Prognostic Prediction of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test Parameters in Heart Failure Patients with Atrial Fibrillation / Previsão Prognóstica dos Parâmetros do Teste de Esforço Cardiopulmonar em Pacientes com Insuficiência Cardíaca e Fibrilação Atrial

Abstract Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is associated with increased mortality in heart failure (HF) patients. Objective: To evaluate whether the risk of AF patients can be precisely stratified by relation with cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) cut-offs for heart transplantation (HT) selection. Methods: Prospective evaluation of 274 consecutive HF patients with left ventricular ejection fraction ≤ 40%. The primary endpoint was a composite of cardiac death or urgent HT in 1-year follow-up. The primary endpoint was analysed by several CPET parameters for the highest area under the curve and for positive (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) in AF and sinus rhythm (SR) patients to detect if the current cut-offs for HT selection can precisely stratify the AF group. Statistical differences with a p-value <0.05 were considered significant. Results: There were 51 patients in the AF group and 223 in the SR group. The primary outcome was higher in the AF group (17.6% vs 8.1%, p = 0.038). The cut-off value of pVO2 for HT selection showed a PPV of 100% and an NPV of 95.5% for the primary outcome in the AF group, with a PPV of 38.5% and an NPV of 94.3% in the SR group. The cut-off value of VE/VCO2 slope showed lower values of PPV (33.3%) and similar NPV (92.3%) to pVO2 results in the AF group. Conclusion: Despite the fact that AF carries a worse prognosis for HF patients, the current cut-off of pVO2 for HT selection can precisely stratify this high-risk group.

Resumo Fundamento: A fibrilação atrial (FA) está associada ao aumento da mortalidade em pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca (IC). Objetivo: Avaliar se o risco de pacientes com FA pode ser estratificado com precisão em relação aos pontos de corte do teste de esforço cardiopulmonar (TECP) para seleção do transplante cardíaco (TC). Métodos: Avaliação prospectiva de 274 pacientes consecutivos com IC com fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo ≤ 40%. O endpoint primário foi um composto de morte cardíaca ou TC urgente no seguimento de 1 ano. O endpoint primário foi analisado através de vários parâmetros do TECP para a maior área sob a curva e para o valor preditivo positivo (VPP) e negativo (VPN) em pacientes com FA e ritmo sinusal (RS) para detectar se os atuais pontos de corte para a seleção de TC podem estratificar com precisão o grupo com FA. Diferenças estatísticas com valor de p < 0,05 foram consideradas significativas. Resultados: Havia 51 pacientes no grupo de FA e 223 no grupo RS. O endpoint primário foi maior no grupo FA (17,6% vs. 8,1%, p = 0,038). O valor de corte de pVO2 para a seleção do TC mostrou um VPP de 100% e um VPN de 95,5% para o endpoint primário no grupo FA, com um VPP de 38,5% e um VPN de 94,3% no grupo RS. O valor de corte da inclinação VE/VCO2 apresentou valores mais baixos de VPP (33,3%) e valor semelhante de VPN (92,3%) aos resultados de pVO2 no grupo FA. Conclusões: Apesar do fato de a FA apresentar um pior prognóstico para os pacientes com IC, o atual ponto de corte de pVO2 para a seleção de TC pode estratificar com precisão esse grupo de alto risco.

The relationship between mitral annular calcification, metabolic syndrome and thromboembolic risk

Abstract Introduction: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is defined as an association between diabetes, hypertension, obesity and dyslipidemia and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Mitral annular calcification (MAC) is associated with several cardiovascular disorders, including coronary artery disease, atrial fibrillation (AF), heart failure, ischemic stroke and increased mortality. The CHA2DS2-VASc score is used to estimate thromboembolic risk in AF. However, the association among MAC, MetS and thromboembolic risk is unknown and was evaluated in the current study. Methods: The study group consisted of 94 patients with MAC and 86 patients with MetS. Patients were divided into two groups: those with and those without MAC. Results: Patients with MAC had a higher MetS rate (P<0.001). In patients with MAC, the CHA2DS2-VASc scores and the rate of cerebrovascular accident and AF were significantly higher compared to those without MAC (P<0.001, for both parameters). The results of the multivariate regression analysis showed that history of smoking, presence of MetS and high CHA2DS2-VASc scores were associated with the development of MAC. ROC curve analyses showed that CHA2DS2-VASc scores were significant predictors for MAC (C-statistic: 0.78; 95% CI: 0.706-0.855, P<0.001). Correlation analysis indicated that MAC was positively correlated with the presence of MetS and CHA2DS2-VASc score (P=0.001, r=0.264; P<0.001, r=0.490). Conclusion: We have shown that CHA2DS2-VASc score and presence of MetS rates were significantly higher in patients with MAC compared without MAC. Presence of MAC was correlated with CHA2DS2-VASc score, presence of MetS, AF and left atrial diameter and negatively correlated with left ventricular ejection fraction.

Comparación de la eficacia y seguridad de flecainida y dronedarona como terapias antiarrítmicas para mantenimiento de ritmo sinusal en fibrilación auricular / Comparison of the efficacy and safety of dronedarone and flecainide as maintenance antiarrhythmic therapy for sinus rhythm in atrial fibrillation

Resumen Introducción y objetivos: Dronedarona y flecainida son antiarrítmicos de primera elección para reducir recurrencias de fibrilación auricular (FA), sin existir estudios que los comparen entre sí. Nuestro objetivo es comparar la eficacia en cuanto a prevención de recurrencias y seguridad de ambos fármacos. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo en el que se incluyeron 123 pacientes de forma consecutiva en tratamiento con flecainida o dronedarona desde octubre de 2010 hasta febrero de 2013 por FA paroxística (76.4%) y FA persistente (23.6%). Se realizó cardioversión eléctrica en un 7.3% de los pacientes y farmacológica en un 16.3%. La mediana (rango intercuartílico) de seguimiento fue de 301 días (92-474), con una media de 2.8 revisiones por paciente. Se realizó análisis de tiempo hasta el primer evento mediante Kaplan-Meier y regresión de Cox ajustada por un índice de propensión. Resultados: De entre los 123 sujetos incluidos con FA, 71 fueron tratados con flecainida y 52 con dronedarona. Durante el seguimiento se registraron 36 recurrencias y 20 efectos adversos. Se documentaron un 36.6% de recurrencias en los pacientes tratados con flecainida en comparación con un 21% en los tratados con dronedarona (p = 0.073). En el análisis multivariante, dronedarona se mostró al menos tan eficaz como flecainida para prevenir recurrencias de FA (HR: 0.53, IC 95%: 0.20-1.44, p = 0.221) y demostró un perfil de seguridad comparable al de flecainida (HR: 0.68, IC 95%: 0.18-2.53, p = 0.566). Conclusiones: Según nuestra experiencia, dronedarona resulta al menos tan eficaz como flecainida para el mantenimiento de ritmo sinusal, con un buen perfil de tolerabilidad, a pesar de pautarse en pacientes con un perfil clínico más desfavorable.

