Esofagitis necrotizante aguda / Acute necrotizing esophagitis / Esofagite necrotizante aguda

La esofagitis necrotizante aguda es un trastorno poco común que puede ser causa de hemorragia digestiva alta. Predomina en el sexo masculino en la sexta década de la vida. El diagnóstico es endoscópico y muestra una mucosa esofágica de apariencia negra que afecta al esófago distal en toda su circunferencia y se detiene abruptamente en la unión gastroesofágica. Clínicamente suele presentarse con hematemesis y melenas, shock hipovolémico por sangrado masivo, siendo otras manifestaciones el dolor epigástrico, molestia retroesternal y disfagia. Se vincula a pacientes con antecedentes de enfermedad cardiovascular, alcoholismo, diabetes mellitus, desnutrición, hernia hiatal, estenosis gastroduodenal, cáncer, así como pacientes en shock, traumatizados, sometidos a cirugía mayor e inmunosuprimidos. El tratamiento se basa en fluidoterapia, inhibidores de la bomba de protones y suspensión de la vía oral, siendo controvertido el uso de antibioticoterapia. Su pronóstico es malo y dependerá de la gravedad de la enfermedad esofágica y del terreno del paciente, con una mortalidad de hasta el 36 %. Presentamos el caso clínico de un paciente de 81 años, hipertenso, que presenta hematemesis, confirmándose en la endoscopía una esofagitis necrotizante aguda, que evoluciona favorablemente con tratamiento médico.

Acute necrotizing esophagitis is a rare disorder that can cause upper gastrointestinal bleeding. It predominates in males in the sixth decade of life. The diagnosis is endoscopic and shows a black-appearing esophageal mucosa that affects the entire circumference of the distal esophagus and stops abruptly at the gastroesophageal junction. Usually, patients present with hematemesis and melena, with other manifestations such as epigastric pain, retrosternal discomfort, dysphagia, and hypovolemic shock. Almost all patients reported comorbidities: cardiovascular disease, alcoholism, diabetes mellitus, malnutrition, hiatal hernia, gastroduodenal stenosis, and malignant neoplasia; is related as well to patients with shock, trauma, undergoing major surgery, and immunosuppression. The treatment is based on fluid reposition, proton pump inhibitors and suspension of the oral route, the use of antibiotic therapy being controversial. Its prognosis is poor and will depend on the severity of the esophageal disease and the patient comorbidities, with a mortality rate up to 36 %. Case: A 81-year-old male patient with hypertension, who presented hematemesis, confirmed by endoscopy as acute necrotizing esophagitis, whose evolution was favorable with medical treatment.

A esofagite necrosante aguda é uma doença rara que pode causar hemorragia digestiva alta. Predomina no sexo masculino na sexta década de vida. O diagnóstico é endoscópico e mostra uma mucosa esofágica circunferencial difusa com aspecto preto que envolve quase universalmente o esôfago distal e para abruptamente na junção gastroesofágica. Clinicamente, geralmente se apresenta com hematêmese e melena, com outras manifestações sendo dor epigástrica, desconforto retroesternal, disfagia e choque hipovolêmico. Está relacionado a pacientes com histórico de doenças cardiovasculares, alcoolismo, diabetes mellitus, desnutrição, hérnia hiatal, estenose gastroduodenal e neoplasia maligna, bem como pacientes em choque, trauma, cirurgia de grande porte e imunossupressão. O tratamento é a medicação dietética higiênica baseada em fluidoterapia, inibidores da bomba de prótons e suspensão da via oral, sendo o uso de antibioticoterapia controverso. Seu prognóstico é ruim e dependerá da gravidade da doença esofágica e do terreno do paciente, com mortalidade de até 36 %. Apresentamos o caso clínico de um paciente hipertenso de 81 anos que apresentou hematêmese, confirmada por endoscopia como esofagite necrosante aguda, que evoluiu favoravelmente com tratamento higiênico-dietético e medicamentoso.

Avaliação e medidas de prevenção e tratamento da xerose cutânea em idosos: uma revisão integrativa / Evaluation and measures for prevention and treatment of skin xerosis in elderly: an integrating review / Evaluación y medidas de prevención y tratamiento de la xerosis cutánea en idosos: una revisión integrativa

Objetivo: Analisar a produção científica em enfermagem acerca dos cuidados para a avaliação, prevenção e tratamento da xerose cutânea em idosos. Método: Revisão integrativa realizada nas bases Literatura LatinoAmericana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde, Biblioteca Virtual Scientific Eletronic Library Online, PubMed Central e Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, no período de agosto a dezembro de 2017. Resultados: Foram analisados 14 artigos dos quais emergiram três categorias: A hidratação oral e tópica para o cuidado do idoso com xerose cutânea; A utilização de instrumentos e o cuidado a xerose relacionada aos pés; e por fim Medidas de higiene e processos de escolha/indicação de produtos. Conclusão: Os cuidados de enfermagem devem estar voltados à educação para o autocuidado com ênfase na hidratação dos pés bem como na indicação e orientação acerca do uso de produtos com a finalidade de minimizar as complicações oriundas da xerose

