Implications of alcoholic cirrhosis in atherosclerosis of autopsied patients / Implicações da doença hepática alcoólica na aterosclerose de pacientes autopsiados

Summary Introduction: Alcoholism is a major public health problem, which has a high social cost and affects many aspects of human activity. Liver disease is one of the first consequences of alcohol abuse, and steatosis, liver cirrhosis and hepatitis may occur. Other organs are also affected with pathological changes, such as pancreatitis, cardiomyopathies, dyslipidemias and atherosclerosis. Objective: To identify the occurrence and degree of atherosclerosis in alcohol-dependent individuals with liver cirrhosis, observing macroscopic and microscopic changes in lipid and collagen deposits and in the liver. We also aimed to verify the association of lipid and collagen fiber deposits with gender, age and body mass index, and to relate alcoholism, liver cirrhosis and atherosclerosis. Method: We performed a study based on autopsy reports of patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis, with analysis of aorta and liver fragments to verify the occurrence and degree of atherosclerosis, as well as collagen contents. Results: Microscopic atherosclerosis was higher in young subjects (early injury) and in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. The macroscopic analysis of atherosclerosis in aortas showed that patients in more advanced age groups presented more severe classifications. Atherosclerosis, both micro and macroscopically, and the percentage of fibrosis in the liver and aorta were more expressive in females. Conclusion: Cirrhotic patients presented a higher percentage of fibrosis and lipidosis, and may represent a group susceptible to the accelerated progression of cardiovascular diseases. Investigative studies contribute to targeting health-promoting interventions, reducing the mortality and costs of treating cardiovascular disease.

Resumo Introdução: O alcoolismo é um grande problema de saúde pública, de elevado custo social e que afeta vários aspectos da atividade humana. Hepatopatia é uma das primeiras consequências do abuso de álcool, podendo ocorrer esteatose, cirrose hepática e hepatite. Outros órgãos, porém, também são afetados, ocorrendo alterações patológicas, como pancreatite, cardiomiopatias, dislipidemias e aterosclerose. Objetivo: Identificar a ocorrência e a intensidade de aterosclerose em alcoolistas com cirrose hepática, observando alterações macro e microscópicas do depósito lipídico e de fibras colágenas e fígado. Verificar a associação de depósito lipídico e de fibras colágenas com gênero, idade e índice de massa corporal (IMC). Relacionar alcoolismo, cirrose hepática e aterosclerose. Método: Foi realizado estudo com base em laudos de autópsias de pacientes com cirrose hepática alcoólica, sendo estudados aortas e fígados para verificar a ocorrência e a intensidade de aterosclerose, bem como a quantidade de colágeno encontrada. Resultados: A aterosclerose microscópica foi maior em jovens (lesão inicial) e em pacientes com cirrose hepática alcoólica. A análise macroscópica da aterosclerose nas aortas mostrou que pacientes com faixas etárias mais avançadas apresentaram classificações mais intensas. A aterosclerose, tanto micro quanto macroscopicamente, e a porcentagem de fibrose no fígado e na aorta foram mais expressivas no gênero feminino. Conclusão: Os pacientes cirróticos apresentaram maior porcentagem de fibrose e lipidose, e podem representar um grupo susceptível à acelerada progressão de doenças cardiovasculares. Estudos investigativos contribuem para o direcionamento das intervenções promotoras da saúde, reduzindo a mortalidade e os custos no tratamento das doenças cardiovasculares.

Uso do retalho toracodorsal para tratamento de hidradenite supurativa / Use of the thoracodorsal flap for the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa

INTRODUÇÃO: A hidradenite é uma doença cutânea crônica, que acomete as regiões que abrigam as glândulas apócrinas. Tem uma prevalência estimada de 1% da população, com predileção pelo sexo feminino. MÉTODO:LMN, 48 anos, sexo feminino. Ao exame, a paciente apresentava nodulações palpáveis, coalescentes, dolorosas e uma área de fibrose e retração cicatricial circunjacente em ambas as axilas, principalmente em axila esquerda. Submetida a exérese ampla das lesões em axila e região torácica esquerda, sendo necessária a realização de um retalho fasciocutâneo de rotação, habitualmente usado em pacientes submetidas à quadrantectomia lateral. RESULTADOS: Obteve-se um resultado estético satisfatório associado à preservação dos movimentos. CONCLUSÃO:Apesar de existirem poucos casos relatando o uso do retalho fasciocutâneo toracodorsal lateral, essa técnica mostrou ser excelente alternativa na reconstrução axilar, devido à facilidade de ressecção, boa cobertura da área receptora além de um resultado estético satisfatório.

