There were no statistically significant differences in the prevalence between sexes or ages (X2= 0.20; p=0.70 and x2=10.06; p= 0.44, respectively). Diarrhea and epigastralgia were the most common clinical findings, and the only ones significantly associated with intestinal coccidioses (p< 0.05). In the light of these results, it can be concluded that hand washing (OR= 1.93), bathing (OR= 2.78), keeping domestic animals (OR= 10.1) and their feeding with waste (OR= 6.58), are potential risk factors that appeared to be significantly related to the transmission and endemic maintenance of intestinal coccidioses.

Intestinal parasitism and socio-environmental factors among Mbyá-Guarani indians, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / Parasitismo intestinal e fatores socioambientais de indígenas Mbyá-Guarani, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Disturbing data reveal the prevalence of intestinal parasites and their relationship with socio-environmental factors among Mbyá-Guarani Indians. The prevalence was determined by spontaneous sedimentation in water, centrifugation-floatation, and Kato-Katz. A socioeconomic questionnaire was submitted to each family. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites was 88.7%, and 45.5% were polyparasitized. There was 90.5% prevalence of enteric parasites in children (1-12- year-old), and 85% among 13-65-year-old individuals, indicating that both age groups are extensively parasitized. The parasite load was low to moderate for geohelminths and 75% of the families did not have latrine, thus the practice of defecation occurred outdoors. These findings suggest that the multiple intestinal parasitism in the Mbyá-Guarani community is high to the point of being the rule, and that it relates essentially to the traditional lifestyle and health habits. It is urgently necessary to implement the association of anti-parasitic treatment with sanitation improvement. This should be done simultaneously with health education activities for this population.

Dados preocupantes demonstram a prevalência de parasitos intestinais e sua relação com fatores socioambientais entre indígenas Mbyá-Guarani. A prevalência foi determinada pelas técnicas de sedimentação espontânea em água, centrífugo-flutuação e Kato-Katz. Para cada família, um questionário socioeconômico foi aplicado. A prevalência geral de parasitos intestinais foi de 88,7% e 45,5% estavam poliparasitados. A prevalência em crianças (1-12 anos) foi 90,5% e em indivíduos entre 13-65 anos foi 85%, indicando que ambas as faixas etárias são amplamente parasitadas. A carga parasitária foi baixa a moderada para geohelmintos e 75% das famílias não possuem banheiro, sendo a prática da defecação feita ao ar livre. Estes achados sugerem que o poliparasitismo intestinal na comunidade Mbyá-Guarani é altíssimo, a ponto de ser a regra, e que se refere essencialmente ao estilo de vida tradicional e hábitos de saúde. Há a necessidade de aplicar urgentemente a associação de tratamento antiparasitário às melhorias sanitárias. Isto deve ser feito simultaneamente com atividades de educação em saúde para esta população.

Segunda encuesta nacional de infecciones parasitarias intestinales en Cuba, 2009 / Second national survey of intestinal parasitic infections in Cuba, 2009

Introducción: en Cuba las parasitosis intestinales continúan siendo endémicas, con una mayor frecuencia en zonas rurales y montañosas. Después de haber transcurrido casi 25 años desde la última encuesta nacional, se hizo necesario hacer una nueva encuesta para conocer los índices de prevalencia de las parasitosis intestinales y comparar los resultados obtenidos entre ambos estudios. Tal conocimiento resultaría de gran valor para elaborar estrategias de salud y el diseño de programas de control de las infecciones parasitarias intestinales. Objetivo: determinar los índices actuales de prevalencia de las parasitosis intestinales, y comparar los resultados con los de la encuesta anterior luego de haber transcurrido 25 años. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte trasversal durante los meses de mayo a agosto de 2009 en una muestra de la población cubana. A cada uno se le recogió una muestra de heces que fue analizada por el método de examen directo, la técnica de concentración de Willis y el examen de Kato-Katz; también se le llenó un cuestionario. Resultados: al comparar los resultados de las encuestas nacionales de infecciones parasitarias intestinales realizadas en 1984 y 2009, se encontró que en general disminuyeron las infecciones por parásitos, tanto los helmintos como los protozoos patógenos, aunque los infectados con comensales aumentaron su frecuencia en la de 2009. También se produjo una disminución de las frecuencias de infecciones por todas las especies de geohelmintos, Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, ancylostomídeos, y Strongyloides stercoralis, así como por los protozoos patógenos Giardia lamblia y Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar, y los comensales: Endolimax nana y Entamoeba coli en 2009. La única especie de parásito intestinal que aumentó su frecuencia con respecto a la encuesta de 1984 fue Enterobius vermicularis. En ambos estudios la frecuencia de infección con parásitos o comensales fue mayor en el grupo de 5 a 14 años (edad escolar). Conclusiones: al comparar los resultados de las encuestas nacionales de infecciones parasitarias intestinales realizadas en 1984 y 2009, se encontró que en general disminuyeron las frecuencias de infecciones con parásitos intestinales. El hallazgo en ambos estudios de una frecuencia mayor de infección con parásitos o comensales en el grupo de 5 a 14 años (edad escolar), respalda la recomendación de poner énfasis en los programas de control para las parasitosis intestinales en este grupo de edad.

