Use of direct oral anticoagulants for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension

OBJECTIVES: Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension is one of the most prevalent forms of pulmonary hypertension and is a major complication of acute pulmonary embolism. One mainstay of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension treatment is lifelong anticoagulation. The recent advent of direct oral anticoagulants for acute pulmonary embolism treatment has provided a viable and effective alternative for treating this condition. However, little is known about the efficacy of this new class of drugs for treating chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. We aimed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of direct oral anticoagulants in the treatment of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. METHODS: A cohort of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension patients who initiated treatment with direct oral anticoagulants between June 2015 and November 2016 were enrolled in this study. RESULTS: Sixteen patients used rivaroxaban, three used dabigatran and one used apixaban for a mean follow-up of 20.9 months. The mean age was 51 years, and eighteen patients were classified as functional class II/III. Eight patients underwent a pulmonary endarterectomy and exhibited clinical, hemodynamic and functional improvement and currently continue to use direct oral anticoagulants. No episode of venous thromboembolism recurrence was identified during the follow-up period, but there was one episode of major bleeding after a traumatic fall. CONCLUSIONS: Although direct oral anticoagulants appear to be a safe and effective alternative for treating chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, larger studies are needed to support their routine use.

Hipertensión pulmonar: importancia de un diagnóstico precoz y tratamiento específico / Pulmonary hypertension: importance of early diagnosis and specific treatment

La hipertensión arterial pulmonar (HAP) es una enfermedad crónica, que se caracteriza por el aumento de la resistencia vascular pulmonar (RVP) a nivel de la arteriola pulmonar, que provoca una progresiva sobrecarga y posterior disfunción del ventrículo derecho (VD), que en etapas finales lleva a la insuficiencia cardiaca derecha, la cual sella su pronóstico. La HAP es más frecuente en mujeres jóvenes en plena edad productiva, siendo la supervivencia media de 2-3 años, antes de la aparición de terapias específicas. La base genética sugiere una herencia autosómica dominante con penetrancia incompleta, reconociéndose principalmente la afección del BMPR2. En la etiopatogenia se reconoce una alteración en las señales que controlan fundamentalmente el equilibrio vasocontrictor-vasodilatador a nivel del endotelio, con un desbalance hacia la proliferación y vasoconstricción, en las que están involucradas 3 vías patogénicas: La del Óxido nítrico (ON), de la Prostaciclina (PG) y de la Endotelina (ET). El diagnóstico precoz de la HAP se asocia con una mejor supervivencia a largo plazo, por lo que su búsqueda ante un paciente con disnea, fatiga, dolor torácico y/o síncopes, así como en las poblaciones en riesgo, como son familiares en 1° con HAP, Esclerodermia y portadores de Hipertensión Portal, debería ser la estrategia de elección. La Ecocardiografía Doppler (ECO) es la herramienta de pesquisa más utilizada en la práctica clínica actual. El diagnóstico debe ser confirmado mediante un cateterismo derecho, con mediciones directas de la presión arterial pulmonar, y debe realizarse prueba de vasoreactividad. El advenimiento de los tratamientos farmacológicos-HAP específicos ha provocado un cambio en la evolución natural de la enfermedad, existiendo hoy terapias orientadas a controlar las principales vías patogénicas involucradas: ON, PG, y ET. Los principales factores pronósticos que permiten guiar la terapia y la adición de fármacos específicos a la terapia inicial son: clase funcional, ECO, NT pro-BNP, distancia recorrida en el test de caminata de seis minutos y variables hemodinámicas del cateterismo. El Trasplante bi-pulmonar está reservado para los pacientes que no responden al tratamiento médico en asociación máxima para el medio en que le paciente se encuentre.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a chronic disease, characterized by increased pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) at the pulmonary arterioles, which causes a progressive overload and subsequent dysfunction of the right ventricle (RV), which final stages leading to right heart failure, which seals their prognosis. PAH is more common in young women in middle-age, with the median survival of 2-3 years, before the advent of targeted therapies. The genetic basis suggests an autosomal dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance, mainly recognizing the condition of BMPR2. An alteration in the etiopathogenesis is recognized in the control signals mainly vasoconstrictor-vasodilator balance level endothelium, with an imbalance towards proliferation and vasoconstriction, which are involved three pathogenic pathways: The nitric oxide (NO), Prostacyclin (PG) and endothelin (ET). Early diagnosis of PAH is associated with better long-term survival, so the search for a patient with dyspnea, fatigue, chest pain and / or syncope, as well as at-risk populations, such as with relatives 1 PAH, scleroderma and Portal Hypertension carriers, should be the strategy of choice. Doppler (ECO) Echocardiography is the most widely used research tool in current clinical practice. The diagnosis should be confirmed by right heart catheterization, with direct measurement of pulmonary artery pressure, and vasoreactivity testing should be performed. The advent of drug-specific PAH treatment has caused a change in the natural history of the disease, existing today aimed at controlling major pathogenic pathways involved therapies: ON, PG, and ET. The main prognostic factors that help guide therapy and the addition of specific drugs to initial therapy are: functional class, ECO, NT pro-BNP, distance covered in the walk test six minutes and catheterization hemodynamic variables. The bi-lung transplant is reserved for patients who do not respond to medical treatment in full partnership for the environment in which patient you are.