Objective: To analyze the scientific production in nursing about the care for the evaluation, prevention and treatment of cutaneous xerosis in the elderly. Method: Integrative review carried out in the Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences, Virtual Electronic Library Online, PubMed Central and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, from August to December 2017. Results: Analyzed 14 articles from which emerged three categories: Oral and topical hydration for the care of the elderly with cutaneous xerosis; The use of instruments and care for xerosis related to the feet; and finally Hygiene measures and product selection / indication processes. Conclusion: Nursing care should focus on education for self-care, with emphasis on hydration of the feet as well as indication and orientation about the use of products in order to minimize complications from xerosis

Objetivo: Analizar la producción científica en enfermería acerca de los cuidados para la evaluación, prevención y tratamiento de la xerosis cutánea en ancianos. Método: Revisión integrativa realizada en las bases Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud, Biblioteca Virtual Scientific Eletronic Library Online, PubMed Central y Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, en el período de agosto a diciembre de 2017. Resultados: Fueron se analizaron 14 artículos de los cuales surgieron tres categorías: La hidratación oral y tópica para el cuidado del anciano con xerosis cutánea; La utilización de instrumentos y el cuidado de la xerosis relacionada a los pies; y por último Medidas de higiene y procesos de elección / indicación de productos. Conclusión: Los cuidados de enfermería deben estar orientados a la educación para el autocuidado con énfasis en la hidratación de los pies así como en la indicación y orientación acerca del uso de productos con la finalidad de minimizar las complicaciones oriundas de la xerosis

Experiencia en shock séptico en emergencias. Factores asociados a falta de respuesta a fluídos / Experience in septic shock in Emergencies. Factors associated with lack of response to fluid resuscitation

Introducción: La sepsis es una de las principales causas de muerte infantil a nivel mundial. Las guías de tratamiento utilizadas en nuestro servicio se basan en parámetros clínicos para un soporte hemodinámico temprano con énfasis en el uso de fluidos e inotrópicos guiados por metas clínicas. Objetivos: Describir las características epidemiológicas y clínicas en una cohorte de niños con diagnóstico de shock séptico (SS) en el área de emergencias, controlando tasa de respuesta a fluidos, mortalidad y su relación con las características de los pacientes. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional de cohorte prospectivo entre Julio del 2009 y Julio del 2010. Se incluyeron 83 pacientes entre 0 a 18 años que cumplieron con los criterios diagnósticos de SS. La respuesta a volumen se definió como: respondedores (RE) a los pacientes que solo requirieron expansión con volumen y no respondedores (nRE) a aquellos que requirieron inotrópicos luego de llegar a 60 ml/kg o aparición de signos de sobrecarga cardíaca. Resultados: 64% fueron varones con mediana de edad de 5,8 años (RIC 2-12). 71% presentaban alguna enfermedad crónica preexistente, siendo 40% pacientes oncológicos. El 25 % requirió asistencia respiratoria mecánica y 65% inotrópicos. La mediana de estadía hospitalaria fue 10 días (RIC 7-16 días). Un 35% fue RE. Solo la hipotensión al ingreso resultó ser factor de riesgo para nRE (p0,035), pero en el modelo multivariado no resultó estadísticamente significativo. El 8% de los pacientes fallecieron. Conclusiones: En nuestra población, los pacientes con enfermedades oncológicas representan un número importante de los casos de SS y posiblemente tengan una mayor mortalidad. La tasa de respuesta a volumen ocurrió en 35% de los casos. La hipotensión inicial constituye un probable factor de riesgo para nRE (AU)

Introduction: Sepsis is one of the main causes of childhood death worldwide. Treatment guidelines used at our department are based on clinical parameters for early hemodynamic support with emphasis on fluid resuscitation and inotropics use guided by clinical goals. Objectives: To describe the epidemiologic and clinical features of a cohort of children with septic shock (SS) seen at the emergency department evaluating response rate to fluid resuscitation and mortality related to patient characteristics. Materials and methods: A prospective, observational cohort study was conducted between July 2009 and July 2010. Overall, 83 patients between 0 and 18 years of age that met the diagnostic criteria of SS were included. Response to fluid resuscitation was defined as: responders (RE), those patients that only required volume expansion, and non-responders (nRE), those that required inotropes after having reached 60 ml/kg or appearance of signs of fluid overload. Results: 64% were boys; median age was 5.8 years (IQR 2-12); 71% had some type of preexisting chronic disease, consisting of cancer in 40%. Overall, 25% required mechanical ventilation and 65% inotropes. Median length of hospital stay was 10 days (IQR 7-16 days). 35% of the patients were RE. Only hypotension on admission was found to be a risk factor for nRE (p 0.035); however, in a multivariate model, this finding did not show to be statistically significant. Eight percent of the patients died. Conclusions: In our cohort, patients with cancer accounted for a large number of those who developed SS; in these patients mortality may be increased. Response rate to fluid resuscitation was 35%. Initial hypotension may be a risk factor for nRE.

