Self-harming adolescents: how do they perceive and explain this behavior? / Adolescentes que se autolesionam: como percebem e explicam tal comportamento? / Adolescentes que se autolesionan: ¿cómo perciben y explican este comportamiento?

Self-harm is a prevalent adolescence behavior, indicated as a public health problem. The objective was to understand how adolescents perceive and explain this behavior, considering family and school characteristics. It's a multiple case study, in which five self-harming adolescents participated, enrolled in a public school in Novo Hamburgo-RS, participated in the study. They answered the following instruments: Sociodemographic Data Sheet, Semi-Structured Interview, Family Support Perception Inventory, Youth Self-Reporting and Delaware School Climate Survey-Student. Each case was individually analyzed and cross-case synthesis was performed. Self-harm was indicated as a strategy to relief suffering and regulate emotions. Low familial support, lack of skills, and presence of internalizing and externalizing problems were evidenced, as well as negative evaluation of peer relations and student engagement. When faced with a complex phenomenon, it is important to contemplate individual and relational issues in interventions. (AU)

A autolesão é prevalente na adolescência e indicada como um problema de saúde pública. Objetivou-se compreender como adolescentes percebem e explicam esse comportamento, considerando características de seu contexto familiar e escolar. Trata-se de um estudo de casos múltiplos, do qual participaram cinco adolescentes que se autolesionavam, matriculados em uma escola pública de Novo Hamburgo-RS, que responderam aos instrumentos: Ficha de Dados Sociodemográficos, Entrevista Semiestruturada, Inventário de Percepção de Suporte Familiar, Inventário de Comportamentos Autorreferidos para Jovens de 11 a 18 Anos e Delaware School Climate Survey-Student. Analisou-se individualmente cada caso e realizou-se a síntese de casos cruzados. A autolesão foi indicada como uma estratégia para aliviar sofrimento. Evidenciou-se baixo suporte familiar, carência de competências e presença de indicadores de problemas internalizantes e externalizantes, assim como avaliação negativa das relações entre pares e do engajamento estudantil. Frente a um fenômeno complexo, faz-se importante contemplar questões individuais e relacionais nas intervenções. (AU)

La autolesión es frecuente en adolescencia y se indica como un problema de salud pública. El objetivo era comprender cómo adolescentes perciben y explican este comportamiento, considerando características de su contexto familiar y escolar. Es un estudio de caso múltiple, en el participaron cinco adolescentes con autolesión, matriculados en escuela pública en Novo Hamburgo-RS, que respondieron a los instrumentos: Hoja de Datos Sociodemográficos, Entrevista Semiestructurada, Inventario de Percepción de Apoyo Familiar, Auto informe para Jóvenes de 11 a 18 años y Delaware School Climate Survey-Student. Cada caso se analizó individualmente y se realizó una síntesis cruzada de casos. La autolesión se indicó como estrategia para aliviar el sufrimiento. Se evidenció poco apoyo familiar, falta de habilidades y presencia de indicadores de problemas de internalización y externalización, así como una evaluación negativa de las relaciones con los compañeros y la participación de los estudiantes. Ante un fenómeno complejo, es importante contemplar problemas individuales y relacionales en las intervenciones. (AU)

Relationship between loneliness and mental health indicators in the elderly during the COVID-19 pandemic / Relação entre solidão e indicadores de saúde mental em idosos durante a pandemia da COVID-19 / Relación entre la soledad y los indicadores de salud mental en ancianos durante la pandemia COVID-19

Social isolation due to the global pandemic influenced not only the way how people interact, but it also brought a huge impact on the population's mental health, regardless of their age. This study aimed to evaluate the intensity of symptoms of depression and anxiety, perceived stress, levels of loneliness, and psychological well-being in the elderly during social distancing due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The study included 86 elderlies, aged 60 to 90 years old (M=70.95; SD=7.08), living in the southern region of the country. They were interviewed by a WhatsApp video call and responded about symptoms of stress, anxiety, loneliness, depression, and positive mental health. The results showed that 55.8% had high stress symptoms, 18.6% anxiety symptoms, 16.3% depression symptoms, and 5.82% moderate to severe loneliness. It was found that participants who felt more alone had lower well-being scores (AU).

O isolamento social causado pela pandemia mundial interferiu não somente na forma como as pessoas se relacionam, mas também trouxe grande impacto na saúde mental da população, independentemente da idade. Este estudo teve como principal objetivo avaliar a intensidade de sintomas de depressão e de ansiedade, estresse percebido, níveis de solidão e de bem-estar psicológico em idosos durante o distanciamento social devido à pandemia da COVID-19. Participaram do estudo 86 idosos, de 60 a 90 anos de idade (M = 70,95; DP = 7,08), moradores da região sul do país. Eles foram entrevistados por uma chamada de vídeo por WhatsApp e responderam sobre sintomas de estresse, ansiedade, solidão, depressão e saúde mental positiva. Os resultados mostraram que 55,8% apresentaram sintomas acentuados de estresse, 18,6% sintomas de ansiedade, 16,3% sintomas de depressão e 5,82% solidão moderada a grave. Verificou-se que os participantes que se sentiam mais sozinhos apresentaram menores escores de bem-estar (AU).