Hipertensão pulmonar tromboembólica crônica: tratamento medicamentoso dos pacientes não cirúrgicos / Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension medication treatment of non-surgical patients

A hipertensão pulmonar tromboembólica crônica (HPTEC) é uma entidade clínica em que há um aumento da resistência vascular pulmonar que se deve à obstrução do leito vascular por trombos organizados e parcialmente recanalizados, cuja gravidade depende da extensão desta obstrução. Outro mecanismo envolve a disfunção endotelial com remodelamento arteriolar que ocorre no leito vascular pulmonar não obstruído, de forma análoga ao observado nos casos de hipertensão arterial pulmonar idiopática. O tratamento ideal consiste na remoção cirúrgica dos trombos através da tromboendarterectomia pulmonar. Entretanto, para uma proporção significativa desses pacientes, este procedimento não pode ser realizado em função ou da localização predominantemente periférica dos trombos, que se tornam inacessíveis à remoção cirúrgica, ou devido à presença de comorbidades significativas que aumentam significativamente o risco cirúrgico, ou ainda pela desproporcionalidade entre a resistência vascular pulmonar e o grau de obstrução observado. Por outro lado, alguns pacientes apresentam hipertensão pulmonar persistente após a tromboendarterectomia. Nessas situações, deve-se avaliar a indicação de tratamento com drogas vasodilatadoras pulmonares...

The chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a condition in which the increase of pulmonary vascular resistance is due to an obstruction of the vascular bed that may be partially recanalized by organized thrombus, whose severity depends on the extent of this blockage. Another mechanism involves endothelial dysfunction and arteriolar remodeling present in the pulmonary vascular bed not obstructed, in a similar fashion to that seen in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. The ideal treatment is the surgical removal of thrombus through the pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PEA). However, a significant proportion of patients is considered inoperable due to the predominantly peripheral localization of thrombi - that become inaccessible to surgical removal - due to the presence of significant comorbidities - that significantly increase the risk of surgery - or by unevenness of pulmonary vascular resistance and degree of obstruction observed. Moreover, some patients have persistent pulmonary hypertension after PEA. In these situations, it is that lies the context of the indication of treatment with pulmonary vasodilators in CTEPH...