Pulse pressure variation guided fluid therapy during kidney transplantation: a randomized controlled trial / Reposição de volume orientada pela variação da pressão de pulso durante transplante renal: estudo randomizado controlado

Abstract Purpose: Kidney transplantation is the gold-standard treatment for end stage renal disease. Although different hemodynamic variables, like central venous pressure and mean arterial pressure, have been used to guide volume replacement during surgery, the best strategy still ought to be determined. Respiratory arterial Pulse Pressure Variation (PPV) is recognized to be a good predictor of fluid responsiveness for perioperative hemodynamic optimization in operating room settings. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a PPV guided fluid management strategy is better than a liberal fluid strategy during kidney transplantation surgeries. Identification of differences in urine output in the first postoperative hour was the main objective of this study. Methods: We conducted a prospective, single blind, randomized controlled trial. We enrolled 40 patients who underwent kidney transplantation from deceased donors. Patients randomized in the "PPV" group received fluids whenever PPV was higher than 12%, patients in the "free fluid" group received fluids following our institutional standard care protocol for kidney transplantations (10 mL.kg-1. h-1). Results: Urinary output was similar at every time-point between the two groups, urea was statistically different from the third postoperative day with a peak at the fourth postoperative day and creatinine showed a similar trend, being statistically different from the second postoperative day. Urea, creatinine and urine output were not different at the hospital discharge. Conclusion: PPV guided fluid therapy during kidney transplantation significantly improves urea and creatinine levels in the first week after kidney transplantation surgery.

Resumo Objetivo: Transplante renal é o tratamento padrão-ouro na doença renal em estágio terminal. Embora diferentes variáveis hemodinâmicas, tais como pressão venosa central e pressão arterial média, têm sido usadas para orientar a estratégia de reposição volêmica durante a cirurgia, a melhor estratégia ainda não foi determinada. A Variação da Pressão de Pulso (VPP) durante o ciclo respiratório é reconhecida como um bom preditor da resposta à infusão de volume para otimização hemodinâmica perioperatória no centro cirúrgico. O objetivo do estudo foi estudar se a estratégia de reposição de volume orientada por VPP é melhor do que a estratégia liberal de reposição de volume durante cirurgia de transplante renal. O principal objetivo do estudo foi identificar diferença no débito urinário na primeira hora do pós-operatório. Método: Realizamos estudo prospectivo, unicego, randomizado, controlado. Incluímos 40 pacientes submetidos a transplante renal de doador cadáver. Pacientes randomizados para o Grupo VPP receberam volume quando a VPP estava acima de 12%, e os pacientes no Grupo Reposição Liberal receberam volume de acordo com o nosso protocolo institucional padrão de assistência para transplante renal (10 mL.kg-1.h-1). Resultados: O débito urinário foi semelhante em todos os tempos nos dois grupos, a ureia foi estatisticamente diferente a partir do terceiro dia do pós-operatório com pico no quarto dia do pós-operatório e a creatinina apresentou tendência semelhante, tornando-se estatisticamente diferente a partir do segundo dia do pós-operatório. Ureia, creatinina e débito urinário não estavam diferentes na alta hospitalar. Conclusões: A terapia orientada por VPP durante transplante renal melhorou de forma significativa os níveis de ureia e creatinina na primeira semana pós-transplante renal.

Necessidades humanas básicas de pessoas em hemodiálise sob à luz da teoria de Wanda Horta / Basic human need in persons in hemodialysis in the light of Wanda Horta's theory

To know, be aware of, the Basic Human Needs of chronic renal patients on hemodialysis, according to Wanda Horta's Theory. Methods: exploratory and descriptive research of qualitative approach, conducted from interviews with 10 patients followed in a hemodialysis clinic located in a city in the interior of Bahia, Brazil. Data were categorized according to Bardin's Content Analysis technique and discussed from the perspective of Wanda Horta's Basic Human Needs Theory. Results: Three categories emerged themes that highlight the basic human needs affected in the lives of patients with chronic renal failure and on hemodialysis treatment, highlighting: Nutrition and hydration changes; Changes in sleep and rest ; and Deprivation of freedom, leisure and sociability. Final considerations: there was a predominance of psychobiological needs, namely: hydration, nutrition, locomotion, sleep, rest and body mechanics. As for psychosocial NHB, it was possible to observe those related to recreation, leisure, freedom, participation, gregarious, of self-esteem and self-realization. No NHB affections regarding the psycho-spiritual domain emerged.

Conhecer as Necessidades Humanas Básicas de pacientes renais crônicos em hemodiálise, conforme a Teoria de Wanda Horta. Métodos:pesquisa exploratória e descritiva de abordagem qualitativa, realizada a partir de entrevistas com 10 pacientes acompanhados em uma clínica de hemodiálise localizada em uma cidade do interior da Bahia, Brasil. Os dados foram categorizados de acordo com a técnica de Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin e discutidos sob a ótica da Teoria das Necessidades Humanas Básicas de Wanda Horta. Resultados: emergiram três categorias temáticas que evidenciam as necessidades humanas básicas afetadas na vida dos pacientes com insuficiência renal crônica e em tratamento com hemodiálise, destacando-se: Mudanças nutricionais e de hidratação; Alterações no sono e repouso; e Privação da liberdade, lazer e sociabilidade. Considerações finais: observou-se o predomínio das necessidades psicobiológicas, a saber: hidratação, nutrição, locomoção, sono, repouso e mecânica corporal. Quanto às NHB psicossociais, foi possível observar aquelas relacionadas à recreação, lazer, liberdade, participação, gregária, de autoestima e autorrealização. Não emergiram NHB afetas quanto ao domínio psicoespiritual.