Abstract Introduction and objectives: Dronedarone and flecainide are the first pharmacological choice to reduce recurrence of atrial fibrillation (AF); however, there are no studies comparing them. A study was performed to compare the efficacy in terms of recurrence of AF and safety of both drugs. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted that included 123 consecutive patients treated with flecainide or dronedarone due to paroxysmal AF (76.4%) or persistent AF (23.6%), from October 2010 to February 2013. Electrical cardioversion was performed in 7.3% of patients and pharmacological cardioversion in 16.3%. The median (interquartile range) follow-up was 301 days (92-474) with a mean of 2.8 reviews per patient. Time to first event analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression, adjusted for propensity score. Results: Of the 123 consecutive patients with AF included, 71 were on dronedarone and 52 on flecainide. During the follow-up, there were 36 AF recurrences and 20 safety events. There were recurrences in 36.6% of patients treated with flecainide, compared with 21% of those receiving dronedarone (P = .073). Dronedarone showed to be at least as effective as flecainide in preven- ting recurrence of atrial fibrillation (HR: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.20-1.44, P = .221), and demonstrated an acceptable safety profile when compared with flecainide (HR: 0.68, 95% CI: 0.18-2.53, P = .566). Conclusions: In our experience, dronedarone has been at least as effective and safe as flecainide, despite it was most frequently prescribed in patients with worse baseline risk profile.

Mid-Term Results of Surgical Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation in Valvular Heart Disease Assesed by Speckle Tracking Echocardiography / Resultados em Médio Prazo do Tratamento da Fibrilação Atrial na Doença Valvular Cardíaca Avaliados por Ecocardiografia com Speckle Tracking

Abstract Background: Atrial fibrillation frequently affects patients with valvular heart disease. Ablation of atrial fibrillation during valvular surgery is an alternative for restoring sinus rhythm. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate mid-term results of successful atrial fibrillation surgical ablation during valvular heart disease surgery, to explore left atrium post-ablation mechanics and to identify predictors of recurrence. Methods: Fifty-three consecutive candidates were included. Eligibility criteria for ablation included persistent atrial fibrillation <10 years and left atrium diameter < 6.0 cm. Three months after surgery, echocardiogram, 24-hour Holter monitoring and electrocardiograms were performed in all candidates who maintained sinus rhythm (44 patients). Echo-study included left atrial deformation parameters (strain and strain rate), using 2-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography. Simultaneously, 30 healthy individuals (controls) were analyzed with the same protocol for left atrial performance. Significance was considered with a P value of < 0.05. Results: After a mean follow up of 17 ± 2 months, 13 new post-operative cases of recurrent atrial fibrillation were identified. A total of 1,245 left atrial segments were analysed. Left atrium was severely dilated in the post-surgery group and, mechanical properties of left atrium did not recover after surgery when compared with normal values. Left atrial volume (≥ 64 mL/m2) was the only independent predictor of atrial fibrillation recurrence (p = 0.03). Conclusions: Left atrial volume was larger in patients with atrial fibrillation recurrence and emerges as the main predictor of recurrences, thereby improving the selection of candidates for this therapy; however, no differences were found regarding myocardial deformation parameters. Despite electrical maintenance of sinus rhythm, left atrium mechanics did not recover after atrial fibrillation ablation performed during valvular heart disease surgery.

Resumo Fundamento: A fibrilação atrial frequentemente afeta pacientes com doenças das valvas cardíacas. A ablação da fibrilação atrial durante a cirurgia das válvulas é uma alternativa para restaurar o ritmo sinusal. Objetivos: Este estudo teve como objetivos avaliar resultados em médio prazo da ablação cirúrgica bem sucedida da FA durante cirurgia para doença valvar, para explorar a mecânica do AE após a ablação e identificar preditores de recorrência. Métodos: Foram incluídos 53 candidatos consecutivos. Os critérios de elegibilidade para ablação foram fibrilação atrial persistente <10 anos e diâmetro do átrio esquerdo < 6 cm. Três meses após a cirurgia, foram realizados ecocardiografia, Holter por 24 horas, e eletrocardiografias em todos os candidatos que mantiveram o ritmo sinusal (44 pacientes). O estudo eco incluiu parâmetros de deformação ao átrio esquerdo (strain e taxa de strain) usando ecocardiografia bidimensional com speckle tracking. Simultaneamente, 30 indivíduos sadios (controles) foram analisados com o mesmo protocolo para o desempenho do átrio esquerdo. Um valor de P < 0,05 foi considerado significativo. Resultados: Após um período médio de acompanhamento de 17 ± 2 meses, 13 novos casos de fibrilação atrial no pós-operatório foram identificados. Um total de 1245 segmentos do átrio esquerdo foi analisado. O grupo pós-cirúrgico apresentou dilatação grave do átrio esquerdo, e as propriedades mecânicas do átrio esquerdo não se recuperaram após a cirurgia quando comparadas com valores normais. O volume do átrio esquerdo (≥ 64 mL/m2) foi o único preditor independente de recorrência de fibrilação atrial (p = 0,03). Conclusões: O volume do átrio esquerdo foi maior nos pacientes com fibrilação atrial recorrente, e desponta como o principal preditor de recorrência, melhorando, assim, a seleção de candidatos para essa terapia. No entanto, não foram encontradas diferenças em relação aos parâmetros de deformação do miocárdio. Apesar da manutenção elétrica do ritmo sinusal, a função mecânica do átrio esquerdo não se recuperou após a ablação da fibrilação atrial realizada durante a cirurgia para doença da valva cardíaca.

Surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation in patients with rheumatic valve disease

Abstract Objective: To assess heart rhythm and predictive factors associated with sinus rhythm after one year in patients with rheumatic valve disease undergoing concomitant surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation. Operative mortality, survival and occurrence of stroke after one year were also evaluated. Methods: Retrospective longitudinal observational study of 103 patients undergoing rheumatic mitral valve surgery and ablation of atrial fibrillation using uni- or bipolar radiofrequency between January 2013 and December 2014. Age, gender, functional class (NYHA), type of atrial fibrillation, EuroSCORE, duration of atrial fibrillation, stroke, left atrial size, left ventricular ejection fraction, cardiopulmonary bypass time, myocardial ischemia time and type of radiofrequency were investigated. Results: After one year, 66.3% of patients were in sinus rhythm. Sinus rhythm at hospital discharge, lower left atrial size in the preoperative period and bipolar radiofrequency were associated with a greater chance of sinus rhythm after one year. Operative mortality was 7.7%. Survival rate after one year was 92.3% and occurrence of stroke was 1%. Conclusion: Atrial fibrillation ablation surgery with surgical approach of rheumatic mitral valve resulted in 63.1% patients in sinus rhythm after one year. Discharge from hospital in sinus rhythm was a predictor of maintenance of this rhythm. Increased left atrium and use of unipolar radiofrequency were associated with lower chance of sinus rhythm. Operative mortality rate of 7.7% and survival and stroke-free survival contribute to excellent care results for this approach.