El aislamiento social causado por la pandemia mundial ha interferido en la manera en que las personas se relacionan, teniendo un gran impacto en la salud mental de la población, independientemente de su edad. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la intensidad de los síntomas de depresión y ansiedad, estrés percibido, niveles de soledad y bienestar psicológico en ancianos durante el distanciamiento social por la pandemia de COVID-19. El estudio incluyó a 86 personas mayores, de 60 a 90 años (M=70,95; DS=7,08), residentes en la región sur del país. Fueron entrevistados por una videollamada de WhatsApp y respondieron sobre síntomas de estrés, ansiedad, soledad, depresión y salud mental positiva. Los resultados mostraron que 55,8% tenía síntomas de estrés severo, 18,6% síntomas de ansiedad, 16,3% síntomas de depresión y 5,82% soledad moderada a severa. Se averiguó que los participantes que se sentían más solos tenían puntuaciones de bienestar más bajas (AU).

Lifetime prevalence, sociodemographic predictors, and comorbidities of oppositional defiant disorder: the National Epidemiology of Iranian Child and Adolescent Psychiatric disorders (IRCAP)

Objective: This was the first national epidemiological study on oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) in Iran, which provided new information about the prevalence, comorbidities, and sociodemographic predictors of ODD. Methods: Data from a face-to-face household survey of 30,532 children and adolescents aged 6-18 years were collected from across all 31 provinces of Iran using a multistage cluster sampling design. The Persian version of the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children - Present and Lifetime Version (K-SADS-PL) was used in this study. Results: The lifetime prevalence of ODD was found to be 3.9%. ODD was significantly more common in boys than girls and appeared in late adolescence more frequently than in childhood. A lower prevalence of ODD was found among participants who lived in rural areas. ODD is highly likely to co-occur with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, separation anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and depressive disorders. Conclusions: The findings of this national population-based study confirm and extend previous findings on the prevalence, comorbidities, and sociodemographic predictors of ODD.

Sensitivity and specificity of the three Whooley and Arroll questions for detecting perinatal depression in Mexican women / Sensibilidad y especificidad de las tres preguntas de Whooley y Arroll para detectar depresión perinatal en mujeres mexicanas

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of the Two Whooley questions and the Arroll question, using the SCID, The Structured Clinical Interview (SCID-I) as the gold standard for detecting perinatal depression. Materials and methods: We interviewed 210 women during pregnancy and 6 months postpartum. Results: The criterion with the greatest sensitivity was responding positively to either Whooley question (pregnancy= 94.7 %; postpartum=100.0%), while the most specific criterion was responding positively to the two Whooley questions plus the Arroll question (Pregnancy=90.0% Postpartum = 85.7%). Conclusion: The Whooley and Arroll questions have adequate psychometric properties to detect possible cases of depression during the perinatal period. They can be applied during prenatal check-ups and postpartum consultations. Timely detection of women at risk of perinatal depression can contribute to their treatment for reducing their adverse consequences in mothers and infants.

Resumen: Objetivo: Evaluar la sensibilidad y la especificidad de la Escala de las dos preguntas de Whooley y la pregunta de Arroll para detectar riesgo de depresión perinatal, usando la SCID como estándar de oro. Material y métodos: Se entrevistó a 210 mujeres durante el embarazo y 6 meses después del parto. Resultados: El criterio con mayor sensibilidad fue responder positivamente a cualquiera de las Preguntas de Whooley (embarazo = 94.7%; posparto = 100.0%) y, el más específico, responder positivamente a las preguntas de Whooley más la de Arroll (embarazo = 90.0% , Posparto = 85.7%). Conclusiones: Las preguntas de Whooley y Arroll tienen propiedades psicométricas adecuadas para detectar posibles casos de depresión durante el periodo perinatal. Pueden aplicarse durante las citas de control prenatal y consultas en el postparto. Detectar de manera oportuna a mujeres en riesgo de depresión perinatal puede ayudar a su atención para reducir sus consecuencias adversas en madres e infantes.

Gender-related dimensions of childhood adversities in the general population

Objective: Childhood adversities (CAs) comprise a group of negative experiences individuals may suffer in their lifetimes. The goal of the present study was to investigate the cluster discrimination of CAs through psychometric determination of the common attributes of such experiences for men and women. Methods: Parental mental illness, substance misuse, criminality, death, divorce, other parental loss, family violence, physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, physical illness, and economic adversity were assessed in a general-population sample (n=5,037). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis determined gender-related dimensions of CA. The contribution of each individual adversity was explored through Rasch analysis. Results: Adversities were reported by 53.6% of the sample. A three-factor model of CA dimensions fit the data better for men, and a two-factor model for women. For both genders, the dimension of family maladjustment - encompassing physical abuse, neglect, parental mental disorders, and family violence - was the core cluster of CAs. Women endorsed more CAs than men. Rasch analysis found that sexual abuse, physical illness, parental criminal behavior, parental divorce, and economic adversity were difficult to report in face-to-face interviews. Conclusion: CAs embrace sensitive personal information, clustering of which differed by gender. Acknowledging CAs may have an impact on medical and psychiatric outcomes in adulthood.