Hipertensión pulmonar en la EPOC: puesta al día / Pulmonary hypertension in COPD: an update

La hipertensión pulmonar (HP) es una complicación frecuente de las enfermedades respiratorias crónicas y en particular de la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC). En la mayoría de los casos la misma es de grado leve a moderada, de lenta progresión y se asocia a enfermedades concomitantes que deben de ser diagnosticadas y tratadas. Su aparición y progresión determina un fuerte impacto en la capacidad funcional y en la supervivencia de estos pacientes. Si bien su desarrollo está asociado con la severidad de la obstrucción al flujo aéreo,no siempre es así y se puede observar en estadios más tempranos de la misma. Una pequeña proporción de pacientes se presenta con una HP severa asociada a obstrucción bronquial leve a moderada, hipoxemia severa, hipocapnia y una capacidad de difusión pulmonar almonóxido de carbonomuy baja. Se le ha denominado “HP desproporcionada”, la cual presenta alta mortalidad y un rápido deterioro funcional similar a la hipertensión arterial pulmonar idiopática. El diagnóstico se confirma mediante un cateterismo cardiaco derecho, el cual se reserva para casos seleccionados. El manejo de la HP en la EPOC consiste en descartar comorbilidades, optimizar el tratamiento de la EPOC y la oxigenoterapia continua domiciliaria. No existe evidencia en la actualidad de que la HP asociada a EPOC se beneficie de algún tratamiento vasodilatador específico.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common complication of chronic respiratory diseases and, in particular, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In most cases it is mild, with low progression and is associated with concomitant diseases that should be diagnosed and treated. Its appearance and progression have a strong impact on the functional capacity and survival of these patients. Although it is closely related to the severity of airflow obstruction, not always is the case and it can be seen in earlier stages of the same. A small proportion of patients may develop severe PH associated with mild to moderate bronchial obstruction, severe hypoxaemia, hypocapnia and very low lung diffusion capacity. It has been called “PH out of proportion” and it is associated with high mortality and rapid functional worsening, similar to idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. The diagnosis is confirmed by right heart catheterization which is reserved for selected cases. Management of PH in COPD relies on ruling out comorbidities, optimising therapy for COPD and long-term domiciliary oxygen therapy. At present, there is no evidence that PH in COPD would benefit from any specific vasodilator therapy.

Angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade partially attenuates hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in newborn piglets: relationship with the nitrergic system

The objective of this study was to observe possible interactions between the renin-angiotensin and nitrergic systems in chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in newborn piglets. Thirteen chronically instrumented newborn piglets (6.3 ± 0.9 days; 2369 ± 491 g) were randomly assigned to receive saline (placebo, P) or the AT1 receptor (AT1-R) blocker L-158,809 (L) during 6 days of hypoxia (FiO2 = 0.12). During hypoxia, pulmonary arterial pressure (Ppa; P < 0.0001), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR; P < 0.02) and the pulmonary to systemic vascular resistance ratio (PVR/SVR; P < 0.05) were significantly attenuated in the L (N = 7) group compared to the P group (N = 6). Western blot analysis of lung proteins showed a significant decrease of endothelial NOS (eNOS) in both P and L animals, and of AT1-R in P animals during hypoxia compared to normoxic animals (C group, N = 5; P < 0.01 for all groups). AT1-R tended to decrease in L animals. Inducible NOS (iNOS) did not differ among P, L, and C animals and iNOS immunohistochemical staining in macrophages was significantly more intense in L than in P animals (P < 0.01). The vascular endothelium showed moderate or strong eNOS and AT1-R staining. Macrophages and pneumocytes showed moderate or strong iNOS and AT1-R staining, but C animals showed weak iNOS and AT1-R staining. Macrophages of L and P animals showed moderate and weak AT2-R staining, respectively, but the endothelium of all groups only showed weak staining. In conclusion, pulmonary hypertension induced by chronic hypoxia in newborn piglets is partially attenuated by AT1-R blockade. We suggest that AT1-R blockade might act through AT2-R and/or Mas receptors and the nitrergic system in the lungs of hypoxemic newborn piglets.

