Daily Toothbrushing Frequency and the Association with Parental Report of Dental Pain and Discomfort in Preschool Children

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the impact of daily toothbrushing frequency on parental reports of dental pain and discomfort in preschoolers. Material and Methods: An observational cross-sectional study was conducted involving 376 children between four and five years of age at public preschools in the city of Campo Magro, Brazil. Parents/guardians answered a socioeconomic questionnaire that contained a single question on the child's daily toothbrushing frequency and the Brazilian version of the Dental Discomfort Questionnaire (DDQ-B). Statistical analysis involved bivariate and multivariate Poisson regression analyses (α=0.05). Results: After the adjustments in the multivariate analysis, the prevalence of dental pain and discomfort was lower among children whose last visit to the dentist was for prevention (PR = 4.42; 95% CI: 1.75- 11.14; p=0.002) and those with a higher daily toothbrushing frequency (PR = 2.13; 95% CI: 1.12-4.05; p=0.021). Conclusion: A lower toothbrushing frequency is associated with parental reports of dental pain and discomfort in preschoolers. Educational and preventive measures that stimulate an increase in daily toothbrushing frequency can contribute to a better oral health status in preschoolers, consequently, less prevalence of dental pain and discomfort.

Factors related to the presence of dental erosion and abrasion in peruvian adults / Factores relacionados con la presencia de erosión y abrasión dental en adultos peruanos

Introduction: Non-carious lesions are an oral health problem in adults, consequently it is necessary to create mechanisms for their diagnosis and prevention. Objective: To determine the frequency of erosion, abrasion and related factors in patients treated at a university dental clinic. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 153 adults treated at a university clinic in Lima, Peru, in 2018. Personal aspects (age, sex, characteristics of saliva), dietary factors, health condition, oral habits, and tooth brushing were identified. The presence of abrasion was determined according to clinical criteria through direct observation. Erosion was identified using the Basic Erosive Wear index. Generalized linear models with Poisson distribution with robust variances were used. Results: The frequency of dental abrasion (70.6%) is higher than erosion (26.1%). The presence of erosion is associated with asthma (PR= 2.11), abrasion is related to age and poor dental hygiene habits (PR= 1.67 and 1.30, respectively). Conclusion: The presence of dental abrasion is greater than dental erosion. Age and poor dental habits are factors associated with tooth abrasion. The characteristics of saliva regarding pH and salivary flow were within normal p-values.

Introducción: Las lesiones no cariosas son un problema de salud bucal en adultos siendo necesario establecer mecanismos para su diagnóstico y prevención. Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de erosión, abrasión y factores relacionados, en pacientes que acudieron a una clínica odontológica docente universitaria. Material y Métodos: Estudio transversal en una muestra de 153 adultos asistentes a una clínica docente asistencial de Lima en el 2018. Se identificaron factores personales (edad, sexo, características de la saliva), factores dietéticos, condición de salud, hábitos orales y cepillado dental. A través de la observación directa se identificó la presencia de abrasión de acuerdo a criterios clínicos, y de erosión utilizando el índice Basic Erosive Wear. Se utilizaron modelos lineales generalizados con distribución de Poisson con varianzas robustas. Resultados: La frecuencia de abrasión dentaria (70,6%) es mayor que la erosión (26,1%). La presencia de erosión está asociada al asma (RP= 2,11), la abrasión está relacionada con la edad y los malos hábitos de la higiene dental (RP= 1,67 y 1,30 respectivamente). Conclusion: La presencia de la abrasión dental es mayor que la erosión dental. La edad y los hábitos dentales inadecuados son factores asociados con la abrasión dentaria. Las características de la saliva en pH y flujo salival estuvieron dentro de los valores normales.

Population Knowledge and Attitude Toward Emergency Management of Avulsed Permanent Teeth

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the knowledge of patients treated in a public University concerning dental avulsion and its emergency first-aid management. Material and Methods: Three hundred patients were invited to answer a questionnaire about demographic characteristics, attitude and knowledge of first-aid management of dental avulsion. Chi-square test was used to assess the association between knowledge about dental replantation and education level. Results: Female gender (66.7%) aged from 31 to 40 years (31.3%) with high school education (50.3%) predominated among all the participants. It was not found a difference between education level and management of avulsed permanent teeth (p=0.076), and 66% of the respondents were not able to do the replantation. In relation to the management of avulsed tooth, 42.7% of the respondents would brush the tooth and if the replantation was not possible, most of them would choose inappropriate media for storage. The association between the storage medium and educational level showed to be statistically significant (p=0.043). Conclusion: It was possible to notice the lack of knowledge about this subject, and it could result in the worst prognosis. In avulsion cases, the subsequent root resorptions may lead to the loss of the child's tooth. It is important to implement educational campaigns to spread knowledge and improve success rates of permanent avulsed teeth

Cepillado dental y niveles de flúor en pastas dentales usadas por niños peruanos menores de 12 años / Tooth brushing and fluoride levels in toothpaste used by peruvian children under 12 years old

RESUMEN Análisis secundario de los datos de 41 330 niños de uno a 11 años de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar (ENDES) 2018. Se reportó la frecuencia de cepillado y el uso de pasta dental según el nivel de flúor (no cepillado, adecuado, inadecuado, no mostró/no usa pasta, e ilegible), según variables socioeconómicas y geográficas. Un 7,8% de los niños evaluados no se cepillaba los dientes, se evidenció diferencias porcentuales significativas (p <0,001) en el uso de pasta dental con concentración inadecuada de flúor entre las categorías extremas de las variables edad (12,3%), uso de servicios odontológicos (7,7%), nivel educativo del responsable (20,4%), índice de riqueza (17,8%), dominio geográfico (11,3%) y área de residencia (9,1%). Un porcentaje considerable de niños peruanos no se cepilla los dientes; además, un gran número de niños que se cepillan emplean pastas dentales con contenidos de flúor sin efecto preventivo.

