Utilidad de la fórmula HUGE para el diagnóstico de enfermedad renal crónica en el anciano / Usefulness of the HUGE formula for the diagnosis of chronic kidney disease in the elderly

INTRODUCCIÓN: La enfermedad renal crónica se encuentra en ascenso.Prevenir o retardar su progresión mediante la aplicación de estrategias dirigidas al diagnóstico precoz es esencial. OBJETIVO: Evaluar la utilidad de la fórmula HUGE para el diagnóstico de Enfermedad Renal Crónica en el anciano. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo prospectivo y de corte longitudinal en 260 adultos mayores que ingresaron en los servicios de Geriatría y Medicina Interna del Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico "Hermanos Ameijeiras" en el período enero de 2019 y junio de 2020. RESULTADOS: El 58,5% de la muestra de estudio fueron mujeres. La edad promedio fue de 77,1 ± 7,3 años. La enfermedad renal crónica estuvo presente en el 64,2% de los pacientes. Se observó mayor frecuencia de pacientes con daño renal (32,7%) al emplear la formula CKD­ EPI en comparación con los identificados al emplear la fórmula HUGE (25,0%). Al estimar la concordancia entre ambas fórmulas se observó un estadístico kappa (k) de 0,814 (IC de 95%:0,7370 - 0,8909; p < 0,001). La sensibilidad de la fórmula de HUGE fue de un 76,5% (IC de 95%: 66,9% - 86,1%) y la especificidad de un 100% (99,7% - 100%). El valor predictivo positivo fue de 100 % (IC de 95%: 99,2% - 100%) y el negativo de 89,7% (85,2% - 94,2%). CONCLUSIONES: La fórmula CKD-EPI identifica daño renal en mayor porcentaje, en estadios precoces. Por el contrario, la fórmula de HUGE, detecta el daño renal en un porcentaje mayor en estadios más avanzados.La concordancia para diagnosticar daño renal entre la fórmula CKD-EPI y HUGE fue muy buena. La fórmula HUGE es útil, sensible y específica para evaluar la enfermedad renal crónica en los adultos mayores.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic kidney disease is on the rise. Preventing or delaying its progression through the application of strategies aimed at early diagnosis is essential. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the usefulness of the HUGE formula for the diagnosis of Chronic Kidney Disease in the elderly. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A prospective, descriptive and longitudinal observational study was carried out in 260 older adults who were admitted to the Geriatrics and Internal Medicine services of the "Hermanos Ameijeiras" Surgical Clinical Hospital between January 2019 and June 2020. RESULTS: 58.5% of the study sample was women. The mean age was 77.1 ± 7.3 years. CKD was present in 64.2% of the patients. A higher frequency of patients with kidney damage (32.7%) was observed when using the CKD ­ EPI formula compared to those identified when using the HUGE (25.0%). When estimating the concordance between both formulas, a kappa statistic (k) of 0.814 (95% CI: 0.7370 - 0.8909; p < 0.001) was observed. The sensitivity of the HUGE formula was 76.5% (95% CI: 66.9% - 86.1%) and the specificity was 100% (99.7% - 100%). The positive predictive value was 100% (95% CI: 99.2% - 100%) and the negative predictive value was 89.7% (85.2% - 94.2%). CONCLUSIONS: The CKD-EPI formula identifies kidney damage in a higher percentage, in early stages. On the contrary, the HUGE formula detects kidney damage in a higher percentage in more advanced stages. The concordance to diagnose kidney damage between the CKD-EPI and HUGE formula was very good. The HUGE formula is useful, sensitive, and specific for evaluating chronic kidney disease in older adults.

Active Brazilian crack cocaine users: nutritional, anthropometric, and drug use profiles

Objective: To evaluate the nutritional status of crack users and to analyze its correlation with drug use profiles. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 108 crack users. Anthropometric data were assessed through body mass index (BMI) and bioimpedance (BIA) measurements. A blood test to analyze hematocrit, hemoglobin, glucose, and lipid profiles was also performed. Crack use was determined through a standardized interview. Results: Based on BMI and BIA, most individuals were eutrophic (about 70%). Regarding hematological parameters, we found that hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were below normal for 32.4 and 30.6% of patients, respectively. Considering normal parameters, a large part of the sample (60.2%) had low levels of HDL cholesterol and high levels of triglycerides (38%). There were no significant correlations between drug profile and nutritional variables. Conclusion: This is a pioneering study that examines the nutritional status of crack users. Our results showed that most crack users present normal anthropometric findings and the prevalence of underweight is low. However, blood analysis showed changes and a specific type of malnutrition.

Effects of vagotomy on cardiovascular and heart rate variability alterations following chronic normobaric hypoxia in adult rabbits

BACKGROUND: chronic hypoxia increases basal ventilation and pulmonary vascular resistance, with variable changes in arterial blood pressure and heart rate, but it's impact on heart rate variability and autonomic regulation have been less well examined. We studied changes in arterial blood pressure, heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV) in rabbits subjected to chronic normobaric hypoxia (CNH; PB ~ 719 mmHg; FIO2 ~ 9.2%) for 14 days and assess the effect of autonomic control by acute bilateral vagal denervation. RESULTS: exposure to CNH stalled animal weight gain and increased the hematocrit, without affecting heart rate or arterial blood pressure. Nevertheless, Poincaré plots of the electrocardiographic R-R intervals showed a reduced distribution parallel to the line of identity, which interpreted as reduced long-term HRV. In the frequency domain, CNH reduced the very-low- (< 0.2 Hz) and high-frequency components (> 0.8 Hz) of the R-R spectrograms and produced a prominent component in the low-frequency component (0.2-0.5 Hz) of the power spectrum. In control and CNH exposed rabbits, bilateral vagotomy had no apparent effect on the short- and long-term HRV in the Poincaré plots. However, bilateral vagotomy differentially affected higher-frequency components (> 0.8 Hz); reducing it in control animals without modifying it in CNH-exposed rabbits. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that CNH exposure shifts the autonomic balance of heart rate towards a sympathetic predominance without modifying resting heart rate or arterial blood pressure.