Predictors of Atrial Fibrillation Recurrence in Hyperthyroid and Euthyroid Patients / Preditores de Recorrência de Fibrilação Atrial em Pacientes com Eutireoidismo e Hipertireoidismo

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia in adults, and is encountered in 10-15% of the patients with hyperthyroidism. Unless euthyroidism is restored, pharmacological or electrical cardioversion is controversial in patients with AF who remain hyperthyroid. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of electrical cardioversion and predictors of AF recurrence in hyperthyroid and euthyroid patients. Methods: The study included 33 hyperthyroid (21 males) and 48 euthyroid (17 males) patients with persistent AF. The patients were sedated with intravenous midazolam before undergoing electrical cardioversion delivered by synchronized biphasic shocks. Rates of AF recurrence were recorded. Results: Mean follow-up was 23.63 ± 3.74 months in the hyperthyroid group and 22.78 ± 3.15 months in the euthyroid group (p = 0.51). AF recurred in 14 (43.8%) and 21 (44.7%) patients in each group, respectively (p = 0.93). Multivariate regression analysis in each group showed that AF duration was the only predictor of AF recurrence, with odds ratios of 1.38 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.05 - 1.82, p = 0.02) in the hyperthyroid group and 1.42 (95% CI = 1.05 - 1.91, p= 0.02) in the euthyroid group. Conclusion: Rates of long-term AF recurrence were similar in successfully cardioverted hyperthyroid and euthyroid patients. The only predictor of AF recurrence in both groups was AF duration.

Fundamento: A fibrilação atrial (FA) é a arritmia mais comum em adultos e é encontrada em 10-15% dos pacientes com hipertireoidismo. A menos que haja retorno ao eutireoidismo, a cardioversão farmacológica ou elétrica é controversa em pacientes com FA que permanecem com hipertireoidismo. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia da cardioversão elétrica e os preditores de recorrência de FA em pacientes com hipertireoidismo e eutireoidismo. Métodos: O estudo incluiu pacientes com FA persistente, dos quais 33 (21 homens) apresentavam hipertireoidismo e 48 (17 homens) eutireoidismo. Os pacientes foram sedados com midazolam endovenoso antes de serem submetidos à cardioversão elétrica com choques sincronizados bifásicos. As taxas de recorrência da FA foram registradas. Resultados: O tempo médio de seguimento foi de 23,63 ± 3,74 meses no grupo com hipertireoidismo e 22,78 ± 3,15 meses no grupo com eutireoidismo (p = 0,51). A FA recorreu em 14 (43,8%) e 21 (44,7%) pacientes em cada grupo, respectivamente (p = 0,93). Uma análise de regressão multivariada em cada grupo mostrou que a duração da FA foi o único preditor de recorrência de FA com odds ratios de 1,38 (intervalo de confiança [IC] 95% = 1,05 - 1,82, p = 0,02) no grupo com hipertireoidismo e 1,42 (IC 95% = 1,05 - 1,91, p = 0,02) no grupo com eutireoidismo. Conclusão: As taxas de recorrência da FA a longo prazo foram semelhantes em pacientes com hipertireoidismo e eutireoidismo submetidos com sucesso à cardioversão. A duração da FA foi o único preditor de recorrência da FA em ambos os grupos.

Mitral annulus morphologic and functional analysis using real time tridimensional echocardiography in patients submitted to unsupported mitral valve repair / Análise morfológica e funcional do anel mitral com o uso da ecocardiografia tridimensional em tempo real em indivíduos submetidos à plástica mitral sem o uso de anéis protéticos

AbstractIntroduction:Mitral valve repair is the treatment of choice to correct mitral insufficiency, although the literature related to mitral valve annulus behavior after mitral repair without use of prosthetic rings is scarce.Objective:To analyze mitral annulus morphology and function using real time tridimensional echocardiography in individuals submitted to mitral valve repair with Double Teflon technique.Methods:Fourteen patients with mitral valve insufficiency secondary to mixomatous degeneration that were submitted to mitral valve repair with the Double Teflon technique were included. Thirteen patients were in FC III/IV. Patients were evaluated in preoperative period, immediate postoperative period, 6 months and 1 year after mitral repair. Statistical analysis was made by repeated measures ANOVA test and was considered statistically significant P<0.05.Results:There were no deaths, reoperation due to valve dysfunction, thromboembolism or endocarditis during the study. Posterior mitral annulus demonstrated a significant reduction in immediate postoperative period (P<0.001), remaining stable during the study, and presents a mean of reduction of 25.8% comparing with preoperative period. There was a significant reduction in anteroposterior and mediolateral diameters in the immediate postoperative period (P<0.001), although there was a significant increase in mediolateral diameter between immediate postoperative period and 1 year. There was no difference in mitral internal area variation over the cardiac cycle during the study.Conclusion:Segmentar annuloplasty reduced the posterior component of mitral annulus, which remained stable in a 1-year-period. The variation in mitral annulus area during cardiac cycle remained stable during the study.

ResumoIntrodução:A plastia valvar mitral é o tratamento de escolha para a insuficiência mitral, porém, a literatura é escassa em relação ao comportamento do anel mitral após a plástica mitral sem utilização de anéis protéticos.Objetivo:Realizar a análise morfofuncional do anel mitral de indivíduos submetidos à plastia valvar mitral pela Técnica de Duplo Teflon, sem utilização de anel protético, por meio da ecocardiografia tridimensional em tempo real.Métodos:Foram incluídos 14 pacientes com insuficiência mitral mixomatosa submetidos à plástica mitral pela técnica de Duplo Teflon. Treze pacientes encontravam-se em classe III/IV. Os pacientes foram avaliados nos períodos pré-operatório, pós-operatório imediato, 6 meses e 1 ano. Foi utilizado teste de análise de variância de medidas repetidas para o estudo estatístico, sendo considerado estatisticamente significante P<0,05.Resultados:Não houve óbito, reoperação por disfunção valvar, tromboembolismo ou endocardite durante o estudo. A planimetria posterior do anel mitral demostrou uma redução significativa (P<0,001) no pós-operatório imediato, que se manteve estável durante o estudo, apresentando redução média de 25,8% com 1 ano em relação ao pré-operatório. Houve uma redução significativa dos diâmetros ântero-posterior e médio-lateral no pós-operatório imediato (P<0,001), porém, houve um aumento significativo no diâmetro médio-lateral entre pós-operatório imediato e 1 ano. Não houve diferença na variação da área interna mitral ao longo do estudo.Conclusão:A anuloplastia segmentar reduziu significativamente o componente posterior do anel mitral, permanecendo estável no período de um ano. A variação da área valvar durante o ciclo cardíaco permaneceu estável durante o estudo.

