Factors associated with the development of dental defects acquired in the extrauterine environment

Abstract This study aimed to analyze the association of sociodemographic, child health, healthcare service, and access indicators with developmental defects of enamel (DDE) acquired outside the uterus, based on gestational factors. A cohort of births was carried out, and 982 children aged 12 to 30 months were examined. A total of 1,500 women were followed up as of the 5th month of gestation, and the child's gestational age was evaluated at follow-up. The clinical examination was performed as recommended by the World Health Organization, and defects were classified using the modified DDE index. Six models were considered: presence of DDE (Model 1) or opacities (Model 4), number of teeth with DDE (Model 2) or opacities (Model 5), and incidence rate of DDE (Model 3) or opacities (Model 6). Associations were estimated by relative risk (RR) in Poisson regression models. In the adjusted analysis, the mother's lowest education level was associated with the highest occurrence of DDE in Models 1 (RR = 26.43; p = 0.002), 2 (RR = 9.70; p = 0.009), and 3 (RR = 5.63; p = 0.047). Breastfeeding for over 12 months (RR = 0.45; p = 0.030) and recent use of anti-infection drugs (RR = 0.20; p = 0.039) had a protective effect on DDE (Model 1). The factors associated with the highest incidence of opacities were not having health insurance (RR = 2.00; p = 0.043) (Model 5), and belonging to a family of poor social class (RR = 4.67; p = 0.007) (Model 6). Children in a situation of socioeconomic vulnerability have a higher risk of presenting extrauterine DDE. Breastfeeding was a protection factor for DDE development.

An Epidemiological study of developmental defects of enamel in a group of Nigerian School Children / Estudo epidemiológico dos defeitos de desenvolvimento do esmalte em um grupo de escolares Nigerianos

Objeti vo: Este estudo epidemiológico analisou a prevalência,distribuição e associação dos fatores eiológicos nodesenvolvimento de defeitos do esmalte em criançasnigerianas.Método: A amostra compreendeu a análise de 2.015 escolares(1.088 meninos e 927 meninas) com idades entre 4 a 16 anos,selecionadas aleatoriamente de 6 escolas em Lagos, Nigeria. Oexame intra-oral para o diagnósti co dos defeitos do esmalte foifeito com o uso método modifi cado proposto pela FederaçãoDentária Internacional (FDI). As mães das crianças foramentrevistadas a respeito dos fatores eti ológicos.Resultados: Um total de 226 (11,2%) das crianças examinadasapresentavam defeitos do esmalte. A hipoplasia do esmaltefoi o defeito mais prevalente (7,5%), e o ti po de distribuiçãomais comum foi a difusa (61,5%). Não se observou diferençaestati sti camente signifi cante na distribuição dos defeitos entreos sexos (p>0,05). A maioria dos defeitos localizavam-se nasfaces vesti bulares dos dentes afetados (40,26%). A diferençaobservada na localização dos defeitos dos dentes entre meninose meninas foi estati sti camente signifi cante (p<0,05).Conclusão: Estes defeitos de esmalte não estéti cos sãoprevalentes nas crianças nigerianas e estão, principalmente,associados com doenças da infância, uso de tetraciclina e baixacondição sócio-econômica...

Objecti ve: This epidemiological study of dental enamel defectsin a group of Nigerian school children assessed the prevalence,distributi on and associated eti ological factors of developmentaldefects of enamel.Method: The study subjects consisti ng of 2015 school children,(1088 males and 927 females) in the age range 4 to 16 yearswere randomly selected from 6 schools in Lagos, Nigeria. Intraoralexaminati on for dental enamel defects was carried out onall the children using a modifi cati on of the “Federati on DentaireInternati onale” system. The mothers of the children wereinterviewed on relevant associated eti ological factors.Results: A total of 226 (11.22%) of the children examined haddental enamel defects. The most prevalent dental enameldefect seen was chronologic enamel hypoplasia (7.5%), andmost common type of distributi on was the diff use patchy type(61.5%). No stati sti cally signifi cant diff erence in distributi onof defects between males and females. (p>0.05.) Most ofthe defects were on the buccal surfaces of the aff ected teeth(40.26%). The diff erence observed in the locati on of defectson the teeth between males and females was stati sti callysignifi cant (p<0.05).Conclusion: These unaestheti c enamel defects are prevalent inNigeria children and mainly associated with childhood illnesses,use of tetracycline and poor socio-economic conditi ons...