INTRODUCTION:Hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic skin disease that affects the regions harboring the apocrine sweat glands. It has an estimated prevalence of 1% of the population and a preference for the female sex. METHOD: LMN, a 48-year-old female patient, presented, on examination, palpable, coalescent, painful nodules and a circumjacent area of fibrosis and scar retraction in both axillae, mainly in the left axilla. She was subjected to wide excision of the lesions at the axilla and left thoracic region, with a need for a rotational fasciocutaneous flap, usually used in patients who undergo lateral quadrantectomy. RESULTS: A satisfactory aesthetic result was attained, together with the preservation of movements. CONCLUSION: Although there are few reported cases of the use of the lateral thoracodorsal fasciocutaneous flap, this technique is an excellent alternative in axillary reconstruction, owing to the ease of resection, good coverage of the receiving area, and the satisfactory aesthetic result.

The lung in paracoccidioidomycosis: new insights into old problems

OBJECTIVES: Chronic paracoccidioidomycosis can diffusely affect the lungs. Even after antifungal therapy, patients may present with residual respiratory abnormalities due to fungus-induced lung fibrosis. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis of 50 consecutive inactive, chronic paracoccidioidomycosis patients was performed using high resolution computed tomography, pulmonary function tests, ergospirometry, the six-minute walk test and health-related quality of life questionnaires. RESULTS: Radiological abnormalities were present in 98% of cases, the most frequent of which were architectural distortion (90%), reticulate and septal thickening (88%), centrilobular and paraseptal emphysema (84%) and parenchymal bands (74%). Patients typically presented with a mild obstructive disorder and a mild reduction in diffusion capacity with preserved exercise capacity, including VO2max and six-minute walking distance. Patient evaluation with the Saint-George Respiratory Questionnaire showed low impairment in the health-related quality of life, and the Medical Research Council questionnaire indicated a low dyspnea index. There were, however, patients with significant oxygen desaturation upon exercise that was associated with respiratory distress compared with the non-desaturated patients. The initial counterimmunoelectrophoresis of these patients was higher and lung emphysema was more prominent; however, there were no differences in the interstitial fibrotic tomographic abnormalities, tobacco exposure, functional responses, exercise capacity or quality of life. CONCLUSIONS: Inactive, chronic paracoccidioidomycosis patients show persistent and disseminated radiological abnormalities by high resolution computed tomography, short impairments in pulmonary function and low impacts on aerobic capacity and quality of life. However, there was a subset of individuals whose functional impairment was more severe. These patients present with higher initial ...

Trypanosoma cruzi: blood parasitism kinetics and their correlation with heart parasitism intensity during long-term infection of Beagle dogs

The goals of the present study were to evaluate the kinetics of blood parasitism by examination of fresh blood, blood culture (BC) and PCR assays and their correlation with heart parasitism during two years of infection in Beagle dogs inoculated with the Be-78, Y and ABC Trypanosoma cruzi strains. Our results showed that the parasite or its kDNA is easily detected during the acute phase in all infected animals. On the other hand, a reduced number of positive tests were verified during the chronic phase of the infection. The frequency of positive tests was correlated with T. cruzi strain. The percentage of positive BC and blood PCR performed in samples from animals inoculated with Be-78 and ABC strains were similar and significantly larger in relation to animals infected with the Y strain.Comparison of the positivity of PCR tests performed using blood and heart tissue samples obtained two years after infection showed two different patterns associated with the inoculated T. cruzi strain: (1) high PCR positivity for both blood and tissue was observed in animals infected with Be-78 or ABC strains; (2) lower and higher PCR positivity for the blood and tissue, respectively, was detected in animals infected with Y strains. These data suggest that the sensitivity of BC and blood PCR was T. cruzi strain dependent and, in contrast, the heart tissue PCR revealed higher sensitivity regardless of the parasite stock.

Trypanosoma cruzi high infectivity in vitro is related to cardiac lesions during long-term infection in Beagledogs

Trypanosoma cruzi is a hemoflagelate parasite associated with heart dysfunctions causing serious problems in Central and South America. Beagle dogs develop the symptoms of Chagas disease in humans, and could be an important experimental model for better understanding the immunopathogenic mechanisms involved in the chagasic infection. In the present study we investigated the relation among biological factors inherent to the parasite (trypomastigote polymorphism and in vitro infectivity) and immunoglobulin production, inflammation, and fibrosis in the heart of Beagle dogs infected with either T. cruzi Y or Berenice-78 strains. In vitro infectivity of Vero cells as well as the extension of cardiac lesions in infected Beagle was higher for Y strain when compared to Berenice-78 strain. These data suggested that in vitro infectivity assays may correlate with pathogenicity in vivo. In fact, animals infected with Y strain, which shows prevalence of slender forms and high infectivity in vitro, presented cardiomegaly, inflammation, and fibrosis in heart area. Concerning the immunoglobulin production, no statistically significant difference was observed for IgA, IgM or IgG levels among T. cruzi infected animals. However, IgA together IgM levels have shown to be a good marker for the acute phase of Chagas disease.