Clinical Differences between Subtypes of Atrial Fibrillation and Flutter: Cross-Sectional Registry of 407 Patients / Diferenças Clínicas entre Subtipos de Fibrilação Atrial e Flutter: Registro Transversal de 407 Pacientes

Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter account for one third of hospitalizations due to arrhythmias, determining great social and economic impacts. In Brazil, data on hospital care of these patients is scarce.

O paradigma da biologia de sistemas aplicado às doenças cardiovasculares / The Paradigm of Systems Biology Applied to Cardiovascular Diseases

O método osleriano, baseado na análise individual dos componentes funcionais de um organismo, vem apresentandosinais de esgotamento na tentativa de explicar a fisiopatologia de síndromes complexas como o câncer e as doençascardiovasculares. Por essa razão, vem sendo substituído progressivamente por um novo paradigma: a metodologia dossistemas biológicos. Esse novo modelo busca integrar conhecimentos de diferentes e modernas áreas de pesquisa como as ciências ômicas e a bioinformática, com o objetivo de desenvolver redes biológicas capazes de auxiliar no melhor entendimento dessas síndromes complexas. O objetivo dessa revisão é apresentar ao cardiologista clínico e ao investigador cardiovascular uma nova ferramenta denominada biologia de sistemas e a forma com que ela integra os dados provenientes das ciências ômicas, além de sua contribuição na nova abordagem das doenças cardiovasculares. Foirealizada pesquisa na base de dados Medline, dos principais artigos, até o presente momento, referentes ao cruzamento das palavras-chave em português e em inglês: “biologia de sistemas”, “insuficiência cardíaca”, “síndrome metabólica” e“arritmias cardíacas”; “systems biology”, “heart failure”, “metabolic syndrome” and “cardiac arrhythmias”. Concluiu-se que a biologia de sistemas deverá ser mais empregada para o melhor entendimento de doenças cardiovasculares complexas, como síndrome metabólica, aterosclerose, hipertensão arterial, insuficiência cardíaca e arritmias cardíacas. Cardiologistas, investigadores cardiovasculares, outros profissionais da saúde e pesquisadores da área básica de diferentes campos do conhecimento estarão mais integrados, buscando identificar modelos de redes aplicados à saúde e à doença, aquilo que hoje se denomina medicina em rede.

Based on individual analyses of the functional components of an organism, the oslerian method shows signs of depletion when attempting to explain the pathophysiology of complex syndromes such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. This is why it isgradually being supplanted by a new paradigm: the methodology of biological systems. This new model strives to integrate knowledge in different modern research areas with the omics sciences and bioinformatics, in order to develop biological networks leading to abetter understanding of these complex syndromes. The purpose of this review is to introduce clinical cardiologists and cardiovascular researchers a new tool called systems biology, showing how it integrates data from the omics sciences and its contribution to a new approach to cardiovascular disease. To date, a search of the Medline database has been conducted with the following key words inPortuguese and English: “biologia de sistemas”, “insuficiência cardíaca”, “síndrome metabólica” e “arritmias cardíacas”; “systemsbiology”, “heart failure”, “metabolic syndrome” and “cardiac arrhythmias”. This led to the conclusion that systems biology must be used to an increasing extent for a better understanding of complex cardiovascular diseases such as metabolic syndrome, atherosclerosis, hypertension, heart failure and cardiac arrhythmias. Cardiologists, cardiovascular researchers, other healthcare practitioners and basic researchers in other fields of knowledge will build up closer links in a quest to identify health and disease network models that are now called network medicine.

Atrial Fibrillation Ablation in Systolic Dysfunction: Clinical and Echocardiographic Outcomes / Ablação da Fibrilação Atrial na Disfunção Sistólica: Evolução Clínica e Ecocardiográfica

Background: Heart failure and atrial fibrillation (AF) often coexist in a deleterious cycle. Objective: To evaluate the clinical and echocardiographic outcomes of patients with ventricular systolic dysfunction and AF treated with radiofrequency (RF) ablation. Methods: Patients with ventricular systolic dysfunction [ejection fraction (EF) <50%] and AF refractory to drug therapy underwent stepwise RF ablation in the same session with pulmonary vein isolation, ablation of AF nests and of residual atrial tachycardia, named "background tachycardia". Clinical (NYHA functional class) and echocardiographic (EF, left atrial diameter) data were compared (McNemar test and t test) before and after ablation. Results: 31 patients (6 women, 25 men), aged 37 to 77 years (mean, 59.8±10.6), underwent RF ablation. The etiology was mainly idiopathic (19 p, 61%). During a mean follow-up of 20.3±17 months, 24 patients (77%) were in sinus rhythm, 11 (35%) being on amiodarone. Eight patients (26%) underwent more than one procedure (6 underwent 2 procedures, and 2 underwent 3 procedures). Significant NYHA functional class improvement was observed (pre-ablation: 2.23±0.56; postablation: 1.13±0.35; p<0.0001). The echocardiographic outcome also showed significant ventricular function improvement (EF pre: 44.68%±6.02%, post: 59%±13.2%, p=0.0005) and a significant left atrial diameter reduction (pre: 46.61±7.3 mm; post: 43.59±6.6 mm; p=0.026). No major complications occurred. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that AF ablation in patients with ventricular systolic dysfunction is a safe and highly effective procedure. Arrhythmia control has a great impact on ventricular function recovery and functional class improvement. .

Fundamento: Insuficiência cardíaca e fibrilação atrial (FA) frequentemente coexistem em um ciclo deletério. Objetivo: Avaliar a evolução clínica e ecocardiográfica de portadores de disfunção ventricular e FA tratados com ablação por radiofrequência (RF). Métodos: Portadores de disfunção sistólica [fração de ejeção (FE) < 50%] e FA rebelde a tratamento clínico foram submetidos à ablação por RF escalonada em três etapas na mesma sessão com isolamento das veias pulmonares, ablação dos ninhos de FA, pesquisa e ablação de taquicardias atriais e "taquicardia de background". Os dados clínicos (classe funcional da NYHA) e ecocardiográficos (FE; diâmetro do átrio esquerdo) pré- e pós-procedimento foram comparados (teste de McNemar e teste t, respectivamente). Resultados: 31 pacientes (6 mulheres, 25 homens) de 37 a 77 anos (média, 59,8 ± 11 anos) foram submetidos à ablação por RF. A cardiopatia foi predominantemente idiopática (19 p; 61%). Na evolução média de 20,3 ± 17 meses, 24 pacientes (77%) estavam em ritmo sinusal, sendo 11 (35%) com amiodarona. Oito pacientes (26%) foram submetidos a mais de um procedimento (6 submetidos a 2 procedimentos e 2 a 3 procedimentos). Observou-se melhora expressiva da classe funcional da NYHA (pré-ablação: 2,23 ± 0,56; pós: 1,13 ± 0,35; p < 0,0001). A avaliação ecocardiográfica evolutiva também mostrou melhora significativa da função ventricular (FE pré: 44,68% ± 6,02%; pós: 59% ± 13,2%; p = 0,0005) e redução significativa no diâmetro do átrio esquerdo (pré: 46,61 ± 7,3 mm; pós: 43,59 ± 6,6 mm; p = 0,026). Não ocorreram complicações maiores. Conclusão: Os resultados deste estudo sugerem que ablação de FA em portadores de disfunção ventricular seja um procedimento seguro e com eficácia elevada a médio prazo. O controle da arritmia tem grande impacto na recuperação da função ventricular e na melhora clínica avaliada pela classe funcional. .