Psychiatric disorders in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a case-control study

Objectives: To study the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in adolescents with and without type 1 diabetes, the factors associated with its presence, and to test the reliability of a screening tool for use in clinical settings. Methods: Eighty-one adolescents were enrolled in this case-control study, including 36 diabetic participants and 45 controls. Clinical and sociodemographic data were collected and psychiatric symptoms and diagnoses were obtained from adolescents and their parents using a screening tool (Strengths & Difficulties Questionnaire) and a semi-structured interview (Development and Well-Being Assessment). Results: Psychiatric disorders were identified in 22.2% of the sample (30.56% among diabetic adolescents vs. 15.56% of controls: OR = 2.39, 95%CI 0.82-6.99; p = 0.11). Overweight (body mass index percentile ≥ 85) was the only factor associated with psychiatric disorder (OR = 3.07; 95%CI 1.03-9.14; p = 0.04). Compared to the semi-structured interview, the screening instrument showed 80% sensitivity, 96% specificity, 88.9% positive predictive value and 92.3% negative predictive value for the presence of psychiatric diagnoses in adolescents. Conclusion: Psychiatric morbidity was high in this sample of adolescents, especially among those with diabetes. Routine use of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire can help with early detection of psychiatric disorders in this at-risk group.

Estrategias de evaluación en la narración como tarea metacognitiva en personas con esquizofrenia / Narrative evaluation strategies as metacognitive task in subjects with schizophrenia

RESUMEN Objetivo Este estudio procura explorar las diferencias en el componente evaluativo de la estructura narrativa en personas con diagnóstico de esquizofrenia, en comparación con personas con diagnóstico de psicosis afectiva. Método El presente estudio es descriptivo, no experimental, y comprende el análisis de los componentes evaluativos de la narrativa, en entrevistas realizadas a 25 individuos con diagnostico psiquiátrico de esquizofrenia crónica y a 25 individuos diagnosticados de psicosis afectiva crónica, pareados por edad, género y características sociodemográficas. Resultados La relación entre diagnóstico y tipo de evaluación arrojó resultados estadísticamente significativos con un valor de chi cuadrado de 39,880a (p< 0.00). Fue posible observar que en la esquizofrenia existe una mayor inhibición en la elaboración de expresiones que impliquen opiniones, que los relatos tendieron a identificar los hechos independientemente de cómo les afectaron, sugiriendo una limitación de la función intersubjetiva. Conclusión La variable diagnóstico confirma que en la esquizofrenia existe un deterioro funcional en la elaboración de estructuras narrativas y en la articulación del componente evaluativo. En el caso de la psicosis afectiva se manifiestan disfunciones superficiales, sin comprometer su desempeño en la evaluación de las narraciones.

ABSTRACT Purpose This study aims to explore the differences in the evaluative component of the narrative structure in subjects diagnosed with schizophrenia compared to subjects diagnosed with affective psychosis. Methods The present investigation was descriptive, not experimental and it included the analysis of the narration evaluative components of interviews of 25 individuals with psychiatric diagnosis of chronic schizophrenia and 25 of chronic affective psychosis, matched by age, gender and sociodemographic characteristics. Results The relationship between diagnosis and type of evaluation showed statistically significant results with a chi square value of 39.880a (p <0.00). It was possible to observe that in the schizophrenia there is a greater inhibition in the elaboration of expressions that imply opinions and that narratives tended to identify facts regardless of how they affected subjects, suggesting a limitation of intersubjective function. Conclusion The diagnostic variable confirms that in schizophrenia there is a functional deterioration in the process of elaborating narrative structures especially in the articulation of the evaluative component. In the case of the affective psychosis group, superficial dysfunctions were manifested, without compromising their performance in the evaluation of narratives.

Early psychiatric morbidity in a Brazilian sample of acute ischemic stroke patients

OBJECTIVE: Stroke is a major public health problem worldwide, and its neuropsychiatric sequelae are frequent and disabling. Furthermore, there is evidence that these sequelae impair recovery. Brazil has the highest stroke rates in Latin America, but data on the frequency of neuropsychiatric disorders in these patients are scarce. This study aimed to identify mental disorders among in-hospital patients with acute ischemic stroke. METHODS: The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview-Plus (MINI-Plus) was applied to 60 patients during the first week of hospitalization. RESULTS: Psychiatric disorders were diagnosed in 55% of the patients. A wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders have been identified, mainly mood and anxiety disorders. Specifically, we identified major depression (26.7%), alcohol abuse or dependence (11.7%), specific phobia (8.3%), generalized anxiety disorder (6.7%), psychosis (5.0%), social phobia (3.3%), adjustment disorder (3.3%) and panic disorder (1.7%). CONCLUSION: Psychiatric comorbidity should be evaluated as part of the rehabilitation of stroke patients and should be carefully examined by physicians.

Información médica sobre el cáncer de mama y repercusiones psicológicas en pacientes oncológicos provenientes de España durante el año 2011 / Medical information on breast cancer and psychological repercussions in cancer patients from Spain during 2011

