Protección financiera en salud: evolución y comparación del gasto de bolsillo de los hogares chilenos / Financial protection for health care expenses provided by public and private systems in Chile

Background: People need a financial protection system to face the high costs of health care. Aim: To compare the financial protection between households affiliated to the Chilean public health financing system (FONASA) or to a private health financing system (ISAPRE). To describe the evolution of protection at the national level between 2007 and 2012. Material and Methods: As proposed by the World Bank, impact indicators to measure the equity and efficiency of the insurance systems were generated. Namely, average out-of-pocket expenses by insurance and average out-of-pocket spending as a percentage of expenditure. Also, the evolution of out-of-pocket spending by quintiles and Gini Coefficient were measured as measure of equity. To determine these, Family Budget Surveys for 2007 and 2012 were used. Results: Household out-of-pocket spending increased by 14.12%. When expressed as a percentage of total expenditure, it grew from 5.6% to 6.2%. Household Gini coefficient and per capita out-of-pocket spending decreased and the ratio between the highest and lowest quintile out-of-pocket increased at both analysis levels. Pocket expense in absolute values or expressed as a percentage of total expenses was higher among persons insured in private systems than those affiliated to the public financing service. Conclusions: Out-of-pocket spending increased for all income groups and people insured in the public system had a lower absolute and relative spending than those insured in private systems.

Equity in out-of-pocket payment in Chile

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To assess the distribution of financial burden in Chile, with a focus on the burden and progressivity of out-of-pocket payment. METHODS Based on the principle of ability to pay, we explore factors that contribute to inequities in the health system finance and issues about the burden of out-of-pocket payment, as well as the progressivity and redistributive effect of out-of-pocket payment in Chile. Our analysis is based on data from the 2006 National Survey on Satisfaction and Out-of-Pocket Payments. RESULTS Results from this study indicate evidence of inequity, in spite of the progressivity of the healthcare system. Our analysis also identifies relevant policy variables such as education, insurance system, and method of payment that should be taken into consideration in the ongoing debates and research in improving the Chilean system. CONCLUSIONS In order to reduce the detected disparities among income groups, healthcare priorities should target low-income groups. Furthermore, policies should explore changes in the access to education and its impact on equity.

Disposición a pagar por vacunas contra el virus papiloma humano en la Región Metropolitana de Santiago de Chile / Willingness to pay for human papillomavirus vaccine in Metropolitan Santiago, Chile

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a risk factor for cervical cancer and can be prevented with the HPV vaccine. Aim: To explore the willingness of parents to pay for HPV vaccine for their offspring. Material and Methods: A survey about the willingness to pay for HPV vaccine was answered by 386 individuals of the highest socioeconomic level who had a daughter aged between 12 and 18 years. The survey included information about the risks of HPV infection. Results: Parents would pay a mean of US$ 758 for the vaccine. Twenty five percent of parents were not willing to pay for it. If the cost of the vaccine would be reduced by 50%, only 4% of parents would not pay for it. The willingness to pay is associated with the price of the vaccine, the income level of respondents and the size of the family. Conclusions: Most respondents would pay for HPV vaccine for their daughters, despite the relatively high cost.

Desigualdades socioeconômicas nos gastos e comprometimento da renda com medicamentos no Sul do Brasil / Socioeconomic inequalities in expenditures and income committed to the purchase of medicines in Southern Brazil / Desigualdades socioeconómicas en los gastos y comprometimiento de la renta con medicamentos en el Sur de Brasil

