Factores de riesgo para enfermedad cerebrovascular en el adulto mayor / Risk Factors for Cerebrovascular Disease in the Older Adult

Introducción: La vejez está subvalorada, poco se piensa en el bienestar físico y psicosocial del anciano. La enfermedad cerebrovascular tiene como factores de riesgo comorbilidades como la hipertensión arterial, la diabetes mellitus, la dislipidemia, cardiopatías o malos estilos de vida como el consumo de cigarrillo, la obesidad y la poca actividad física, todos estos comunes en esta etapa de la vida. Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo que presentan los adultos mayores para sufrir enfermedad cerebrovascular de un centro gerontológico de la ciudad de Medellín. Métodos: Fue una investigación descriptiva, de tipo transversal; se indagaron 37 adultos mayores con historias clínicas y exámenes de laboratorio. Se midieron los niveles de hemoglobina glicosilada, colesterol total, colesterol de baja densidad, colesterol de alta densidad y triglicéridos. Resultados: Se evidenció que la población era en su mayoría de sexo masculino con 51,4 por ciento y el sexo femenino con 48,6 por ciento; con rango de edad entre 60 y 70 años el 51,4 por ciento. Los factores de riesgo más relevantes fueron el índice de masa corporal mayor o igual a 25 con (75,7 por ciento), hipertensión arterial y no realizar actividad física. Conclusiones: Se logró determinar los principales factores de riesgo que tienen estos adultos mayores para sufrir enfermedad cerebrovascular; con resultados algunos similares y otros diferentes a estudios a nivel mundial. Con actividades de promoción y prevención se pueden intervenir estilos de vida de la población(AU)

Introduction: Old age is undervalued; little is thought about the physical and psychosocial well-being of the elderly. Among the risk factors of cerebrovascular disease, there are comorbidities, such as high blood pressure, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and cardiopathies, or poor lifestyles like cigarette smoking, obesity and little physical activity, all of which are common at this stage of life. Objective: To identify, in a gerontological center in Medellín City, the risk factors that older adults present for being affected by cerebrovascular disease. Methods: This was a descriptive and cross-sectional research carried out with 37 older adults with medical antecedents and laboratory tests. The levels of glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol, low-density and high-density cholesterol, as well as triglycerides were measured. Results: It was evidenced that the population was mostly male (51.4 por ciento), while females accounted for 48.6 por ciento. Their age range was mostly between 60 and 70 years (51.4 por ciento). The most relevant risk factors were body mass index greater than or equal to 25 (75.7 por ciento), arterial hypertension and not doing any physical activity. Conclusions: It was possible to determine the main risk factors for these older adults being affected by cerebrovascular disease; in this respect, some results were similar to and others were different from studies worldwide. With promotion and prevention activities, lifestyles of the population can be intervened(AU)

Prevalência de fibrilação atrial, indicação de anticoagulação oral e fatores associados em idosos brasileiros / Prevalence of atrial fibrillation, oral anticoagulation prescription and associated factors in Brazilian older adults

INTRODUÇÃO: A fibrilação atrial aumenta o risco de eventos cerebrovasculares em cinco vezes. A anticoagulação reduz a incidência e a gravidade desses eventos, entretanto muitos pacientes deixam de receber tromboprofilaxia. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a prevalência de fibrilação atrial em pacientes idosos acompanhados em um hospital universitário e identificar o percentual desses pacientes com prescrição de anticoagulantes. Os objetivos secundários foram identificar as opções terapêuticas, as justificativas para não indicar o uso e os fatores associados à ineficácia e/ou ausência de tratamento. METODOLOGIA: Em estudo transversal, uma amostra consecutiva de 1.630 pacientes do Hospital de Clínicas O de Porto Alegre foi rastreada entre abril e junho de 2017. Fibrilação atrial foi identificada em 220 (13,50%) indivíduos, dos quais 145 foram avaliados com base na revisão de prontuários e questionário telefônico. A associação entre as variáveis e os desfechos foi analisada por meio do Teste U de Mann-Whitney e do teste do qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de fibrilação atrial foi de 13,50%. Em 77,93%, havia i-r anticoagulante prescrito. Em 76,11% dos anticoagulados, a opção foi varfarina. Houve tendência de não prescrição para idosos com histórico de sangramento (risco relativo ­ RR = 2,32; índice de confiança de 95% - IC95% 0,95 - 5,64; p = 0,06) e quedas (RR = 2,02; IC95% 0,82 - 5,03; p = 0,08). Houve associação significativa entre maior grau de limitação funcional e maior índice de tratamento no alvo terapêutico (razão de prevalência ­ RP = 022; IC95% 0,06 - 0,87; p = 0,04). CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de fibrilação atrial foi de 13,5% e, em 77,93% dos casos, havia prescrição de anticoagulante. Houve associação entre incapacidade funcional e melhor índice de anticoagulação no alvo terapêutico.