ABSTRACT Secondary analysis of data on 41,330 children aged one to 11 from the Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES) carried out in 2018. The frequency of brushing and the use of toothpaste were reported according to the level of fluoride (no brushing, adequate, inadequate, did not show/did not use toothpaste, and illegible), according to socioeconomic and geographical variables. The evaluation showed that 7.8% of children did not brush their teeth; there were significant percentage differences (p <0.001) in the use of toothpaste with inadequate fluoride concentration between the extreme categories of the variables: age (12.3%), use of dental services (7.7%), educational level of the person responsible (20.4%), wealth index (17.8%), geographical domain (11.3%), and area of residence (9.1%). A considerable percentage of Peruvian children do not brush their teeth; in addition, a large number of children who brush use toothpastes with a fluoride content that has no preventive effect.

A new technique for tongue brushing and halitosis reduction: the X technique

Abstract The tongue is one of the primary sources of halitosis. The manual or mechanical removal of biofilm is known to decrease oral malodor. Objective: To evaluate a new tongue hygiene technique hereby referred to as "the X technique" and its effects on both halitosis and the number of microorganisms based on microbiological parameters and diagnostic features of the breath. Material and Methods: The study included thirty patients divided into a control group (patients without systematized guidelines of lingual hygiene, but who performed the mechanical cleaning of tongue dorsum, each in its own way), the 3R group (instructed to perform the movements of the X technique for 3 repetitions at each brushing), and the 6R group (instructed to perform 6 repetitions of the technique at each brushing). After two weeks, a new data collection was performed. Results: Patients in the 6R group presented the lowest score on the organoleptic assessment scale at the second consultation, followed by the 3R group and the controls. Regarding the self-perception of breath by the method of Visual Analog Scale (VAS), the control group did not perceive improvements in oral malodor; the results of the 3R group and the 6R group were similar. Conclusion: These results indicate that the X technique improves both measurements and perceptions of halitosis. Microbiological analyses revealed greatest reduction in the 6R group. The findings show that the X technique reduces both organoleptic scores and the number of bacterial colonies, and improves users' perceptions of their breath.

Occurrence and predictors of gingivitis and supragingival calculus in a population of Brazilian adults

Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of gingivitis and calculus and their predictors in a population of adults in Brazil. A representative sample of 758 adults from 35 to 59 years of age from Porto Alegre city was examined. A structured questionnaire was applied. The Gingival Bleeding Index and the presence of calculus were measured at 4 sites/tooth. Multivariable logistic models were fitted to determine the predictors for gingival bleeding at >20% of sites. Overall, 96.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]=95.1-98.0) of individuals had ≥ 1 bleeding site. The mean percentages of sites with gingivitis and calculus were 26.1% and 44.6%, respectively. The odds of gingivitis decreased by ∼45% for individuals ≥40 years old compared to younger adults. Individuals that never performed interproximal cleaning and non-whites had an approximately two times higher chance of gingivitis. Smokers had lower chances of gingivitis than never-smokers (odds ratio=0.40; 95% CI=0.24-0.68). Higher numbers of missing teeth were associated with higher chances of gingivitis. The percentage of calculus was significantly associated with skin color, education, proximal cleaning, smoking exposure, dental visits, and tooth loss. It can be concluded that the occurrence of gingivitis and calculus was high in this Brazilian population, and it was associated with age, skin color, education, self-reported proximal cleaning, smoking, dental care, and tooth loss.

Experiência de cárie dentária e fatores associados em crianças pré-escolares / Experience of dental caries and associated factors in preschool children

Objetivo: Avaliar a experiência de cárie dentária e fatores associados em pré-escolares regularmente matriculados nas escolas públicas de ensino fundamental do município de Brejo dos Santos, Paraíba. Métodos: A amostra constou de 110 crianças nas idades de 4 e 5 anos. Para coleta de dados, foram empregados dois questionários contendo variáveis sociodemográficas, de percepção e atitude dos pais ou responsáveis sobre a saúde bucal de seus filhos. A respeito da avaliação da experiência de cárie e necessidade de tratamento utilizou-se o índice ceo-d, atendendo aos critérios de diagnóstico e normas propostos pela Organização Mundial de Saúde. Testes de associação foram aplicados entre as variáveis categóricas. Para a comparação entre os sexos em relação ao ceo-d/componentes, empregou-se o teste de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: A experiência de cárie dentária na população foi de 50,9%, sendo o ceo-d médio geral de 1,15. Entre as variáveis sociodemográficas somente "situação da moradia" esteve estatisticamente associada à experiência de cárie dentária (p = 0,008). Apesar de não significativo, a maioria das crianças com experiência da doença estava inserida em famílias de renda igual ou inferior a um salário mínimo, e cujos pais apresentaram baixo grau de escolaridade. Os dados constataram ainda que; 74,5% dos responsáveis relataram nunca ter levado a criança aos serviços de saúde bucal, apesar de 57,2% dos mesmos perceberem a necessidade de tratamento odontológico da mesma. Dentre as variáveis de percepção e atitudes dos pais, "ser usuário do sistema público de saúde em casos de urgência" (p = 0,042) e a variável "quantidade de escovações diárias" (p = 0,001) mostraram-se estatisticamente significativas em relação à experiência da doença. Conclusão: A experiência de cárie dentária foi considerada elevada. A associação entre a doença e os fatores pesquisados evidenciou "situação da moradia", "quantidade de escovação" e "ser usuário do sistema público de saúde em situação de urgência" desfechos estatisticamente significativos.