Resumen Introducción: La falta de información médica proporcionada puede resultar perjudicial para el funcionamiento psicológico del paciente oncológico, pudiendo presentarse síntomas de ansiedad y depresión ante esta necesidad no cubierta. Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre los niveles de información médica sobre el diagnóstico, el pronóstico, el tratamiento y los síntomas de ansiedad y depresión en una muestra de pacientes con cáncer de mama. Materiales y métodos: Se trató de un estudio transversal con 131 mujeres con cáncer de mama a las que se les aplicó una entrevista semiestructurada para recabar datos sociodemográficos y clínicos, y los niveles de información médica respecto a la enfermedad, así como la Escala Hospitalaria de Ansiedad y Depresión. La muestra fue no probabilística de cuatro hospitales públicos de España durante el año 2011. Los análisis estadísticos se realizaron mediante el programa estadístico SPSS. Resultados: Los datos obtenidos muestran que la falta de información sobre el diagnóstico de la enfermedad, el pronóstico y el tratamiento junto con la incomprensibilidad de la información estaban relacionados con síntomas depresivos y malestar emocional general. Sin embargo, no se encontraron relaciones significativas entre estas variables y la ansiedad. Conclusiones: La información que reciben las pacientes con cáncer de mama sobre su enfermedad, el pronóstico y el tratamiento médico influye en su bienestar emocional, presentándose mayores niveles de depresión en las pacientes que tienen escasa información, y esto es importante que sea tenido en cuenta por los profesionales médicos. MÉD.UIS. 2017;30(3):13-20.

Abstract Introduction: The lack of medical information can be harmful for the psychological adjustment of oncological patients, as symptoms of anxiety and depression could appear. Objective: To analyze the relationship between the levels of medical information about the diagnosis, prognostic and treatment, and symptoms of anxiety and depression in a sample of patients with breast cancer. Materials and method: Cross-sectional study with 131 women with breast cancer who were assessed by a semi structured interview to evaluate the sociodemographic and clinical data and levels of medical information. In addition, The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale was used. The participants were recruited by non-probability sampling in four public hospitals of Spain. The statistical analysis were realized through SPSS. Results: The data obtained showed that the lack of information about the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment was related to symptoms of depression and poor general emotional well-being. Moreover, the incompressibility of the medical information was related to depression. However, the symptoms of anxiety were not statistically significant between these variables. Conclusions: The medical information that breast cancer patients receive about their illness, the prognosis and treatment affects emotional well-being and this is important to be considerate by medical team. MÉD.UIS. 2017;30(3):13-20.

Interconsulta ambulatoria: Características de los pacientes atendidos en el Servicio de Salud Mental del Hospital Garrahan / Outpatient interconsultation: Characteristics of the patients attended in the Mental Health Service of the Hospital Garrahan

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo explorar la frecuencia de trastornos mentales de los niños y adolescentes entre 9 y 16 años de edad atendidos y derivados de forma ambulatoria desde el Servicio de Neurología y Clínica Pediátrica al Servicio de Salud Mental del Hospital Garrahan en el periodo julio 2016 ­ mayo 2017. Material y métodos: estudio observacional, prospectivo y transversal. Se realizaron entrevistas de admisión a los padres y se administró el DISC IV (Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children versión IV), en su versión computarizada dirigida a la población infantil validada en nuestro país, a los padres o pacientes según correspondiera, para realizar o no el diagnóstico de trastorno mental. Posteriormente se realizó la entrevista de devolución pertinente. Resultados: del total de la población, el 70,5% obtuvo un diagnóstico positivo en la administración del DISC IV. Los trastornos más frecuentes fueron los del comportamiento disruptivo (Trastorno por Déficit de Atención con o sin Hiperactividad e Impulsividad o TDHA) seguido por los trastornos de ansiedad. Las niñas presentaron mayor cantidad de trastornos internalizadores, con alta frecuencia de Ansiedad por Separación (31,2%) y Ataques de Pánico (25%). Los niños tuvieron mayor cantidad de trastornos externalizadores, principalmente de TDHA (39,3%) y Trastorno Oposicionista Desafiante (TOD) (21,4%). Por otro lado, un 47,7% de los niños y adolescentes evaluados presentaron una enfermedad crónica orgánica de base. En relación a la administración del DISC IV obtuvieron un diagnóstico positivo un 75% de los pacientes sin una enfermedad crónica de base y un 66,7% de los pacientes con enfermedad orgánica. Conclusiones: se encontró una alta frecuencia de trastornos mentales en nuestra población de pacientes atendidos en forma ambulatoria. El análisis de las divergencias encontradas entre los diferentes grupos poblacionales puede ser de utilidad para la modificación de estrategias de diagnóstico y terapéuticas que tiendan a una mayor calidad de atención.

Escala para o cuidado apoiado na atenção primária: um estudo metodológico / Escala para el cuidado apoyado en la atención primaria: un estudio metodológico / Scale for supported care in primary care: a methodological study

Resumo OBJETIVO Elaborar uma escala preditiva de determinantes para complicações em adultos com hipertensão e ações para o autocuidado apoiado na atenção primária. MÉTODOS Pesquisa metodológica realizada no município de Curitiba-PR em 2013 e 2014, em duas etapas, a primeira mediante coleta de dados com 387 adultos com hipertensão, por meio de uma entrevista estruturada e escalas de ansiedade, depressão, qualidade de vida, adesão medicamentosa e apoio social. A segunda etapa foi à construção da escala a partir das variáveis estatisticamente significantes após a análise multivariada. RESULTADOS A escala foi composta pelas variáveis: idade, sexo, tabagismo, tempo de diagnóstico, classificação de risco na unidade de saúde, medicamentos em uso e depressão, posteriormente por meio de revisão da literatura foram sugeridas ações para o autocuidado apoiado. CONCLUSÃO A escala permite identificação de fatores que podem predizer o desenvolvimento de complicações da hipertensão e fornece ações para o autocuidado apoiado.

