Femoral hernia: uncommon, but associated with potentially severe complications / Hérnia femoral: incomum, mas associada a complicações potencialmente graves

ABSTRACT Background: Although the laparoscopic access is becoming the preferable treatment for femoral hernia, there are only few studies on this important subject. Aim: To assess the outcomes of the totally extraperitoneal laparoscopic (TEP) access in the treatment of femoral hernia. Methods: Data of 62 patients with femoral hernia who underwent herniorrhaphy were retrospectively reviewed. The diagnosis of femoral hernia was established by clinical and/or imaging exams in 55 patients and by laparoscopic findings in seven. Results: There were 55 (88.7%) females and 7 (11.3%) males, with female to male ratio of 8:1. The mean age was of 58.9±15.9 years, ranging from 22 to 92 years. Most patients (n=53; 85.5%) had single hernia and the remaining (n=9; 14.5%) bilateral, making a total of 71 hernias operated. Prior lower abdominal operations were recorded in 21 (33.9%) patients. Conversion to laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal procedure was performed in four (6.5%). Open herniorrhaphy was needed in two (3.2%), one with spontaneous enterocutaneous fistula in the groin region (Richter's hernia) and the another with incidental perforation of the adjacent small bowel that occurred during dissection of hernia sac. There was no mortality. Conclusion: Femoral hernia is uncommon, and it may be associated with potentially severe complications. Most femoral hernias may be successfully treated with totally extraperitoneal laparoscopic access, with low conversion and complication rates.

RESUMO Racional: Embora o acesso laparoscópico esteja se tornando o tratamento preferencial para a hérnia femoral, poucos são os estudos sobre esse importante assunto. Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados do acesso laparoscópico totalmente extraperitoneal no tratamento da hérnia femoral. Métodos: Os dados de 62 pacientes com hérnia femoral que foram submetidos a herniorrafia foram revisados ​​retrospectivamente. O diagnóstico foi estabelecido por exames clínicos e/ou de imagem em 55 pacientes e por achados laparoscópicos em sete. Resultados: Havia 55 (88,7%) mulheres e 7 (11,3%) homens, com proporção feminino/masculino de 8: 1. A média de idade foi de 58,9±15,9 anos (22-92). A maioria (n=53, 85,5%) apresentava hérnia única e o restante (n=9, 14,5%) bilaterais, perfazendo um total de 71 hérnias femorais operadas. Operações prévias no abdome inferior foram registradas em 21 (33,9%) pacientes. A conversão para procedimento pré-peritoneal transabdominal laparoscópico foi realizada em quatro (6,5%). Herniorrafia aberta foi necessária em dois pacientes (3,2%), um com fístula enterocutânea espontânea na região da virilha (hérnia de Richter) e o outro com perfuração incidental do intestino delgado adjacente que ocorreu durante a dissecção do saco herniário. Não houve mortalidade. Conclusão: A hérnia femoral é incomum e pode estar associada a complicações potencialmente graves. A maioria das hérnias femorais pode ser tratada com sucesso através do acesso laparoscópico totalmente extraperitoneal, com baixas taxas de conversão e complicações.

Técnica mínimamente invasiva en paciente con multimorbilidad crónica y hernia inguinal complicada: reporte de caso / A minimally invasive technique in a patient with chronic multimorbidity and complicated inguinal hernia: case report

El paciente con multimorbilidad crónica forma parte de una población que se ha incrementado en los últimos años. La hernia inguinal incarcerada representa una emergencia. El abordaje transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) presenta ventajas para evaluar el contenido de la hernia. Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 77 años con múltiples comorbilidades y cirugías abdominales previas, que se presentó con cuadro de oclusión intestinal. En tomografía computada: asa de intestino delgado incarcerada en región inguinal. Se observó asas intestinales dilatadas con cambio de calibre en región inguinal izquierda. Se retiró asa intestinal atascada en hernia directa. Se disecó defecto herniario y se colocó malla de 10 x 15 cm en espacio preperitoneal. La técnica TAPP es eficaz y segura para la reparación de hernias complicadas en pacientes con multimorbilidad crónica, en manos de cirujanos experimentados.

The patient with chronic multimorbidity is part of a population that has increased in recent years. Incarcerated inguinal hernia represents an emer-gency. The preperitoneal transabdominal approach (TAPP) has advantages to evaluate the content of the hernia. A 77-years-old man with multiple comorbidities and previous abdominal surgeries presented with intestinal occlusion. Computed tomography: small bowel loop incarcerated in the inguinal region. The cavity is inspected by observing dilated intestinal loops with a change of caliber in the left inguinal region. The intestinal loop is removed observing a direct hernia. The hernia defect is repaired, and 10 x 15 cm mesh is placed in the preperitoneal space. The TAPP te-chnique is effective and safe for the repair of complicated hernias in patients with chronic multimorbidity, in the hands of experienced surgeons.