Validación del score de Rockall en pacientes adultos mayores con hemorragia digestiva alta no variceal en un hospital general de tercer nivel / Validation of the Rockall score in elderly patients with non variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding in a third level general hospital

Objetivo: Validar el score de Rockall en adultos mayores con hemorragia digestiva alta no variceal, como un discriminante de mayor riesgo para mortalidad y recidiva de hemorragia a 30 días de seguimiento. Material y métodos: Se incluyeron los pacientes mayores de 60 años que cursaron con hemorragia digestiva alta no variceal demostrada por endoscopía, desde junio 2009 hasta junio 2013, en un hospital general de tercer nivel. Los datos se analizaron con la curva ROC y se calculó el área bajo la curva para evaluar la utilidad del score de Rockall. Resultados: Entre los 190 pacientes registrados, el 64,2% fueron varones y la edad promedio de 74 ± 9,4 años, teniéndose 29% de pacientes con 80 o más años (55 pacientes). Se halló una mortalidad de 16,8% (32 pacientes), siendo la insuficiencia respiratoria y el resangrado las causas más frecuentes (34,3% y 31,3%). El 6,84% (13 pacientes) tuvieron recidiva de hemorragia y un 24,7% (47 pacientes) necesitó transfusión de más de 2 paquetes globulares. El área bajo la curva ROC para el riesgo de mortalidad fue de 0,76 (IC: 0,68-0,84), para recidiva de hemorragia de 0,71 (IC: 0,55-0,88) y para transfusión de más de 2 paquetes globulares de 0,66 (IC: 0,58-0,74). Conclusión: El score de Rockall es un buen predictor de mortalidad y de recidiva de hemorragia durante los 30 días posteriores a un episodio de hemorragia digestiva altano variceal en adultos mayores, siendo los score 5 y 6, respectivamente, los de mejor sensibilidad y especificidad.

Objective: To validate the Rockall score in elderly patients with non variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding, in terms of mortality and recurrent bleeding at 30 days follow-up. Material and methods: Patients older than 60 year-old, with non variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding demonstrated by endoscopy, who were attended in a third level general hospital from June 2009 to June 2013, were included. Data was analyzed with the ROC (Receiver Operating Characteristic) curve. The area under curve was obtained to assess the Rockall score. Results: One hundred ninety patients were included, 64.2% were males, with an average age of 74 years old. Overall mortality was 16.8% and respiratory failure with second bleeding episode was the most common cause of death (34.3% and 31.3% respectively). 5.52% of patients presented a second bleeding episode. A transfusion of more than 2 blood-packs was needed in the 24.7% of the patients. The area under ROC curve using the Rockall score was 0,76 (IC: 0.68-0.84) for mortality risk, 0.71 (IC: 0.55-0.88) for the risk of rebleeding and 0.66 (IC: 0.58-0.74) for needing a more than 2 blood-packs transfusion. Conclusions: Rockall score is a good predictor for mortality and rebleeding during the 30 day-period after a non-variceal bleeding episode in elderly patients. The best sensibility and specificity was obtained with the scores of 5 and 6, respectively.

Impact of Atrial Fibrillation Ablation on Left Ventricular Filling Pressure and Left Atrial Remodeling / Impacto da Ablação da Fibrilação Atrial na Pressão de Enchimento Ventricular Esquerdo e Remodelamento Atrial Esquerdo

Background: Left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction is associated with new-onset atrial fibrillation (AF), and the estimation of elevated LV filling pressures by E/e' ratio is related to worse outcomes in patients with AF. However, it is unknown if restoring sinus rhythm reverses this process. Objective: To evaluate the impact of AF ablation on estimated LV filling pressure. Methods: A total of 141 patients underwent radiofrequency (RF) ablation to treat drug-refractory AF. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed 30 days before and 12 months after ablation. LV functional parameters, left atrial volume index (LAVind), and transmitral pulsed and mitral annulus tissue Doppler (e' and E/e') were assessed. Paroxysmal AF was present in 18 patients, persistent AF was present in 102 patients, and long-standing persistent AF in 21 patients. Follow-up included electrocardiographic examination and 24-h Holter monitoring at 3, 6, and 12 months after ablation. Results: One hundred seventeen patients (82.9%) were free of AF during the follow-up (average, 18 ± 5 months). LAVind reduced in the successful group (30.2 mL/m2 ± 10.6 mL/m2 to 22.6 mL/m2 ± 1.1 mL/m2, p < 0.001) compared to the non-successful group (37.7 mL/m2 ± 14.3 mL/m2 to 37.5 mL/m2 ± 14.5 mL/m2, p = ns). Improvement of LV filling pressure assessed by a reduction in the E/e' ratio was observed only after successful ablation (11.5 ± 4.5 vs. 7.1 ± 3.7, p < 0.001) but not in patients with recurrent AF (12.7 ± 4.4 vs. 12 ± 3.3, p = ns). The success rate was lower in the long-standing persistent AF patient group (57% vs. 87%, p = 0.001). Conclusion: Successful AF ablation is associated with LA reverse remodeling and an improvement in LV filling pressure. .