Resumen OBJETIVO Desarrollar una escala predictiva para determinar complicaciones en adultos con hipertensión y acciones para autocuidado apoyado en atención primaria. MÉTODO Investigación metodológica realizada en el municipio de Curitiba-PR en 2013 y 2014 lleva, a cabo en dos pasos, primera a través de recopilación de datos de 387 adultos con hipertensión de forma escalonada, una entrevista estructurada y ansiedad, depresión, calidad de vida, adherencia a la medicación y el apoyo social. El segundo paso fue la construcción de la escala de las variables estadísticamente significativas en el análisis multivariante. RESULTADOS La escala consistieron en edad, sexo, tabaquismo, hora del diagnóstico, la clasificación de riesgo en la unidad de salud, se sugiere el uso de medicamentos y la depresión posterior a través de acciones de revisión de literatura para el autocuidado apoyado. CONCLUSION La escala permite la identificación de los factores que pueden predecir el desarrollo de las complicaciones de la hipertensión y se indican las acciones a la autocuidado apoyado.

Abstract OBJECTIVE To develop a predictive scale for determining complications in adults with hypertension and actions for care supported in primary care. METHOD Methodological research developed in the municipality of Curitiba-PR in 2013 and 2014, carried out in two stages, the first through the collection of data from 387 adults with hypertension through a structured interview and anxiety scales, depression, quality of life, medication adherence and social support. The second step was the construction of the scale from the statistically significant variables in the multivariate analysis. RESULTS The scale consisted of age, sex, smoking, time of diagnosis, and risk classification in the health unit, medications in use and depression. Later, through literature review, actions were suggested for supported self-care. CONCLUSION The scale enables identification of factors that may predict the development of complications of hypertension and provides actions to supported care.

Clinical and sociodemographic variables associated with diabetes-related distress in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus / Variáveis clínicas e sociodemográficas associadas com o estresse relacionado ao diabetes em pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 2

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the relation between diabetes-related distress and the clinical and sociodemographic characteristics of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study based on a secondary analysis of data collected at a specialized care outpatient center in Brazil. Participants completed a questionnaire on sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and the Brazilian version of the Diabetes Distress Scale (B-DDS). Results: About 31% of the 130 eligible patients reported diabetes distress, and the mean B-DDS score was 2.6. Multiple regression analysis showed the B-DDS score was positively correlated with marital status (p=0.0230), use of diet and physical activities for diabetes management (p=0.0180), and use of insulin therapy (p=0.0030). The “emotional burden”, “regimen-related distress”, and “interpersonal distress” domains from B-DDS were associated with the use of insulin therapy (p=0.0010), marital status (p=0.0110), and the presence of three or more comorbidities (p=0.0175). Conclusion: These findings suggest the clinical and sociodemographic variables are relatively weak predictors of diabetes-related distress. The highest scores in the B-DDS were observed in the emotional burden domain, indicating the presence of diabetes distress among the participants of the study.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre o estresse relacionado ao diabetes e as características clínicas e sociodemográficas de pacientes com diabetes mellitus do tipo 2. Métodos: Estudo transversal com base na análise secundária de dados coletados em um ambulatório de atendimento terciário no Brasil. Os participantes preencheram um questionário sobre as características sociodemográficas e clínicas, e a versão brasileira da Diabetes Distress Scale (B-DDS). Resultados: Aproximadamente 31% dos 130 pacientes elegíveis relataram estresse relacionado ao diabetes, e a média do escore da B-DDS foi de 2,6. O modelo de regressão múltipla mostrou que a pontuação B-DDS foi positivamente correlacionada com o estado civil (p=0,0230), realização de dieta e atividades físicas (p=0,0180), e uso de insulina (p=0,0030). Os domínios da B-DDS “carga emocional”, “estresse relacionado ao regime terapêutico” e “estresse nas relações interpessoais” foram associados a uso de insulina (p=0,0010), estado civil (p=0,0110) e presença de três ou mais comorbidades (p=0,0175). Conclusão: Estes resultados sugerem que as variáveis clínicas e sociodemográficas são preditores relativamente fracos para o estresse relacionado ao diabetes. No domínio “carga emocional”, foi observada a maior pontuação da B-DDS, indicando a presença do estresse relacionado ao diabetes entre os pacientes deste estudo.

Evaluation of the quality of life and risk of suicide

OBJECTIVE: To identify the socio-demographic profiles, suicidal ideation, the presence of mental disorders and the quality of life of patients using mental health services in Arapiraca, Alagoas, Brazil. METHOD: Interviews were conducted in family health units and the Psychosocial Attention Center. The sample included 202 mental disorder patients with a risk of suicide attempts, 207 mental disorder patients without a risk of suicide attempts and 196 controls. This study used an identification questionnaire, the abbreviated World Health Organization Quality of Life questionnaire, Beck‘s Suicidal Ideation Scale and the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview. RESULTS: Patients who had a mental disorder and a risk of suicide attempts tended to be single, had less education and lower family income, were not working and showed lower scores in quality of life domains; 73 of these patients had suicidal ideation in the previous week. Depressive disorders, manic episodes, hypomanic episodes, social phobias, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, psychotic syndromes and generalized anxiety disorder were more frequent and statistically significant for patients at risk for suicide attempts. CONCLUSION: The management of patients with a risk of suicide attempts must focus on individual patients because this risk is directly linked to changes in quality of life and the improvement of these patients’ prognosis.