Excess fluid volume: sociodemographic and clinical analysis in haemodialysis patients / Excesso de volume de líquidos: análise clínica e sociodemográfica em pacientes de hemodiálise / El exceso de volumen de líquido: el análisis sociodemográfico y clínico en pacientes en hemodiálisis

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyse the defining characteristics and related factors in the nursing diagnosis Excess fluid volume and its relationship to sociodemographic and clinical variables in haemodialysis patients. Method: Cross-sectional study, conducted using a form and physical examination, with a sample of 100 patients, between December 2012 and April 2013 at a university hospital and a dialysis clinic. Results: It was found 10 significant statistical associations between the defining characteristics/ related factors of Excess fluid volume and the sociodemographic and clinical variables. Conclusion: The defining characteristics and related factors of Excess fluid volume could be influenced by sociodemographic and clinical variables in haemodialysis clientele.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar as características definidoras e fatores relacionados ao diagnóstico de enfermagem excesso de volume de líquidos e sua relação com variáveis clínicas e sociodemográficas em pacientes em hemodiálise. Método: estudo transversal, desenvolvido com a utilização de um formulário e exame físico, com uma amostra de 100 pacientes, entre dezembro 2012 e abril 2013 em um hospital universitário e uma clínica de diálise. Resultados: dez associações estatisticamente significantes foram encontradas entre as características definidoras/fatores relacionadas ao excesso de volume de líquidos e as variáveis clínicas e sociodemográficas. Conclusão: as características definidoras e fatores relacionados ao excesso de volume de líquidos podem ser influenciados por variáveis clínicas e sociodemográficas em pacientes em hemodiálise.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar las características definitorias y los factores relacionados con el diagnóstico enfermero de exceso de volumen líquido y su relación con variables sociodemográficas y clínicas en pacientes de hemodiálisis. Método: estudio transversal, realizado mediante un formulario y examen físico, con una muestra de 100 pacientes, entre diciembre de 2012 y abril de 2013 en un hospital universitario y una clínica de diálisis. Resultados: se encontraron 10 asociaciones estadísticamente significativas entre las características definitorias, factores relacionados de volumen de exceso de líquido y las variables sociodemográficas y clínicas. Conclusión: las características definitorias y los factores relacionados de exceso de volumen líquido podrían estar influenciados por variables sociodemográficas y clínicas en clientes de hemodiálisis.

Evaluation of clinical signs, parasitemia, hematologic and biochemical changes in cattle experimentally infected with Trypanosoma vivax / Avaliação dos sinais clínicos, parasitemia e alterações hematológicas e bioquímicas de bovinos experimentalmente infectados peloTrypanosoma vivax

Abstract Infections by Trypanosoma vivax cause great losses to livestock in Africa and Central and South Americas. Outbreaks due this parasite have been occurred with increasing frequency in Brazil. Knowledge of changes caused byT. vivax during the course of this disease can be of great diagnostic value. Thus, clinical signs, parasitemia, hematologic and biochemical changes of cattle experimentally infected by this hemoparasite were evaluated. Two distinct phases were verified during the infection – an acute phase where circulating parasites were seen and then a chronic phase where fluctuations in parasitemia were detected including aparasitemic periods. A constant reduction in erythrocytes, hemoglobin and packed cell volume (PVC) were observed. White blood cells (WBC) showed pronounced changes such as severe neutropenia and lymphopenia during the acute phase of the illness. Decreases in cholesterol, albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and increases in glucose, globulin, protein, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were observed. The “Lins” isolate of T. vivax showed pathogenicity for cattle, and intense parasitemia was detected in the early stages of infection. Circulating parasites were detected for about two months. The most evident laboratory abnormalities were found in WBC parameters, including thrombocytopenia.

Resumo Infecções pelo Trypanosoma vivax causam grandes prejuízos à pecuária na África e Américas Central e do Sul. Surtos devido a este protozoário têm ocorrido com frequência cada vez maior no Brasil. O conhecimento das alterações provocadas pelo T. vivax durante a evolução desta enfermidade podem ser de grande valia para o auxílio no diagnóstico. Para tanto foram estudados os sinais clínicos, parasitemia, alterações hematológicas e bioquímicas em bovinos experimentalmente infectados por este hemoparasito. Foram verificadas duas fases distintas durante a infecção, uma aguda onde parasitos circulantes foram vistos durante todo o período, e posteriormente uma crônica, onde foram detectadas flutuações na parasitemia, com períodos aparasitêmicos. Foi verificada constante diminuição da contagem global de eritrócitos, teor de hemoglobina e volume globular (VG). O leucograma revelou leucopenia por neutropenia e linfopenia durante a fase aguda da enfermidade. Foram observados diminuição do colesterol, albumina, aspartato aminotransferase (AST), lactato desidrogenase (LDH) e aumento da glicose, globulinas, proteínas e fosfatase alcalina (FA). O isolado “Lins” de T. vivax apresentou patogenicidade para bovinos, verificando-se parasitemia intensa nos estágios iniciais da infecção, sendo detectados parasitas circulantes por aproximadamente dois meses. As alterações laboratoriais mais evidentes foram encontradas nos parâmetros do leucograma, ainda destacando-se um quadro de trombocitopenia.