Aim: Evaluate the caries experience and associated factors in preschool children regularly enrolled in public elementary schools in the city of Brejo dos Santos, Paraíba. Methods: The sample consisted of 110 children of 4 and 5 years of age. To collect data, two questionnaires containing demographic variables, perception, and attitude of parents or guardians about the oral health of their children were employed. The deft index was used to assess the caries experience and the treatment needed, meeting the diagnostic criteria and standards proposed by the World Health Organization (WHO). Tests of association were applied between the categorical variables. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the sexes with respect to the ceo-d/components. Results: The caries experience in the population was 50.9%, while the overall average dmft was 1.15. Among sociodemographic variables, only the "housing situation" was significantly associated with the caries experience (p = 0.008). Although not significant, most children with the disease experience were related to the families who had incomes at or below minimum wage, and whose parents had a low educational level. The data also found that 74.5% of the parents reported having never taken their children to dental services, while 57.2% of them realized the need for dental treatment. Among the variables of parents' perception and attitudes, "being a user of the public health system in emergencies" (p = 0.042) and the variable "How often your child brushes his/her teeth" (p = 0.001) were statistically significant concerning to disease experience. Conclusion: The experience of dental caries was quite high. The association between the disease and the factors surveyed showed that "housing situation", "amount of brushing", and "being a user of the public health system in emergencies" were statistically significant outcomes.

Simultaneidade de comportamentos de risco à saúde bucal em adolescentes: evidência da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar / Simultaneous oral health risk behaviors among adolescents: evidence from the National School-based Student Health Survey

RESUMO: Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência da presença simultânea de comportamentos de risco à saúde bucal em adolescentes brasileiros e fatores associados. Métodos: Foram utilizados dados de 109.104 escolares provenientes da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE). A presença simultânea de baixa frequência de escovação dentária (E), uso recente de cigarros (C), baixa frequência de ida ao dentista (D), baixo consumo de frutas (F) e alto consumo de alimentos que contêm açúcar adicionado (A) foi avaliada pela razão entre as prevalências observada e esperada (PO/PE). Regressão logística foi utilizada para avaliar a associação entre as combinações de comportamentos e as variáveis sociodemográficas e do contexto familiar. Resultados: A ocorrência de dois ou mais comportamentos de risco à saúde bucal foi de 60,40%. As combinações mais prevalentes com razão PO/PE acima de 1,20 foram EDF, CFA e EDFA. A chance de concentrar dois ou mais comportamentos foi maior para adolescentes sem supervisão familiar dos deveres de casa, de escolas públicas, do sexo masculino e das raças indígena ou amarela (odds ratio - OR > 1,00; p < 0,05). O nível de afluência familiar baixo atuou como risco para a combinação ECDFA (OR = 2,58; p = 0,009), enquanto para a combinação CFA os níveis médio e baixo atuaram como proteção (OR = 0,71; p < 0,001 e OR = 0,76; p = 0,011). Conclusão: A prevalência da presença simultânea de comportamentos de risco à saúde bucal foi baixa e associada negativamente a fatores sociodemográficos e do contexto familiar. Intervenções que busquem reduzir os comportamentos de risco em saúde bucal em adolescentes devem priorizar os grupos identificados.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To investigate the prevalence of simultaneous oral health risk behaviors and associated factors among Brazilian adolescents. Methods: The study comprised data of 109,104 adolescents participating in the Brazilian National School-based Student Health Survey. The simultaneous presence of less frequent toothbrushing (E), current smoking (C), no visits to the dentist (D), low fruit intake (F), and high sugar intake (A) was assessed by comparison of observed/expected prevalence (OP/EP). Logistic regression was used to assess sociodemographic and family factors associated with the clustering patterns of oral health risk behaviors. Results: The simultaneous occurrence of two or more oral health risk behaviors was of 60.40%. The highest prevalence values were found for the following patterns with OP/EP over 1.20: EDF, CFA, and EDFA. The odds for two or more combined oral health risk behaviors were higher for adolescents whose parents did not participate in homework, from public schools, males, and of Asian or Indigenous ethnicity (OR > 1.00; p < 0.05). Low family affluence level (FAL) acted as a risk factor for the pattern ECDFA (OR = 2.58; p = 0.009), while low and mean FAL functioned as protection factors for the pattern CFA (OR = 0.71; p < 0.001, and OR = 0.76; p = 0.011). Conclusion: The prevalence of simultaneous oral health risk behaviors was low and negatively associated with sociodemographic and family factors. Interventions aiming at reducing these behavior patterns should prioritize the groups that have been identified as being at most risk.