Introduction: the intestinal parasitic infections are still endemic in Cuba, with a higher frequency in rural and mountain regions. Twenty five years after the last national survey, it deemed necessary to carry out a new national survey in order to know the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections and to compare the obtained results between both studies. That knowledge would be valuable to work out strategies of health and to design a control program for intestinal parasitic infections in Cuba. Objective: to determine the current prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in Cuba and to compare these results with those obtained from the previous survey after a 25 year-period. Methods: a cross sectional study was conducted from May to August of 2009 in a sample of Cuban population. A stool sample was collected from each individual, which was analyzed by direct examination, Willis' brine flotation method and the Kato-Katz thick smear technique. Additionally, a questionnaire was administered. Results: the comparison between 1984 and 2009 surveys showed a general decrease of frequencies of intestinal parasitic infections caused by both helminths and pathogenic protozoa; however, the percentage of infections with commensal protozoa increased in 2009. In this last survey, there was observed decline of frequencies of infections with soil transmitted species, Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, and Strongyloides stercoralis and the pathogenic protozoa: Giardia lamblia, Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar, and the commensals: Endolimax nana and Entamoeba coli. The intestinal parasite Enterobius vermicularis was the only parasitic species that increased the frequency of infections with respect to the 1984 survey. The frequencies of parasitic and commensal infections in both studies were higher in the 5-14 y age group (school age). Conclusions: the comparison between the intestinal parasitic infections surveys of 1984 and 2009 showed a reduction in the frequencies of intestinal parasitic infections in the last survey. The finding in both studies of a higher frequency of pathogenic parasitic infections and commensal infections in the 5-14 y age group (school age) supports the recommendation of making emphasis on the control programs for intestinal parasitic infections in this age group.

Estudo da associação entre fatores socioambientais e prevalência de parasitose intestinal em área periférica da cidade de Manaus (AM, Brasil) / Study of the association between socio-environmental factors and the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis in the suburbs of the city of Manaus in the state of Amazonas, Brazil

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a associação entre fatores socioambientais e condições de saneamento urbano com a prevalência de parasitoses intestinais, em uma comunidade na periferia da cidade de Manaus. O estudo consistiu de um levantamento socioambiental e de um inquérito parasitológico. Foi encontrada uma comunidade heterogênea, apresentando diferenças em relação aos níveis socioeconômicos e ambientais entre as micro-áreas avaliadas, embora as condições de saneamento básico da comunidade tenham-se mostrado precárias de uma forma geral. A prevalência de parasitose intestinal foi de 44,2 por cento. Não foi identificada diferença significativa entre as micro-áreas com respeito à ocorrência de parasitoses intestinais. Houve associação entre parasitoses intestinais e tipo de construção residencial, faixa etária e procedência da água de higiene pessoal e do lar. O despejo do esgoto a céu aberto foi fator de risco associado a parasitoses intestinais (OR=6,72; p=0,034) e a protozoários intestinais (OR=21,87; p=0,004). Foram fatores de risco, apenas para a presença de protozoários, o despejo de esgoto em igarapé (OR=12,98; p=0,011) e o uso de fossa rudimentar (OR=9,54; p=0,019).