Avaliação da eficácia da eritropoetina humana recombinante no controle de anemiaem pacientes hemodialisados

A doença renal crônica é caracterizada pelo comprometimento renal da função glomerular, tubular e endócrina, de maneira lenta, progressiva e irreversível, tendo a anemia como uma importante complicação, cuja intensidade e prevalência estão relacionadas ao estágio da doença renal e à deficiência na produção de Eritropoetina (EPO). O tratamento com eritropoetina recombinante humana (rHuEPO) já é aplicado mundialmente e tem resposta satisfatória na regularização dos níveis dehemoglobina. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a eficácia da rHuEPO em pacientes hemodialisados, por meio de avaliação e correlação de parâmetros hematológicos da linhagem eritrocitária (hemácias, hematócrito e hemoglobina), e bioquímicos (ferro e ferritina). Para tal proposição, foram avaliados dois grupos distintos, sendo um grupo teste, com 77 pacientes, que fizeram uso de rHuEPO por três semanas, e um segundo grupo controle, com 38 pacientes que não utilizaram este tratamento, totalizando 115 pessoas. Os dados foram tabulados e analisados estatisticamente em planilha do programa Microsoft Office Excel 2010, Epi-Info 4.1, Teste t-Student, e do programa Graph Pad Prism, Versão 5.0, com correlação de Pearson Qui-quadrado, por meio do programa SPSS, versão 10.0. O intervalo de confiança considerado foi de 95% e significância em *p<0,05...

The chronic kidney disease is characterized by renal impairment of glomerular function, tubular and endocrine of slow, progressive and irreversible, with anemia as an important complication, whose intensity and prevalence are related to the stage of kidney disease and disability in the production of Erythropoietin (EPO). Treatment with recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) is already used worldwide and has satisfactory response in the regulation of hemoglobin levels. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of rHuEPO in hemodialysis patients by analyzing haematological parameters erythrocyte lineage (erythrocyte, hematocrit and hemoglobin) and biochemical parameters such as iron and ferritin. For this proposition, we evaluated two distinct groups, namely (1) the test group, with 77 patients who used rHuEPO during three weeks and a second control group, with 38 patients who did not use rHuEPO, totaling 115 patients. Data were statistically analyzed in spreadsheet program Microsoft office excel 2010 Epi-Info 4.1, test t-Student test and the program Graph Pad Prism Version 5.0 with Pearson's chi-square correlation using SPSS version 10.0. The confidence interval was regarded as 95% and significant at * p <0.05...

Características antropométricas y fisiológicas de adultos mayores de la comuna de Arica-Chile / Anthropometric and physiological characteristics of elderly population in the district of Arica-Chile

En Chile un 14% de la población se encuentra sobre los 60 años. El envejecimiento provoca modificaciones en el organismo, con disminución de masa muscular, pérdida de fuerza y alteraciones biofisiológicas. Los objetivos de este trabajo fueron determinar las características antropométricas y fisiológicas de adultos mayores, sobre los 50 años, activos y de niveles socioculturales medio, de la comuna de Arica-Chile. Cuarenta varones deportistas seniors, fueron divididos en grupo I, con edades de 50 a 59 años (n= 20) y grupo II, de 60 a 70 años (n= 20). Se determinaron, peso, talla, índice de masa corporal (IMC), perímetros y pliegues corporales. En muestra sanguínea se determinó glicemia, perfil lipídico, hematocrito y hemoglobina. El Comité de Ética/Bioética de la Universidad de Tarapacá aprobó la metodología de trabajo. Los resultados obtenidos no muestran diferencias significativas en el peso, la talla y en perímetro de cintura en ambas poblaciones, con un IMC de normal para esta población chilena (27,5 y 27,3 respectivamente). El peso de la masa grasa es mayor en la población del grupo I (20,4±3,4%), pero no es significativo respecto al grupo II. Colesterol, hemoglobina y hematocrito no presentan diferencias significativas entre los grupos. Sin embargo la glicemia registra valores de 103,6±5,2 mg/dl, en grupo I y de 109,4±6,5 mg/dl en grupo II, los cuales están sobre los parámetros de normalidad. Igualmente los triglicéridos se observan elevados en ambas poblaciones (227,83±20,2 mg/dl y 225,17±22,4 mg/dl respectivamente). Se concluye que ambas poblaciones presentan patrones morfofisiológicos muy similares entre sí y en rangos de normalidad, pero con valores elevados para glicemia y triglicéridos. Toda intervención física, en población adulto mayor debe estar bajo la supervisión de un especialista deportivo, previo un chequeo médico, para evaluar la condición de salud inicial.

In Chile 14% of the population is over 60 years. Aging causes changes in the body, with decreased muscle mass, loss of strength and bio-physiological alterations. The aims of this study were to determine anthropometric and physiological characteristics of active older adults, over 50 years in the district of Arica-Chile. Forty active older male, were divided into group I, aged 50­59 years (n= 20) and group II, 60 to 70 years (n= 20). We determined, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), fat mass and body folds. In blood sample glucose, lipid profile, hematocrit and hemoglobin were determined. The Ethics/Bioethics Committee at the University of Tarapacá approved the study methodology. The results showed no significant differences in weight and height in both populations, with a BMI of normal for this Chilean population (27.5 and 27.3 respectively). The fat mass was greater in group I (20.4±3.4%), but not significant compared to group II. No differences in waist circumference were observed. Cholesterol, hemoglobin and hematocrit were not significantly different in both groups. However glycemic values of 103.6±5.2 mg/dl in group I and 109.4± 6.5 mg/dl in group II are on the parameters of normality. Triglycerides also showed levels above normal in both population (227.83±20.2 mg/dl and 225.17±22.4 mg/dl respectively). We conclude that both populations have very similar morphophysiological patterns considered among the normal range with increase in parameters to blood glucose and triglycerides. Importantly, all physical intervention in this population should be under the supervision of an exercise physiologist, after a medical examination to assess the initial health status.