Educational program in oral health for caregivers on the oral hygiene of dependent elders / Programa educacional em saúde bucal para cuidadores sobre a higiene oral de idosos dependentes

Objective: Due increased number of elders living in long-term care institutions, actions designs to improve their oral health are essential. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of an educational program for the caregivers through the assessment of the oral hygiene of institutionalized elders. Material and method: The education program consisted in lectures to caregivers about oral health that were performed once a month. The subjects were 40 functionally dependent institutionalized elders and 14 caregivers. Hygiene habits, plaque index, and tongue coating/discoloration of the elders were measured before the educational program (baseline- T0) and after 6 (T1), 12 (T2), 18 (T3) and 24 months (T4). Caregivers answered questions about their knowledge, doubts and implementation of dental care (T0 to T4). Result: After analyzing the data (Friedman, Chi-square and Spearman α = 0.05), a gradual improvement in the oral hygiene of the subjects was observed, with an increased frequency of brushing (p=0.0005), a change in the brush type (p=0.0065) and a reduction in the plaque index (p<0.05) and tongue coating (p<0.05). Caregivers showed a marked improvement in their dental care knowledge. Conclusion: It was concluded that the educational program for caregivers had a positive impact in the oral health of institutionalized elderly observed by the increased in the effectiveness of oral hygiene parameters such as plaque index and tongue coating, contributing to the knowledge gain in hygiene by caregivers.

Objetivo: Devido ao aumento do número de idosos que vivem em instituições de longa permanência são essenciais projetos de ações para melhorar a saúde bucal. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o impacto de um programa educacional para os cuidadores de idosos institucionalizados por meio da avaliação da higiene bucal. Material e método: O programa de educação consistiu em palestras para cuidadores sobre saúde bucal que foram realizadas uma vez por mês. Foram avaliados 40 idosos institucionalizados dependentes funcionalmente e 14 cuidadores. Os hábitos de higiene, o índice de placa e o revestimento/descoloração da língua dos idosos foram avaliados antes do programa educacional (T0) e após 6 (T1), 12 (T2), 18 (T3) e 24 meses (T4). Os cuidadores responderam perguntas sobre seus conhecimentos, suas dúvidas e sobre a implementação de cuidados bucais (T0 a T4). Resultado: Após análise dos dados (Friedman, Qui-quadrado e Spearman, α = 0,05), observou-se melhora gradual na higiene oral dos idosos, com maior freqüência de escovação (p = 0,0005), alteração do tipo de escova (p = 0,0065) e redução do índice de placa (p <0,05) e revestimento da língua (p <0,05). Os cuidadores mostraram uma melhoria acentuada no seu conhecimento sobre saúde bucal. Conclusão: Concluiu-se que o programa educacional para cuidadores teve um impacto positivo na saúde bucal dos idosos institucionalizados observado pelo aumento na eficácia dos parâmetros de higiene bucal, como índice de placa e revestimento da língua, contribuindo para o ganho de conhecimento em higiene pelos cuidadores.

Behavior During Tooth Brushing in the Home Environment in Preterm and Full-Term Infants

Objective: To evaluate the behavior during toothbrushing of preterm and full-term infants through maternal report. Material and Methods: This study is based on secondary data collected from dental records of infants aged 12-38 months. The collected data of demographic and socioeconomic status, prematurity, tooth brushing habit and infant behavior during toothbrushing were tabulated using the SPSS-21.0 software and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, carried out by the Chisquare, Fisher's exact or maximum likelihood ratio statistical tests, with significant level of 5%. Results: The types of infant behavior during toothbrushing were: cooperative, participative, resistant, inflexible and independent. Variables maternal education, family income and frequency of day care attendance showed significant differences regarding the infant's behavior (p=0.031, 0.033 and 0.004, respectively). No significant differences were found between infant's behavior during toothbrushing and maternal occupation/study (p=0.301), primiparity (p=0.109), infant's gender (p=0,233), prematurity (p=0,479), weight/gestational age ratio (p=0.231), toothbrushing before bed (p=0.83), dental biofilm (p=0,189) and presence of caries or extensive dental changes (p=0.566). Conclusion: There was no evidence that there is a difference in the behavior during toothbrushing of preterm and full term infants. Collaborative behavior was influenced by socioeconomic factors such as higher maternal schooling and family income, and in infants who attended day care.

Association between depressive symptoms and dental care-seeking behavior among elderly Brazilian people / Associação entre sintomas depressivos e comportamento de procura de cuidados odontológico entre idosos brasileiros

Background: Depressive symptoms are highly prevalent among the elderly population (10%). These symptoms frequently appear when there is a loss of quality of life associated with social exclusion and the appearance of severe diseases. Feelings of sadness, discouragement, despondency and deception, and events such as the loss of close friends and family can also be related to these symptoms. The consequences of depressive symptoms include negative oral health outcomes, such as a decrease in the frequency of toothbrushing, greater prevalence of caries and higher probability of the appearance of periodontitis. Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the association between the presence of depressive symptoms and problem-oriented oral healthcare behavior, as well as the absence of healthcare-seeking behavior. Material and method: 872 elderly people living in two health districts in Porto Alegre were evaluated. They provided information on socioeconomic variables at an interview, and responded to the Geriatric Depression Scale-15 and to a questionnaire assessing dental care-seeking behavior. In addition, an oral examination was performed. When analyzed using Poisson regression with robust variance, the variables of male sex, less schooling, lower income, reduced number of teeth, presence of root remnants and presence of depressive symptoms were found to be independently associated with the outcome. Result: There was a significant difference regarding dental care-seeking behavior in relation to elderly people presenting depressive symptoms and those in low socioeconomic strata having poor oral status. Conclusion: It was concluded that these factors need to be taken into consideration when evaluating dental care-seeking behavior.