This study assesses the association between socio-environmental factors and urban sanitation conditions with the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis in a community on the periphery of the city of Manaus. The study comprised a socio-environmental survey and a parasitological inquiry. A heterogeneous community was revealed with some socio-economic and environmental differences between the micro-areas evaluated, even though the urban sanitation conditions were found to be predominantly precarious. The prevalance of intestinal parasitosis was 44.2 percent. There was no significant difference between the micro-areas that could explain the occurrence of intestinal parasitosis. An association was found between intestinal parasitosis and residential building types, age bracket and the quality of the water used for personal hygiene and consumption in the home. Open air sewerage was a risk factor associated with intestinal parasitosis (OR=6.72; p=0.034) and also with intestinal protozoa (OR=21.87; p=0.004). In terms of the presence of protozoa, two risk factors were verified: the dumping of sewage directly into the river system (OR=12.98; p=0.011) and the use of rudimentary cesspits (OR=9.54; p=0.019).

Anti-Toxocara antibodies detected in children attending elementary school in Vitoria, State of Espírito Santo, Brazil: prevalence and associated factors / Anticorpos anti-Toxocara em crianças admitidas na escola fundamental em Vitória, Estado do Espírito Santo: prevalência e fatores associados

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of anti-Toxocara antibodies in serum from 7-year-old children attending elementary school in Vitória-ES, Brazil and to correlate these antibodies with socio-demographic factors, the presence of intestinal helminths, blood eosinophil numbers, past history of allergy or asthma, and clinical manifestations of helminth infections. METHODS: The detection of anti-Toxocara antibodies was performed using an ELISA (Cellabs Pty Ltd)on serum from 391 children who had already been examined by fecal examination and blood cell counts. Data from clinical and physical examinations were obtained for all children. RESULTS: The prevalence of anti-Toxocara antibodies was 51.6%, with no gender differences. No significant differences were observed between positive serology and the presence or absence of intestinal worms (60.3 and 51.7%, respectively; p = 0.286). The only variables significantly related to positive serology were onycophagy and the use of unfiltered water. Although eosinophilia (blood eosinophil count higher than 600/mm³) was significantly related to the presence of a positive ELISA result, this significance disappeared when we considered only children without worms or without a past history of allergy or asthma. No clinical symptoms related to Toxocara infection were observed. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of anti-Toxocara antibodies in children attending elementary schools in Vitória, which may be partially related to cross-reactivity with intestinal helminths or to a high frequency of infection with a small number of Toxocara eggs.

INTRODUÇÃO: O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de anticorpos anti-Toxocara em crianças admitidas no primeiro ano de escola fundamental em Vitória e correlacionar com variáveis sociodemográficas, helmintos intestinais, eosinófilos no sangue, geofagia, onicofagia, história de asma e alergia cutânea e manifestações clínicas. MÉTODOS: A pesquisa de anticorpos anti-Toxocara, utilizando um teste de ELISA (Cellabs), foi realizada em 391 crianças nas quais foram realizados exames parasitológicos de fezes e hemograma completo. Todas as crianças foram submetidas a exame clínico e físico. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de reação positiva foi de 51,6%, sem diferença entre os sexos. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas na prevalência de reação positiva em crianças com ou sem helmintos intestinais (60,3 e 51,7%, respectivamente; p = 0.286). Ainda que a frequência de eosinófilos acima de 600/mm³ tenha sido significativamente maior em crianças com sorologia positiva, a significância desapareceu quando se considerou as crianças sem helmintos intestinais ou história pregressa de asma ou alergia cutânea. As únicas variáveis significativamente correlacionadas, de modo independente, com a presença de sorologia positiva foram onicofagia e hábito de beber água não filtrada. Nenhuma criança apresentou manifestação clínica relacionada com a presença de anticorpos anti-Toxocara. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de anticorpos anti-Toxocara em crianças admitidas nas escolas elementares em Vitória é alta, a qual pode estar, em parte, relacionada à reação cruzada com antígenos de helmintos intestinais ou devida a frequente exposição a baixas quantidades de ovos do Toxocara.