Clinical trial for the control of water intake of patients undergoing hemodialysis treatment / Ensaio clínico para o controle da ingestão hídrica de pacientes em tratamento hemodialítico * / Ensayo clínico para el control de la ingestión hídrica de pacientes en tratamiento hemodialítico

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the impact of an educational and motivational intervention for patients with a chronic kidney disease, undergoing hemodialysis treatment, on the control of fluid intake during interdialytic periods. Method: a quasi-experimental, non-randomized clinical trial with patients from a Nephrological Unit of the State of São Paulo. Participants were included in two groups: Control Group with 106 patients and Intervention Group with 86 patients, totaling 192 participants. The used intervention was an educational and motivational video to control liquid intake, based on the Bandura's Theory. The measure of control of water intake was the percentage of lost weight, also considered the variable outcome of the research. For the data analysis, descriptive analyses and regression analysis of the Inflated Beta Model were used. Results: patients who participated in the intervention had a decrease in the pattern of weight gain in interdialytic periods, with a 3.54 times more chance of reaching the goal of 100% of weight loss when compared to participants from the control group. Conclusion: the educational and motivational intervention was effective in reducing the percentage of weight loss in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Brazilian Clinical Trials Registry (ReBEC) under the opinion RBR-4XYTP6.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar o impacto de uma intervenção educativa e motivacional para pacientes com doença renal crônica em tratamento hemodialítico, no controle do consumo de líquidos, nos períodos interdialíticos. Método: estudo quase experimental do tipo ensaio clínico não randomizado, com pacientes de uma Unidade Nefrológica no interior do Estado de São Paulo. Os participantes foram inseridos em dois grupos: Grupo Controle com 106 pacientes e Grupo Intervenção com 86 pacientes, totalizando 192 participantes do estudo. A intervenção utilizada tratou-se de um vídeo educativo e motivacional para controle do consumo de líquidos, baseado na Teoria de Bandura. A medida de controle da ingestão hídrica foi o percentual de peso perdido, também considerado a variável desfecho da pesquisa. Para a análise dos dados foram utilizadas análises descritivas e análise de regressão do Modelo Beta Inflacionado. Resultados: os pacientes que participaram da intervenção apresentaram diminuição no padrão de ganho de peso nos períodos interdialíticos, com 3,54 vezes mais chance de atingir a meta de 100% de perda de peso, comparados aos participantes do grupo controle. Conclusão: a intervenção educativa e motivacional mostrou-se efetiva na diminuição do porcentual de perda de peso dos pacientes em hemodiálise. Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos (ReBEC), sob o parecer RBR-4XYTP6.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar el impacto de una intervención educativa y motivacional para pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en tratamiento hemodialítico, en el control del consumo de líquidos, en los periodos interdialíticos. Método: estudio casi experimental del tipo ensayo clínico no aleatorio, con pacientes de una Unidad Nefrológica en el interior del Estado de São Paulo. Los participantes fueron inseridos en dos grupos: Grupo Control con 106 pacientes y Grupo Intervención con 86 pacientes, totalizando 192 participantes del estudio. La intervención utilizada se trató de un video educativo y motivacional para el control del consumo de líquidos, basado en la Teoría de Bandura. La medida de control de la ingestión hídrica fue el porcentaje de peso perdido, también considerado la variable de resultado de la investigación. Para el análisis de los datos fueron utilizados análisis descriptivos y análisis de regresión del Modelo Beta aumentado. Resultados: los pacientes que participaron de la intervención presentaron disminución en el patrón de ganancia de peso en los periodos interdialíticos, con 3,54 veces más chances de alcanzar la meta de 100% de pérdida de peso, comparados a los participantes del grupo de control. Conclusión: la intervención educativa y motivacional se mostró efectiva en la disminución del porcentaje de pérdida de peso de los pacientes en hemodiálisis. Registro Brasileño de Ensayos Clínicos (ReBEC), bajo el dictamen RBR-4XYTP6.

Impacto económico de la resistencia a la meticilina en pacientes con bacteriemia por Staphylococcus aureus en hospitales de Bogotá / Economic burden of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia in critical care patients in hospitals in Bogotá

Introducción. Las infecciones por microorganismos resistentes, especialmente las que involucran el torrente sanguíneo, se asocian a un mayor uso de recursos. Sus estimaciones son variables y dependen de la metodología utilizada. Staphylococcus aureus es el agente de sangre aislado con mayor frecuencia en nuestro medio. No existe información sobre el costo asociado con la atención de bacteriemias por S. aureus resistente a meticilina en nuestro país. Objetivo. Presentar una aproximación del costo de atención de las bacteriemias por S. aureus resistente a la meticilina en nueve hospitales de Bogotá. Materiales y métodos. Se incluyeron 204 pacientes en un estudio de cohortes multicéntrico en una razón de 1:1 según la resistencia. Se aproximaron los costos médicos directos con base en las facturas del período de hospitalización; en cuanto al período de la bacteriemia, los costos detallados se calcularon aplicando las tarifas estandarizadas. Resultados. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en las características clínicas y demográficas de los grupos, salvo en los antecedentes de la bacteriemia. El 53 % de los sujetos falleció durante la hospitalización. La estancia y el valor total facturado por la hospitalización fueron significativamente mayores en el grupo con bacteriemia por S. aureus resistente a la meticilina, así como los costos de la estancia en cuidados intensivos, de los antibióticos, los líquidos parenterales, los exámenes de laboratorio y la terapia respiratoria. El incremento crudo del costo de la atención asociado con la resistencia a meticilina fue de 31 % y, el ajustado, de 70 %. Conclusión. Este estudio constituye un respaldo a los tomadores de decisiones para la búsqueda y la financiación de programas de prevención de infecciones causadas por microorganismos resistentes.