The TcI and TcII Trypanosoma cruzi experimental infections induce distinct immune responses and cardiac fibrosis in dogs

Trypanosoma cruzi infection may be caused by different strains with distinct discrete typing units (DTUs) that can result in variable clinical forms of chronic Chagas disease. The present study evaluates the immune response and cardiac lesions in dogs experimentally infected with different T. cruzi strains with distinct DTUs, namely, the Colombian (Col) and Y strains of TcI and TcII DTU, respectively. During infection with the Col strain, increased levels of alanine aminotransferase, erythrocytes, haematocrit and haemoglobin were observed. In addition, CD8+ T-lymphocytes isolated from the peripheral blood produced higher levels of interleukin (IL)-4. The latter suggests that during the acute phase, infection with the Col strain may remain unnoticed by circulating mononuclear cells. In the chronic phase, a significant increase in the number of inflammatory cells was detected in the right atrium. Conversely, infection with the Y strain led to leucopoenia, thrombopoenia, inversion of the ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T-lymphocytes and alterations in monocyte number. The Y strain stimulated the production of interferon-γ by CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes and IL-4 by CD8+ T-cells. In the chronic phase, significant heart inflammation and fibrosis were observed, demonstrating that strains of different DTUs interact differently with the host.

Evaluation of variables responsible for hospital mortality in patients with rheumatic heart disease undergoing double valve replacement / Avaliação de variáveis responsáveis pela mortalidade hospitalar em pacientes portadores de doença reumática submetidos à dupla troca valvar

Objective: To describe the hospital mortality and associated clinical and echocardiographic variables in patients with rheumatic disease who underwent double valve replacement surgery. Methods: This is a cross sectional descriptive study of mortality, performed in a referral hospital in Salvador, Bahia. Records from patients with rheumatic disease who underwent double valve replacement surgery during the years 2007-2011 were analyzed. Results: The studied sample comprises 104 patients and 60 (57.7%) were male. The mean age was 38.04±14.45. Sixty five bioprostheses and 38 mechanical prostheses were used in these patients at the time of surgery. There were statistically significant differences between the two groups, when we analyzed the following variables: the mean age (36.30±13.03 vs. 45.35±17.8 years-old, P=0.011), mean hemoglobin (11.10±2.19 vs. 9.22±2.26 g/dL, P=0.002), mean hematocrit (34.22±5.86 vs. 28.44±6.62%, P<0.001). New York Heart Association functional class III and IV (NYHA) (P=0.022) was statistically associated with mortality. Conclusion: We concluded that the mean hemoglobin/hematocrit level and the NYHA functional class was the major variables associated to the mortality among these patients. Based on these data one may concern about the patient best moment for surgery and the patient hemoglobin level. .

Objetivo: Descrever a mortalidade hospitalar em pacientes reumáticos submetidos à cirurgia de dupla troca valvar e sua relação com variáveis clínicas e ecocardiográficas. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal. Foram estudados pacientes maiores que 18 anos, com valvopatia reumática que foram submetidos à cirurgia de DTV do período de janeiro de 2007 a dezembro de 2011 no Hospital Ana Nery - Salvador - Bahia. A coleta de dados se deu por meio de consulta aos prontuários dos pacientes. Resultados: Foram estudados 104 pacientes, 60 (57,7%) eram do sexo masculino. A média de idade da população estudada foi de 38,04±14,45 anos. Foram utilizadas 65 próteses biológicas e 38 próteses metálicas. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos comparados, pacientes que obtiveram alta versus pacientes que foram a óbito, em relação às seguintes variáveis: média de idade dos pacientes que receberam alta para casa e foram a óbito, respectivamente (36,30±13,03 vs. 45,35±17,8, P=0,011); média de hemoglobina, (11,10±2,19 vs. 9,22±2,26 g/dL, P=0,002); média do hematócrito, (34,22±5,86 vs. 28,44±6,62%, P<0,001). As classes funcionais III e IV (New York Heart Association) estiveram associadas estatisticamente com a mortalidade (P=0.022). Conclusão: Os dados encontrados no estudo apresentam uma população pouco estudada na qual os principais achados foram a média do nível de hemoglobina/hematócrito e classe funcional NYHA. Deve se levar em conta esses dados para a escolha do melhor momento de cirurgia para essa população. .

Hematological change parameters in patients with pressure ulcer at long-term care hospital / Alterações dos parâmetros hematológicos em pacientes portadores de úlcera por pressão em um hospital de longa permanência

Objective To assess factors associated with the development of pressure ulcers, and to compare the effectiveness of pharmacological treatments. Methods The factors associated with the development of pressure ulcers were compared in lesion-carrying patients (n=14) and non-carriers (n=16). Lesion-carrying patients were treated with 1% silver sulfadiazine or 0.6IU/g collagenase and were observed for 8 weeks. The data collected was analyzed with p<0.05 being statistically relevant. Results The prevalence of pressure ulcers was about 6%. The comparison of carrier and non-carrier groups of pressure ulcers revealed no statistically significant difference in its occurrence with respect to age, sex, skin color, mobility, or the use of diapers. However, levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, and red blood cells were found to be statistically different between groups, being lower in lesion-carrying patients. There was no significant difference found in lesion area between patients treated with collagenase or silver sulfadiazine, although both groups showed an overall reduction in lesion area through the treatment course. Conclusion Hematologic parameters showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups. Regarding the treatment of ulcers, there was no difference in the area of the lesion found between the groups treated with collagenase and silver sulfadiazine. .