Introdução: Os sintomas depressivos são altamente prevalentes na população idosa (10%). Estes sintomas aparecem frequentemente quando há uma perda de qualidade de vida associada à exclusão social e ao aparecimento de doenças graves. Sentimentos de tristeza, desânimo, desânimo e decepção, e eventos, tais como a perda de amigos próximos e familiares podem também estar relacionados a estes sintomas. As consequências de sintomas depressivos incluem os resultados negativos de saúde oral, tais como uma diminuição na frequência de escovação, maior prevalência de cárie e maior probabilidade do aparecimento de periodontite. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a associação entre a presença de sintomas depressivos e comportamento saúde bucal orientada para o problema, bem como a ausência de comportamento de procura de cuidados de saúde. Foram avaliados 872 idosos vivendo em dois distritos de saúde em Porto Alegre. Material e método: Eles forneceram informações sobre variáveis socioeconômicas em uma entrevista, e responderam à Escala de Depressão Geriátrica-15 e a um questionário avaliando o comportamento de procura de cuidados dentários. Além disso, foi realizado um exame oral. Quando analisados por meio de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta, as variáveis sexo masculino, menor escolaridade, menor renda, número de dentes reduzidos, presença de restos de raiz e presença de sintomas depressivos foram encontrados para ser associados de forma independente com o resultado. Resultado: Houve uma diferença significativa em relação ao comportamento de procura de cuidados dentários em relação aos idosos com sintomas depressivos e aqueles em baixo nível socioeconômico com estatuto oral deficiente. Conclusão: Concluiu-se que esses fatores precisam ser levados em consideração ao avaliar o comportamento de procura de cuidados dentários.

Prevalence of self-reported halitosis and associated factors in adolescents from Southern Brazil

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of selfreportedhalitosis and associated factors in adolescents fromPasso Fundo, Brazil. Additionally, we studied adolescents'concern with their own breath and whether anyone hadever told them that they had halitosis...

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a prevalência de halitose autorreportada e fatores associados em adolescentes de Passo Fundo, Brasil. Além disso, foram verificados a preocupação dos adolescentes com o seu próprio hálito e se eles já foram avisados por alguém sobre essa condição em qualquer momento de suas vidas...

Efficacy of two soft-bristle toothbrushes in plaque removal: a randomized controlled trial

Abstract The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy in supragingival plaque removal of two soft-bristle toothbrushes. Seventy volunteers were allocated randomly to the Colgate Slim Soft or Curaprox CS5460 toothbrush grourps. At baseline appointment, volunteers underwent plaque examination using the Rustogi Modification of the Navy Plaque Index. Under supervision, they then brushed their teeth for 1minute with their assigned toothbrushes and the plaque examination was repeated. Volunteers performed daily oral hygiene with their assigned toothbrush and a regular dentifrice provided by the researchers for 7 days. The baseline experimental procedures were then repeated. Separate analyses of variance were performed for the whole-mouth, interproximal, and gumline plaque scores (p < 0.05). No difference in baseline pre-brushing scores was found between groups. After a single toothbrushing, the mean plaque score was significantly reduced in both groups (p < 0.05), with greater reduction of whole-mouth and interproximal plaque scores observed in the SlimSoft group compared with the Curaprox group (p < 0.05). After 7 days, the SlimSoft group showed greater reduction of the whole-mouth and interproximal plaque scores compared with the Curaprox group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the SlimSoft toothbrush presented greater efficacy in supragingival plaque removal than did the Curaprox CS5460 toothbrush, as reflected by whole-mouth and interproximal plaque scores.

Black stains and dental caries in Brazilian schoolchildren: a cross-sectional study

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of black stains (BS) and factors associated with their occurrence and to investigate the association of BS with caries experience after adjusting for other risk indicators. A school-based, cross-sectional study using multistage sampling of children aged 10-12 years from 20 private and public schools in Pelotas/Southern Brazil was conducted (n = 706). Children were evaluated for BS and dental caries (DMFT/dmft index) and socioeconomic information was collected by questionnaire. Univariate and multivariate Poisson regressions were used to assess variables associated with the prevalence of BS and with caries experience. The prevalence of BS was 5.81%. The mean DMFT/dmft was 1.54 (±1.91), with a maximum value of 10. Among the children with BS, mean dmft/DMFT was 1.22 (SD 1.68), with a maximum value of 6. After adjustments for demographics and socioeconomic variables, dental plaque and tooth brushing habits, prevalence of BS was associated with lower caries experience (RR 0.67; 95%CI 0.49-0.92). In conclusion, the presence of BS showed an association with lower dental caries experience in the evaluated population. Future studies should investigate the mechanisms behind this association.

Dental fluorosis: prevalence and associated factors in 12-year-old schoolchildren in Goiânia, Goiás / Fluorose dentária: prevalência e fatores associados em escolares de 12 anos de Goiânia, Goiás

To describe the prevalence of dental fluorosis, to investigate its association with individual and contextual variables among 12-year-old schoolchildren, and to determine whether there were changes in the prevalence of this condition from 2003 to 2010.

Descrever a prevalência de fluorose dentária e investigar sua associação com fatores individuais e contextuais entre escolares de 12 anos, além de verificar se houve mudanças na prevalência dessa condição no período de 2003 a 2010.