Introduction: Resistant infections, especially those involving the bloodstream, are associated with a greater use of resources. Their estimates are variable and depend on the methodology used. Staphylococcus aureus is the main pathogen isolated in blood in our hospitals. There is no consolidated data about economic implications of methicillin-resistant S. aureus infection. Objective: To describe the cost of care of methicillin-resistant S. aureus bacteremia in a reference population from nine hospitals in Bogotá. Materials y methods: A multicenter cohort study included 204 patients in a 1:1 ratio according to resistance. Direct medical costs were calculated from hospitalization bills, while the bacteremia period was calculated by applying microcosting based on standard fares. Results: We found no significant differences between groups in demographic and clinical characteristics, except for resistance risk factors. Fifty-three percent of patients died during hospitalization. Hospital stay and total invoiced value during hospitalization were significantly higher in the group with methicillin-resistant S. aureus bacteremia. For this group, higher costs in ICU stay, antibiotics use, intravenous fluids, laboratory tests and respiratory support were recorded. A crude increase of 31% and an adjusted increase of 70% in care costs associated with methicillin resistance were registered. Conclusion: Our study supports decision makers in finding and funding infection prevention programs, especially those infections caused by resistant organisms.

Diarreia aguda / Acute diarrhea

Diarreia aguda é a passagem de quantidade acima do normal de fezes amolecidas associada ao aumento do número de evacuações. No diagnóstico diferencial das diarreias agudas devem ser enfocados as infecções, as alergias alimentares, a intoxicação alimentar, o uso de medicações e a apresentação inicial de diarreia crônica. Dentre estas possíveis etiologias, especialmente em nosso meio, as causas infecciosas devem sempre vir à mente e constituir uma das primeiras opções na investigação diagnóstica. As infecções intestinais associadas a quadros diarreicos são a segunda causa de mortes de origem infecciosa em todo o mundo, com prevalência estimada de 3 a 5 bilhões de casos/ano. Os autores atualizam as novidades e peculiaridades a respeito do diagnóstico e dos tratamentos — geral e/ou específico — dos diferentes agentes associados à diarreia aguda infecciosa.

Acute diarrhea is the passage of above normal quantities of soft faeces also associated with increased bowel movements. Differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea should be focused on infections, food allergies, food poisoning, use of medications and the initial presentation of chronic diarrhea. Among these possible etiologies, given the environment we live in, infectious causes should always be taken into account and be one of the first options in diagnostic investigation. Intestinal infections associated with diarrheal frames are the second leading cause of infectious deaths worldwide, with an estimated to 3-5 billion cases/per year. In this review, the authors intend to review the new features and aspects concerning diagnosis and treatment — general and/or specific — of the different agents associated with acute infectious diarrhea.

Dehydration, hemodynamics and fluid volume optimization after induction of general anesthesia

OBJECTIVES: Fluid volume optimization guided by stroke volume measurements reduces complications of colorectal and high-risk surgeries. We studied whether dehydration or a strong hemodynamic response to general anesthesia increases the probability of fluid responsiveness before surgery begins. METHODS: Cardiac output, stroke volume, central venous pressure and arterial pressures were measured in 111 patients before general anesthesia (baseline), after induction and stepwise after three bolus infusions of 3 ml/kg of 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (n = 86) or Ringer's lactate (n = 25). A subgroup of 30 patients who received starch were preloaded with 500 ml of Ringer's lactate. Blood volume changes were estimated from the hemoglobin concentration and dehydration was estimated from evidence of renal water conservation in urine samples. RESULTS: Induction of anesthesia decreased the stroke volume to 62% of baseline (mean); administration of fluids restored this value to 84% (starch) and 68% (Ringer's). The optimized stroke volume index was clustered around 35-40 ml/m2/beat. Additional fluid boluses increased the stroke volume by ≥10% (a sign of fluid responsiveness) in patients with dehydration, as suggested by a low cardiac index and central venous pressure at baseline and by high urinary osmolality, creatinine concentration and ...

Goal-directed fluid optimization based on stroke volume variation and cardiac index during one-lung ventilation in patients undergoing thoracoscopy lobectomy operations: a pilot study

OBJECTIVES: This pilot study was designed to utilize stroke volume variation and cardiac index to ensure fluid optimization during one-lung ventilation in patients undergoing thoracoscopic lobectomies. METHODS: Eighty patients undergoing thoracoscopic lobectomy were randomized into either a goal-directed therapy group or a control group. In the goal-directed therapy group, the stroke volume variation was controlled at 10%±1%, and the cardiac index was controlled at a minimum of 2.5 L.min-1.m-2. In the control group, the MAP was maintained at between 65 mm Hg and 90 mm Hg, heart rate was maintained at between 60 BPM and 100 BPM, and urinary output was greater than 0.5 mL/kg-1/h-1. The hemodynamic variables, arterial blood gas analyses, total administered fluid volume and side effects were recorded. RESULTS: The PaO2/FiO2-ratio before the end of one-lung ventilation in the goal-directed therapy group was significantly higher than that of the control group, but there were no differences between the goal-directed therapy group and the control group for the PaO2/FiO2-ratio or other arterial blood gas analysis indices prior to anesthesia. The extubation time was significantly earlier in the goal-directed therapy group, but there was no difference in the length of hospital stay. Patients in the control group had greater urine volumes, and they were given greater colloid and overall fluid volumes. Nausea and vomiting were significantly reduced in the goal-directed therapy group. CONCLUSION: The results of this study demonstrated that an optimization protocol, based on stroke volume variation and cardiac index obtained with a FloTrac/Vigileo device, increased the PaO2/FiO2-ratio and reduced the overall fluid volume, intubation time and postoperative complications (nausea and vomiting) in thoracic surgery patients requiring one-lung ventilation. .