Objetivo Avaliar os fatores associados ao desenvolvimento da úlcera por pressão e comparar a efetividade de tratamentos farmacológicos. Métodos Os fatores associados ao desenvolvimento de úlcera por pressão foram comparados entre pacientes portadores (n=14) e não portadores (n=16) da lesão. Os pacientes com a ferida foram tratados com sulfadiazina de prata 1% ou colagenase 0,6UI/g, sendo acompanhados durante 8 semanas. Os dados coletados foram analisados considerando-se estatisticamente significativo se p<0,05. Resultados A prevalência de úlcera por pressão foi de cerca de 6%. A comparação entre os grupos de portadores e não portadores de úlcera por pressão não revelou diferença estatística significativa entre ocorrência desta segundo idade, sexo, cor da pele, mobilidade e uso de fralda. Por outro lado, os valores de hemoglobina, hematócrito e hemácias foram estatisticamente diferentes entre os grupos, sendo menor naqueles pacientes portadores da lesão. Não houve diferença significativa na área da lesão entre aqueles pacientes tratados com colagenase ou sulfadiazina de prata, embora ambos os tratamentos tenham evidenciado uma redução média da área da lesão. Conclusão Os parâmetros hematológicos apresentaram diferença estatística entre os dois grupos avaliados, ao contrário das demais variáveis analisadas. Em relação ao tratamento das úlceras, não houve diferença na área da lesão na comparação entre a colagenase e a sulfadiazina. .

Benefício do uso de recuperadores de hemácias em cirurgias cardiovasculares / Benefit from using recycling red blood cells in cardiovascular surgery

Objetivo: Avaliar se o uso de recuperadores de hemácias está indicado nos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardiovascular com o uso de circulação extracorpórea. Métodos: Foram estudados 77 pacientes submetidos a cirurgias cardíacas com uso de recuperadores de hemácias e circulação extracorpórea de novembro de 2010 a junho de 2012. A amostra foi subdividida em três grupos, conforme o tempo de circulação extracorpórea. No grupo A ,o tempo de circulação extracorpórea foi menor que 45, no grupo B, de 45 a 90 e, no grupo C, maior que 90 minutos. Analisou-se o volume recuperado e infundido de hemácias, a hemoglobina de pré, trans e pós-operatório, número de unidades de concentrado de hemácias transfundidas, volume globular e hemoglobina do sangue infundido. Resultados: A idade média, dos pacientes, foi de 60,44±12,09 anos, sendo 71,43% do sexo masculino. O grupo A é formado por 5,19%, o B por 81,82% e o C por 12,99% dos pacientes. O volume recuperado e infundido foi, respectivamente, de 1.360,50±511,37 ml e 339,75±87,71 ml no grupo A, 1.436,63±516,06 ml e 518,83±183,0 ml no B e 2.137,00±925,04 ml e 526,20±227,15 ml no C. Em relação às transfusões de concentrado de hemácias, no grupo A foram transfundidas 1,00±2,00 concentrado de hemácias, no B 1,27±1,85 concentrado de hemácias e no C 2,56±2,01 concentrado de hemácias. O sangue infundido tinha um volume globular de 50,97±12,06% e hemoglobina de 19,57±8,35 g/dl. Conclusão: O recuperadores de hemácias podem ser usados em pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardiovascular com circulação extracorpórea, mas somente em cirurgias com tempo de circulação extracorpórea acima de 45 minutos o reaproveitamento de sangue ...

Objective: To show if blood salvage is indicated in all patients submitted to cardiovascular surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Methods: We studied 77 consecutive patients submitted to cardiac surgery with use of blood salvage and cardiopulmonary bypass from November 2010 to June 2012. The sample was divided in three groups, depending on the time of cardiopulmonary bypass. In group A, the time of cardiopulmonary bypass was smaller than 45, in group B from 45 to 90 and in group C greater than 90 minutes. We analyzed the volume of red cells recovered and infused, the pre, intra and post-operative hemoglobin, the number of packed red cells units which were transfused and hematocrit and hemoglobin blood infused. Results: The average group age was 60.44±12.09 years old, of whom 71.43% were males. The group A was formed by 5.19% of the patients, B by 81.82% and C by 12.99%. The volume of erythrocytes recovered and infused was respectively 1,360.50±511.37 ml and 339.75±87.71 ml in group A, 1,436.63±516.06 ml and 518.83±183.0 ml in B and 2,137.00±925.04 ml and 526.20±227.15 ml in C. About packed red cells transfusions, in group A 1,00±2,00 packed red cells were transfused, in B 1.27±1.85 packed red cells and in C 2.56±2.01 packed red cells. The infused blood had a hematocrit of 50.97±12.06% and hemoglobin of 19.57±8.35 g/dl. Conclusion: That blood salvage can be used in patients submitted to cardiovascular surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. However, it is only cost-effective in surgeries in which the time of cardiopulmonary bypass is greater than 45 minutes. .