Primary abandon-of-the-sac (pas) technique: preliminary results of a novel minimally invasive approach for inguinoscrotal hernia repair / Técnica do abandono primário do saco herniário (pas): resultados preliminares de uma nova técnica na cirurgia minimamente invasiva de hérnias inguinoescrotais

ABSTRACT Background: Laparoscopic best approach of repairing inguinoscrotal hernias are still debatable. Incorrect handling of the distal sac can possibly result in damage to cord structures and negative postoperative outcomes as ischemic orquitis or inguinal neuralgia. Aim: To describe a new technique for a minimally invasive approach to inguinoscrotal hernias and to analyze the preliminary results of patients undergoing the procedure. Methods: A review of a prospectively maintained database was conducted in patients who underwent minimally invasive repair using the "primary abandon-of-the-sac" (PAS) technique for inguinoscrotal hernias. Patient´s demographics, as well as intraoperative variables and postoperative outcomes were also analyzed. Results: Twenty-six male were submitted to this modified procedure. Mean age of the case series was 53.8 years (range 34-77) and body mass index was 26.8 kg/m2 (range 20.8-34.2). There were no intraoperative complications or conversion. Average length of stay was one day. No surgical site infections, pseudo hydrocele or neuralgia were reported after the procedure and two patients presented seroma. No inguinal hernia recurrence was verified during the mean 21.4 months of follow up. Conclusion: The described technique is safe, feasible and reproducible, with good postoperative results.

RESUMO Racional: A melhor maneira laparoscópica do reparo de hérnias inguinoescrotais permanece ainda aberta a discussão. O manuseio incorreto do saco herniário pode resultar em danos às estruturas do cordão e resultados pós-operatórios indesejados, como orquite isquêmica ou neuralgia inguinal. Objetivo: Descrever uma nova técnica de abordagem minimamente invasiva das hérnias inguinoescrotais e analisar os resultados preliminares de pacientes submetidos ao procedimento. Métodos: Foi realizada na série de casos a análise retrospectiva de um banco de dados mantido prospectivamente em pacientes submetidos a reparo minimamente invasivo usando a técnica "abandono primário do saco" (PAS) para hérnias inguinoescrotais. Dados demográficos dos pacientes, bem como variáveis intraoperatórias e resultados pós-operatórios são descritos. Resultados: Vinte e seis homens foram submetidos ao procedimento. A idade média foi de 53,8 anos e o índice de massa corpórea de 26,8 kg/m2. Não houve complicações intraoperatórias ou conversão para operação aberta. A duração média da estadia hospitalar foi de um dia. Não foram relatadas infecções de sítio cirúrgico, hematomas ou neuralgia após o procedimento e a presença de seroma ocorreu em dois pacientes. Nenhuma recorrência de hérnia inguinal foi verificada durante média de 21,4 meses. Conclusão: A técnica descrita é segura e replicável, apresentando bons resultados pós-operatórios.

Factores de riesgo asociados a la hernia inguinal recurrente en el adulto mayor / Risk factors associated with recurrent inguinal hernia in the elderly

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre algunos factores de riesgo y la hernia inguinal recurrente en el adulto mayor. Materiales y Método: Se realizó un estudio analítico de casos y controles en el decenio 2002-2011 en el Hospital "Celia Sánchez Manduley", de Manzanillo, Cuba. Se realizó inicialmente un análisis univariado, los factores que resultaron estadísticamente significativos en este último fueron escogidos para el análisis multivariado posterior. Resultados: En el análisis univariado se asociaron 11 variables a la recurrencia herniaria inguinal, excepto la Diabetes mellitus (p = 0,051). En el análisis multivariado se obtuvo un modelo más ajustado con las siguientes variables: demora mayor o igual a 3 años para la primera reparación (p = 0,00), cirugía urgente (p = 0,00) y deslizamiento de la hernia primaria (p = 0,00). Discusión: La demora en la cirugía implica que el paciente sea cada día más añoso y la hernia más compleja, aumentando el riesgo de padecer enfermedades crónicas que agravan el pronóstico dando lugar a la recurrencia herniaria. Por otro lado, los riesgos que implica llevar a cabo la cirugía en la hernia inguinal complicada: aumento del tiempo quirúrgico, edema y tumefacción del complejo músculo-fascioaponeurótico, así como por el riesgo de infección del sitio operatorio. En las hernias inguinales deslizadas las recidivas son más frecuentes, debiéndose probablemente al alto grado de complejidad desde el punto de vista de su reparación. Conclusión: La demora mayor o igual a 3 años para la primera reparación, la cirugía urgente y el deslizamiento de la hernia primaria se asociaron significativamente a la hernia inguinal recurrente en el adulto mayor.

Objective: To evaluate the association between some risk factors and recurrent inguinal hernia in the elderly. Materials and Method: An analytical case-control study was conducted in the 2002-2011 decade at the "Celia Sánchez Manduley" Hospital, of Manzanillo, Cuba. Initially, a univariate analysis was performed, factors that were statistically significant in the latter were chosen for the subsequent multivariate analysis. Results: In the univariate analysis, 11 variables were associated with inguinal hernia recurrence, except diabetes mellitus (p = 0.051). In the multivariate analysis a more adjusted model was obtained with the following variables: delay greater than or equal to 3 years for the first repair (p = 0.00), urgent surgery (p = 0.00) and sliding of the primary hernia (p = 0.00). Discussion: The delay in surgery implies that the patient is getting older and the hernia complex, increasing the risk of suffering from chronic diseases that aggravate the prognosis giving rise to hernia recurrence. On the other hand, the risks involved in carrying out surgery in complicated inguinal hernia: increased surgical time, edema and swelling of the muscle-fascio-aponeurotic complex, as well as the risk of infection of the operative site. In inguinal hernias slipped recurrences are more frequent, probably due to the high degree of complexity from the point of view of their repair. Conclusion: The delay greater than or equal to 3 years for the first repair, urgent surgery and the sliding of the primary hernia were associated significantly to recurrent inguinal hernia in the elderly