Significance of clay art therapy for psychiatric patients admitted in a day hospital / Significado de la arteterapia con arcilla para los pacientes psiquiátricos en un hospital de día / Significado da arteterapia com argila para os pacientes psiquiátricos num hospital de dia

Objective. To understand the significance of clay art therapy for psychiatric patients admitted in a day hospital. Methodology. Qualitative, descriptive and exploratory research, undertaken with 16 patients in a day hospital in Londrina, in the state of Parana, Brazil, who participated in seven clay therapy sessions. Data collection took place from January to July 2012 through interviews guided by a semi structured questionnaire and the data were submitted to content analysis. Results. Three themes emerged: Becoming familiar with clay art therapy; Feeling clay therapy; and Realizing the effect of clay therapy. Conclusion. The use of clay as a therapeutic method by psychiatric patients promoted creativity, self-consciousness, and benefited those who sought anxiety relief.

Objetivo. Comprender el significado de la arteterapia con arcilla para pacientes psiquiátricos en un hospital de día. Metodología. Estudio descriptivo y exploratorio, cualitativo, realizado con 16 pacientes en un hospital de día en Londrina - PR, Brasil, quienes asistieron a 7 sesiones de arteterapia con arcilla. Los datos fueron recolectados de enero a julio de 2012 mediante entrevistas guiadas por cuestionario semiestructurado cuyos datos fueron sometidos a análisis de contenido. Resultados. Emergieron tres temas: acercarse a la arte-terapia con arcilla, sintiendo la terapia con arcilla y percibir el efecto del tratamiento con arcilla. Conclusión. El uso de la arcilla como medio terapéutico en estos pacientes psiquiátricos promovió la creatividad y la conciencia de sí mismo; también brindó beneficios a aquellos que buscaban alivio de la ansiedad.

Objetivo. Compreender o significado da arteterapia com argila para pacientes psiquiátricos num hospital de dia. Metodologia. Estudo descritivo e exploratório, qualitativo, realizado com 16 pacientes num hospital de dia em Londrina - PR, Brasil, que assistiram a 7 sessões de arteterapia com argila. Os dados foram coletados de janeiro a julho de 2012 através de entrevistas guiadas por questionário semiestruturado e os dados foram submetidos a análises de conteúdo. Resultados. Emergiram três temas: acercar-se à arte-terapia com argila, sentindo a terapia com argila, e perceber o efeito do tratamento com argila. Conclusão. O uso da argila como meio terapêutico nestes pacientes psiquiátricos promoveu a criatividade, a consciência de si mesmo e teve benefício naqueles que procuravam alívio da ansiedade.

Avaliação psicológica de pacientes com dor crônica: quando, como e por que encaminhar? / Psychological assessment of chronic pain patients: when, how and why refer?

Justificativa e objetivos: Apesar de inúmeros estudos apontarem a relação entre aspectos psicológicos e a experiência dolorosa, a literatura científica ainda carece de artigos a respeito, especificamente, do processo de avaliação psicológica. O objetivo deste estudo foi obter respostas para três perguntas: Por que, quando e como encaminhar pacientes com dor para uma avaliação psicológica? Com isso pretende-se colaborar com profissionais de diversas áreas no sentido de oferecer-lhes apontamentos sobre as principais indicações para uma avaliação psicológica, o que esperar desse processo e como fazer o encaminhamento de uma maneira eficaz. Conteudo: Foi realizada uma pesquisa nas bases de dados Medline, LILACS, Pubmed e Scielo, cruzando-se os termos: "psychology", "pain", "psychology interview" e "psychological tests". Além disso, foram buscados artigos que contivessem no título ou no resumo as palavras "psychological assessment" ou "psychological evaluation" e "pain" - já que estes dois primeiros não são descritores identificados nos Descritores em Ciências da Saúde. Foram considerados trabalhos entre 2002 e 2013, sendo incluídos apenas os que se referiam especificamente à avaliação psicológica, resultando em 11 artigos no total. Conclusão: Dos estudos selecionados, todos apontavam justificativas sobre a importância da avaliação psicológica do paciente com dor. Quanto a indicações para a avaliação psicológica, sete artigos abordaram o assunto. A grande lacuna se referiu ao modo de se encaminhar o paciente. Apenas um dos 11 artigos abordou esse assunto. Novos estudos podem no futuro explorar melhor esse aspecto.

Background and objective: Notwithstanding several studies pointing to a relationship between psychological aspects and pain, the scientific literature still lacks articles specifically addressing the psychological assessment process. This study aimed at answering to three questions: Why, when and how to refer painful patients to a psychological assessment? With this, we intend to cooperate with professionals of different areas by offering them guidelines about major indications for psychological assessment, what should be expected from this process and how to effectively refer patients. Contents: The following databases were searched: Medline, LILACS, Pubmed and Scielo, by crossing the terms "psychology", "pain", "psychology interview" and "psychological tests". In addition, we looked for articles having in the title or abstract the words "psychological assessment" or "psychological evaluation" and "pain" - since the two former terms are not descriptors identified in Health Sciences Descriptors. Studies between 2002 and 2013 were considered, being included only those specifically mentioning psychological assessment, resulting in 11 articles in total. Conclusion: From selected studies, all have pointed to justifications about the importance of psychological assessment of painful patients. As to indications to psychological assessment, seven articles have addressed the subject. The major gap was related to how to refer patients. Only one out of 11 articles has addressed this subject. Further studies may, in the future, better explore this aspect.