INTRODUCTION: Atrial fibrillation increases five times the risk of stroke. Anticoagulation reduces the incidence of cerebrovascular events. However, many patients do not receive thromboprophylaxis. OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of atrial fibrillation in the older patients at a Brazilian university hospital and the proportion of anticoagulation prescription. Secondary objectives were to identify the therapeutic options, the main reasons for non-prescription and the factors associated with ineffectiveness or lack of treatment. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study with a consecutive sample of 1,630 outpatients selected at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre between April and June of 2017. Atrial fibrillation was identified in 220 (13.50%) individuals. t Medical records from 145 patients were accessed, followed by a telephone interview. The association between variables and " outcomes was checked using the Mann-Whitney's U Test and a chi-squared test. RESULTS: The prevalence of atrial fibrillation was 13.50%. Anticoagulation therapy was prescribed in 77.93% of cases. In 76.11% of patients, warfarin was the chosen drug. < There was a tendency towards no prescription in patients with previous bleeding (RR = 2.32; 95%CI 0.95 - 5.64; p = 0.06) and falls (RR = 2.02; 95%CI 0.82 - 5.03; p = 0.08). We found an association between reduced functional capacity (Barthel's Activities of Daily Living Score < 80) and higher rate of anticoagulation in therapeutic target (RR = 0.22; 95%CI 0.06 - 0.87; p = 0.04). CONCLUSION: The prevalence of atrial fibrillation in this population was 13.50% and in 77.93% of cases anticoagulant were prescribed. Functional impairment was associated with a higher rate of anticoagulation in therapeutic target.

Infarto da artéria de Percheron: relato de caso / Percheron´s artery infarction: a case report

O infarto da artéria de Percheron é uma apresentação rara de acidente vascular cerebral, caracterizado principalmente por isquemia talâmica bilateral. A apresentação clinica desse infarto se apresenta de maneira inesperada e variável. Relata-se um caso de um paciente masculino, idoso, acometido por diversas comorbidades, admitido na emergência em coma e hemiplégico a direita, demonstrando acometimento neurológico. A condição clínica do paciente variou durante a hospitalização, apresentando melhora do quadro neurológico focal e midríase fixa à direita, levando a um diagnóstico tardio. Paciente evoluiu ao óbito devido a causas não neurológicas.

The artery of Percheron infarct is a rare presentation of stroke, featured mainly by thalamic bilateral ischemia. The clinical presentation of this infarct is unexpected and variable. It's reported a case of a male patient, elderly, affected with several comorbidities, admitted to the emergency in comatose state and right hemiplegic, proving neurological involvement. The patient's clinical condition has fluctuated throughout the hospitalization presenting improvement of the focal neurologic implication and right mydriasis, culminating in a lagged diagnosis. Patient's death due to non neurologic causes.

Estudio preliminar del estado periodontal de pacientes con infarto cerebral isquémico / Preliminary study of the periodontal status of patients with ischemic stroke

Introducción: se reporta a la periodontitis como factor de riesgo de las siguientes enfermedades: diabetes mellitus, partos pretérminos, neonatos bajo peso, infecciones respiratorias, entre otras. Se atribuye destacada importancia al vínculo con enfermedades derivadas de la ateroesclerosis como infartos cardíacos y cerebrales. Objetivo: determinar posible asociación entre enfermedad periodontal e infarto cerebral isquémico aterotrobótico. Materiales y métodos: entre octubre 2015 y marzo del 2016, se realizó un estudio transversal observacional, de casos y controles, en los Hospitales "Freyre de Andrade" y "Dr. Luis Díaz Soto". Se registraron factores de riesgo para el infarto cerebral isquémico aterotrobótico y el estado periodontal, según el indice periodontal de Russell. El grupo control se homologó respecto a los casos en una proporción de 1X1, según edad, sexo, color de la piel y al menos 1 factor de riesgo reconocido del infarto cerebral. Se respetaron principios y normativas bioéticas para investigaciones biomédicas. Se emplearon medidas de resumen para datos cualitativos (frecuencias absolutas y porcentajes). Resultados: fueron estudiados 44 pacientes, 22 casos y 22 controles, mayoritariamente de 71 o más años, masculinos y blancos. Predominaron los pacientes con enfermedad periodontal sobre los sanos periodontalmente, 88,6 % y 11,4 %; respectivamente. La periodontitis fue el estado que prevaleció. La hipertensión arterial fue el factor asociado al infarto cerebral isquémico aterotrobótico que se presentó con mayor frecuencia, 61,4 %. Conclusiones: en todos los grupos la enfermedad periodontal predominó respecto al resto de factores de riesgo explorados del infarto cerebral isquémico, lo que pudiera sugerir asociación entre ambas enfermedades (AU).

