Asociación entre factores de riesgo de enfermedad aterogénica en pacientes geriátricos / Association among risk factors for atherogenic disease in geriatric patients

RESUMEN Introducción: Las alteraciones del metabolismo lipídico constituyen un problema de salud muy frecuente, que se incrementan con la edad del individuo. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre factores de riesgo de enfermedad aterogénica en pacientes geriátricos atendidos en consulta del Hospital Universitario Clínico-Quirúrgico «Arnaldo Milián Castro¼. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal, durante el período de septiembre de 2018 a septiembre de 2019. La muestra quedó conformada por 198 pacientes geriátricos, elegidos por muestreo probabilístico sistemático. Resultados: Predominó el sexo masculino; la edad de 60 a 69 años para ambos sexos, y el color de la piel blanca. Los factores clínicos de riesgo aterogénico más frecuentes fueron la hipertensión arterial y la diabetes mellitus. El perfil lipídico se caracterizó por valores elevados de colesterol total, VLDLc, LDLc, triglicéridos, apolipoproteína B, ambos índices lipídicos, y bajos de HDLc y apolipoproteínas A1. Conclusiones: Todas las determinaciones lipídicas mostraron significación estadística al relacionarlas con la edad, no siendo así con el sexo. La hipertensión arterial y la cardiopatía isquémica se asociaron de forma significativa con valores no deseables de colesterol total, VLDLc, LDLc, triglicéridos, apoproteína B y ambos índices lipídicos. La diabetes mellitus y el alcoholismo se asociaron con alteraciones de todas las fracciones lipídicas, excepto HDLc y apoproteína A1, respectivamente. Los pacientes fumadores presentaron valores no deseados de VLDLc, LDLc, e índice aterogénico, y los obesos de colesterol total, LDLc, triglicéridos y apoproteína B.

ABSTRACT Introduction: alterations in lipid metabolism are a very frequent health problem, which increase with the age of the individual. Objective: to determine the association among risk factors for atherogenic disease in geriatric patients treated in the consultation from "Arnaldo Milián Castro" Clinical and Surgical University Hospital. Methods: an observational, descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out from September 2018 to September 2019. The sample was made up of 198 geriatric patients, chosen by systematic probabilistic sampling. Results: male gender, age from 60 to 69 years for both genders and white skin color predominated. The most frequent clinical atherogenic risk factors were arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus. The lipid profile was characterized by high values of total cholesterol, VLDLc, LDLc, triglycerides, apolipoprotein B, both lipid indices, and low levels of HDLc and apolipoproteins A1. Conclusions: all lipid determinations showed statistical significance when relating them to age, but not to gender. Arterial hypertension and ischemic heart disease were significantly associated with undesirable values ​​of total cholesterol, VLDLc, LDLc, triglycerides, apoprotein B and both lipid indices. Diabetes mellitus and alcoholism were associated with alterations in all lipid fractions, except HDLc and apoprotein A1, respectively. Smokers had undesirable values ​​of VLDLc, LDLc, and atherogenic index, and obese patients of total cholesterol, LDLc, triglycerides, and apoprotein B.

Hipertrigliceridemia severa refractaria a tratamiento médico y pancreatitis aguda recurrente: uso de plasmaféresis crónica ambulatoria en el Hospital San Pablo de Coquimbo. Reporte de un caso

Severe Hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is associated with complications such as acute pancreatitis (AP) with high morbidity and mortality rates. We report a 42 years-old man with refractory HTG diagnosed at 19 years of age, and multiple episodes of AP, admitted with the suspicion of a new AP episode. Serum triglycerides were over 2000 mg/dl. His body mass index was 18 kg/m2, there was no evidence of xanthomas or xanthelasmas, but lipemia retinalis was found. Management included heparin and insulin, added to his usual treatment with fibrates, statins, omega-3 fatty acids, and orlistat. Due to lack of response, apheresis was started. After five sessions, triglycerides decreased to 588 mg/dl (82% reduction) and levels remained below 1000 mg/dl with daily apheresis. The patient continued with weekly sessions as outpatient with a sustained good response.

Comparación de puntajes de riesgo para predecir aterosclerosis subclínica / Comparison of risk scores to predict subclinical atherosclerosis

La aterosclerosis subclínica es un potente predictor de eventos cardiovasculares, aunque se desconoce cuál de los puntajes de riesgo es más eficaz para predecir su presencia en una población latinoamericana. El objetivo fué comparar la performance de los puntajes de riesgo: Framingham, Regicor y Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Estimator para predecir la existencia de aterosclerosis subclínica en pacientes asintomáticos sin enfermedad cardiovascular conocida; así como determinar la prevalencia y distribución en los distintos lechos vasculares. Desde 2014 a 2017 se evaluaron pacientes de 35 a 75 años asintomáticos y sin enfermedad cardiovascular conocida, a quienes se les realizó una eco Doppler carotídea y femoral, y score de calcio. Se definió como aterosclerosis subclínica a la presencia de placas en las arterias carótidas y/o femorales o a la presencia de calcio en las coronarias (score de Agatston > 0). Se estudiaron así 212 pacientes, edad media 53 ± 7 años, de los cuales el 60% (128) eran varones. La prevalencia de aterosclerosis subclínica fue 62% (131 casos). De esos 131 con placa en alguno de los territorios, el Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Estimator fue el que identificó el mayor número de casos con riesgo cardiovascular elevado (39%), Framingham detectó 20%, y Regicor 0% (p < 0.01). La reclasificación neta fue del 41%, 50% y 60% respectivamente (< 0.01). La prevalencia de aterosclerosis subclínica en sujetos asintomáticos sin antecedentes de enfermedad cardiovascular fue 62%. El calculador Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Estimator fue el más efectivo para predecir aterosclerosis subclínica en esta población.