Hidratação com bicarbonato de sódio não previne a nefropatia de contraste: ensaio clínico multicêntrico / Hydration with sodium bicarbonate does not prevent contrast nephropathy: a multicenter clinical trial

FUNDAMENTO: A exposição ao meio de contraste radiográfico pode causar comprometimento agudo da função renal. Há evidências limitadas e conflitantes de que a hidratação com bicarbonato de sódio previne a Nefropatia Induzida por Contraste (NIC) em pacientes submetidos a cateterismo cardíaco. OBJETIVO: O presente estudo teve como objetivo determinar se o bicarbonato de sódio é superior à hidratação com soro fisiológico para evitar a nefropatia em pacientes de risco submetidos a cateterismo cardíaco. MÉTODOS: Trezentos e um pacientes submetidos a intervenção coronariana percutânea ou angiografia coronariana com creatinina sérica > 1,2 mg/dL ou Taxa de Filtração Glomerular (TFG) < 50 mL/min, foram randomizados para receber hidratação com bicarbonato de sódio a partir de 1 hora antes do procedimento, e 6 horas após o procedimento, ou hidratação com solução salina a 0,9%. A NIC foi definida como um aumento de 0,5 mg/dL na creatinina em 48h. RESULTADOS: Dezoito pacientes (5,9%) desenvolveram nefropatia induzida por contraste: 9 pacientes no grupo do bicarbonato (6,1%) e 9 pacientes no grupo da solução salina (6,0%), p = 0,97. A variação na creatinina sérica foi semelhante em ambos os grupos, 0,01 ± 0,26 mg/dL no grupo do bicarbonato, e 0,01 ± 0,35 mg/dL no grupo da solução salina, p = 0,9. Não foi observada diferença estatística entre a alteração na taxa de filtração glomerular (0,89 ± 9 mL/ min vs. 2,29 ± 10 mL/min, p = 0,2, grupo do bicarbonato e grupo da solução salina, respectivamente). CONCLUSÃO: A hidratação com bicarbonato de sódio não foi superior ao soro fisiológico na prevenção a nefropatia induzida pelo contraste, em pacientes de risco submetidos a cateterismo cardíaco.

BACKGROUND: Radiographic contrast media exposition can cause acute renal function impairment. There is limited and conflicting evidence that hydration with sodium bicarbonate prevents contrast-induced nephropathy (CIN) in patients undergoing cardiac catheterization. OBJECTIVE: The present study was aimed at determining whether sodium bicarbonate is superior to hydration with saline to prevent nephropathy in patients at risk undergoing cardiac catheterization. METHODS: Three hundred and one patients undergoing coronary angiography or percutaneous coronary intervention with serum creatinine > 1.2mg/dL or glomerular filtration rate (GFR) < 50ml/min were randomized to receive hydration with sodium bicarbonate starting 1 hour before the procedure and 6 hours after the procedure, or hydration with 0.9% saline. CIN was defined as an increase of 0.5mg/dL in creatinine in 48h RESULTS: Eighteen patients (5.9%) developed contrast induced nephropathy: 9 patients in the bicarbonate group (6.1%) and 9 patients in the saline group (6.0%), p = 0.97. The change in serum creatinine was similar in both groups, 0.01 ± 0.26 mg/dL in the bicarbonate group and 0.01 ± 0.35 mg/dL in the saline group, p = 0.9. No statistical difference was observed between the change in glomerular filtration rate (0.89 ± 9 ml/min vs. 2.29 ± 10 ml/min, p = 0.2 bicarbonate group and saline group, respectively). CONCLUSION: Hydration with sodium bicarbonate was not superior to saline to prevent contrast media induced nephropathy in patients at risk undergoing cardiac catheterization.

Intraoperative fluid management in open gastrointestinal surgery: goal-directed versus restrictive

OBJECTIVE: The optimal strategy for fluid management during gastrointestinal surgery remains unclear. Minimizing the variation in arterial pulse pressure, which is induced by mechanical ventilation, is a potential strategy to improve postoperative outcomes. We tested this hypothesis in a prospective, randomized study with lactated Ringer's solution and 6% hydroxyethyl starch solution. METHOD: A total of 60 patients who were undergoing gastrointestinal surgery were randomized into a restrictive lactated Ringer's group (n = 20), a goal-directed lactated Ringer's group (n = 20) and a goal-directed hydroxyethyl starch group (n = 20). The goal-directed fluid treatment was guided by pulse pressure variation, which was recorded during surgery using a simple manual method with a Datex Ohmeda S/5 Monitor and minimized to 11% or less by volume loading with either lactated Ringer's solution or 6% hydroxyethyl starch solution (130/0.4). The postoperative flatus time, the length of hospital stay and the incidence of complications were recorded as endpoints. RESULTS: The goal-directed lactated Ringer's group received the greatest amount of total operative fluid compared with the two other groups. The flatus time and the length of hospital stay in the goal-directed hydroxyethyl starch group were shorter than those in the goal-directed lactated Ringer's group and the restrictive lactated Ringer's group. No significant differences were found in the postoperative complications among the three groups. CONCLUSION: Monitoring and minimizing pulse pressure variation by 6% hydroxyethyl starch solution (130/0.4) loading during gastrointestinal surgery improves postoperative outcomes and decreases the discharge time of patients who are graded American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status I/II.