Fundamento: A disfunção diastólica do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) está associada a novos episódios de fibrilação atrial (FA), e a estimativa das pressões de enchimento do VE através da razão E/e' está relacionada a um pior prognóstico em pacientes com FA. Entretanto, não se sabe se a restauração do ritmo sinusal pode reverter este processo. Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto da ablação da FA na estimativa da pressão de enchimento do VE. Métodos: Um total de 141 pacientes foi submetido à ablação por radiofrequência (RF) para o tratamento da FA refratária a drogas. Foi realizado ecocardiograma transtorácico 30 dias antes e 12 meses após a ablação. Foram avaliados os parâmetros funcionais do VE, volume do átrio esquerdo indexado (VAEi) e Doppler transmitral pulsado e Doppler tecidual do anel mitral (e' e E/e'). Dezoito pacientes apresentavam FA paroxística, 102 persistente e 21 pacientes FA persistente de longa duração. O acompanhamento incluiu ECG e monitoramento pelo sistema Holter 24h, 3, 6 e 12 meses após a ablação. Resultados: Cento e dezessete pacientes (82,9%) não apresentaram FA durante o acompanhamento (média de 18 meses ± 5 meses). O VAEi apresentou redução significativa no grupo com sucesso (30,2 mL/m2 ± 10,6 mL/m2 para 22,6 mL/m2 ± 1,1 mL/m2, p < 0,001) em comparação ao grupo sem sucesso (37,7 mL/m2 ± 14,3 mL/m2 para 37,5 mL/m2 ± 14,5 mL/m2, p = ns). A melhora da estimativa da pressão de enchimento do VE, avaliada através da redução na razão E/e', foi observada apenas após ablação com sucesso (11,5 ± 4,5 vs. 7,1 ± 3,7, p < 0,001), não sendo observada em pacientes com FA recorrente (12,7 ± 4,4 vs. 12 ± 3,3, p = ns). A taxa de ...

Atrial Fibrillation in Decompensated Heart Failure: Associated Factors and In-Hospital Outcome / Fibrilação Atrial em Insuficiência Cardíaca Descompensada: Fatores Associados e Evolução Hospitalar

Background: Studies on atrial fibrillation (AF) in decompensated heart failure (DHF) are scarce in Brazil. Objectives: To determine AF prevalence, its types and associated factors in patients hospitalized due to DHF; to assess their thromboembolic risk profile and anticoagulation rate; and to assess the impact of AF on in-hospital mortality and hospital length of stay. Methods: Retrospective, observational, cross-sectional study of incident cases including 659 consecutive hospitalizations due to DHF, from 01/01/2006 to 12/31/2011. The thromboembolic risk was assessed by using CHADSVASc score. On univariate analysis, the chi-square, Student t and Mann Whitney tests were used. On multivariate analysis, logistic regression was used. Results: The prevalence of AF was 40%, and the permanent type predominated (73.5%). On multivariate model, AF associated with advanced age (p < 0.0001), non-ischemic etiology (p = 0.02), right ventricular dysfunction (p = 0.03), lower systolic blood pressure (SBP) (p = 0.02), higher ejection fraction (EF) (p < 0.0001) and enlarged left atrium (LA) (p < 0.0001). The median CHADSVASc score was 4, and 90% of the cases had it ≥ 2. The anticoagulation rate was 52.8% on admission and 66.8% on discharge, being lower for higher scores. The group with AF had higher in-hospital mortality (11.0% versus 8.1%, p = 0.21) and longer hospital length of stay (20.5 ± 16 versus 16.3 ± 12, p = 0.001). Conclusions: Atrial fibrillation is frequent in DHF, the most prevalent type being permanent AF. Atrial fibrillation is associated with more advanced age, non-ischemic etiology, right ventricular dysfunction, lower SBP, higher EF and enlarged LA. Despite the high thromboembolic risk profile, anticoagulation is underutilized. The presence of AF is associated with longer hospital length of stay and high mortality. .

Fundamento: Estudos sobre fibrilação atrial (FA) na insuficiência cardíaca descompensada (ICD) são muito escassos no Brasil. Objetivos: Determinar a prevalência, os tipos e os fatores associados à FA em pacientes hospitalizados por ICD; analisar perfil de risco embólico e taxa de anticoagulação; e avaliar o impacto da FA na mortalidade hospitalar e no tempo de internação. Métodos: Estudo seccional de casos incidentes, retrospectivo, observacional. Analisaram-se 659 internações consecutivas por ICD entre 01/01/2006 a 31/12/2011. Risco embólico foi avaliado pelo acrônimo CHADSVASc. Na análise univariada, foram utilizados o qui-quadrado, teste t de Student ou Mann Whitney. Na análise multivariada, utilizou-se a regressão logística. Resultados: A prevalência de FA foi de 40%, predominando o tipo permanente (73,5%). No modelo multivariado, a FA se associou à idade avançada (p < 0,0001), etiologia não isquêmica (p = 0,02), disfunção ventricular direita (VD) (p = 0,03), menor pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) (p = 0,02), maior fração de ejeção (FE) (p < 0,0001) e aumento atrial esquerdo (AE) (p < 0,0001). A mediana do CHADSVASc foi quatro e 90% tinham escore ≥ 2. A taxa de anticoagulação foi de 52,8% na admissão e 66,8% na alta, sendo menor em escores mais elevados. O grupo com FA apresentou maior mortalidade hospitalar (11,0% versus 8,1%, p = 0,21) e internação mais prolongada (20,5 ± 16 versus 16,3 ± 12, p = 0,001). Conclusões: A FA é frequente na ICD, predominando o tipo permanente. Associa-se com idade avançada, etiologia não isquêmica, disfunção de VD, menor PAS, maior FE e aumento AE. O perfil de risco embólico é elevado e a anticoagulação é subutilizada. ...

Assessing Strategies for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction at the Outpatient Clinic / Avaliação de Estratégias para Insuficiência Cardíaca com Fração de Ejeção Normal no Ambulatório

Background: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF) is the most common form of heart failure (HF), its diagnosis being a challenge to the outpatient clinic practice. Objective: To describe and compare two strategies derived from algorithms of the European Society of Cardiology Diastology Guidelines for the diagnosis of HFPEF. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 166 consecutive ambulatory patients (67.9±11.7 years; 72% of women). The strategies to confirm HFPEF were established according to the European Society of Cardiology Diastology Guidelines criteria. In strategy 1 (S1), tissue Doppler echocardiography (TDE) and electrocardiography (ECG) were used; in strategy 2 (S2), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) measurement was included. Results: In S1, patients were divided into groups based on the E/E'ratio as follows: GI, E/E'> 15 (n = 16; 9%); GII, E/E'8 to 15 (n = 79; 48%); and GIII, E/E'< 8 (n = 71; 43%). HFPEF was confirmed in GI and excluded in GIII. In GII, TDE [left atrial volume index (LAVI) ≥ 40 mL/m2; left ventricular mass index LVMI) > 122 for women and > 149 g/m2 for men] and ECG (atrial fibrillation) parameters were assessed, confirming HFPEF in 33 more patients, adding up to 49 (29%). In S2, patients were divided into three groups based on BNP levels. GI (BNP > 200 pg/mL) consisted of 12 patients, HFPEF being confirmed in all of them. GII (BNP ranging from 100 to 200 pg/mL) consisted of 20 patients with LAVI > 29 mL/m2, or LVMI ≥ 96 g/m2 for women or ≥ 116 g/m2 for men, or E/E'≥ 8 or atrial fibrillation on ECG, and the diagnosis of HFPEF was confirmed in 15. GIII (BNP < 100 pg/mL) consisted of 134 patients, 26 of whom had the diagnosis of HFPEF confirmed when GII parameters were used. Measuring BNP levels in S2 identified 4 more patients (8%) with HFPEF as compared with those identified in S1. Conclusion: The association of BNP measurement and TDE data ...