Subclinical atherosclerosis is a powerful predictor of cardiovascular events, although it is unknown which of the risk scores is more useful to predict its presence in a Latin American population. The objective was to compare the performance of the risk scores: Framingham, Regicor and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Estimator to predict the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis in asymptomatic persons without known cardiovascular disease; as well as determining its prevalence and distribution in the different vascular beds. From 2014 to 2017, patients from 35 to 75 years, asymptomatic and without known cardiovascular disease who underwent a carotid and femoral Doppler echo and calcium score were evaluated. Subclinical atherosclerosis was defined as the presence of plaques in the carotid and/or femoral arteries or the presence of calcium in the coronary arteries (Agatston score > 0). A total of 212 patients were included. The mean age was 53 ± 7 years, of which 60% (128) were male. The prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis was 62% (131 cases). Of these 131 subjects with a plaque in any of the territories, the Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Estimator was the one that identified the highest number of cases with high cardiovascular risk (39%), Framingham detected 20%, and Regicor 0% (p < 0.01). The net reclassification was 41%, 50% and 60% respectively (< 0.01). The prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis in asymptomatic persons without a history of cardiovascular disease was 62%. The Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Estimator was the most effective predictor of subclinical atherosclerosis in this population.

Vitamin D deficiency is not associated with higher levels of syntax score

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the association between serum vitamin D (vitD) level and SYNTAX (synergy between percutaneous coronary intervention with taxus and cardiac surgery) score (SS). Methods: The medical records of consecutive patients, who underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery, were retrospectively reviewed. The study group consisted of 158 patients. Biochemical, clinical, and echocardiographic parameters and SS were evaluated in all patients. The patients were divided into 2 groups according to SS (≥23= high, <23= low). Results: The high SYNTAX score (HSS) group was older and had higher body mass index, C-reactive protein (CRP), low-density lipoprotein, and fasting plasma glucose level than the low SYNTAX score (LSS) group. The HSS group had lower high-density lipoprotein and vitD level than the LSS group. The HSS group had a higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HT), hyperlipidemia (HL), and current smoking patients than the LSS group. On univariate analysis, age, HT, DM, HL, smoking, CRP, and serum vitD level were associated with HSS. On multivariate analysis, HT, DM, and HL were independent predictors of HSS (odds ratio [OR]: 2.137, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.468-2.935, P<0.001; OR: 3.559, 95% CI: 2.763-5.927, P<0.001; OR: 2.631, 95% CI: 1.529-3.438, P<0.001; respectively). Conclusion: In our study, we have found out that HT, DM, and HL were independent predictors of HSS. Serum vitD level was not found to be an independent predictor of HSS.

Association of Severity of Coronary Lesions with Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women / Associação entre Gravidade das Lesões Coronarianas e Densidade Mineral Óssea em Mulheres Pós-Menopausa

Abstract Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) and osteoporosis (OP) are common diseases in postmenopausal women. In both cross-sectional and longitudinal epidemiologic studies, low bone mass has been related to increased frequency of CAD. However, available data on the relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) and severity of coronary lesions is limited. Objective: To investigate association between the BMD and severity of coronary lesions assessed by Gensini score in postmenopausal women. Methods: This study included 122 postmenopausal women who were diagnosed with CAD. These patients were divided into two groups according to the severity of coronary lesions assessed by the Gensini score - patients with mild coronary lesions (Gensini score < 25) and patients with severe coronary lesions (Gensini score ≥ 25). Femoral neck mineral density was measured with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Results: The study included postmenopausal women aged 64.31 ± 4.71 years, 85 of whom (69.7%) exhibited severe coronary lesions. Participants with severe coronary lesions had a significantly higher T score than did those with mild coronary lesions at the femoral neck (p < 0.05). The mean T-score was −0.84 ± 1.01 in mild coronary lesions group, −1.42 ± 1.39 in severe coronary lesions group (p < 0.05). Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that osteopenia-osteoporosis at the Femoral neck (odds ratio 2.73; 95% confidence interval 1.06 to 6.13) was associated with an increased risk of developing severe coronary lesions. The multiple regression model showed that T-scores (b = −0.407, SE = 0.151, p=0.007) were the independent predictors of Gensini score. Conclusion: The relationship between severity of coronary lesions and BMD was significant in postmenopausal women. BMD, a low-cost technique involving minimal radiation exposure, widely used for osteoporosis screening, is a promising marker of severity of coronary lesions.

Resumo Fundamento: A doença arterial coronariana (DAC) e a osteoporose são doenças comuns em mulheres pós-menopausa. Tanto em estudos transversais como em estudos epidemiológicos longitudinais, a massa óssea diminuída foi relacionada à frequência aumentada de DAC. No entanto, dados disponíveis sobre a relação entre densidade mineral óssea (DMO) e gravidade das lesões coronarianas são limitados. Objetivo: Investigar a associação entre DMO e gravidade das lesões coronarianas avaliadas pelo escore de Gensini em mulheres pós-menopausa. Métodos: Este estudo incluiu 122 mulheres pós-menopausa diagnosticadas com DAC. As pacientes foram divididas em dois grupos de acordo com a gravidade das lesões coronarianas avaliada pelo escore de Gensini - pacientes com lesões coronarianas leves (escore de Gensini < 25) e pacientes com lesões coronarianas graves (escore de Gensini ≥ 25). A densidade mineral do colo femoral foi medida por absorção de raios-X de dupla energia (DXA). Resultados: O estudo incluiu mulheres pós-menopausa com idade de 64,31 ± 4,71 anos, 85 delas (69,7%) com lesões coronarianas graves. Pacientes com lesões coronarianas graves apresentaram um escore T mais elevado que aquelas com lesões coronarianas leves no colo femoral (p < 0,05). O escore T médio foi -0,84 ± 1,01 no grupo com lesões leves, e -1,42 ± 1,39 no grupo com lesões graves (p < 0,05). A análise de regressão logística multivariada mostrou que a osteopenia-osteoporose no colo femoral (odds ratio 2,73; intervalo de confiança de 95% 1,06 - 6,13) esteve associada com um risco aumentado de se desenvolver lesões coronarianas graves. O modelo de regressão múltipla mostrou que os escores T (b = -0,407; EP= 0,151; p = 0,007) foram preditores independentes do escore de Gensini. Conclusão: Encontrou-se uma relação significativa entre a gravidade das lesões coronarianas e a DMO em mulheres pós-menopausa. DMO, uma técnica de baixo custo que envolve mínima exposição à radiação, e amplamente utilizada no rastreamento de osteoporose, é um marcador promissor da gravidade de lesões coronarianas graves.