Estudo histológico comparativo de implantes (ímãs) em órbitas de coelhas / Comparative histologic study of implants (magnets) in orbits of female rabbits

OBJETIVOS: Avaliação microscópica dos sinais da reação inflamatória causada pela fixação de implante orbitário (ímã, recoberto por ouro). MÉTODOS: Estudo experimental em 54 coelhas adultas, divididas em três grupos de 18, com 3 subgrupos de 6, avaliação com uma, três e seis semanas de pós-operatório. Fixação, no rebordo inferior da órbita, de implante (ímã e ouro) por meio de cola, parafuso ou fio inabsorvível (Mersilene 5.0®). As órbitas contralaterais (sem implante) compuseram o grupo-controle. RESULTADOS: Sinais histológicos de reação inflamatória à fixação orbitária do implante foram observados, com cianoacrilato, parafuso, ou sutura inabsorvível (Mersilene 5.0®), até a sexta semana pós-operatória, com predomínio do processo inflamatório crônico e fibrótico cicatricial, sem demonstrar diferenças estatisticamente significativas na maior parte dos casos. CONCLUSÃO: O exame histopatológico demonstrou, na maior parte das órbitas com e sem implante, presença de reação inflamatória aguda e crônica até a sexta semana pós-operatória, com predomínio de processo inflamatório crônico e fibrótico cicatricial, sem demonstrar, na maior parte dos casos, diferenças estatisticamente significante entre os grupos experimental e controle.

Histologia hepatica en pacientes hemodializados cronicos infectados con el virus de la Hepatitis C / Liver histology in chronic hemodyalisis patients infected with hepatitis C virus

Hemos revisado las biopsias hepáticas de 21 pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica (IRC), de la Sección Nefrología y Hemodiálisis positivos para el virus de la hepatitis C (HCV), por Elisa II y/o PCR. Eran 14 hombres y 7 mujeres, cuyas edades variaban entre 20 y 65 años (promedio 41 años). El tiempo promedio en diálisis era de 64 meses (entre 12 y 192 meses). Seis pacientes eran además Hbs ag positivos. Fueron biopsiados por presentar elevación persistente de las transaminasas de más de 6 meses. Para graduar las lesiones hepáticas se usó el Indice de Knodell modificado. Todas las biopsias tenían hepatitis crónica, en 2 asociada a cirrosis. Ocho pacientes tenían una hepatitis crónica leve; diez, una hepatitis crónica moderada; y sólo tres pacientes tenían una lesión severa. La fibrosis fue leve en 13 casos, moderada en 6 y 2 tenían cirrosis. El análisis de las lesiones consideradas características de la hepatitis crónica C mostró: nódulos linfoides en 6 casos (29 por ciento), lesión del epitelio ductal en 7 (33 por ciento), y esteatosis in 7 (33 por ciento). Los hallazgos histológicos en nuestros pacientes son similares a los reportados de las poblaciones HCV positivos no IRC.

Incidência da doença fibrocística em 516 mamoplastias reparadoras / Incidence of fibrocystic disease in 516 repairing mamaplasties

Os autores descrevem a incidência da doença fibrocística em 516 mamoplastias reparadoras em pacientes sem história prévia de doença de mama. A idade das pacientes variou de 14 a 91 anos com um pico ao redor da terceira e quarta décadas de vida. Em 347 pacientes (67,25 por cento) havia evidências de alteraçoes fibrocísticas nao proliferativas como fibrose estromal, cistos, inflamaçao crônica, metaplasia apócrina e alteraçoes fibroadenomatóides. Porém, em 13,26 por cento dos casos havia alteraçoes proliferativas como hiperplasia epitelial típica (n=34), adenose esclerosante (n=6) e hiperplasia epitelial atípica (n=6). Um caso de carcinoma ductal in situ também foi precocemente diagnosticado pela análise deste material. As pacientes com história familiar de câncer de mama e doença fibrocística com alteraçoes proliferativas podem ter risco de desenvolvimento de carcinoma até dez vezes maior que a populaçao em geral. Nossos achados enfatizam que todos os espécimes provenientes de mamoplastias devem ser submetidos a exame histopatológico para que as pacientes do grupo de risco de desenvolvimento de carcinoma sejam diagnosticadas e observadas clinicamente.