Hernioplastia inguinal con anestesia local y bloqueo nervioso: experiencia en el hospital Dr. Francisco Antonio Rísquez / Inguinal hernioplastia with local anesthesia and nervous block: experience in the hospital Dr. Francisco Antonio Rísquez

La anestesia local es una opción válida para realizar procedimientos quirúrgicos de pequeña o mediana consideración. Permite la deambulación y el alta precoz. Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados del uso de anestesia local y bloqueo de los nervios ilioinguinal e iliohipogástrico, en pacientes a quienes se les realizó cura operatoria de hernia inguinal, en el Servicio de Cirugía del Hospital "Dr. Francisco Antonio Rísquez", en el periodo octubre 2017 - octubre 2018. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo, transversal que incluyó 23 pacientes que aceptaron se le realizara la hernioplastia con anestesia local. Resultados: Se realizaron 46 curas operatorias de hernia inguinal, y en 23 se realizó con anestesia local (50 %). Predominaron pacientes masculinos (87 %), con una distribución bimodal en relación a la edad (26,1 % entre 30 y 39 años y entre 70 a 79 años). La hernia inguinal derecha fue la más frecuente con el 40 % (10 casos). Todos los pacientes reportaron una puntuación de 0-1 en la escala visual análoga, tanto en el transoperatorio como en el posoperatorio. El 96% de los pacientes logró una deambulación precoz (antes de 4 horas) y todos toleraron la vía oral antes de las dos horas en el posoperatorio. No se observó ninguna complicación en el transoperatorio; hubo 1 recidiva. Conclusiones: La cura operatoria de hernia inguinal con anestesia local, resultó ser efectiva y bien tolerada por los pacientes, brindando un reintegro casi inmediato a sus actividades, lo que representa una disminución en los costos intrahospitalarios(AU)

Local anesthesia is an option to perform surgical procedures of small or medium account. It allows the ambulation, and early discharge. Objective: To evaluate the results of the use of local anesthesia and nerve block ilioinguinal and iliohypogastric, in patients who underwent surgical cure of inguinal hernia, surgery of the Hospital "Dr. Francisco Antonio Rísquez" service, in the October 2017 period - October 2018. Methods: Prospective, cross-sectional study involving 23 patients who accepted it will be the hernioplasty under local anesthesia. Results: 46 surgical cure of inguinal hernia were performed, and in 23 was held with local anesthesia (50%). Dominated male patients (87%), with a bimodal distribution in relation to the age (26.1% between 30 and 39 years and between 70 to 79 years). Right inguinal hernia was the most frequent with 40% (10 cases). All patients reported a score of 0-1 in the Visual analog escale, both in the intraoperative and postoperative. 96% of patients achieved early ambulation (within 4 hours) and all tolerated the mouth before the two hours in the postoperative. There were no complications in the intraoperative; there was 1 recurrence. Conclusions: e surgical cure of inguinal hernia under local anesthesia, proved to be effective and well tolerated by the patients, providing a return almost immediately to their activities, which represents a decrease in hospital costs(AU)

Factores de riesgo de recidiva luego de la hernioplastia inguinal laparoscópica: seguimiento de una cohorte a 5 años / Risk factors for recurrence after laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair: a 5-year retrospective cohort study

Antecedentes: la hernioplastia inguinal laparoscópica ha demostrado múltiples beneficios. Sin embargo, la tasa de recidiva continúa siendo materia de estudio y controversia. Objetivo: analizar factores de riesgo de recidiva poshernioplastia inguinal laparoscópica con seguimiento posoperatorio alejado. Material y métodos: se incluyó una serie consecutiva de pacientes con hernioplastia inguinal laparoscópica (TAPP). Período: diciembre de 2012 hasta mayo de 2017, con seguimiento mínimo de 6 meses. Se dividió la muestra en dos grupos, G1: pacientes con recidiva y G2: pacientes sin recidiva. Se analizaron variables demográficas, quirúrgicas y resultados alejados a 5 años. Resultados: se realizaron 717 hernioplastias en 443 pacientes. El tabaquismo, una recidiva previa, la malla menor de 12 ×15 cm y cirugías realizadas por equipos con menos de 30 plásticas/año se relacionaron en forma significativa con recidiva en el análisis univariado (p < 0,05). Sin embargo, el tabaquismo y los pacientes operados por equipos de menor experiencia mostraron significancia estadística en el análisis multivariado (p < 0,01). Con un seguimiento de 2 años se detectó una tasa de recidiva de 1,5%, mientras que esa cifra ascendió a 2,6% (n = 19) a los 5 años. Conclusión: prolongar el tiempo de seguimiento más allá de los 2 años luego de la plástica inguinal laparoscópica permite una detección más precisa de la tasa de recidiva. En la presente serie, el tabaquismo y un equipo tratante de menor experiencia fueron factores que impactan de forma significativa en su desarrollo.