Association between polymorphisms in the APOB gene and hyperlipidemia in the Chinese Yugur population

We investigated the influence of apolipoprotein B gene (APOB) variants on the risk of hyperlipidemia (HL) in 631 middle-aged and elderly members of the Chinese Yugur population (HL, n=336; normolipidemia, n=295). APOB polymorphisms were identified using mass spectrometry, and five single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs1042034, rs2163204, rs512535, rs676210, and rs679899) and serum lipids were further analyzed. rs1042034 and rs676210 were significantly associated with HL (P<0.05). Compared with the GG or AA genotype, individuals with AG and AG+AA in rs1042034 and with AG and AG+GG in rs676210 had a 1.67-fold (95%CI=1.20-2.33),1.63-fold (95%CI=1.19-2.24), 1.72-fold (95%CI=1.24-2.40), and 1.67-fold (95%CI=1.21-2.291) increased risk of high HL, respectively. rs2163204 was in strong linkage disequilibrium with rs1042034, rs676210, and rs679899, and strong disequilibrium was observed between rs1042034 and rs676210 (D′>0.9). Compared with the GTGAA haplotype, haplotypes ATGGA and ATAGG were more strongly associated with HL [odds ratio (OR)=1.46, 95%CI=0.02-2.11; OR=1.63, 95%CI=1.03-2.60, respectively]. The risk factors age (P=0.008), body mass index (P<0.0001), GA+GG genotype in rs676210 (P=0.009), and alcohol consumption (P=0.056) contributed strongly to HL development. The A allele of rs1042034 and the G allele of rs676210 may thus predispose middle-aged and elderly members of the Chinese Yugur population to HL in combination with other genetic or nutritional factors, and could be used as new genetic markers for HL screening.

Atividade antihiperglicêmica e antioxidante da lectina de bryothamnion seaforthii em ratoscom diabetes induzido por estreptozotocina

Diabetes mellitus (DM) é uma doença crônica, caracterizada por uma desordem metabólica de múltiplas etiologias, que ocorre quando o pâncreas não produz insulina suficiente ou quando o organismo não pode usar de maneira eficaz a que é produzida, ocasionando uma hiperglicemia sistêmica. A causa do diabetes está associada a uma combinação de disfunção das células β-pancreáticas einsulino-resistência, pois a insulina produzida não é capaz de promover adequada captação periférica de glicose. Aproximadamente 7% da população mundial vive com essa doença e 90% destescasossão diabetes tipo 2. O diabetes pode ocorreras sociado à hiperlipidemias que podem gerar aumento dos radicais livres produzidos, provocando um estresse oxidativo, que por sua vez provoca uma disfunção endotelial,gerando as complicações conhecidas do diabetes. Visto a complexidade do DM, são necessários mais estudos para fornecer terapias alternativas para seu tratamento.As lectinas possuem a propriedade peculiar de ligação acarboidratos e papel intrínseco na comunicação celular, apresentando uma variedade de efeitos biológicos, tais como antiinflamatórios, pró-cicatrizantes, anticâncer, antivirale atividade antioxidante.O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade antihiperglicêmicae antioxidante da lectina de Bryothamnion seaforthii(BSL) in vivo, assim também, como seu efeito na redução de lipídios. Para esta avaliação, foi induzido diabetes mellitus tipo 2 em ratos Wistar,utilizando estreptozotocinae nicotinamida...

Diabetes mellitus(DM) is a chronic disease characterized by metabolic disorder of multiple etiologies, which occurs when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the organism cannot effectively use the insulinproduced, causing systemic hyperglycemia. The cause of diabetes is associated with a combination of dysfunction of pancreatic β-cells and insulin resistance, because the insulin produced is not capable of providing adequate peripheral glucose uptake. Approximately 7% of the world population lives with thedisease and 90% of the cases are type 2 diabetes. Diabetes associated with hyperlipidemia may occur and generate increased production of free radicals, causing oxidative stress, which in turn causes endothelial dysfunction. Since the complexity of the DM,more studies are needed to provide alternative therapies for their treatment. Lectins have the peculiar property of binding to carbohydrates anddisplayintrinsic role in cell communication, featuring a variety of biological effects, such as anti-inflammatory, pro-healing, anti-cancer, antiviral and antioxidant activities. This study aimed to evaluate the antihyperglycemic, antilipidemic and antioxidantactivities of the lectinisolated from Bryothamnionseaforthii(BSL)thorough an in vivostudy. For this evaluation, diabetes mellitustype 2 was induced in Wistar rats using streptozotocin and nicotinamide...