Prevalência e aspectos epidemiológicos de enteroparasitoses na população geronte de Parnaíba, Estado do Piauí / Prevalence and epidemiological aspects of intestinal parasites in elderly of Parnaíba, State of Piaui

INTRODUÇÃO: Visto que as enteroparasitoses representam problemas de saúde pública, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar alguns aspectos epidemiológicos destas patologias em idosos de Parnaíba. MÉTODOS: Através do método de Hoffman, analisou-se 294 amostras fecais de indivíduos com idade igual ou superior a 65 anos. Em cada participante aplicou-se um questionário utilizado para análise descritiva da população estudada. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de enteroparasitose foi de 40,5%. Os questionários revelaram resultados alarmantes no que diz respeito ao grau de insalubridade ao qual a população está inserida. CONCLUSÕES: Existe alta prevalência de enteroparasitoses em idosos de Parnaíba, indicando um estado epidemiológico preocupante.

INTRODUCTION: Since intestinal parasites pose public health problems, this work aimed to determine certain epidemiological aspects of these pathologies in elderly individuals from Parnaiba. METHODS: Using the method of Hoffman, 294 fecal samples from individuals 65 years-old or over were analyzed. Each participant responded to a questionnaire used for description analysis of the population. RESULTS: The prevalence of intestinal parasites was 40.5%. The questionnaires showed alarming results regarding the noxious conditions in which this population is inserted. CONCLUSIONS: High prevalence of intestinal parasites exists among the elderly population of Parnaiba, indicating an epidemiological state of some concern.

Ectoparasitos e helmintos intestinais em Felis catus domesticus, da cidade de Lages, SC, Brasil e aspectos sócioeconômicos e culturais das famílias dos proprietários dos animais / Ectoparasites and intestinal helminths in Felis catus domesticus from Lages city, SC, Brazil and social-economical and cultural aspects of owners of family pets

Os objetivos da realização deste trabalho foram determinar a prevalência de ectoparasitos e parasitos gastrointestinais (GI) em gatos domiciliados, nas regiões central e periférica, da cidade de Lages, SC e também caracterizar as famílias proprietárias de gatos quanto as suas condições sócioeconômicas e culturais. No período de dezembro de 2005 a dezembro de 2006, foram distribuídos 600 questionários a proprietários de animais cidade de Lages, SC e coletados ectoparasitos e amostras de fezes. A prevalência para ectoparasitos foi de 13,8 por cento (28/203) e para parasitos GI, 37,8 por cento (42/111). A prevalência de parasitos em gatos domiciliados da região periférica foi maior que os da região central. Os ectoparasitos observados foram Ctenocephalides felis felis, C. canis e Ctenocephalides híbrido (C. felis felis × C. canis). Os ovos de helmintos intestinais identificados nas fezes de gatos foram Ancylostoma spp., Toxocara sp., Trichuris sp., família Taeniidae e Oncicola sp. Na região periférica, o maior número de animais positivos pertencia a proprietários de baixa renda salarial e pouca escolaridade. As populações residentes nos bairros da região periférica encontram-se mais expostas aos agentes com potencial zoonótico.

The purpose of this research was to determinate the prevalence of ectoparasites and gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in domiciliated cats, from central and peripheral region, of Lages city, Santa Catarina State and also characterize the economic, social and cultural status of families' pet owners. From the period of December 2005 to December 2006, 600 questionnaires were distributed to pet owners of Lages city and ectoparasites and faeces were collected. The prevalence of ectoparasites was 13.8 percent (28/203) and for GI parasites was 37.8 percent (42/111). The prevalence of parasites in domiciliated cats from the peripheral region were bigger than in the central region. The ectoparasites observed were Ctenocephalides felis felis, C. canis and Ctenocephalides hybrid (C. felis felis x C. canis). The intestinal helminths eggs observed in cats faeces were Ancylostoma spp., Toxocara sp., Trichuris sp., Taeniidae family and Oncicola sp. In the peripheral region, the largest number of positive animals belonged to owners of low-income wage and low education The peripheral region population are over exposed to potencial zoonotic agents.