Acido tranexámico endovenoso en el reemplazo total de rodilla sin manguito hemostático. Estudio prospectivo aleatorizado / Intravenous tranexamic acid in total knee arthroplasty without tourniquet

Introducción: La artroplastia de rodilla se asocia a grandes pérdidas de sangre perioperatorias y posoperatorias (600-1500 ml), y a porcentajes de transfusión de sangre hasta del 50 %. El objetivo es estudiar el efecto del ácido tranexámico en la artroplastia primaria de rodilla sin manguito hemostático, valorando la pérdida sanguínea en el posoperatorio. Materiales y Métodos: Los pacientes fueron asignados, en forma aleatoria, a dos grupos: Grupo A, con ácido tranexámico, 25 pacientes (71,5 años) y Grupo B, sin ácido tranexámico, 25 pacientes (72 años). Se determinó la hemoglobina y el hematocrito antes de la cirugía, y a las 24, 48 y 72 h. Se midió el débito del suctor a las 24 h. Resultados: El hematocrito posoperatorio a las 24, 48 y 72 h fue del 33,4 %; 31,5 % y 30,8 %, respectivamente, en el grupo A, y del 28,5 %; 27,9 % y 27 %, en el grupo B (p <0,001 en los 3 registros). Los valores de hemoglobina fueron 11, 10,3 y 10 g/dl en el grupo A y 9,4; 9,3 y 9 g/dl, en el grupo B, respectivamente (p <0,001; p = 0,004 y p = 0,002). La colección del drenaje a las 24 h en el grupo A fue de 363,4 ml (± 141 ml) y, en el grupo B, fue de 626 ml (± 260 ml) (p <0,001). Se transfundió al 32% de los pacientes del grupo B y a ninguno del grupo A. No se registraron casos de enfermedad tromboembólica. Conclusión: El uso de ácido tranexámico disminuye la pérdida de sangre posoperatoria asociada a la artroplastia de rodilla; esto se refleja en menores porcentajes de transfusión de sangre sin un aumento en el riesgo de complicaciones...

Background: Total knee arthroplasty is associated with peri- and postoperative blood loss (600 to 1500 mL) and with blood transfusion rates of up to 50 %. The objective is to study the effect of tranexamic acid in total knee arthroplasty without tourniquet, taking into account the blood loss in the postoperative period. Method: Patients were randomized into two groups: Group A, with tranexamic acid, 25 patients (71.5 years old) and Group B, without tranexamic acid, 25 patients (72 years old). Hemoglobin and hematocrit were evaluated prior to surgery and after 24, 48 and 72 hours. Drainage was evaluated after 24 hours. Results: The postoperative hematocrit after 24, 48 and 72 hours was 33.4 %, 31.5 % and 30.8 %, respectively, in Group A, and 28.5 %, 27.9 % and 27 %, respectively, in Group B (p <0.001 in the 3 registers). Hemoglobin values were 11, 10.3 and 10 g/dL, respectively, in Group A and 9.4, 9.3 and 9 g/dL, in Group B (p <0.001, p = 0.004 and p = 0.002). Drainage after 24 hours in Group A was 363.4 mL (± 141 mL) and 626 mL (± 260 mL) in Group B (p <0.001). Thirty two patients in Group B underwent transfusion, while none in group A. No cases of thromboembolic disease were detected. Conclusion: Tranexamic acid use decreases postoperative bleeding associated with total knee arthroplasty, resulting in lower transfusion rates without an increase in complication risks...

Embarazos exitosos en hemodiálisis crónica: experiencia de un único centro / Pregnancy during dialysis: Experience in six patients

Background: The frequency of pregnancies during dialysis is increasing. This condition requires changes in the dialysis schedule and nutritional approach. Aim: To report the experience in six patients with terminal kidney disease who became pregnant. Material and Methods: Retrospective review of medical records of women with terminal kidney disease in dialysis who became pregnant in a period of 27 years. Results: We recorded six successful pregnancies among women in hemodialysis treatment aged 32 ± 4 years. The mean dialysis-time per week was 19.5 ± 2.7 hours and Kt/V was 1.55 ± 0.17. The mean systolic blood pressure was 130 ± 13.3 mmHg. The mean packed cell volume of the group increased from 22.7% during pre-gestational stage to 30.2% during third trimester of pregnancy. All patients received an intensive treatment for anemia. The most common symptom of pregnancy was hyperemesis. The mean gestational age (GA) at diagnosis was 13.4 ± 4.7 weeks. All patients had preterm deliveries at a GA of 33 ± 1.7 weeks, and 66% of offspring were appropriate for gestational age. Conclusions: A multidisciplinary approach allows high rate of successful pregnancies during hemodialysis.

El tratamiento del plan AUGE (GES) de la anemia en diálisis crónica no ha sido eficaz y, probablemente, no se han aprovechado los recursos económicos destinados para ello / Results of the explicit health guaranties program to correct anemia of end stage renal disease patients in dialysis

Background: In July 2010 end stage renal disease anemia correction was incorporated to the program of explicit health guaranties of the Ministry of Health. The treatment plan included intravenous iron and erythropoietin. The prescription of these medications carne from the deriving health organizations. Aim: To describe the results of that program in 11 dialysis facilities belonging to Fresenius Medical Care (a private organization) distributed in the six Metropolitan Health Services (MHS) in Santiago, Chile. Material and Methods: We selected 328 patients who remained in dialysis treatment at least between June 2010 and March 2011 and had a packed red cell volume lower than 30%, representing the target of the Plan. The evolution of packed red cell volume and the proportion of anemic patients in the facilities from each MHS were evaluated. Results: The two above mentioned variables began to improve only in December 2010. In no MHS, with the exception of the Eastern MHS, the mean hematocrit improved to higher than 30%, nor was the proportion of anemic patients reduced to lower than 50%o. Conclusions: Treatment of anemia of end stage renal disease in dialysis, implemented by the explicit health guaranties program of the Ministry of Health, was ineffective in almost all MHS in Santiago.