Evolución del riesgo cardiovascular y sus factores en Temuco entre 1989 y 2011-12 / Cardiovascular risk factors among males in 1989 and 2011-12 in a southern Chilean city

Background: A successful cardiovascular prevention program should induce a reduction of risk factors along time. Aim: To assess changes in cardiovascular risk factors among males aged between 35 and 65 years living in Southern Chile. Material and Methods: The results of two cross sectional household surveys, with a probability sampling stratified by socioeconomic status, were analyzed. Two hundred males were evaluated in 1989 and 800 in 2011-12, paired by age for selection. Results: In the second survey, a mean weight increase of 4.5 kg was recorded. Body mass index increased from 27.1 to 28.6 kg/m² (p < 0.01), especially in men younger than 45 years old. No changes in smoking prevalence were observed. The prevalence of hypertension and hypertensive patients in treatment increased from 32.7 to 38.1% and from 17 to 33%, respectively. The number of treated hypertensive patients with a well-controlled blood pressure did not change significantly. In 1989 and 2011-12, mean total cholesterol values were 192 and 201 mg/dl respectively (p < 0.01). The figures for mean non-HDL cholesterol were 152 and 160 mg/dl (p = 0.03). The frequency of people with total cholesterol over 240 mg/dl or using statins increased from 15 to 25% (p < 0.01). The estimated 10 years risk of myocardial infarction and coronary death using Framingham tables was 9,0 in both periods (p = 0.95). Conclusions: In a 22 years period an increase in the prevalence of obesity and elevated total cholesterol was observed. There was a higher proportion of individuals treated for hypertension and dyslipidemia, but without reduction in the estimated cardiovascular risk.

Avaliação dos níveis lipídicos na população adulta do estudo ESATU: associação com a obesidade / Evaluation of lipid profile in adult population of ESATU study: association with obesity

Introdução: Atualmente, a doença aterosclerótica detém uma posição indiscutível de principal causa de mortalidade nos países desenvolvidos. Mesmo sendo de caráter multifatorial, é determinante a relação direta das dislipidemias e riscos de eventos cardiovasculares e obesidade. O objetivo do estudo foi determinar os níveis séricos do perfil lipídico e prevalência de dislipidemia na população adulta de um município no Sul do Brasil e sua associação com a obesidade. Métodos: Estudo transversal de base populacional com adultos residentes em Tubarão, Santa Catarina, entre novembro de 2011 e junho de 2012. Os participantes foram submetidos à entrevista, coleta de sangue para realização de exames laboratoriais, aferição da pressão arterial e antropometria. Resultados: Foram estudados 369 adultos, com média de idade de 40,6±12,2 anos, 64,0% mulheres. Entre os fatores comportamentais 31,4% eram fumantes/ ex-fumantes, 8,4% eram alcoolistas, 61,0% eram sedentários e 62,1% não apresentavam um padrão alimentar considerado saudável. Quanto às condições clínicas, foi verifi cado que 6,0% eram diabéticos, 36,9% apresentavam hipertensão arterial sistêmica, 27,1% eram obesos e 65% dislipidêmicos. Houve associação positiva entre dislipidemia e idade mais avançada, ter companheiro fixo, baixa escolaridade, tabagismo, obesidade e hipertensão arterial sistêmica. Conclusão: A prevalência de dislipidemia foi de 65%, e obesidade e tabagismo foram fatores associados de forma independente ao desfecho. Os resultados indicam a necessidade de intervenções que promovam um estilo de vida saudável, com ênfase na adoção de hábitos alimentares adequados e exercício físico (AU)

Introduction: At present atherosclerosis holds an undisputed position as the leading cause of death in developed countries. Despite its multifactorial nature, the direct relationship of dyslipidemia and risk of cardiovascular events and obesity is determinant. The aim of the study was to determine serum lipid profiles and prevalence of dyslipidemia in the adult population of a city in south Brazil and their association with obesity. Methods: Cross-sectional population-based study with adults living in Tubarão, Santa Catarina, between November 2011 and June 2012. Participants underwent an interview, blood collection for laboratory tests, blood pressure measurement and anthropometry. Results: We studied 369 adults with a mean age of 40.6 ± 12.2 years, 64.0% women. Among behavioral factors, 31.4 % were smokers/ex-smokers, 8.4% were alcoholics, 61.0 % were sedentary, and 62.1 % did not have an eating pattern considered healthy. Regarding clinical conditions, we found that 6.0% were diabetic , 36.9% had high blood pressure, 27.1% were obese and 65% had dyslipidemia. There was a positive correlation of dyslipidemia with older age, having a steady partner, low education, smoking, obesity and hypertension. Conclusion: The prevalence of dyslipidemia was 65%, and obesity and smoking were independently associated factors with the outcome. The results indicate the need for interventions that promote a healthy lifestyle, with an emphasis on adopting proper eating habits and exercise (AU)

Prevalencia del síndrome metabólico / Prevalence of metabolic syndrome

Determinar la prevalencia del Síndrome Metabólico(SM) en una muestra de los habitantes del municipio Carrizal (Estado Bolivariano de Miranda, Venezuela) entre de marzo ­ junio 2013, según los criterios ATP III. Métodos: En un estudio observacional de campo, se evaluaron 52 sujetos de sexo masculino y femenino entre 18 y 74 años de edad en diferentes centros de salud del municipio Carrizal, los cuales firmaron previamente un consentimiento informado. A todos los participantes se les aplicó un test para determinar el riesgo de diabetes tipo 2 y de síndrome metabólico (Finnish Diabetes Risk Score) validado en población venezolana. Seguidamente respondían encuesta estructurada sobre antecedentes familiares, personales, factores de riesgo y estilos de vida. Acto seguido se les realizó análisis de sangre en ayuno (glucemia, triglicéridos, colesterol total y colesterol HDL), antropometría (peso, talla, circunferencias de cintura y porcentaje de grasa). El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante el software SPSS versión 14. Resultados: La Glucemia registrada en hombres fue de 116±53 mg/dl, en mujeres de 100±34mg/dl; hipertrigliceridemia en hombres 202±104mg/dl; en mujeres de 125±66 mg/dl; valor de colesterol HDL en hombres de 45±7 mg/dl, en mujeres 56±11 mg/dl; hipercolesterolemia en hombres 206 ±46 mg/dl, en mujeres 214 ±56; circunferencia de la cintura en hombres 113±13 cm, en mujeres 101±11 cm. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de SM fue de 41,8% en la muestra del municipio Carrizal, según los criterios ATP III, representando un alto riesgo de desarrollar enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Es fundamental, la intervención directa sobre los factores de riesgo del SM(AU)