Introduction: periodontitis is reported as a risk factor for diseases such as diabetes mellitus, preterm births, low weight neonates, and respiratory infections among others. The relationship between periodontal disease and diseases caused by atherosclerosis such as ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction has been emphasized. Objective: to determine the possible association between periodontal disease and atherothrombotic ischemic cerebral infarction (AICI). Materials and Methods: in the period from October 2015 to March 2016, an observational, case-control, cross-sectional study was carried out at the Hospitals "Freyre de Andrade" and " Dr. Luis Díaz Soto". Risk factors were recorded for AICI and the periodontal state, according to the revised Periodontal Russell's Index. The control group was homologated for cases at a ratio of 1x1, based on age, sex, skin color and at least 1 recognized AICI risk factor. Bioethical principles and regulations for biomedical research were respected. Summary measures were used for qualitative data (absolute frequencies and percentages). Results: 44 patients were studied, 22 cases and 22 controls, most of them aged 71 or more years, male and white. Patients with periodontal disease predominated over the periodontally healthy ones (88, 6 % y 11, 4 % respectively). Periodontitis was the most prevalent condition. High blood pressure was the most frequent factor associated to AICI, 61.4 %. Conclusions: in all groups, periodontal disease prevailed over the rest of the explored AICI risk factors, what may suggest an association between both diseases (AU).

Arteritis de Takayasu: Etiolog¡a inhabitual de infarto cerebral. Reporte de un caso / Takayasu arteritis: an unusual etiology of ischemic stroke. A case report

La arteritis de Takayasu (AT) es una vasculitis crónica de grandes vasos que afecta a la aorta y a sus principales ramas. La presentación clínica inicial generalmente se manifiesta con síntomas constitucionales inespecíficos, perode forma ocasional puede debutar con isquemia de un órgano determinado. Presentamos el caso de una mujer de 31años de edad sin ascendencia japonesa, sin factores de riesgo vasculares, que presentó de forma súbita déficit motoren hemicuerpo derecho y alteración del lenguaje. Al examen físico se encontró ausencia de pulso en una arteriadistal y una diferencia en la presión arterial en los miembros superiores. La angiografía por sustracción digital mostró oclusión de la arteria subclavia y carótida común izquierda, así como estenosis severa de la arteria subclavia derecha en su parte media.Se diagnosticó AT de acuerdo a los criterios diagnósticos del Colegio Americano de Reumatólogos de 1990 ylos Criterios modificados de Ishikawa. La paciente recibió tratamiento médico y de la rehabilitación con buena respuesta. La AT debe considerarse como posibilidad etiológica en todos los pacientes jóvenes que presenten uninfarto cerebral. Su diagnóstico precoz es crucial, ya que esta patología es sensible al tratamiento médico y se asociacon buenos resultados clínicos.

Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a chronic large vessel vasculitis that affects the aorta and its main branches. The initialclinical presentation is generally with non-specific constitutional symptoms, but occasionally it may debut with aparticular organ ischemia. We report the case of a 31-year-old woman, who presented suddenly a motor deficit inthe right hemibody and language impairment. Physical examination revealed the lack of a pulse in a distal artery and the difference in blood pressure between upper limbs. Digital subtraction angiography showed occlusion of the left subclavian artery and left common carotid artery and severe stenosis of the right subclavian artery in the middle portion. AT was diagnosed according to the diagnostic criteria of the American College of Rheumatologists, 1990. The patient received medical treatment and rehabilitation with good response. AT as an etiologic possibility should be considered in all young patients who have a stroke. Early diagnosis is crucial because this pathology is sensitive to medical treatment and it is associated with good clinical results.