Perfil sócio-econômico de pacientes desdentados totais reabilitados na Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brasil / Perfil socioeconómico de pacientes desdentados totales rehabilitados en la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Federal de Bahía, Brasil / Socio-economic profile of total edentulous patients rehabilitated at the Faculty of dentistry from the Federal University of Bahia

Propôs-se: analisar o perfil dos pacientes idosos, edêntulos, reabilitados com prótese total na Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal da Bahia. Método: Tratou-se de um estudo descritiva, transversal com 50 indivíduos de ambos os gêneros, os quais foram reabilitados na Faculdade de Odontologia. Foi aplicado um questionário estruturado com perguntas acerca de variáveis sociodemográficas de moradia, comportamentais, de condições gerais de saúde e de cuidados com a prótese total. Resultados: a média de idade foi de 67,3 anos e houve predomínio do gênero feminino (86 porcento). Quanto ao nível educacional, 20 porcento dos pesquisados são analfabetos, enquanto 64 porcento recebem um salário mínimo mensal e 96 porcento residem em casa própria. A saúde geral foi considerada boa por 68 porcento, sendo que 24 porcento dos pacientes não utilizavam medicação. O tempo de edentulismo em 76 porcento dos casos foi superior a 10 anos, assim como a escovação da prótese total foi o método de higienização mais utilizado. Conclusão: os individuos apresentaram baixos níveis de escolaridade e de renda, fatores reconhecidamente associados ao edentulismo e evidenciados em pesquisas com populações semelhantes, o que pode levar um aumento no número de usuários de prótese total. O maior conhecimento desta população favorece o incentivo à ampliação de estratégias em saúde voltadas para essa faixa etária, a fim de ser evitada a perda dentária(AU)

Objetivo: analizar el perfil de los pacientes ancianos, desdentados, rehabilitados con prótesis total. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal en 50 individuos de ambos sexos, que han sido rehabilitados en la Facultad de Odontología de la Universidad Federal de Bahía. Se les realizó un cuestionario estructurado sobre características sociodemográficas, de vivienda, de conducta, de salud general y de los cuidados con las prótesis totales. Resultados: se encontró que la edad promedio fue de 67,3 años y que predominó el sexo femenino (86 por ciento). En cuanto al nivel educativo, el 20 por ciento de los entrevistados son analfabetos, mientras que el 64 por ciento recibe un salario mínimo mensual y el 96 por ciento vive en su propia casa. La salud general era buena en el 68 por ciento y el 24 por ciento de los pacientes no utilizan medicación. El tiempo de edentulismo en el 76 por ciento de los casos fue de más de 10 años, así como el cepillado de la dentadura era el método más utilizado para realizar limpieza. Conclusiones: los individuos tenían bajos niveles de educación e ingresos, factores conocidos asociados con edentulismo y evidenciados en estudios con poblaciones similares, que pueden conducir a un aumento en el número de pacientes portadores de prótesis. Un mayor conocimiento de esta población favorece el incentivo para desarrollar estrategias de salud dirigidas a este grupo etario con el fin de evitar la pérdida de dientes(AU)

Objective: Proposed to analyze the profile of elderly patients, edentulous, rehabilitated with complete dentures (PT) at the Faculty of Dentistry, Federal University of Bahia (FOUFBA). Method: This was a cross sectional study with 50 individuals of both genders. It was applied a structured questionnaire with questions about sociodemographic, housing, behavioral, general health conditions and care with PT. Results: it was found that the average age was 67.3 years and there was a predominance of females (86 percent). Regarding the educational level, 20 percent of respondents are illiterate, while 64 percent receive a minimum monthly salary and 96 percent live in their own house. The general health was good in 68 percent, and 24 percent didn't use medication. The time of edentulism in 76 percent of cases was more than 10 years, as well as brushing the denture was the most used method of cleaning. Conclusions: It was concluded that individuals had low levels of education and income, known factors associated with edentulism and evidenced in studies with similar populations, which may lead an increase in the number of denture wearers. Greater knowledge of this population favors the incentive to expand health strategies aimed at this age group in order to be prevented tooth loss(AU)

Knowledge and behavior of dentists in a dental school regarding toothbrush disinfection

The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and behavior of dentists regarding toothbrush disinfection. This study included 147 dentists (88 women and 59 men) who were actively employed at a dental school in Ankara, Turkey. Participants were asked to fill out a standard questionnaire, which contained questions regarding their demographics, brushing habits, toothbrush storage and disinfection habits, toothpaste use, knowledge about toothbrush disinfection, and whether they advised their patients about toothbrush storage. Descriptive statistics were calculated, and statistical analyses were performed with t-tests, chi-squared tests, and Fisher exact tests, where appropriate. Among the 147 surveyed dentists, 62.6% and 85.7% reported that they did not have any knowledge about toothbrush disinfection and did not disinfect their toothbrushes, respectively. However, approximately two thirds of surveyed dentists thought that toothbrush disinfection should be performed by everyone, including healthy individuals. Significant associations were found between knowledge about toothbrush disinfection and the professional title of dentists, how they stored their toothbrushes, and whether their toothbrushes were in contact with each other during storage (p < 0.05). A minority of dentists reported that they disinfected their toothbrushes.