To determine the prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome (MS ) in a sample of inhabitants of the municipality Carrizal ( Bolivarian State of Miranda, Venezuela ) within between March and June 2013 according to the ATP III criteria. Methods: In an field study, 52 male and female subjects around 18 and 74 years in different health centers in the municipality Carrizal, which previously signed informed consent were evaluated. All participants were administered a test to determine the risk of diabetes type 2 and metabolic syndrome (Finnish Diabetes Risk Score) validated in Venezuelan population. Then an answered structured survey on family, personal, risk factors and lifestyle history. Was taken Fasting blood tests (glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol and HDL), anthropometry weight, height, waist circumference and body fat percentage). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 14 software. RESULTS: Blood glucose recorded in men was 116 ± 53 mg / dl in women 100 ± 34mg / dl; hypertriglyceridemia in men 202 ± 104mg / dl ; in women 125 ± 66 mg / dl; value of HDL cholesterol in men aged 45 ± 7 mg / dl in women 56 ± 11 mg / dl; hypercholesterolemia in men 206 ± 46 mg / dl in women 214 ± 56; waist circumference in men 113 ± 13 cm, females 101 ± 11 cm . CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of MS was 41.8 % in the sample of Carrizal Municipality, according to ATP III criteria, representing a high risk of developing chronic noncommunicable diseases. It is essential, direct intervention on risk factors of MS(AU)

Contribución del crecimiento prenatal y posnatal temprano en las enfermedades crónicas relacionadas con la nutrición / Contribution of prenatal and early postnatal growth in nutrition related chronic diseases

La transición alimentaria y nutricional en América Latina y los cambios demográficos-epidemiológicos, se presentaron muy rápido en países con "doble carga nutricional", tal como sucede en Venezuela. Las enfermedades crónicas relacionadas con la nutrición (ECRN) y las muertes violentas son las principales causas de muerte y desplazan a la diabetes, sin que exista una política de prevención. Estudios epigenéticos y epidemiológicos de nichos obesogénicos con transmisión intergeneracional: Programación Metabólica (PM)=adaptaciones fisiológicas- metabólicas del feto, en medio ambiente adverso, o aporte exagerado en período crítico, influyen en la respuesta en la vida extrauterina: hipótesis del "fenotipo ahorrador de Barker": hiperlipidemia, hipertensión, obesidad central y resistencia a la insulina, debido a una dieta materna inadecuada antes y durante el embarazo; igual la hipótesis del "crecimiento acelerado" por sobrealimentación, independiente del peso al nacer. Los niños amamantados ganan menor peso-grasa corporal, consumen menos proteínas y la densidad calórica es menor que con fórmulas infantiles. El exceso de proteínas acelera el rebote adiposo. El control de factores de riesgo en adultos atenúa las ECRN, ya que son principales desencadenantes y agravantes. Sin embargo, hay que intervenir tempranamente, ya que la ateroesclerosis es una enfermedad de la infancia. Promover la lactancia materna exclusiva durante los primeros 6 meses, evitar las dietas de alta densidad calórica y vigilar la introducción de nuevos alimentos. El pediatra debería identificar factores de riesgos cardiometabólico en el niño y los obstetras vigilar el estado nutricional pre/postconcepcional y la ganancia de peso gestacional, para controlar los factores de riesgo desde temprana edad(AU)

Food and nutrition transition in Latin America and demographic-epidemiological shifts constitute a rapid process, typical of countries where under and over nutrition coexist: the dual burden of nutrition related diseases. Nutrition related chronic diseases are the main causes of death followed by violence induced deaths and Diabetes. The genetic component of obesity has been overestimated and life styles are less related to mortality rates than the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD). The epidemiological and epigenetic analysis of trans generational- intergenerational transmission: obesogenic environments and Metabolic Intrauterine Programming (MIP): metabolic-physiologic adaptations during fetal life to exposure to restrictions or excesses that relate to Barker´s hypothesis whose outcome includes hyperlipidemia, hypertension, central obesity and insuline resistance due to maternal inadequate pre pregnancy and pregnancy nutrition, plus the hypothesis of acccelerated growth, independent of size at birth. Breastfed infants gain less weight and fat; proteins accelerate adiposity rebound and infant formulas contain 60-70% more and are also richer in calories than human milk. Control of lifestyle's in adults will not eliminate cardiometabolic risks; it is necessary to intervene at early stages as atherosclerosis is a pediatric problem. The window of opportunity, from preconception to 36 months of age, includes promotion of exclusive breast feeding for the first 6 months, the need to defineoptimal nutrition to prevent under and over nutrition and the awareness of physicians in monitoring weight gain during pregnancy and identifying cardio metabolic risks in children and adolescents(AU)

Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en una población urbana de Colombia / Cardiovascular risk factors in an urban Colombia population