OBJETIVO: Descrever as desigualdades socioeconômicas referentes ao uso, gastos e comprometimento de renda com a compra de medicamentos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal de base populacional com 1.720 adultos de área urbana de Florianópolis, SC, em 2009. Realizou-se a seleção da amostra por conglomerados e as unidades primárias foram os setores censitários. Investigou-se o uso de medicamentos e os gastos com sua compra nos 30 dias anteriores, por meio de entrevista. Uso, gasto e comprometimento de renda devido a medicamentos foram analisados segundo a renda familiar per capita, a cor da pele auto-referida, idade e o sexo dos indivíduos, ajustado para amostra complexa. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de uso de medicamentos foi de 76,5 por cento (IC95 por cento: 73,8;79,3), maior entre as mulheres e naqueles com maior idade. A média de gastos com medicamentos foi igual a R$ 46,70, com valores mais elevados entre as mulheres, os brancos, os com idade mais elevada e entre os mais ricos. Enquanto 3,1 por cento dos mais ricos comprometeram mais de 15 por cento de seus rendimentos na compra de medicamentos, esse valor chegou a 9,6 por cento nos mais pobres. A proporção de pessoas que tiveram de comprar medicamentos após tentativa fracassada de obtenção pelo Sistema Único de Saúde foi maior entre os mais pobres (11,0 por cento), mulheres (10,2 por cento) e naqueles com maior idade (11,1 por cento). Grande parte dos adultos comprou medicamentos contidos na Relação Nacional de Medicamentos Essenciais (19,9 por cento) ou na Relação Municipal de Medicamentos Essenciais (28,6 por cento), com diferenças significativas segundo sexo, idade e renda. CONCLUSÕES: Existe desigualdade socioeconômica, de idade e de gênero no comprometimento de renda com a compra de medicamentos, com piores condições para os mais pobres, os de maior idade e para as mulheres.

OBJECTIVE: To describe socioeconomic inequalities regarding the use, expenditures and the income committed to the purchase of medicines. METHODS: A cross-sectional population-based study was carried out with 1,720 adults living in the urban area of Florianópolis, Southern Brazil, in 2009. Cluster sampling was adopted and census tracts were the primary sampling units. Use of medicines and the expenditures incurred in their purchase in the past 30 days were investigated through interviews. Use, expenditures and the income committed concerning medicines were analyzed according to per capita family income, self-reported skin color, age and sex, adjusting for the complex sample. RESULTS: The prevalence of medicine use was 76.5 percent (95 percentCI: 73.8; 79.3), higher among women and in older individuals. The mean expenditure on medicine was R$ 46.70, with higher values among women, whites, older individuals and among richer people. While 3.1 percent of the richest committed more than 15 percent of their income to purchasing medicine, that figure reached 9.6 percent in the poorest group. The proportion of people that had to buy medicines after an unsuccessful attempt to obtain them in the public health system was higher among the poor (11.0 percent), women (10.2 percent) and the elderly (11.1 percent). A large part of the adults bought medicines contained in the National List of Essential Medicines (19.9 percent) or in the Municipal List of Essential Medicines (28.6 percent), with significant differences according to gender, age and income. CONCLUSIONS: There is socioeconomic, age and gender inequality in the income committed to the purchase of medicines, with worse conditions for the poor, older individuals and women.

OBJETIVO: Describir las desigualdades socioeconómicas relacionadas con el uso, gastos y comprometimiento de la renta con la compra de medicamentos. MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal de base poblacional con 1.720 adultos de área urbana de Florianópolis, Sur de Brasil en 2009. Se realizó la selección de la muestra por conglomerados y las unidades primarias fueron los sectores censitarios. Se investigó el uso de medicamentos y los gastos con su compra en los 30 días anteriores, por medio de entrevista. Uso, gasto y comprometimiento de renta debido a medicamentos fueron analizados según la renta familiar per capita, el color de la piel auto-referida, edad y el sexo de los individuos, ajustado para muestra compleja. RESULTADOS: La prevalencia del uso de medicamentos fue de 76,5 por ciento (IC95 por ciento:73,8;79,3), mayor entre las mujeres y en aquellos con edad avanzada. El promedio de gastos con medicamentos fue igual a R$ 46,70, con valores más elevados entre las mujeres, los blancos, los de edad más elevada y entre los más ricos. Mientras que 3,1 por ciento de los más ricos comprometieron más de 15 por ciento de sus rendimientos en la compra de medicamentos, ese valor llegó a 9,6 por ciento en los más pobres. La proporción de personas que tuvieron que comprar medicamentos posterior al intento fracasado de obtenerlos por el Sistema Único de Salud fue mayor entre los más pobres (11,0 por ciento), mujeres (10,2 por ciento) y en aquellos con edad avanzada (11,1 por ciento). Gran parte de los adultos compró medicamentos ubicados en la Relación Nacional de Medicamentos Esenciales (19,9 por ciento) o en la Relación Municipal de Medicamentos Esenciales (28,6 por ciento), con diferencias significativas según sexo, edad y renta. CONCLUSIONES: Existe desigualdad socioeconómica, de edad y de género en el comprometimiento de renta con la compra de medicamentos, con peores condiciones para los más pobres, los de edad avanzada y para las mujeres.