Fundamento: A insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção normal é a forma mais comum de insuficiência cardíaca e seu diagnóstico é um desafio na prática ambulatorial. Objetivo: Descrever e comparar duas estratégias, derivadas dos algoritmos do Consenso Europeu de Diastologia para diagnóstico de insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção normal. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 166 pacientes (67,9 ± 11,7 anos, 72% mulheres) ambulatoriais consecutivos. As estratégias para confirmar insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção normal foram estabelecidas de acordo com os critérios do Consenso Europeu de Diastologia. Na estratégia 1, utilizamos dados do eco Doppler tecidual e eletrocardiograma; na estratégia 2, incluímos o peptídeo natriurético tipo B. Resultados: Na primeira estratégia, os pacientes foram classificados em grupos, de acordo com a relação E/E': GI se E/E' > 15 (n = 16; 9%); GII se E/E' 8 a 15 (n = 79; 48%); e GIII se E/E' < 8 (n = 71; 43%). Insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção normal foi confirmada no GI e excluída no GIII. No GII, parâmetros do eco Doppler tecidual (volume do átrio esquerdo indexado ≥ 40 mL/m2; massa do ventrículo esquerdo indexado > 122 para mulheres e > 149 g/m2 para homens) e do eletrocardiograma (fibrilação atrial) foram analisados, confirmando insuficiência cardíaca com fração de ejeção normal em mais 33 pacientes, totalizando 49 (29%). Na estratégia 2, utilizando o peptídeo natriurético tipo B, os pacientes foram divididos em três grupos. O GI (peptídeo natriurético tipo B > 200 pg/mL) foi formado por 12 pacientes e a insuficiência cardíaca com fração ...

Tratamento farmacológico e intervencionista do sistema nervoso simpático / Pharmacological and interventional treatment of sympathetic system

o sistema nervoso autônomo contribui diretamente para uma série de atividades biológicas e está envolvido em inúmeras doenças. A hiperatividade simpática é um dos vários mecanismos envolvidos na patogênese da hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) primária. A transmissão da informação nervosa através de sinapses é mediada por agentes químicos específicos conhecidos como neurotransmissores, representados pela acetilcolina e pelas catecolaminas. O bloqueio dos receptores pré e pós-sinapse permite que a ação de fárrnacos alcance sua plenitude no controle dos portadores de hiperati vidade simpática. Um percentual significativo de hipertensos são resistentes ao tratamento farrnacológico. A denervação simpática renal surgiu como estratégia terapêutica adjunta no controle de hipertensos resistentes ao tratamento clínico. Nos últimos cinco anos, diversos estudos demonstraram resultados consistentes na redução da pressão arterial. Diversas outras condições clínicas associam-se à hiperatividade do sistema adrenérgico, tais como a insuficiência cardíaca, o diabetes mellitus, a doença renal crônica, a síndrome da apneia e hipopneia obstrutiva do sono e as arritmias cardíacas. Nestes contextos, a redução da atividade simpática renal também mostrou-se ser benéfica em estudos clínicos iniciais. Uma variedade de dispositivos dedicados foram e estão sendo desenvolvidos com o objetivo de ampliar a segurança e a eficácia do método, além de facilitar o procedimento. Estudos multicêntricos, prospectivos, randomizados e controlados em andamento investigam desfechos como mortalidade cardiovascular, infarto agudo do miocárdio e acidente vascular cerebral em longo prazo.

The autonomic nervous system contributes directly to a number of biological activities and is involved in numerous diseases. Sympathetic hyperactivity is one of several mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of primary hypertension. The transmission through the nerve synapses is mediated by specific chemical agents known as neurotransmitters represented by the acetylcholine and catecholarnine. Blockade of specific pre-and post-synapse receptors allows the treatment of patients with sympathetic hyperactivity. A large proportion of hypertensive patients are resistant to pharmacological treatment. Renal sympathetic denervation emerged as adjunctive therapeutic strategy in controlling hypertension resistant to medical treatrnent. ln the last five years, several studies have shown consistent results in lowering blood pressure. Several other clinica! conditions are associated with hyperactivity of the adrenergic system such as heart failure, diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, obstructive sleep apnea, polycystic ovary syndrome and cardiac arrhythrnias. ln these contexts, the reduction in renal sympathetic activity also proved to be beneficial in initial clinical studies. A substantial variety of dedicated devices have been developed in order to reduce variability between operators, reduce renal artery manipulation, improve vessel contact, reduce radiation exposure and procedure time, and therefore improving safety and efficacy. Mu!ticenter, prospective, randomized, controlled trials are ongoing to investigate long term outcomes such as cardiovascular mortality, acute myocardial infarction and stroke.

Score for atrial fibrillation detection in acute stroke and transient ischemic attack patients in a Brazilian population: The acute stroke atrial fibrillation scoring system

OBJECTIVE: Atrial fibrillation is a common arrhythmia that increases the risk of stroke by four- to five-fold. We aimed to establish a profile of patients with atrial fibrillation from a population of patients admitted with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack using clinical and echocardiographic findings. METHODS: We evaluated patients consecutively admitted to a tertiary hospital with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack. Subjects were divided into an original set (admissions from May 2009 to October 2010) and a validation set (admissions from November 2010 to April 2013). The study was designed as a cohort, with clinical and echocardiographic findings compared between patients with and without atrial fibrillation. A multivariable model was built, and independent predictive factors were used to produce a predictive grading score for atrial fibrillation (Acute Stroke AF Score-ASAS). RESULTS: A total of 257 patients were evaluated from May 2009 to October 2010 and included in the original set. Atrial fibrillation was diagnosed in 17.5% of these patients. Significant predictors of atrial fibrillation in the multivariate analysis included age, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scores, and the presence of left atrial enlargement. These predictors were used in the final logistic model. For this model, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.79. The score derived from the logistic regression analysis was The model developed from the original data set was then applied to the validation data set, showing the preserved discriminatory ability of the model (c statistic = 0.76). CONCLUSIONS: Our risk score suggests that the individual risk for atrial fibrillation in patients with acute ischemic stroke can be assessed using simple data, including age, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scores at admission, and the presence of left atrial enlargement. .