Objetivo Evaluar la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en una población urbana entre 25 y 50 años del municipio de Santa Rosa de Osos, Antioquia 2009. Determinar el Porcentaje de Riesgo Atribuible Poblacional para infarto agudo al miocardio de los factores de riesgo coronario. Materiales y Métodos Se realizó un estudio de prevalencia, con muestreo aleatorio bietápico en 357 personas sin enfermedad cardiovascular conocida, se administró una encuesta prediseñada para evaluar la prevalencia de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular; se midieron en sangre colesterol total, lipoproteínas de baja y alta densidad, triglicéridos y glucosa; se tomaron valores de presión arterial, perímetro abdominal, talla y peso. Resultados Los factores de riesgo cardiovascular más importantes fueron baja actividad física (56,6 por ciento), obesidad central (52,7 por ciento), dislipidemias (35,3 por ciento), tabaquismo (19,0 por ciento), síndrome metabólico (19,6 por ciento) y obesidad por Índice de Masa Corporal (17,4 por ciento). Los factores de riesgo con mayor riesgo atribuible poblacional fueron la hipertensión arterial (17,1 por ciento), Índice colesterol total/lipoproteína de alta densidad (16,4 por ciento) y baja actividad física (15,7 por ciento). Conclusión Se encontró una prevalencia alta de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular lo que puede llevar a un incremento de las enfermedades cardiovasculares a mediano y largo plazo.

Objective Evaluating the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in an urban population aged 25 to 50 in Santa Rosa de Osos, Antioquia, Colombia, during 2009. Determining the population attributable risk percentage (PARP) for coronary heart disease risk factors. Materials and Methods A prevalence study was conducted; two-stage random sampling was made of 357 people without known cardiovascular disease. A pre-designed survey was administered to assess the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors; total cholesterol, low and high density lipoproteins, triglycerides and glucose were measured in blood and blood pressure, waist circumference and weight were also measured.Results The most important cardiovascular risk factors were physical inactivity (56.6 percent), central obesity (52.7 percent), dyslipidaemia (35.3 percent), smoking (19 percent), metabolic syndrome (19.6 percent) and obesity according to body mass index (17.4 percent). Risk factors having the highest PARP were hypertension (17.1 percent), total cholesterol/high density lipoprotein index (16.4 percent) and physical inactivity (15.7 percent). Conclusion A high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors was found; this may lead to increased cardiovascular disease in the medium- and long-term.

Efecto del consumo de linaza en el perfil lipídico, el control del cáncer y como terapia de reemplazo hormonal en la menopausia: una revisión sistemática de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados / Effect of flaxseed consumption on lipid profile, the control of cancer and hormone replacement therapy in menopause: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Objetivo: evaluar los efectos del consumo de linaza sobre el perfil lipídico, control del cáncer y como reemplazo hormonal en la menopausia y en la andropausia. Materiales y metódos: se realizó una revisión sistemática de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados que examinaron los efectos del consumo de linaza sobre el peso corporal, la concentración de lípidos sanguíneos, el control del cáncer y los síntomas menopáusicos, usando las bases de datos de PubMed, Lilacs, OPS, OMS y Cochrane, publicados entre el 1 de enero de 2000 y el 30 de junio de 2010. A los artículos que cumplieron con criterios de inclusión se les evaluó su calidad metodológica. Resultados: fueron incluidos 49 artículos. Los estudios reportan que el consumo de linaza genera pequeños cambios en la concentración de los lípidos sanguíneos, mejora la sintomatología en mujeres menopáusicas, promueve la reducción de índices de proliferación tumoral y el aumento de apoptosis en cáncer de mama y próstata. Conclusiones: los resultados aún no son suficientes para recomendar el uso de la linaza para el control de la hipercolesterolemia en pacientes dislipidémicos. La evidencia favorece la linaza como una alternativa en la terapia coadyuvante del tratamiento del cáncer de mama y de próstata, y en la reducción de síntomas durante la menopausia.

Objective:To evaluate the effects of flaxseed consumption in changing the lipid profile, cancer control and hormone replacement therapy at menopause and andropause in individuals of all ages. Materials and methods:We conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials that examined the effects of flaxseed consumption on body weight reduction, change in blood lipid levels, cancer control and menopausal symptoms. We used Pub-Med, Lilacs, the libraries of PAHO and WHO, and clinical trials published in Cochrane between January 1, 2000 and June 30, 2010. The articles that met the inclusion criteria were assessed for methodological quality. Results: We included 49 articles. Studies reported that flaxseed consumption generates small changes in blood lipid concentrations, improvement in menopausal symptoms, promotes the reduction of tumor proliferation rates and increased apoptosis in breast and prostate cancer. Conclusions: The results are not yet sufficient to recommend the use of flaxseed for the control of hypercholesterolemia in patients with dyslipidemia. The evidence favors flaxseed as an alternative adjuvant therapy for breast and prostate cancer treatment, and reduction of menopause symptoms.

Aspectos clínicos e socioeconômicos das dislipidemias em portadores de doenças cardiovasculares / Clinical and socioeconomic aspects of dyslipidemia in patients with cardiovascular diseases

O presente artigo aborda os aspectos clínicos e socioeconômicos decorrentes da presença de dislipidemias em portadores de doenças cardiovasculares (DCV). Existem inúmeros estudos relacionados às DCV, uso de hipolipemiantes orais como as estatinas, e os aspectos econômicos envolvidos com impacto na área da saúde. Além de evidenciar a importância do tratamento das dislipidemias, o artigo busca demonstrar o ponto de vista farmacoeconômico, ou seja, dos custos gerados com o tratamento farmacológico desta patologia versus os custos decorrentes dos eventos cardiovasculares acometidos e suas consequências. Existe, portanto, relevante relação entre os impactos sociais decorrentes de incapacidade física e laborativa, aposentadorias precoces, entre outros custos importantes que poderiam ser evitados com uma análise econômica abrangente e eficiente realizada nos serviços de saúde do Brasil. Neste contexto, é enfatizada a importância da análise conjunta dos aspectos clínicos e socioeconômicos das dislipidemias que poderiam influenciar nas decisões das autoridades de saúde no momento da elaboração de protocolos clínicos de tratamentos farmacológicos a serem implementados no SUS.