Efficacy of the telephone-based Brief Motivational Intervention for alcohol problems in Brazil

Background: The Brief Motivational Intervention (BMI) is an effective treatment for alcohol misuse but has not been adequately tested for use in helplines for alcoholics. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a telephone-based BMI for Brazilians seeking help with alcohol use cessation. Methods: A randomized, controlled trial was performed with Brazilian subjects. Participants were randomly assigned to either the minimal intervention group (i.e., given reference materials) or the BMI group. Alcohol abstinence was evaluated in a 6-month follow-up telephone counseling session. The analysis was based on the intention to treat (ITT). Results: Of the 5,896 drug users who called the helpline, 700 (12%) used alcohol, 637 of whom enrolled in this study. At 6-month follow-up, 70% of the BMI group had stopped consuming alcohol compared to 41% in the control group (odds ratio = 1.5; 95% confidence interval = 1.2-1.9; p = 0.001). Conclusions: A helpline-based BMI helps alcohol users achieve abstinence. .

Sensibilidade e especificidade do Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) entre adultos da população geral / Sensitivity and specificity of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) among adults from the general population / Sensibilidad y especificidad del Cuestionario de Salud del Paciente-9 (PHQ-9) entre adultos de la población general

Com o objetivo de estudar a validade do Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) no rastreio de episódio depressivo maior na população geral, conduziu-se um estudo de base populacional em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Os domicílios foram sorteados por amostragem em múltiplos estágios, sendo os adultos (> 20 anos) convidados a participar. O padrão ouro foi a entrevista diagnóstica estruturada Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) aplicada por psiquiatras e psicólogos. Tanto o PHQ-9 quanto o MINI foram aplicados no domicílio. Em um total de 447 participantes (191 homens e 256 mulheres) a análise contínua identificou o ponto de corte > 9 como de máxima sensibilidade (77,5%; 61,5-89,2) e especificidade (86,7%; 83,0-89,9). Usando o algoritmo do teste, houve diminuição da sensibilidade para 42,5% (27,0-59,1), enquanto que a especificidade aumentou para 95,3% (92,8-97,2). O PHQ-9 mostrou-se apropriado para rastreamento de episódio depressivo maior. Pela maior sensibilidade, o PHQ-9 pontuado de forma contínua mostrou-se mais adequado do que o algoritmo para rastreamento de episódio depressivo maior na comunidade.

This population-based study focused on the validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for screening major depressive episodes in the general population in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Households were selected by multi-stage sampling, and adults (> 20 years) were invited to participate. The gold standard was the structured diagnostic Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), applied by psychiatrists and psychologists. Both the PHQ-9 and the MINI were applied in the subjects' homes. In a total of 447 participants (191 men and 256 women), the continuous analysis identified > 9 as the cutoff point with the highest sensitivity (77.5%; 61.5-89.2) and specificity (86.7%; 83.0- 89.9). Use of the test's algorithm decreased the sensitivity to 42.5% (27.0-59.1), while the specificity increased to 95.3% (92.8-97.2). The PHQ-9 proved appropriate for screening major depressive episodes. For greater sensitivity, the continuously scored PHQ-9 proved more adequate than the algorithm for screening major depressive episodes in the community.

Con el objetivo de evaluar la validez del Cuestionario de Salud del Paciente-9 (PHQ-9) en la detección de un episodio depresivo mayor en la población general, se llevó a cabo un estudio de base poblacional en la ciudad de Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Los hogares se seleccionaron al azar a través de muestreo multietápico, siendo solo invitados a participar los adultos (> 20 años). El padrón de primer orden fue la Mini Entrevista Neuropsiquiátrica Internacional (MINI), aplicada por psiquiatras y psicólogos. Ambos instrumentos fueron aplicados en la casa del participante. De un total de 447 participantes (191 hombres y 256 mujeres), el análisis continuo mostró un punto de corte > 9 como el de máxima sensibilidad (77,5%; 61,5-89,2) y especificidad (86,7%; 83,0-89,9) para la identificación de un episodio depresivo mayor. Al utilizar el algoritmo del test, la sensibilidad disminuyó a un 42,5% (27,0-59,1), mientras que la especificidad aumento a un 95,3% (92,8-97,2). El PHQ-9 mostró ser adecuado para el cribado de un episodio depresivo mayor. Debido a la sensibilidad más alta, el PHQ-9 marcado como una variable continua fue más adecuado que el algoritmo para la detección de episodio depresivo mayor en la comunidad.