Background: The benefits of laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair are multiple; however, the recurrence rate is still controversial and under debate. Objective: The aim of this study is tu analyze the risk factors associated with long-term recurrence after laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair. Material and methods: The cohort was made up of consecutive patients undergoing transabdominal preperitoneal approach between December 2012 and May 2012, with a minimum follow-up of 6 months. The sample was divided into two groups: G1 (patients with recurrence) and G2 (patients without recurrence). The demographic and clinical variables and the outcomes at 5 years were analyzed. Results: A total of 717 inguinal hernia repairs were performed in 443 patients. Smoking habits, previous recurrence, mesh size < 12 ×15 cm and surgeries carried out by surgical teams performing < 30 procedures per year were significantly associated with recurrence on univariate analysis (p < 0.05). but only smoking habits and surgeries performed by less experienced surgeons showed statistical significance on multivariate analysis (p < 0.01). Recurrence rate was 1.5% at years and increased to 2.6% (n = 19) at 5 years. Conclusion: Extending the follow-up period beyond 2 years after laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair allows a more accurate detection of the recurrence rate. In this series, smoking habits and surgeries performed by less experienced surgeons were significantly associated with recurrences.

Nuestra experiencia y conducta terapéutica en la hernia inguinal complicada / Experiencia and therapeutic anagement with complicated inguinal hernia

Antecedentes: La hernia inguinal ó crural no tratada se complica frecuentemente con la incarceración o el estrangulamiento de la misma. Lugar de Aplicación: Servicio de Guardia Central. Hospital Nacional de Clínicas. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Diseño: Estudio Prospectivo y protocolizado. Material y método: Entre enero de 2000 y diciembre de 2015 fueron intervenidos quirúrgicamente 118 pacientes con diagnóstico de hernia inguinal atascada. 90 correspondían al sexo masculino y 28 al sexo femenino, con un promedio de edad de 59 años. En relación a los síntomas el total de los pacientes presentaban dolor inguinocrural, acompañado de una tumoración irreductible. Fueron intervenidos bajo anestesia raquídea 72 casos, 28 generales, 11 peridural y 1 con anestesia local asistida. Resultados: En 96 pacientes se llevo a cabo la técnica de Bassini modificada, en los otros 22 casos la técnica de Mc Vay. En 38 oportunidades se realizó la resección de epiplón por estar comprometido, en 88 se complemento con una incisión relajadora tipo Tanner y en 5 pacientes se dejaron drenajes. En el control a los 7 días, se observo que 15 pacientes habían tenido seromas, en 3 casos presentaban dolor postoperatorio, 1 paciente tuvo un absceso y 19 presento un hematoma. En un control los 5 años que demostró que 3 pacientes presentaban dolor neuritíco y 8 habían recidivada su hernia. Conclusiones: La técnica de Bassini modificada en el tratamiento de las hernias inguinales atascadas es una opción valida y segura, obteniendo buenos resultados inmediatos y con una baja recidiva a largo plazo

Background: The non-operative treatment of both the inguinal and crural hernias can frequently be complicated by incarceration or strangulation of the hernia. Study ground: Emergency department, Clinical National Hospital, National University of Córdoba. Argentina. Design: Prospective and protocolized study. Material and Method: Between January 2000 through December 2015, 118 patients underwent operative procedures with diagnosis of obstruded inguinal hernia. There were 90 males and 28 females with an average age of 59 years. All of them had inguinal-crural pain and irreductible hernia. 72 cases were operated upon, with rachideal anesthesia, 28 with general anesthesia, 11 with peridural, and in 1 case, with local anesthesia. Results: 96 patients were operated with the Bassini´s modificated technique, 22 cases with the Mc Vay´s technique, and in 38 cases with the resection of the omentum. 88 patients received a Tanner´s incision and 5 cases needed a drainage. At the seventh day of control, 15 patients had seromas, 3 suffered postoperative pain, in one case an abscess was developed, and hematomas were observed in 19 cases. At the 5th year control, 3 patients had neuritic pain and 8 patients presented recurrent hernias . Discussion: Bassini´s modificated technique is a valid option for obstructed inguinal hernia with excellent close results and at long term, with a low recurrence rate.

Herniorrafia inguinal convencional com tela autofixante versus videolaparoscópica totalmente extraperitoneal com tela de polipropileno: resultados no pós-operatório precoce / Conventional inguinal hernia repair with self-fixating mesh versus totally extraperitoneal laparoscopic repair with polypropylene mesh: early postoperative results

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar o resultado no pós-operatório precoce do tratamento da hérnia inguinal pela técnica convencional com tela autofixante versus videolaparoscópica totalmente extraperitoneal com uso da tela de polipropileno. Foram comparados, sobretudo, dor, tempo cirúrgico e complicações precoces. Métodos: estudo prospectivo, de série de casos, realizado na Clínica Cirúrgica A, do Hospital Universitário Gaffrée e Guinle (HUGG), no qual 80 casos consecutivos foram estudados. Apenas pacientes com hérnia inguinal unilateral, não recidivada e operadas em caráter eletivo foram incluídas no estudo. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos, de 40 pacientes cada; grupo AF (técnica convencional com uso de tela autofixante) e grupo VL (técnica videolaparoscópica com uso de tela de polipropileno). Os pacientes foram acompanhados até o 45º dia de pós-operatório. Resultados: dos 80 pacientes operados no estudo, 98,7% pertenciam ao sexo masculino e a maioria era portadora de hérnia inguinal direita indireta (Nyhus II). Não houve diferença entre os grupos estudados no que diz respeito à dor e tempo operatório. No entanto, ocorreram mais complicações (seroma e hematoma) no grupo da cirurgia aberta. Conclusão: as duas operações realizadas se mostraram factíveis, seguras e estão relacionadas à mínima dor pós operatório e a um baixo tempo cirúrgico.