This paper discusses the clinical and socioeconomic factors arising from the presence of dyslipidemia in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD). There are numerous studies related to CVD, oral use of statins as statins, and the economics aspects involved with an impact on health. In addition to demonstrating the importance of the treatment of dyslipidemia, the paper shows the pharmacoeconomic viewpoint, i.e. costs generated by the pharmacological treatment of this disease versus the costs of cardiovascular events and their consequences. There is therefore relevant relationship between the social impacts arising from physical disability and work, early retirements, among other important costs that could be avoided with a comprehensive economic analysis and efficient health services in Brazil. In this context, we emphasize the importance of joint analysis of the clinical and socioeconomic aspects of dyslipidemia that could influence the decisions of health authorities at the time of preparation of clinical protocols of pharmacological treatments to be implemented within the SUS.

Avances en promoción de la salud y prevención de las enfermedades crónicas en Costa Rica / Progress in health promotion and prevention of chronic diseases in Costa Rica

La modificación de aspectos determinantes en el desarrollo de enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles como la pandemia sobrepeso-obesidad, diabetes mellitus, hipertensión y dislipidemia permiten desde la perspectiva de gerencia y gestión en salud, una variación hacia el beneficio en los indicadores de salud de la población, lo que incidirá en los costos por consulta debido a la gran cantidad de pacientes que se deben atender por las patologías de etiología crónica. Se desarrolla en la presente revisión bibliográfica una crónica de los principales avances en la promoción de la salud y la prevención de la enfermedad a partir de las entidades no transmisibles que se exponen en para Costa Rica.

The modification of determinant factors for the development of chronic diseases such as pandemic Overweight-Obesity, Diabetes Mellitus, Hypertension and Dyslipidemia permit from the perspective of management and health management, a shift towards benefit in the indicators of population health, which will affect the cost per visit due to the large number of patients that must be addressed by the chronic diseases of unknown etiology. It is developed in this literature review a chronicle of the major advances in health promotion and disease prevention after non-transmissible to set out in Costa Rica.

Early-onset type 2 diabetes in a Mexican survey: results from the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2006 / Diabetes tipo 2 de inicio temprano en una encuesta nacional: resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2006

OBJECTIVE: To describe the characteristics of patients with type 2 diabetes diagnosed before age 40 (early-onset type 2 diabetes) identified in a nation-wide, population-based study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The survey was done in Mexico during 2006. Medical history, anthropometric and biochemical measurements were obtained in every subject. RESULTS: Cases diagnosed before (n=181) and after age 40 (n=659) were included. Early-onset type 2 diabetes was present in 13.1 percent of the previously diagnosed, 30.3 percent of the cases identified during the survey and 21.5 percent of the whole population with diabetes. These individuals had a greater prevalence of obesity and hypertriglyceridemia compared to the cases diagnosed after age 40. CONCLUSIONS: Early-onset type 2 diabetes was present in 21.5 percent of patients with type 2 diabetes in Mexico. Close to 70 percent of them were obese or overweight and had the clinical profile of the metabolic syndrome.

OBJETIVO: Describir las características de los pacientes con diabetes diagnosticados antes de los 40 años en una encuesta representativa de la población mexicana. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: La encuesta fue realizada en México durante 2006. Se registró la historia médica, mediciones antropométricas y bioquímicas de los participantes. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron casos diagnosticados antes (n=181) y después (n=659) de los 40 años. La diabetes tipo 2 de inicio temprano está presente en 13.1 por ciento de los casos previamente diagnosticados, 30.3 por ciento de los identificados durante la encuesta y en 21.5 por ciento de la población total con diabetes. En los casos diagnosticados antes de los 40 años hay una prevalencia mayor de obesidad e hipertrigliceridemia que en los diagnosticados después de los 40. CONCLUSIONES: La diabetes de aparición temprana está presente en 21.5 por ciento de los casos con diabetes en México. Setenta por ciento de ellos tenían un peso mayor al saludable y tenían el perfil clínico del síndrome metabólico.

The status of diabetes care in Mexican population: are we making a difference? Results of the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2006 / El cuidado de la diabetes en población mexicana: ¿estamos siguiendo la estrategia correcta? Resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2006

OBJECTIVE: Examine clinical indicators to evaluate diabetes care in Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Diabetics (self reported, with therapy) were examined with standardized questionnaires, anthropometry, glucose, lipids and glycohemoglobin. Data were analyzed statistically. RESULTS: There were 2 644 patients, 677 cases without access to medical care (73 percent women), most lived in rural communities and spoke aboriginal dialect. Prevalence of obesity for private access group was 21.2 percent, for other or non access group was between 31 and 65 percent. The group without or basic education was most common, 76 percent of the cases had HDL <40 mg/dl and 36 percent had hypertriglyceridemia. Only 6.6 percent of patients had HbA1c <7 percent. There was no significant difference between HbA1c values observed in the group with or without access. Most patients were treated with oral agents. A significant group was without therapy. Assessments for complications was infrequent. CONCLUSIONS: Current model for diabetes care in Mexico is inefficacious and a paradigm change is necessary.