Autopercepção de saúde em cuidadores familiares e o tipo de demência: resultados preliminares de uma amostra ambulatorial / Self-perception of health of family caregivers and the dementia type: preliminary results of an outpatients sample

A tarefa de cuidar de um familiar com demência é reconhecida como associada ao estresse crônico, e a problemas físicos e emocionais no cuidador. Entretanto, a influência do tipo de demência sobre a autopercepção de saúde em cuidadores familiares ainda é pouco conhecida. Objetivos: Descrever características sociodemográficas e clínicas de uma amostra ambulatorial do Rio de Janeiro composta por pacientes com demência e seus cuidadores familiares, e examinar a relação entre o tipo de demência do paciente (VD: Demência Vascular; DA: Doença de Alzheimer; DM: Demência Mista) e a autopercepção de saúde em cuidadores familiares. Métodos: A amostra (n=49) foi constituída por pacientes com demência e seus cuidadores familiares atendidos regularmente em um ambulatório de Psicogeriatria no Rio de Janeiro. Pacientes foram avaliados com Mini-Exame do Estado Mental, Questionário de Atividades Funcionais, Inventário Neuropsiquiátrico e Escala de Estadiamento da Demência. Cuidadores foram investigados com um Questionário Sociodemográfico e Clínico, que inclui questões de autopercepção de saúde física e emocional, além dos Inventários Beck de Depressão e Ansiedade, e Entrevista de Sobrecarga Zarit. Resultados: Cuidadores familiares de pacientes com DA apresentaram pior autopercepção de saúde física quando comparados aos familiares provedores de cuidados dos grupos dos outros tipos de demência, apesar da diferença não ter alcançado nível de significância estatística. A queixa de dor foi o problema físico mais frequente nos cuidadores nos três tipos diagnósticos...

Provide care for a demented relative is recognized as associated to chronic strain, and also to caregiver's physical and emotional problems. However, little is known about the influence of the dementia type on family caregiver health self-perception. Objectives: Describe sociodemographic and clinical factors of an outpatients sample in Rio de Janeiro composed by demented patients and their family caregivers, and to investigate the relation of the dementia type (Vascular Dementia: VaD; Alzheimer Disease: AD; Mixed Dementia: MD) with family caregivers health self-perception. Methods: Outpatients (n=49) with dementia were evaluated with Mini-Mental State Examination, Functional Activities Questionnaire, Neuropsychiatric Inventory, and Clinical Dementia Rating. Caregivers were assessed with a Sociodemographic and Clinical Questionnaire, Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories, and Zarit Burden Interview. Results: Family caregivers of AD patients presented poorer physical health self-perception when compared to family caregivers of the other dementia types, however these differences did not reach the statistical level. Physical and emotional complains were reported by the majority of caregivers of all dementia types. Complaint of pain was the most frequent physical problem among the three diagnostic types...

Comportamientos de riesgo para la salud en niños y adolescentes con intentos de suicidio y en sus familiares / Risk factors and behaviors among children and adolescents hospitalized for a suicidal attempt

Background: Suicidal behavior is the result of the interaction of several factors and represents an increasing health problem. Aim: To characterize epidemiologically children and adolescents with suicidal attempts and compare them to a control group. Material and Methods: A case-control and prospective study, based on clinical interviews and tests performed to 30 children and adolescents hospitalized due to a suicidal attempt and their parents or tutors, (GIS) and 40 ambulatory controls without such history (CG). Psychopathological disorders, risk behaviors (substance use, maltreatment, peer violence, sexual abuse and early sexual relations), family factors and their association with suicidal attempts, were analyzed. Results: Seventy seven percent of participants with a history of suicidal attempt had psychopathological disorders (depression in 38%) and a higher prevalence of suicidal behavior, maltreatment, substance and sexual abuse. Male sex was a risk factor for suicide among children under 12 years and female sex was a risk factor for adolescents aged over 12years. Other risk factors detected were a risky communication between parents and siblings. Conclusions: Children and adolescents who attempted suicide and their families have a higher prevalence of risk behaviors than the control group.

Youth who neither study nor work: mental health, education and employment / Jóvenes que ni estudian ni trabajan: salud mental, educación y empleo

OBJECTIVE: Limited educational and job opportunities for youth has led to a phenomenon termed NEET (not in education, employment or training). The objective is to estimate the prevalence of psychiatric disorders, substance use and suicidal behavior in youth classified as NEET and to compare with those who study only, work only or do both. MATERIAL AND METHODS: 3 005 12-to-17 year-olds in Mexico City were evaluated in 2005 with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Descriptive and logistic regression analyses considered the multistage weighted sample design. RESULTS: NEET youth as well as those who work only or study and work simultaneously have greater odds of psychiatric disorder, substance use and suicidal behavior compared to those who study exclusively even after controlling for social disadvantage. CONCLUSION: Vulnerability is not circumscribed to NEET adolescents, but to all teens who are not exclusive students. Supporting youth to continue studying exclusively may buffer negative mental health outcomes.

OBJETIVO: Oportunidades educativas y laborales limitadas para los jóvenes han dado lugar al fenómeno de adolescentes que no estudian ni trabajan (NINIs). El objetivo es estimar la prevalencia de trastornos psiquiátricos, consumo de sustancias y conducta suicida en adolescentes NINIs y compararlos con adolescentes que estudian exclusivamente, trabajan exclusivamente y quienes estudian y trabajan. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: 3 005 adolescentes entre 12 y 17 años de edad fueron evaluados en 2005 con la Entrevista Internacional Psiquiátrica Compuesta en una encuesta multietápica, estraficada y representativa del Distrito Federal y municipios conurbados. RESULTADOS: Los NINIs, quienes trabajan, y quienes estudian y trabajan tienen mayor riesgo de trastornos psiquiátricos, consumo de sustancias y conducta suicida en comparación con aquellos que estudian exclusivamente. CONCLUSIÓN: La vulnerabilidad no se circunscribe a los NINIs sino a todos los que no son estudiantes exclusivamente. Apoyar a los jóvenes para que estudien podría beneficiar su salud mental.