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the early postoperative results of inguinal hernia repair by the conventional technique with self-fixating mesh versus laparoscopic totally extraperitoneal repair with polypropylene mesh. We compared pain, surgical time and early complications. Methods: this is a prospective, case-series study of 80 consecutive patients treated in the surgical clinic of the Gaffrée e Guinle University Hospital (HUGG). We included patients with unilateral inguinal hernia, not relapsed and operated only on an elective basis. We divided patients into two groups of 40 patients each, SF group (conventional technique using self-fixating mesh) and LP group (laparoscopic technique with polypropylene mesh). We followed patients up until the 45th postoperative day. Results: of the 80 patients, 98.7% were male and the majority had indirect right inguinal hernias (Nyhus II). There was no difference between the groups studied in respect to pain and operative time. However, more complications occurred (seroma and hematoma) in the open surgery group. Conclusion: both operations have proved feasible, safe and with minimal postoperative pain and a low operating time.

Swing mesh versus Modified Kugel mesh for primary inguinal hernia repair. A prospective randomized clinical trial

ABSTRACT PURPOSE To evaluate the safety and efficacy of a new mesh in the pre-peritoneal repair of inguinal hernia. METHODS We randomly divided 120 patients undergoing pre-peritoneal repair into 2 groups between March 2012 and December 2013. The patients were randomized to receive the Swing mesh (n=60; study group) or the Modified Kugel mesh (n=60; control group). The primary end point of this study was to compare postoperative groin pain of the two groups. Complications, recurrence and analgesic use were also recorded. RESULTS There were no recurrent cases in either group throughout the study period. There was no significant difference between the groups with respect to postoperative complications. The VAS of early postoperative pain was 1.32±1.69 in study group and 1.52±1.93 in control group, with the difference being not statistically significant (p = 0.547). Concerning chronic pain, no remarkable statistically significant difference was observed between the two groups at 3-month, 6-month, 12- and 18-month follow-up period. CONCLUSION Swing mesh can be safely and effectively used in inguinal hernia repair with the same advantage compared to the Modified Kugel mesh.

Hernia de Amyand: a propósito de un caso / Amyand´s hernia: a propos of a case

La hernia de Amyand es una enfermedad generalmente diagnosticada durante el acto quirúrgico. Su incidencia se encuentra entre 0,28 y 1 por ciento. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un tipo de hernia poco frecuente. Se presenta un paciente masculino de 82 años, que fue hospitalizado para tratamiento quirúrgico con diagnóstico de hernia inguinal derecha atascada y en el acto operatorio se le diagnosticó hernia de Amyand. El tratamiento de elección propuesto es la apendicectomía a través de una herniotomía con reparación primaria de la hernia por medio de la misma incisión. Por las dificultades diagnósticas que presenta esta enfermedad es importante realizar una correcta anamnesis y examen físico(AU)

Amyand´s hernia is generally diagnosed during the surgical act. Its incidence rate ranges from 0.28 to 1 percent. The objective of this paper was to present an infrequent type of hernia. This is a report on a 82 years-old male patient who was hospitalized for surgical treatment with diagnosis of right stuck inguinal hernia and he was diagnosed with Amyand´s hernia in the surgical act. The recommended treatment is appendectomy through an inguinal incision with primary repair of the hernia using the same incision. Due to the diagnostic difficulties that this disease presents it is important to carry out correct anamnesis and physical examination(AU)

Farmacopuntura con tramadol como analgesia posoperatoria preventiva en la herniorrafia inguinal / Pharmacopuncture with tramadol as preventive postoperative analgesia in inguinal herniorrhaphy

INTRODUCCIÓN: estudios demuestran que más del 40 % de los pacientes sufren dolor en el posoperatorio inmediato, y tres de cada cuatro lo experimentan los dos primeros días. OBJETIVO: evaluar la efectividad de la farmacopuntura con tramadol en la prevención del dolor posoperatorio en pacientes operados de hernia inguinal. MÉTODOS: estudio prospectivo, descriptivo, aleatorio y controlado a 60 pacientes operados de manera electiva de herniorrafia inguinal en el Hospital Militar Central "Dr. Carlos J. Finlay" en el período de septiembre de 2010 a septiembre de 2011. Se conformaron dos grupos de igual cantidad de pacientes: grupo F (estudio) en el que se aplicó farmacopuntura con tramadol 12,5 mg en los puntos del meridiano de estómago (E36, E44) y anestesia regional subaracnoidea, y el grupo C (control) en el que se empleó tramadol 100 mg por vía intramuscular e igual método anestésico. Se evaluó el dolor posoperatorio, según criterios del paciente por ubicación en la escala análoga visual. RESULTADOS: predominó el sexo masculino y el rango de más de 60 años de edad. Los pacientes que recibieron el método de anestesia-analgesia y farmacopuntura presentaron mayor grado de analgesia posoperatoria con ausencia completa de dolor en 60 %, con menor cantidad de náuseas y vómitos posoperatorios y una excelente estabilidad hemodinámica. CONCLUSIONES: la farmacopuntura con tramadol constituye un método terapéutico analgésico en la prevención del dolor posoperatorio.