Tromboendarterectomía pulmonar: tratamiento de elección para la hipertensión pulmonar tromboembólica crónica / Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy is the treatment of choice for patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension

La tromboendarterectomía pulmonar es la terapéutica de elección para pacientes con hipertensión pulmonar tromboembólica crónica. Objetivos: Reportar la experiencia en tromboendarterectomía pulmonar a 18 años de seguimiento. Material y Métodos: Se analizaron retrospectivamente 41 pacientes entre Noviembre 1992 y Agosto 2010.Criterios de inclusión: presión arterial pulmonar media >30 mmHg y resistenciavascular pulmonar (RVP) >300 dinas/sg. cm-5. La angiografía pulmonar determinó la factibilidad quirúrgica. La supervivencia se calculó utilizando el método de Kaplan-Meier y para comparar 2 grupos log-rank test.Resultados: El 44% de los pacientes estaban en clase funcional IV. Los cambios hemodinámicos posteriores a la tromboendarterectomía fueron significativos p <0.001. La PAPm 53 ± 2 a 29 ± 2 mmHg, la RVP 857 ± 65 a 245 ± 25 dinas/sg. cm-5 y el IC 2,3 ± 0,1a 3 ± 0,1. La mortalidad hospitalaria fue 15%, en CF II-III 4% y en CF IV 33% (p=0.01). La mortalidad alejada fue 11%. El 93% de los pacientes mejoró su clase funcional. La supervivencia global a 1, 2, 5, 10 años fue del 85%, 82%, 75% y 71% respectivamente.La supervivencia por clase funcional mostró diferencias significativas (p=0.02). Conclusión: En nuestra experiencia la tromboendarterectomía pulmonar mostró beneficios en esta población de alto riesgo.

Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy is the treatment of choice for patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Objective: To report our 18-years experience in pulmonary thromboendarterectomy. Material and Methods: Forty one patients were analyzed between November/1992 andAugust/2010. Inclusion criteria: mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAPm) >30 mmHg and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) >300 dinas/sec.cm-5. Pulmonary angiography determined the surgical feasibility. Survival was calculated using the Kaplan-Meiermethod and to compare the 2 groups log rank test. results: Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy is the treatment of choice for patients with chronicthromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Objective: To report our 18-years experience in pulmonary thromboendarterectomy. Material and Methods: Forty one patients were analyzed between November/1992 andAugust/2010. Inclusion criteria: mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAPm) >30 mmHg and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) >300 dinas/sec.cm-5. Pulmonary angiography determined the surgical feasibility. Survival was calculated using the Kaplan-Meiermethod and to compare the 2 groups log rank test. Results: Forty four percent of the patients were classified in class IV. The hemodynamic changesafter pulmonary thromboendarterectomy were significant (p < 0.001). PAPm 53 ± 2 vs. 29 ± 2 mm Hg, PVR 857 ± 65 vs. 245 ± 25 dinas/sec. cm-5 and CI 2.3 ± 0.1 vs. 3 ± 0.1. In-hospital mortality was 15%; in classes II - III was 4%, and in class IV 33% (p = 0.01). Late mortality was 12%. Ninety three percent of the patients improved their functional class. Overall survival at 1,2, 5 and 10 years was 85%, 82%, 75% and 71% respectively. Survival according to functional class showed significant differences (p = 0.02).Conclusion: In our experience pulmonary thromboendarterectomy showed benefits even in thishigh risk population.

Hipertensäo pulmonar primária: revisäo concisa / Primary pulmonary hypertension: a concise review

A hipertensäo pulmonar primária é uma doença rara, caracterizada pelo aumento na resistência vascular pulmonar e na pressäo arterial com deterioraçäo progressiva da funçäo cardíaca e evoluçäo geralmente fatal. Sendo de etiologia desconhecida, seu diagnóstico poder ser firmado apenas após causas reconhecidas de hipertensäo arterial pulmonar terem sido excluídas. Doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, embolia pulmonar de repetiçäo, fibrose pulmonar, colagenoses, doenças cardíacas, cirrose hepática e persistência da circulaçäo fetal no recém-nascido säo as causas mais comuns de hipertensäo pulmonar secundária e devem sempre ser investigadas. Ao longo do presente trabalho, enfocou-se a hipertensäo pulmonar primária, buscando levantar, na bibliografia, uma visäo geral da doença, mecanismos responsáveis pelo seu surgimento, manifestaçöes clínicas e tratamentos indicados