Observancia de las guías internacionales de manejo temprano en sepsis grave y choque séptico / Adherence to international guidelines on early management in severe sepsis and septic shock

Introducción. La observancia completa del tratamiento temprano dirigido por objetivos, disminuye significativamente la mortalidad a 28 días, mientras que la observancia parcial no tiene ningún beneficio. Objetivos. Determinar la observancia de las guías internacionales en sepsis grave y choque séptico, mediante el conjunto de medidas (bundle) de reanimación de las primeras seis horas en pacientes mayores de 16 años de edad, en un centro de referencia de alta complejidad. Materiales y métodos. Se presenta un estudio de cohorte, prospectivo y descriptivo, llevado a cabo durante un período de seis meses, en pacientes con sepsis grave o choque séptico admitidos a los servicios de urgencias, unidades de cuidados intensivos y cuidados especiales. Se midió la observancia del conjunto de medidas mediante ocho intervenciones: 1) medición del lactato sérico, 2) inicio temprano de antibióticos, 3) toma de hemocultivos, 4) infusión de líquidos intravenosos, 5) uso de medicamentos vasopresores, 6) inserción de catéter venoso central, 7) presión venosa central mayor de 8 mm Hg, y 8) saturación venosa central de oxígeno mayor de 70 %. Resultados. Se tamizaron 723 pacientes; 16 % (n=116) cumplieron los criterios de inclusión, 92,2 % (n=107) cumplieron los criterios para sepsis grave y 37,9 % (n=44) para choque séptico. El 62,9 % (n=73) fue subdiagnosticado. La observancia completa de las 8 intervenciones del conjunto de medidas fue de 0 %; de 6 a 7, 19 % (n=22); de 3 a 5, 67,2 % (n=78), y de 0 a 2, 98,3 % (n=114). Conclusión. La completa observancia de las guías internacionales de manejo en sepsis grave y choque séptico en las primeras seis horas es nula y solo se cumple de manera parcial.

Introduction. Complete adherence to early goal-directed therapy has shown a significant reduction in 28-day mortality rate, whereas partial adherence has not shown beneficial effect. Objectives. The effect of adherence to 6 hour sepsis bundle treatment was evaluated on patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Materials and methods. A prospective cohort study was conducted during a six-month period. The patients were limited to those 16 years or older and included admissions to intensive care units, special care units or emergency departments with severe sepsis or septic shock. The adherence to the 6-hour sepsis bundle was evaluated through 8 interventions as follows: (1) serum lactate measure,( 2) early antibiotic administration, (3) blood culture samples, (4) infusion of intravenous fluids, (5) vasopressor use, (6) central venous catheter, (7) central venous pressure >8 mm Hg, and (8) central venous oxygen saturation >70%. Results. Seven hundred and twenty three patients were screened; 16% (n=116) met the inclusion criteria; 92.2% (n=107) met the criteria for severe sepsis and 37.9% (44) for septic shock; 62.9% (n=73) were subdiagnosed. Complete adherence to the 8 interventions of 6-hour sepsis bundle was 0%; 6 to 7 (19%, n=22), 3 to 5 (67.2%, n=78), and 0 to 2 (98.3%, n=114). Conclusion. Adherence to 6-hour sepsis bundle treatment for severe sepsis and septic shock was not done for the full 8 interventions and only partial accomplishment of the first 4 interventions.

Diarreia aguda / Acute diarrhea

Diarreia aguda é a passagem de quantidade acima do normal de fezes amolecidas associada ao aumento do número de evacuações. No diagnóstico diferencial das diarreias agudas devem ser enfocados as infecções, as alergias alimentares, a intoxicação alimentar, o uso de medicações e a apresentação inicial de diarreia crônica. Dentre estas possíveis etiologias, especialmente em nosso meio, as causas infecciosas devem sempre vir à mente e constituir uma das primeiras opções na investigação diagnóstica. As infecções intestinais associadas a quadros diarreicos são a segunda causa de mortes de origem infecciosa em todo o mundo, com prevalência estimada de 3 a 5 bilhões de casos/ano. Os autores atualizam as novidades e peculiaridades a respeito do diagnóstico e dos tratamentos - geral e/ou específico - dos diferentes agentes associados à diarreia aguda infecciosa

Acute diarrhea is the passage of above normal quantities of soft faeces also associated with increased bowel movements. Differential diagnosis of acute diarrhea should be focused on infections, food allergies, food poisoning, use of medications and the initial presentation of chronic diarrhea. Among these possible etiologies, given the environment we live in, infectious causes should always be taken into account and be one of the first options in dignostic investigation. Intestinal infections associated with diarrheal frames are the second leading cause of infectious deaths worldwide, with an estimated to 3-5 billion cases/per year. In this review, the authors inted to review the new features and aspects concerning diagnosis and treatment - general and/or specific - of the different agents associated with acute infectious diarrhea