INTRODUCTION: studies have shown that over 40 % of patients suffer from pain in the immediate postoperative period, and three out of every four during the first two days. OBJECTIVE: evaluate the effectiveness of pharmacopuncture with tramadol to prevent postoperative pain in patients undergoing surgery for inguinal hernia. METHODS: a prospective descriptive randomized controlled study was conducted of 60 patients electively operated on for inguinal hernia at Dr. Carlos J. Finlay Central Military Hospital from September 2010 to September 2011. Patients were divided into two equal groups: Group F (study) received pharmacopuncture with tramadol 12.5 mg at stomach meridian acupoints (E36, E44) and regional subarachnoid anaesthesia, and Group C (control) received intramuscular tramadol 100 mg and the same anaesthetic procedure. Postoperative pain was ranked on the visual analog scale based on criteria provided by patients. RESULTS: there was a predominance of the male sex and the over-60 age group. Patients receiving anaesthesia-analgesia and pharmacopuncture showed greater postoperative analgesia, with total absence of pain in 60 %, less postoperative nausea and vomiting, and excellent hemodynamic stability. CONCLUSIONS: pharmacopuncture with tramadol constitutes an analgesic therapeutic method to prevent postoperative pain.

Inguinal hernias in patients of 50 years and above. Pattern and outcome / Avaliação do tratamento da hérnia inguinal em pacientes com mais de 50 anos de idade

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate a one year experience with inguinal hernia repair, in patients of > 50years, with respect to the type of inguinal hernia, type of surgery, postoperative complications and recurrence. METHODS: a prospective descriptive study of patients (n=57) > 50 years operated for inguinal hernia during a one year period. Tension-free meshplasty and herniorrhaphy, using 3"x6" polypropylene mesh and 2-0 polypropylene suture, were performed in elective and emergency surgery respectively. Follow-up visits were scheduled at six weeks, three and six months postoperatively. RESULTS: the most representative age group was 61-70 years, and all patients were male. 52 (91.22%) patients had unilateral inguinal hernias, while five (8.77%) had bilateral hernias. In 50 (87.71%) patients, the hernia was uncomplicated, while seven (12.28%) patients presented with some complication such as obstruction or strangulation. Elective surgery was performed in 50 (87.71%) patients while seven (12.28%) patients were operated in emergency. Postoperatively, 50 (87.7%) patients had uneventful recovery, while seven (12.28%) patients developed some complications which were treated conservatively. Mean hospital stay was six days. One recurrence was observed and there was no peri/postoperative death. CONCLUSION: tension-free meshplasty and herniorrhaphy are safe, simple and applicable even in elderly patients after adequate pre-operative assessment and optimization. Although associated with longer hospital stay, the mortality rate is nil and complication as well as recurrence rate is low. Hence, timely repair is necessary in elderly patients even in those with comorbid conditions.

OBJETIVO: avaliar a experiência de um ano com a correção de hérnia inguinal, em pacientes > 50 anos de idade, em relação ao tipo de hérnia inguinal, tipo de operação, complicações pós-operatórias e recorrências. MÉTODOS: estudo descritivo prospectivo de pacientes (n=57) > 50 anos de idade operados de hérnia inguinal durante um período de um ano. Herniorrafia com tela livre de tensão, utilizando a tela de polipropileno 3x6", e herniorrafia com suturas, utilizando fio de polipropileno 2-0, foram realizadas em operações eletivas e de emergência. Acompanhamento de visitas foram agendadas em seis semanas, três e seis meses no pós-operatório. RESULTADOS: o grupo etário mais representativo foi 61-70 anos, e todos os pacientes eram do sexo masculino. Cinquenta e dois pacientes (91,22%) apresentavam hérnia inguinal unilateral, enquanto cinco (8,77%) tinham hérnias bilaterais. Em 50 pacientes (87,71%), as hérnias eram sem complicações, enquanto sete (12,28%) pacientes apresentavam complicações, tais como obstrução ou estrangulamento. Operações eletivas foram realizadas em 50 pacientes (87,71%), enquanto sete (12,28%) pacientes foram operados em situações de emergência. No período pós-operatório, 50 (87,7%) pacientes tiveram recuperação sem intercorrências, enquanto sete (12,28%) pacientes desenvolveram complicações que foram tratadas conservadoramente. A média de permanência hospitalar foi seis dias. Observou-se um caso de recorrência e não houve nenhuma morte per/pós-operatória. CONCLUSÃO: Herniorrafia com tela livre de tensão e herniorrafia com suturas são seguras, simples e aplicáveis, mesmo em pacientes mais idosos. As recorrências e as complicações, embora associadas a uma maior permanência hospitalar, são eventos de baixa incidência e a taxa de mortalidade foi zero.