Socioeconomic inequalities and changes in oral health behaviors among Brazilian adolescents from 2009 to 2012 / Desigualdades socioeconômicas e mudanças nos comportamentos em saúde bucal de adolescentes brasileiros de 2009 a 2012

OBJECTIVE To analyze oral health behaviors changes over time in Brazilian adolescents concerning maternal educational inequalities.METHODS Data from the Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar(Brazilian National School Health Survey) were analyzed. The sample was composed of 60,973 and 61,145 students from 26 Brazilian state capitals and the Federal District in 2009 and 2012, respectively. The analyzed factors were oral health behaviors (toothbrushing frequency, sweets consumption, soft drink consumption, and cigarette experimentation) and sociodemographics (age, sex, race, type of school and maternal schooling). Oral health behaviors and sociodemographic factors in the two years were compared (Rao-Scott test) and relative and absolute measures of socioeconomic inequalities in health were estimated (slope index of inequality and relative concentration index), using maternal education as a socioeconomic indicator, expressed in number of years of study (> 11; 9-11; ≤ 8).RESULTS Results from 2012, when compared with those from 2009, for all maternal education categories, showed that the proportion of people with low toothbrushing frequency increased, and that consumption of sweets and soft drinks and cigarette experimentation decreased. In private schools, positive slope index of inequality and relative concentration index indicated higher soft drink consumption in 2012 and higher cigarette experimentation in both years among students who reported greater maternal schooling, with no significant change in inequalities. In public schools, negative slope index of inequality and relative concentration index indicated higher soft drink consumption among students who reported lower maternal schooling in both years, with no significant change overtime. The positive relative concentration index indicated inequality in 2009 for cigarette experimentation, with a higher prevalence among students who reported greater maternal schooling. There were no inequalities for toothbrushing frequency or sweets consumption.CONCLUSIONS There were changes in the prevalences of oral health behaviors during the analyzed period; however, these changes were not related to maternal education inequalities.

OBJETIVO Analisar a evolução de comportamentos em saúde bucal em adolescentes em relação às desigualdades da escolaridade materna.MÉTODOS Foram analisados dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar. A amostra foi composta por 60.973 e 61.145 escolares do nono ano das 26 capitais brasileiras e do Distrito Federal em 2009 e 2012, respectivamente. Foram analisados comportamentos em saúde bucal (frequência de escovação dentária, consumo de guloseimas, consumo de refrigerantes e experimentação de cigarros) e variáveis sociodemográficas (idade, sexo, raça/cor, tipo de escola e escolaridade materna). Compararam-se os comportamentos em saúde bucal e os fatores sociodemográficos nos dois anos (teste de Rao-Scott) e calcularam-se medidas de desigualdades socioeconômicas absolutas e relativas em saúde (coeficiente angular de desigualdade e índice de concentração relativa), utilizando-se como indicador a escolaridade materna expressa em anos de estudo (> 11; 9-11; ≤ 8).RESULTADOS Quando comparado 2012 em relação a 2009, para todas as categorias de escolaridade materna, observou-se aumento da proporção de pessoas com baixa frequência de escovação, e diminuição do consumo de guloseimas e refrigerantes e da experimentação de cigarros. Em escolas privadas, o coeficiente angular de desigualdade e o índice de concentração relativa positivos indicaram maior consumo de refrigerantes em 2012 e maior experimentação de cigarros nos dois anos entre aqueles cujas mães tinham maior escolaridade, sem mudança significativa das desigualdades. Em escolas públicas, o coeficiente angular de desigualdade e o índice de concentração relativa negativos indicaram maior consumo de refrigerantes entre aqueles cujas mães tinham, nos dois anos estudados, menor escolaridade, sem mudança significativa. Já o índice de concentração relativa positivo indicou desigualdade em 2009 para experimentação de cigarros, com maior prevalência entre aqueles cujas mães tinham maior escolaridade. Não houve desigualdade para frequência de escovação e consumo de guloseimas.CONCLUSÕES As prevalências dos comportamentos em saúde bucal apresentaram mudanças no período investigado. No entanto, tais mudanças não foram relacionadas às desigualdades de escolaridade materna.

Fatores sócio comportamentais em grupos de polarização da cárie dentária em escolares e pré-escolares em município de médio porte / Socio-behavioral factors in dental caries polarization groups in preschool and schoolchildren in a mid-sized city

Objetivo: Avaliar a experiência de cárie dentária, identificar os grupos de polarização e verificar os fatores associados à doença cárie dentária em escolares e pré-escolares do município de Pirassununga, SP Materiais e Métodos: A coleta de dados foi realizada por levantamento epidemiológico em 2006, em pré-escolares de 5 anos (n = 113) e escolares de 12 anos (n = 117). Foram utilizados os códigos e critériospadronizados pela OMS. Em seguida, realizou-se análise de regressão de Poisson entre grupos com presençade cárie dentária (CPOD/ceod > 0) e grupo SiC (Significant Caries Index). Resultados: Aos 5 anos, 62,8% daamostra era composta por crianças livres de cárie, com média do ceod de 2,0 (dp = 2,9) e média do SiC 4,0 (dp =3,6). Aos 12 anos, a média de CPOD foi de 1,2 (dp = 1,9), a média do SiC foi de 3,1 (dp = 2,4) e 53,8% eram livresde cárie. As variáveis que se apresentaram associadas à cárie dentária aos 5 anos no grupo com experiência de cárie dentária (ceod > 0) foram: ter procurado o dentista por motivo de dor/cárie (p = 0,00) e ter como responsável pelo sustento o pai ou a mãe (p = 0,053). No grupo de polarização (SiC) foram: frequência de escovação de 1 a 2 vezes ao dia (p = 0,052) e ter visitado o dentista no último ano (p = 0,025). Aos 12 anos, no grupo com experiência de cáriedentária (CPOD > 0), as variáveis com força de associação foram: meio de transporte ônibus/bicicleta (p= 0,026)e ter faltado à escola por dor/cárie (p = 0,011). No SIC, as variáveis encontradas foram: meio de transporte ônibus/bicicleta (p = 0,034) e ter visitado o dentista no último ano (p = 0,023). Conclusão: Em ambos os grupos etários, na dentição decídua e dentição permanente, em ambos os grupos (CPOD e SiC), a experiência de cárie foi associado a fatores socioeconômicos, sóciocomportamentais e de acesso.