Divertículo duodenal en la tercera porción del duodeno como causa de sangrado del tubo digestivo alto y dolor crónico abdominal: informe de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Duodenal diverticulum in the third portion of duodenum as a cause of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and chronic abdominal pain: case report and literature review

BACKGROUND: Duodenal diverticulum is a little-known pathology. The duodenum represents second place in frequency for the presence of diverticula in the digestive tract after the colon. Duodenal diverticulum as a cause of hemorrhage of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract has been described as an infrequent complication, although it must be considered in patients with digestive hemorrhage without evident cause at the esophagogastric level. Localization of diverticula in the third or fourth portions of the duodenum is rare and the diverticula are asymptomatic in 90% of cases. Diagnosis is made by endoscopy, contrast X-rays of the upper GI tract, selective arteriography and as a transoperative finding. The objective of this study was to identify and analyze the clinical presentation of duodenal diverticulum to familiarize surgeons and gastroenterologists when there is suspicion of the diagnosis. CLINICAL CASE: We report the case of an 85-year-old female presenting with massive upper GI tract hemorrhage and chronic abdominal pain due to a duodenal diverticulum located in the third portion of the duodenum. Diagnosis was made with upper GI barium series because visualization of the diverticulum was not possible by endoscopy. Other therapeutic options are described in the literature. A successful simple diverticulectomy, manually opened with a two-plane transversal incision, was performed on the patient. After >12 months of follow-up, the patient is completely asymptomatic. DISCUSSION: Clinical diagnosis presents difficulty because a classic presentation does not exist. Symptoms are generally vague, <10% of the duodenal diverticulum are frankly symptomatic, and <1 to 2% will require surgical resolution. CONCLUSIONS: Hemorrhage of the upper GI tract and chronic abdominal pain secondary to duodenal diverticulum present with recurrence and may be associated with the presence of duodenal diverticulum when other sources of bleeding are not found.

Guia Prático para o Manejo da Dermatite Atópica - opinião conjunta de especialistas em alergologia da Associação Brasileira de Alergia e Imunopatologia e da Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria / Practical guide for management of atopic dermatitis - conjunct opinion of allergologists from the Associação Brasileira de Alergia e Imunopatologia and Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria

A dermatite atópica (DA)é doença crônica e recidivante que acomete principalmente pacientes da faixa etária pediátrica. Trata-se de doença de fisiopatologia complexa que inclui o comprometimento da barreira cutânea e alterações imunológicas, desta maneira o tratamento envolve uma séria de abordagens terapêuticas ressaltando-se a orientação do paciente, restauração da barreira cutânea e controle da inflamação. Objetivo: Apresentar um guia prático para diagnóstico e tratamento dos pacientes com DA. Método: Reunião de um grupo de especialistas em alergia e imunologia, e pediatria que avaliaram publicações relacionadas ao tema incluindo os seguintes descritores: DA associada a: prevalência, fatores de risco, fatores desencadeantes, quadro clínico, diagnóstico e tratamento. Os temas foram discutidos em reuniões seriadas para elaboração deste guia que contemplou as informações da literatura adaptadas ao cotidiano do atendimento médico de DAno Brasil. Resultados: A DAapresenta no Brasil prevalência que varia entre 8,9 e 11,5 . Entre os fatores desencadeantes destacam-se os agentes infecciosos, alérgenos alimentares e aeroalérgenos. O diagnóstico é principalmente clínico e exames subsidiários podem ser auxiliares na determinação de fatores desencadeantes. O controle da doença é obtido através da adequada hidratação e do controle da inflamação através da utilização da corticoterapia tópica e dos inibidores da calcineurina. Participação em grupos de apoio e abordagem psicológica podem ser úteis e em casos graves pode ser indicada a imunosupressão sistêmica. Conclusão: A DA é doença complexa, mas a padronização de condutas terapêuticas pode ser útil no manejo destes pacientes

La hiperhidratación endovenosa materna durante el trabajo de parto ¿aumenta la morbilidad neonatal? / The maternal endovenous hyperhydratation during labor. Increase the neonatal morbidity?

La hiperhidratación parental de la mujer embarazada en trabajo de parto es una práctica habitual en los centros perinatológicos de alta complejidad no basada en la evidencia, que lejos de conferir beneficios ha demostrado múltiples efectos adversos en el recién nacido. En recién nacidos de término produce mayor incidencia de ictericia, hiponatremia y taquipnea transitoria. No se conoce su efecto en los recién nacidos prematuros. Nuestra hipótesis de trabajo es que grandes volúmenes de soluciones libres de electrolitos (glucosa al 5 por ciento) aportados a la madre durante el trabajo de parto, provocarían una expansión del espacio extracelular en el recién nacido como consecuencia del pasaje de agua transplacentario, ocasionando un aumento en la incidencia de ductus arterioso permeable, displasia broncopulmonar y enfermedad pulmonar crónica con consecuencias a largo plazo, especialmente en aquellos niños que no logran contraer su espacio extracelular en los primeros días de vida. En este sentido hay evidencia científica que aportes hídricos excesivos en los primeros días de vida se asocian en forma estadísticamente significativa con las entidades nosológicas mencionadas.