Cirugía de la hernia inguinal en la tercera edad: ambulatoria y con hospitalización corta / Inguinal hernia surgery in third age patients: ambulatory and with a short hospitalization

INTRODUCCIÓN. La cirugía de la enfermedad herniaria de la pared abdominal, y en especial de la hernia inguinofemoral, ha sufrido un incremento pero en realidad su prevalencia se desconoce. El objetivo de este estudio fue valorar el resultado del tratamiento quirúrgico de la hernia de la región inguinofemoral en los pacientes de la tercera edad atendidos en el Hospital General Docente Dr Enrique Cabrera. MÉTODOS. Se realizó un estudio en 1 093 pacientes de la tercera edad operados de hernia inguinofemoral entre enero de 1999 y diciembre del 2008, en el Hospital General Docente Dr Enrique Cabrera. En todos los casos se ofreció al paciente la alternativa de ser operado de forma ambulatoria o con corta estadía. También se incluyeron los pacientes operados de urgencia. De entre los pacientes operados de forma electiva se excluyeron los que padecían enfermedades asociadas, cardiopulmonares o tromboembólicas de tipo ASA-III (clasificación de la American Society of Anesthesiologists). RESULTADOS. La mayor incidencia de la hernia inguinal se encontró en las edades de 60-69 años (59,3 por ciento). La hernia inguinal derecha, indirecta, apareció con mayor frecuencia. La técnica quirúrgica anatómica de Desarda fue la más aplicada en la hernia inguinal, y la técnica protésica de Lichtenstein, con el 32 por ciento, le siguió en frecuencia. Hubo un total de 20 recidivas (1,8 por ciento). Se aplicó anestesia local en el 75,4 por ciento de los pacientes, de forma ambulatoria en el 76,4 por ciento. El total de complicaciones fue de 78 (7,1 por ciento). CONCLUSIONES. El tratamiento quirúrgico de las hernias inguinofemorales, de forma ambulatoria o con corta hospitalización, es un procedimiento adecuado en pacientes de la tercera edad, ya que aumenta la comodidad de los pacientes, disminuye el riesgo de infección hospitalaria, reduce las listas de espera y los costos hospitalarios(AU)

INTRODUCTION. The surgery of hernial disease of abdominal wall and especially of the inguinofemoral hernia has increase but in fact its prevalence is unknown. The objective of present study was to assess the result of surgical treatment of the inguinofemoral region hernia in third-age patients seen in the Dr Enrique Cabrera Teaching General Hospital. METHODS. A study was conducted in 1 093 third-age patients operated on of inguinofemoral hernia from January, 1999 to December, 2008 in the above mentioned hospital. In all cases patients had the alternative to be operated on in ambulatory way or with a short hospital stay. Also, were included the patients operated on as an urgency. From the patients operated on in an elective way were excluded those suffering of associated, cardiopulmonary or thromboembolic ASA-III type diseases (classification of the American Society of Anesthesiology). RESULTS. The great incidence of the inguinal hernia was found in ages from 60-69 years (59,3 percent). The indirect right inguinal hernia was the more frequent. The Desarda's anatomical surgical technique was the more applied one in the inguinal hernia and the Lichtenstein's prosthetic technique with the 32 percent was the following in frequency. There were 20 relapses (1.8 percent). Local anesthesia was applied in the 75,4 percent of patients, in ambulatory way in the 76,4 percent. The total of complications was of 78 (7,1 percent). CONCLUSIONS. The surgical treatment of inguinofemoral hernias, ambulatory or with a short hospital stay is a suitable procedure in third-age patients since to increase the comfort of patients, to decrease the hospital infection risk, to reduce the waiting lists and the hospital costs(AU)

Manejo da dor inguinal crônica pós-hernioplastia (inguinodinia) / Management of chronic pain after inguinal hernioplasty

A dor inguinal crônica pós-herniorrafia é uma situação preocupante, pois aproximadamente 10 por cento dos pacientes submetidos à hernioplastia inguinal apresenta os sintomas, que com frequência limita a capacidade física. A etiopatogênese está relacionada a uma periostite do púbis (dor somática) e mais frequentemente à lesão nervosa (dor neuropática). É importante distinguir clinicamente entre os dois tipos de dor, pois o tratamento pode ser diferente. O médico deve estabelecer uma rotina diagnóstica e de tratamento, sendo que a maior parte dos pacientes necessitarão de terapêutica cirúrgica. A prevenção desta condição é de grande importância e pode levar a uma menor incidência da síndrome. Algumas medidas são fundamentais, como evitar pontos ou clipes no periósteo do púbis, usar criteriosamente as próteses e identificar os nervos da região inguinal. Esta última medida é certamente a mais importante na prevenção da dor crônica e implica em conhecimento profundo da anatomia e o uso de uma técnica aprimorada.

Chronic groin pain after herniorrhaphy is a concern, as approximately 10 percent of patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair have symptoms, which often limit physical ability. The etiopathogenesis is related to periostitis pubis (somatic pain) and more often to nerve injury (neuropathic pain). It is clinically important to distinguish between these two types of pain because treatment can be different. The physician should establish a routine diagnosis and treatment, and most patients will need surgical approach. Prevention of this condition is of great importance and can lead to a lower incidence of the syndrome. Some measures are key, such as how to avoid application of stitches or clips to the pubis periosteum, using the prosthesis carefully and identifying the nerves in the groin. This last measure is certainly the most important in the prevention of chronic pain and involves thorough knowledge of anatomy and the use of refined technique.