Liver enzymes in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis

OBJECTIVE: The present study was designed to analyze the serum levels of aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, gamma-glutamyl transferase, and the hematocrit in patients with chronic kidney disease who were undergoing peritoneal dialysis or hemodialysis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty patients on peritoneal dialysis and 40 on hemodialysis were assessed, and the patients were matched according to the length of time that they had been on dialysis. Blood samples were collected (both before and after the session for those on hemodialysis) to measure the enzymes and the hematocrit. RESULTS: In the samples from the patients who were undergoing peritoneal dialysis, the aspartate and alanine aminotransferase levels were slightly higher compared with the samples collected from the patients before the hemodialysis session and slightly lower compared with the samples collected after the hemodialysis session. The levels of gamma-glutamyl transferase in the hemodialysis patients were slightly higher than the levels in the patients who were undergoing peritoneal dialysis. In addition, the levels of aminotransferases and gamma-glutamyl transferase that were collected before the hemodialysis session were significantly lower than the values collected after the session. The hematocrit levels were significantly lower in the patients who were on peritoneal dialysis compared with the patients on hemodialysis (both before and after the hemodialysis session), and the levels were also significantly lower before hemodialysis compared with after hemodialysis. CONCLUSION: The aminotransferase levels in the patients who were undergoing peritoneal dialysis were slightly higher compared with the samples collected before the hemodialysis session, whereas the aminotransferase levels were slightly lower compared with the samples collected after the session. The hematocrits and the aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transferase levels of the samples collected after the hemodialysis session were significantly higher than the samples collected before the session. Taken together, the present data suggest that hemodilution could alter the serum levels of liver enzymes.

Prevalencia de patrones antropométricos y fisiológicos en población de adultos mayores, sobre los 60 años en Arica, Chile / Prevalence of anthropometric and physiological patterns in the elderly population over 60 years in Arica, Chile

El envejecimiento humano es un proceso complejo y multifactorial que involucra aspectos cognitivos, sociales y físicos. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar valores de algunos patrones antropométricos y fisiológicos y comparar el efecto de la actividad física, de estos patrones en población adulta mayor. Cien adultos mayores en edades a partir de los 60 años participaron de este estudio. En esta población se procedió a medir peso, talla y calcular el índice de masa corporal (IMC), además se obtuvieron registros de la capacidad vital y el consumo máximo de oxígeno. Luego a través de muestra sanguínea se determinó hematocrito y hemoglobina. La población se categorizó en rangos de edades y se separó según género. Posteriormente por encuesta simple de actividades, se separaron en personas activas y sedentarias. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que el IMC en mujeres activas y sedentarias presenta niveles de sobrepeso y obesidad, en varones activos solo a partir de los 70 años se observan valores de normalidad. El colesterol en damas y varones activos presentan valores bajo los 240mg/L y la población sedentaria sobre estos valores. Los registros de hemoglobina son significativamente mayores en población activa (12,3mg/dL a 14,2 mg/dL). Los patrones de espirometría muestran registros muy bajos en esta población en estudio. Se concluye que los patrones antropométricos y fisiológicos de esta población en estudio muestra mejores registros en adultos mayores activos.

The aim of this study was to determine anthropometric and physiological patterns and compare the effect of physical activity in older adults from Arica, Chile. One hundred elderly aged from 60 years on, participated in this study. In this population, we proceeded to measure weight, height and calculated body mass index (BMI) and also obtained records of vital capacity and maximal oxygen consumption. Then through blood samples, hematocrit and haemoglobin were determined. The population was categorized in age ranges and separated by gender. Then by simple questionnaire of activities, they were separated into active and sedentary older adults. The results obtained indicate that the active population has a better record than the sedentary population, both in women as well as in men. When analized according to sex, similar results were observed. Spirometry records of the entire study population are very low. We conclude that physical activity is an important factor inthe quality of life of people in the so-called third age, supporting theories of an active and successful aging. The study also reaffirms the behavior of the adult population over 60 years is in reality a complex and multifactorial phenomenon.

Hemoconcentración, apache II y ranson como predictores tempranos de severidad en pacientes con diagnóstico de pancreatitis aguda en un Hospital de Lima - Perú / Hemoconcentration, apache II and ranson as early predictors of severity in patients with acute pancreatitis in a hospital in Lima - Peru

OBJETIVO: Comparar hemoconcentración y sistemas de puntuación APACHE II y Ranson como predictores tempranos de severidad determinada por criterios de Atlanta en pacientes con diagnóstico de Pancreatitis Aguda en el Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo retrospectivo entre diciembre del 2009 a noviembre del 2010 con una ficha de recolección de datos para obtener la información relevante. Se clasificó los cuadros de pancreatitis aguda en leve y severa en base a los criterios de falla orgánica y/o complicaciones locales según el Simposio de Atlanta. Para la comparación del valor de hematocrito se realizó la prueba t de Student para evaluar una diferencia significativa y se elaboró la curva ROC para las áreas bajo la curva. RESULTADOS: Ingresaron al estudio 151 pacientes, 103 mujeres (68.2%), edad promedio de 45.5 ± 19.17 años, 112 pancreatitis leves (74.2%) y 39 severas (25.8%). El hematocrito promedio en los casos leves fue de 38.40 ± 4.77%, y 39.78 ± 7.35% en los severos con p igual a 0.182. Se encontró un área bajo la curva de 0.89 y 0.68 para score APACHE II y Ranson, respectivamente. CONCLUSIÓN: Hemoconcentración y Ranson no son buenos predictores de severidad comparados con el APACHE II en Pancreatitis Aguda.