OBJETIVO: Examinar indicadores para evaluar la atención de diabetes en México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se examinaron diabéticos (autorreportados, con tratamiento) con cuestionario estandarizado, antropometría, glucosa, lípidos y hemoglobina glucosilada. Los datos se analizaron estadísticamente. RESULTADOS: De 2 644 casos, 677 no tenían acceso a atención médica (73 por ciento mujeres), la mayoría eran de comunidades rurales y hablaban un dialecto indígena. La prevalencia de obesidad en el grupo con acceso privado fue 21,2 por ciento; en personas con otro o sin acceso, fue entre 31 y 65 por ciento. El grupo sin o con educación básica fue el más común. El 76 por ciento de los casos tenían colesterol HDL <40 mg/dl y 36 por ciento tenía hipertrigliceridemia. Sólo 6.6 por ciento tenían la HbA1c <7 por ciento. No hubo diferencias entre valores de HbA1c en el grupo con o sin acceso. La mayoría recibían hipoglucemiantes orales, muchos sin tratamiento. La evaluación de complicaciones fue infrecuente. CONCLUSIONES: El modelo de atención de diabetes en México es ineficaz y es preciso cambiar de paradigma.

Prevention of cardiovascular disease based on lipid lowering treatment: a challenge for the Mexican health system / Prevención de la enfermedad cardiovascular basada en tratamiento hipolipemiante: un reto para el sistema de salud de México

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the percentage of Mexican adults that may require lipid-lowering treatment according to National Cholesterol Education Program-III guidelines, using data from the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2006 (ENSANut 2006). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Information was obtained from 4 040 subjects aged 20 to 69 years, studied after a 9 to 12 hours fast. RESULTS: A cardiovascular risk equivalent was found in 13.8 percent and >2 risk factors were present in 31.5 percent of the population. LDL-C concentrations were above the treatment goal in 70 percent of the high-risk group and in 38.6 percent of subjects with >2 risk factors. Nearly 12 million Mexicans should be taught how to change their lifestyles and close to 8 million individuals require drug therapy to decrease their cardiovascular risk. CONCLUSIONS: Thirty percent of Mexican adults require some form of lipid-lowering treatment (lifestyle modifications in 36.25 percent, drug therapy in 24.19 percent).

OBJETIVO: Calcular el porcentaje de adultos que requiere tratamiento hipolipemiante de acuerdo con las recomendaciones del Programa Nacional de Educación en Colesterol-III, usando los datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2006. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se incluyeron 4040 individuos con edad entre 20 y 69 años estudiados bajo un ayuno de 9 a 12 horas. RESULTADOS: Un equivalente de enfermedad cardiovascular fue identificado en 13.8 por ciento de los participantes. El 31.5 por ciento de la población tenía >2 factores de riesgo cardiovascular. La concentración de colesterol LDL estuvo arriba de la meta terapéutica en 70 por ciento de los casos con alto riesgo cardiovascular y en el 38.6 por ciento de los sujetos con >2 factores de riesgo. Cerca de 12 millones de mexicanos deben modificar su estilo de vida para reducir su concentración de colesterol LDL. Casi 8 millones califican para recibir tratamiento farmacológico. CONCLUSIONES: Una tercera parte de los adultos requiere alguna forma de tratamiento hipolipemiante (cambios en el estilo de vida: 36.25 por ciento, medicamentos: 24.19 por ciento).

Las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles en México: sinopsis epidemiológica y prevención integral / Chronic non-communicable diseases in Mexico: epidemiologic synopsis and integral prevention

El gobierno federal desarrolla acciones para reducir la mortalidad por las "enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles" (ECNT). Una de ellas es la creación de unidades médicas de especialidad (Uneme) diseñadas para el tratamiento especializado de las ECNT (sobrepeso, obesidad, riesgo cardiovascular y diabetes). La intervención se basa en la participación de un grupo multidisciplinario entrenado ex profeso, la educación del paciente sobre su salud, la incorporación de la familia al tratamiento y la resolución de las condiciones que limitan la observancia de las recomendaciones. El tratamiento está indicado con base en protocolos estandarizados. La eficacia de la intervención se evalúa en forma sistemática mediante indicadores cuantitativos predefinidos. Se espera que las Uneme resulten en ahorros para el sistema de salud. En suma, este último desarrolla mejores medidas de control para las ECNT. La evaluación del desempeño de las Uneme generará información para planear acciones preventivas futuras.

The federal government has implemented several strategies to reduce mortality caused by chronic non-communicable diseases (CNTD). One example is the development of medical units specialized in the care of CNTD (i.e. overweight, obesity, cardiovascular risk and diabetes), named UNEMES (from its Spanish initials). These units -consisting of an ad-hoc, trained, multi-disciplinary team- will provide patient education, help in the resolution of obstacles limiting treatment adherence, and involve the family in patient care. Treatment will be provided using standardized protocols. The efficacy of the intervention will be regularly measured using pre-specified outcomes. We expect that these UNEMES will result in significant savings. In summary, our health care system is developing better treatment strategies for CNTD. Evaluating the performance of the UNEMES will generate valuable information for the design of future preventive actions.

The effects of lovastatin on conventional medical treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms with finasteride

OBJECTIVE: To explore whether or not statins have any impact on the progression of components of benign prostatic hyperplasia (lower urinary tract symptoms severity, prostate volume and serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) when combined with other agents inhibiting growth of prostate cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a preliminary, clinical study. Eligible patients were aged > 50 yrs, with International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) between 9 and 19, total prostate volume (TPV) > 40 mL, and serum PSA > 1.5 ng/mL. Patients were divided in two groups: those with and those without lipidemia. After selection, eligible BPH patients with lipidemia (n = 18) were prescribed lovastatin 80 mg daily and finasteride 5 mg daily, while eligible patients without lipidemia (n = 15) were prescribed only finasteride 5 mg daily. IPSS, TPV and serum PSA were evaluated at end point (4 months). RESULTS: There was no difference between the two groups on the primary end point of mean change from baseline in IPSS (p = 0.69), TPV (p = 0.90) and PSA (p = 0.16) after 4 months of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Short-term lovastatin treatment does not seem to have any effect on IPSS, TPV and PSA in men with prostatic enlargement due to presumed BPH.