Síndrome de dolor inguinal crónico (SDIC) / Chronic inguinal pain syndrome

Background: Chronic inguinal pain syndrome (CIPS) is a frequent complaint in patents attending to a public ambulatory surgical service. Aim: To report a descriptive observational study of CIPS. Material and Methods: Retrospective review of medical records of patients presenting with CIPS between 1999 and 2006. The symptoms and physical examination of the groin, the spine and the coxofemoral joint of these patients was evaluated. Results: CIPS was diagnosed in 150 patients aged 17 to 71 years, 87 men. They represented 14 percent of groin problems diagnosed in the study period. Median duration of pain was 13 (3-150) months, with remissions that lasted from weeks to months. The charactenstics of pain remained constant in each remission. Pain was present during the daily activities, but it was even worse during resting periods and during night sleep, leading the patient to assume pain reducing positions. Hernia was present in 29 patients and occupied inguinal channel in three. Five patients had a history of previous hernia repair. One hundred twenty patients had spine diseases. An anesthetic blockade of the ilioinguinal nerve was performed in 37 patients with a positive response in seven. Twenty nine of 47 groin ultrasound examinations were informed as abnormal and suggestive of inguinal hernia. Surgical treatment was performed in these patients and was associated with pain abolition in 12, reduction in seven and persistence in the rest. Remaining patients were treated with spine rehabilitation. The short time follow-up of both groups was encouraging. Conclusions: Inguinal hernia and radicular pain due to spine problems are the main causes of CIPS in this series of patients.

El Síndrome de Dolor Inguinal Crónico (SDIC) ha sido un hallazgo frecuente en el Centro de Cirugía Mayor Ambulatoria de las Hernias del CRS Cordillera. Presentamos un estudio observacional descriptivo del SDIC, basado en la información contenida en las fichas clínicas en un período de 7 años. Se estudiaron los síntomas, el examen físico de la región inguinal, de la columna vertebral, de la inervación de la zona y de la articulación coxofemoral. El cuadro clínico afectó a 150 pacientes, 87 varones y 63 mujeres, con una edad promedio de 42 años (17-71). La antigüedad de los síntomas fue en promedio de 13 (3-150) meses apreciándose remisiones de duración variable, de semanas o meses, sin variación de las características neuropáticas del dolor. Si bien éste se presentó durante la actividad, estuvo presente también en el reposo sentado y el nocturno aliviándose con posición antálgica. Se detectó una hernia inguinal en 29, un canal inguinal ocupado en 3 y antecedente de herniorrafia en 5 pacientes. En los restantes 129 pacientes se detectó patología de columna vertebral, apreciándose en todos un examen neurológico alterado. El bloqueo del nervio ilioinguinal se efectuó en 37 pacientes siendo positivo en 7. La ecotomografía de partes blandas de la región inguinal adquiere valor sólo en manos experimentadas. Una operación se realizó ante evidencia de patología inguinal, los demás pacientes fueron sometidos a rehabilitación de la columna vertebral. Los resultados a corto plazo han sido satisfactorios en ambos grupos.

Resultados a corto plazo de la hernioplastia inguinal: seguimiento prospectivo de 112 pacientes / Short-term outcomes of inguinal hemioplasty: prospective follow-up of 112 patients

Introducción: Creemos que eventualmente los resultados de la hernioplastia de Lichtenstein sufrirán cambios objetivos y subjetivos según la percepción de cada paciente. El objetivo fue evaluar mediante el Instrumento de medición Cualitativo y Cuantitativo (ICCRHL) los resultados de la hernioplastia de Lichtenstein en una cohorte específica de pacientes y analizar los cambios que en estos podrían ocurrir. Pacientes y método: Los pacientes masculinos mayores de 15 años electivamente operados por hernia inguinal entre Enero y Diciembre del 2004 fueron seguidos prospectivamente mediante entrevista, examen físico y llenado de una forma pre-impresa del ICCRHL un mes después de la cirugía, a los 6 meses, 1 año y 2 años. Resultados: El 70,5 por ciento de los pacientes obtuvieron resultados excelentes a los 6 meses los cuales se mantuvieron a los 2 años. Los mejores resultados se obtuvieron en el control del primer año. Los resultados muy malos tuvieron una distribución bimodal, presentándose con mayor frecuencia en el primer control y observándose un importante incremento en el control de los 2 años; la causa fue el desarrollo de inguinodinia. Conclusión: De acuerdo al ICCRHL, los resultados de la hernioplastia de Lichtenstein son diferentes según el momento del tiempo en el cual son medidos. Este hecho demuestra que los resultados de una cirugía funcional como ésta, son dinámicos, varían según el momento en el cual son evaluados y sufren cambios importantes con el tiempo.

Background: Eventually the outcomes of Lichtenstein hemioplasty will experience objective and subjective changes according to the perception of every individual patient. Aim: To evaluate the outcomes of Lichtenstein hemioplasty using the Quantitative and Qualitative Measurement Instrument (QQMI), in a specific cohort of patients and to analyze the changes that may occur. Patients and methods: One hundred and twelve male patients, aged 17 to 92 years, electively operated for inguinal hernia from January to December 2004, were enrolled in a prospective protocol and subjected to assessments that included an interview, physical exam and the completion of the QQMI, one moth, 6 months, 1 year and 2 years after surgery. Results: Seventy-five percent patients had excellent outcomes at 6 months and maintained the same perception two years after surgery. The best outcomes were recorded at one year after surgery. Patients with very bad outcomes had a bimodal distribution, they were more frequently found at the first control and at the 2-years assessment. The cause of this bad perception was the appearance of inguinal pain. Conclusions: The outcomes of Lichtenstein hernioplasty are different according to the moment on which they are recorded. This fact shows that the outcomes of a functional operation, such as the operation for inguinal hernia, suffer important changes over time and differ according to the moment on which they are measured.