Enteroparasitosis en alumnos de educación básica de la ciudad de Antofagasta (2006 - 2007) / Enteroparasitism in students of basic education in two municipal schools of the city of Antofagasta (2006-2007)

In the northern part of Chile, due to its geoclimatic characteristics, enteroparasitosis in school children is mainly due to protozoos is such as Giardiosis and Blastocystosis, and Enterobiosis among helminthic infections. During the years 2006 and 2007, we made an enteroparasitosis survey of 92 school children in grades 1 to 8 in two municipal schools of Antofagasta. The global prevalence rate of parasites and commensals was 83.69%. We found frequencies of 68.48% for Blastocystis hominis, 8.70% for Giardia duodenalis, and 23.91% for Enterobius vermicularis. The frequencies for commensals were 18.48% for Entamoeba coli, 16.30% for Endolimax nana, 5.43% for Chilomastix mesnili and 3.26% for Lodamoeba bütschlii. We conclude that the frequency of infection by parasites and commensals among school children is related to the deficient sanitary conditions present in some sectors of the city of Antofagasta, associated with socioeconomic and cultural factors of the population.

En el norte de Chile por las características geoclimáticas, las enteroparasitosis en escolares se centra principalmente en protozoosis como la Giardiosis y Blastocistosis y la Enterobiosis entre las helmintiasis. Durante los años 2006 y 2007 se encuestó enteroparasitológicamente a 92 escolares que cursaban entre 1° y 8° básico en dos escuelas municipales de Antofagasta. La tasa de prevalencia global por parásitos y comensales fue de 83,69%. Con indicadores de 68,48% para Blastocystis hominis y 8,70% para Giardia duodenalis, y de 23,91% para Enterobius vermicularis. Entre los comensales se encontró Entamoeba coli (18,48%), Endolimax nana (16,30%), Chilomastix mesnili (5,43%) y Iodamoeba bütschlii (3,26%). Se concluye que la frecuencia de infecciones por parásitos y comensales entre los escolares estaría relacionada con las condiciones sanitarias deficitarias presentes en algunos sectores de la ciudad de Antofagasta, asociadas a factores socioeconómicos y culturales de la población.

Infecciones parasitarias intestinales y factores asociados a la infección por coccidias en pacientes adultos de un hospital público de Lima, Perú / Parasite intestinal infection and factors associated with coccidian infection in adults at public hospital in Lima, Peru

Objective: To evalúate the frequency of intestinal parasites and risk factors associated with coccidian infection in patients cared for at a public hospital in Lima-Peru. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted using reports of the parasitology laboratory. Patients included were >18 years, who gave at least one faecal sample for parasitologic evaluation. Logistic regression was used to calcúlate Odd Ratios (OR) and 95 percent) confidence intervals. Results: 2.056 patients were included in the analysis, 55.2 percent> of them were males and 334 (16.3 percent) were HlVpositive. Overall, Blostocystis hominis was the most frequent parasite (35.4 percent). The multivariate model adjusted for sex shows that HIV infection (OR = 4.53; 95 percentCI: 3.03-6.77), being hospitalized (OR = 2.42; 95 percentCI: 1.06-5.52), and age ≥ 40 years (OR = 0.57; 95 percentIC: 0.37-0.86) were associated with coccidian mfection. Conclusions: Blostocystis hominis was the most frequent parasite in HIV positive and negative patients. Being hospitalized and HIV infection were risk factors for coccidian infection, but age ≥ 40 years was a protective factor.

Objetivos: Evaluar la frecuencia de parásitos intestinales y factores asociados a la infección por coccidias en un hospital público de Lima-Perú. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, realizado con los reportes del Laboratorio de Parasitología. Se incluyeron pacientes de > 18 años, ambulatorios u hospitalizados, que tuvieron al menos una muestra de heces evaluada. Usando regresión logística, se calcularon OR e IC al 95 por ciento. Resultados: Se incluyó 2.056 pacientes en el análisis; 55,2 por ciento fueron varones y 334 (16,3 por ciento) fueron seropositivos para VIH. La infección parasitaria más frecuente fue Blastocystis hominis (35,4 por ciento). El modelo multivariado ajustado por sexo mostró que la infección por VIH (OR = 4,53), estar hospitalizado (OR = 2,42) y la edad ≥ 40 (OR = 0,57) estuvieron asociados con infección por coccidias. Conclusiones: Blastocystis hominis se aisló frecuentemente en pacientes con y sin infección por VIH. Estar hospitalizado y ser seropositvo para VIH fueron factores de riesgo para infección por coccidias, mientras la edad ≥ 40 años fue un factor protector.