Determinantes individuais e contextuais da carie em criancas brasileiras de 12 anos em 2010 / Determinantes individuales y contextuales de la caries en ninos brasilenos de 12 anos en 2010 / Individual and contextual determinants of dental caries in Brazilian 12-year-olds in 2010

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência e gravidade de cárie em crianças brasileiras e sua associação com fatores individuais e contextuais. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados os dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde Bucal (SBBrasil 2010), em uma amostra de 7.247 crianças de 12 anos. Os dados foram coletados por meio de exames clínicos e entrevistas. As variáveis dependentes foram as prevalências de cárie (dentes permanentes cariados, perdidos ou obturados [CPOD] ≥ 1 e CPOD ≥ 4). Foram realizadas análises bivariadas (teste de Rao-Scott) e multinível (regressão de Poisson). As variáveis individuais foram sociodemográficas, condição periodontal e relato de incômodo ao escovar os dentes. Os fatores contextuais foram a presença de água fluoretada, a porcentagem de domicílios ligados à rede de abastecimento de água e a renda mediana do município. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de CPOD ≥ 1 foi 56,0%. O CPOD médio foi igual a 2,04 (IC95% 1,76;2,31) e 22,2% das crianças tinham CPOD ≥ 4. A experiência de cárie foi significantemente mais elevada em crianças de cor de pele preta, parda e amarela; em famílias com renda mais baixa; em crianças com cálculo dentário ou sangramento gengival; e naquelas que relataram incômodo ao escovar. Viver em cidades sem água fluoretada, com menor cobertura da rede de abastecimento de água e com renda mediana baixa foram fatores contextuais associados à doença. CONCLUSÕES: A prevalência de cárie em crianças brasileiras de 12 anos foi baixa, de acordo com os critérios da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Houve significantes desigualdades geográficas e socioeconômicas nos níveis da doença. .

OBJETIVO: Estimar la prevalencia y gravedad de la caries en niños brasileños y su asociación con factores individuales y contextuales. MÉTODOS: Se utilizaron los datos de la Investigación Nacional de Salud Bucal (SBBrasil2010), en una muestra de 7.247 niños de 12 años. Los datos fueron colectados por medio de exámenes clínicos y entrevistas. Las variables dependientes fueron las prevalencias de caries (dientes permanentes cariados, perdidos u obturados [CPOD] ≥1 y CPOD ≥4). Se realizaron análisis bivariados (prueba de Rao-Scott) y multinivel (regresión de Poisson). Las variables individuales fueron sociodemográficas, condición periodontal y relato de incomodidad al cepillarse los dientes. Los factores contextuales fueron la presencia de agua con flúor, el porcentaje de domicilios unidos a la red de abastecimiento de agua, y la renta mediana del municipio. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia de CPOD≥1 fue 56,0%. El CPOD promedio fue igual a 2,04 (IC95% 1,76;2,31) y 22,2% de los niños tenían CPOD≥4. La experiencia de caries fue significativamente más elevada en niños de color de piel negra, parda y amarilla; en familias con renta más baja, en niños con cálculo dentario o sangramiento de las encías y en aquellas que relataron incomodidad al cepillarse. Vivir en ciudades sin agua con flúor, con menor cobertura de la red de abastecimiento de agua y con renta mediana baja fueron factores contextuales asociados a la enfermedad. CONCLUSIONES: La prevalencia de caries en niños brasileños de 12 años fue baja, de acuerdo con los criterios de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. Hubo desigualdades geográficas y socioeconómicas significativas en los niveles de la enfermedad. .

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence and severity of dental caries in Brazilian children and the association with individual and contextual factors. METHODS: Data were taken from the Brazilian Oral Health Survey (SBBrasil 2010) a sample of 7,247 12-year-olds. The data were collected using clinical examinations and interviews. The dependent variables were the prevalence of dental caries (decayed, missing and filled teeth [DMFT] ≥ 1 and DMFT ≥ 4). Bivariate (Rao Scott test) and multivariate (Poisson regression) analyses were carried out. The individual variables were sociodemographic variables, periodontal health and reporting discomfort while brushing. Contextual factors were the presence of water fluoridation, the percentage of residences connected to the water supply and median income of the municipality. RESULTS: The prevalence of DMFT ≥ 1 was 56.0%. Mean DMFT was 2.04 (95%CI 1.76;2.31) and 22.2% of children had DMFT ≥ 4. Caries experience was significantly more common in children with black, brown or yellow skin; in low-income families; in children with dental calculus or bleeding gums and in those who reported discomfort while brushing. Living in towns with fluoridated tap water, with low coverage of water supply and with low median income were contextual factors associated with the disease. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of dental caries in Brazilian 12-year-olds was low, according to World Health Organization criteria. There were significant geographical and socioeconomic inequalities in levels of the disease. .