Oclusão Percutânea do Apêndice Atrial Esquerdo com Prótese Watchman® / Left Atrial Appendage Closure With the WatchmanTM Device

Introdução: O acidente vascular cerebral secundário à fibrilação atrial tem sido associado a taxas de mortalidade e de incapacidade permanente elevadas, porquanto sua prevenção eficaz é importante. O tratamento com varfarina diminui em 60% o risco de acidente vascular cerebral; todavia, até metade dos pacientes com fibrilação atrial não faz uso da anticoagulação. A oclusão do apêndice atrial esquerdo surgiu como estratégia alternativa para prevenção do acidente vascular cerebral. Métodos: Foram selecionados pacientes com fibrilação atrial, escore de CHA2DS2-VASc ≥ 2, não elegíveis para anticoagulação, para se submeterem ao fechamento percutâneo do apêndice atrial esquerdo com a prótese Watchman®. O procedimento foi realizado sob anestesia geral e guiado por ecocardiografia transesofágica. Resultados: Dos 11 pacientes selecionados, 2 não foram tratados por apresentarem trombo pré ou durante o procedimento, antes do implante do dispositivo. A idade foi de 74 ± 5,1 anos, 66,6% eram do sexo masculino, com escores CHA2DS2-VASc de 4 ± 1,4 e HAS-BLED de 3,4 ± 1,1, 77% tinham contraindicação ou condições sociais desfavoráveis para utilizarem a anticoagulação. O sucesso técnico foi de 100%, sendo alcançada a oclusão completa em todos os casos, com tempo médio de fluoroscopia de 22,1 ± 10,8 minutos e ausência de complicações hospitalares. No seguimento de 78,3 ± 41,5 dias, não ocorreram desfechos clínicos, mas um paciente apresentou trombo no dispositivo e recebeu anticoagulação por 3 meses. Conclusões: A oclusão percutânea do apêndice atrial esquerdo com dispositivo Watchman® é factível e pode ser uma alternativa atrativa na prevenção de acidente vascular cerebral nos pacientes com fibrilação atrial e limitação para anticoagulação.

Background: Stroke secondary to atrial fibrillation has been associated to a high risk of permanent, severe disability, and high early mortality, and therefore its effective prevention is of paramount importance. Warfarin therapy reduces the risk of stroke by 60%, however, half of the patients with atrial fibrillation do not receive anticoagulation. Left atrial appendage closure has emerged as an alternative strategy for stroke prevention. Methods: Patients with atrial fibrillation and CHADSVASc score ≥ 2, not eligible for anticoagulation, were submitted to left atrial appendage closure using the WatchmanTM device. The procedure was performed under general anesthesia and was guided by transesophageal echocardiography. Results: Of the 11 selected patients, 2 were not treated due to thrombi presented prior or during the procedure and before device implantation. Mean age was 74 ± 5.1 years, 66% were male, CHA2DS2-VASc score was 4 ± 1.4, HASBLED score was 3.4 ± 1.1, 77% had contraindications or had unfavorable social conditions for anticoagulation. Technical success was 100% and complete occlusion was obtained in all of the cases, with a mean fluoroscopic time of 22.1 ± 10.8 minutes, and no hospital complications. At a follow-up of 78.3 ± 41.5 days, there were no clinical events but one patient had thrombus formation on the device and received anticoagulation for 3 months. Conclusions: Left atrial appendage closure with the WatchmanTM device is feasible and may be a good alternative therapy for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation and restrictions for anticoagulation.

Síndrome do Coração Pós-Feriado Revisto após 34 Anos / Holiday heart syndrome revisited after 34 years

Os efeitos cardiovasculares do álcool são bem conhecidos. No entanto,a maioria das pesquisas tem se concentrado nos efeitos benéficos (o "paradoxo francês") de um consumo moderado ou as consequências danosas, tais como a cardiomiopatia dilatada, associada ao consumo pesado durante um período prolongado. Uma associação entre a ingestão de álcool aguda e o aparecimento de arritmias cardíacas foi relatada pela primeira vez no início dos anos 70.Em 1978, Philip Ettinger descreveu a "síndrome do coração pós-feriado" (HHS) pela primeira vez, como a ocorrência, em pessoas saudáveis e sem doença cardíaca conhecida por causar arritmia, de uma perturbação aguda do ritmo cardíaco, mais frequentemente fibrilação atrial, após o consumo abusivo de bebidas. O nome é derivado do fato de que esses episódios foram inicialmente observados mais frequentemente após finais de semana ou feriados. Desde a descrição original da HHS, 34 anos se passaram e novas pesquisas neste campo aumentaram o volume de conhecimentos relacionados a esta síndrome. Ao longo deste artigo, os autores vão revisar de forma abrangente a maioria dos dados disponíveis sobre a HHS e destacar as questões que permanecem sem solução.

The cardiovascular effects of alcohol are well known. However, most research has focused on the beneficial effects (the "French paradox") of moderate consumption or the harmful consequences, such as dilated cardiomyopathy, associated with heavy consumption over an extended period. An association between the ingestion of acute alcohol and onset of cardiac arrhythmias was first reported in the early 70's. In 1978, Philip Ettinger described "Holiday heart syndrome" (HHS) for the first time, as the occurrence, in healthy people without heart disease known to cause arrhythmia, of an acute cardiac rhythm disturbance, most frequently atrial fibrillation, after binge drinking. The name is derived from the fact that episodes were initially observed more frequently after weekends or public holidays. Since the original description of HHS, 34 years have passed and new research in this field has increased the volume of knowledge related to this syndrome. Throughout this paper the authors will comprehensively review most of the available data concerning HHS and highlight the questions that remain unresolved.

Increased P-wave dispersion in patients with newly diagnosed lichen planus

OBJECTIVE: Lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune mucocutaneous disease. Recent research has emphasized the strong association between inflammation and both P-wave dispersion and dyslipidemia. The difference between the maximum and minimum P-wave durations on an electrocardiogram is defined as P-wave dispersion. The prolongation of P-wave dispersion has been demonstrated to be an independent risk factor for developing atrial fibrillation. The aim of this study was to investigate P-wave dispersion in patients with lichen planus. METHODS: Fifty-eight patients with lichen planus and 37 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were included in this study. We obtained electrocardiographic recordings from all participants and used them to calculate the P-wave variables. We also assessed the levels of highly sensitive C-reactive protein, which is an inflammatory marker, and the lipid levels for each group. The results were reported as the means ± standard deviations and percentages. RESULTS: The P-wave dispersion was significantly higher in lichen planus patients than in the control group. Additionally, highly sensitive C-reactive protein, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were significantly higher in lichen planus patients compared to the controls. There was a significant positive correlation between highly sensitive C-reactive protein and P-wave dispersion (r = 0.549, p<0.001) in lichen planus patients. CONCLUSIONS: P-wave dispersion increased on the surface electrocardiographic measurements of lichen planus patients. This result may be important in the early detection of subclinical cardiac involvement. Increased P-wave dispersion, in terms of the tendency for atrial fibrillation, should be considered in these patients. .