OBJECTIVE: Compare hemoconcetration, APACHE II and Ranson scores as early predictors of severity defined by Atlanta criteria in patients with acute pancreatitis at Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective descriptive study between December 2009 to November 2010 done using a data collection sheet to gather study relevant information. We classified acute pancreatitis into mild or severe according to Atlanta symposium criteria for organ failure and/or local complications. Comparison of hematocrit values was made using a t Student test to detect a significant difference and the area below the ROC curve was analyzed. RESULTS: Counting with 151 patients, 103 women (68.2%), with mean age of 45.5 ± 19.17 years, 112 mild pancreatitis (74.2%) and 39 severe (25.8%). Mean hematocrit in mild cases was 38.40 ± 4.77% and 39.78 ± 7.35% in severe group with p equal to 0.182. Area below the ROC curve of 0.89 y 0.68 for APACHE II and Ranson scores respectively. CONCLUSION: Hemoconcentration and Ranson proved not to be as useful as APACHE II score in predicting severity in acute pancreatitis.

Impacto clínico do diagnóstico de sepse à admissão em UTI de um hospital privado em Salvador, Bahia / Clinical impact of sepsis at admission to the ICU of a private hospital in Salvador, Brazil

OBJETIVO: Descrever as características clínicas, os dados laboratoriais e o desfecho clínico de pacientes sépticos e não sépticos admitidos em UTI de um hospital privado na cidade de Salvador, Bahia, e identificar variáveis clínicas relacionadas ao pior prognóstico dos pacientes sépticos. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo longitudinal que incluiu todos os pacientes admitidos na UTI geral do Hospital Português, Salvador (BA), entre junho de 2008 e março de 2009. Na admissão na UTI, dois grupos de pacientes foram identificados: sépticos e não sépticos. Foram coletados dados epidemiológicos, clínicos e laboratoriais, e o escore Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) foi calculado. RESULTADOS: Dos 144 pacientes do estudo, 29 (20,1 por cento) eram sépticos. Entre os pacientes sépticos, 55,2 por cento eram do sexo masculino, a média de idade foi de 73,1 ± 14,6 anos, e a média do escore do APACHE II foi de 23,8 ± 9,1. No grupo não séptico, 36,3 por cento eram do sexo masculino, a média de idade foi de 68,7 ± 17,7 anos, e a média do escore do APACHE II foi de 18,4 ± 9,5. Houve associações estatisticamente significantes entre o diagnóstico de sepse e as seguintes variáveis: escore do APACHE II, mortalidade na UTI, mortalidade hospitalar, FC, pressão arterial média, valor de hematócrito, contagem de leucócitos e uso de antibioticoterapia. O uso de medidas de suporte e valores reduzidos de hematócrito se relacionaram com um pior prognóstico entre os pacientes sépticos. CONCLUSÕES: Os pacientes diagnosticados com sepse apresentaram piores desfechos clínicos, provavelmente por causa de sua maior gravidade. O nível de hematócrito foi a única variável capaz de predizer o risco de morte entre pacientes sépticos.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical characteristics, laboratory data, and clinical outcomes of patients with and without sepsis admitted to the ICU of a private hospital in the city of Salvador, Brazil, and to identify clinical variables related to a worse prognosis in those with sepsis. METHODS: This was a longitudinal study including all patients admitted to the general ICU of the Hospital Português, in the city of Salvador, Brazil, between June of 2008 and March of 2009. At ICU admission, two groups of patients were identified: with sepsis and without sepsis. Epidemiological, clinical and laboratory data were collected, and the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score was calculated. RESULTS: Of the 144 patients in the study, 29 (20.1 percent) had sepsis. Among the patients with sepsis, males accounted for 55.2 percent, the mean age was 73.1 ± 14.6 years, and the mean APACHE II score was 23.8 ± 9.1, compared with 36.3 percent, 68.7 ± 17.7 years, and 18.4 ± 9.5, respectively, among those without sepsis. There were significant associations between a diagnosis of sepsis and the following variables: APACHE II score; in-hospital mortality; ICU mortality; HR; mean arterial pressure; hematocrit level; white blood cell count; and antibiotic use. The use of life support measures and lower hematocrit levels were associated with a worse prognosis in the patients with sepsis. CONCLUSIONS: The patients diagnosed with sepsis presented worse clinical outcomes, probably due to their greater severity. Hematocrit level was the only variable that was a predictor of mortality risk in the patients with sepsis.

Serum alanine aminotransferase levels, hematocrit rate and body weight correlations before and after hemodialysis session

PURPOSE: To evaluate alanine aminotransferase levels before and after a hemodialysis session and to correlate these values with the hematocrit rate and weight loss during hemodialysis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The serum alanine aminotransferase levels, hematocrit rate and body weight were measured and correlated before and after a single hemodialysis session for 146 patients with chronic renal failure. An receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for the serum alanine aminotransferase levels collected before and after hemodialysis was plotted to identify hepatitis C virus-infected patients. RESULTS: The mean weight loss of the 146 patients during hemodialysis was 5.3 percent (p < 0.001). The mean alanine aminotransferase levels before and after hemodialysis were 18.8 and 23.9 IU/, respectively, denoting a significant 28.1 percent increase. An equally significant increase of 16.4 percent in the hematocrit rate also occurred after hemodialysis. The weight loss was inversely correlated with the rise in both the alanine aminotransferase level (r = 0.3; p < 0.001) and hematocrit rate (r = 0.5; p < 0.001). A direct correlation was found between the rise in alanine aminotransferase levels and the hematocrit during the hemodialysis session (r = 0.4; p < 0.001). Based on the ROC curve, the upper limit of the normal alanine aminotransferase level should be reduced by 40 percent relative to the upper limit of normal if the blood samples are collected before the hemodialysis session or by 60 percent if blood samples are collected after the session. CONCLUSION: In the present study, significant elevations in the serum alanine aminotransferase levels and hematocrit rates occurred in parallel to a reduction in body weight after the hemodialysis session. These findings suggest that one of the factors for low alanine aminotransferase levels prior to hemodialysis could be hemodilution in patients with chronic renal failure.