La edad y factores clínicos asociados al desenlace funcional a seis meses en pacientes con ataque cerebrovascular isquémico atendidos durante el 2011 en el Instituto Neurológico de Colombia / Age and clinical factors associated with functional outcome at six months in patients with ischemic stroke treated in 2011 at the Neurological Institute of Colombia

Introducción: el desenlace funcional en pacientes que han sufrido un ataque cerebrovascular isquémico (ACVi) puede estar determinado por factores como edad, sexo, factores de riesgo cardiovasculares, comorbilidades y etiología de la enfermedad, los cuales pueden definir la severidad o no del pronóstico Objetivo: evaluar la asociación entre factores demográficos, etiológicos y clínicos, y desenlace funcional (favorable o desfavorable) a seis meses de seguimiento en pacientes con ACVi. Materiales y métodos: estudio retrospectivo de tipo casos y controles de pacientes adultos con ACVi; se realizó un modelo de regresión logística para identificar predictores de un desenlace funcional desfavorable (mRS 3-6) a seis meses de seguimiento. El ingreso de las variables se realizó por medio del método pasos hacia adelante (razón de verosimilitud) y evaluó el ajuste de los datos al modelo por medio de la prueba de Hosmer-Lemeshow. Se estimaron OR ajustados con los coeficientes del modelo y sus respectivos intervalos de confianza y valor p. Resultados: Un total de 275 pacientes con ACVi que tenían seguimiento a seis meses se incluyeron en el análisis; 56,4% de los pacientes eran hombres y 85,5% tenían 51 años o más. En el análisis multivariado se observó mayor probabilidad de desenlace funcional desfavorable al tener un puntaje NIHSS al ingreso ≥ 7 (OR 8,96, IC 95%: 5,02-15,99), tener 51 años o más (OR 5,0, IC 95%: 1,86-13,40) y transformación hemorrágica (OR 6,61, IC 95%: 1,6-26,87). Conclusión: los pacientes con ACVi después de seis meses de seguimiento con una puntuación NIHSS al ingreso ≥ 7, con 51 años o más, y que hayan sufrido durante la estancia hospitalaria transformación hemorrágica, tienen un peor desenlace funcional.

Introduction: functional outcome in patients who have suffered an ischemic stroke (IS) may be determined by factors such as age, gender, cardiovascular risk factors, comorbidities and etiology of the disease, they can define the severity or prognosis. Objective: To assess the association between demographic, etiologic and clinical and functional outcome (favorable or unfavorable) to six months follow-up in patients with IS. Materials and methods: Retrospective study of case-control adult stroke patients, a model of logistic regression was performed to identify predictors of an unfavorable functional outcome (mRS 3-6) at six months follow up. The entry of the variables was performed by the method steps forward (likelihood ratio) and evaluated the data fit the model using the Hosmer-Lemeshow. Adjusted ORs were estimated with the model coefficients and their confidence intervals and p value. Results: 275 ischemic stroke patients who had follow-up to six months were included in the analysis, 56.4% of patients were male and 85.5% were 51 years and older. In multivariate analysis, a higher probability of unfavorable functional outcome was observed to have an NIHSS score at admission ≥ 7 (OR 8.96, 95% CI 5.02-15.99), having 51 years or more (OR 5.0, 95% CI 1.86 -13.40) and hemorrhagic transformation (OR 6.61, 95% CI 1.6-26.87). Conclusion: ischemic stroke patients after six months follow-up with a NIHSS score at admission ≥ 7 with 51 years or more and who have suffered during the hospital stay hemorrhagic transformation have a worse functional outcome.

La enfermedad cerebral isquémica en el Hospital Carlos Andrade Marín / Cerebral ischemic disease in the Carlos Andrade Marin Hospital

Introducción: en el Ecuador la Enfermedad Cerebro Vascular (ECV) es la segunda causa de muerte y la primera de discapacidad. El Infarto Cerebral representa aproximadamente el 85% de los casos de ECV. El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar los factores de riesgo, complicaciones y mortalidad en los pacientes con Infarto Cerebral hospitalizados en el servicio de Neurología del Hospital Carlos Andrade Marín. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, donde se analizaron los expedientes clínicos electrónicos (Sistema Informático AS 400) de 117 pacientes que sufrieron un Infarto Cerebral comprobado por estudios de imagen entre los meses de enero a diciembre del año 2011. Resultados: en la muestra se observó que sobre el 82% de los pacientes tenían más de 60 años de edad. Con un leve predominio de hombres en relación con las mujeres. Entre los factores de riesgo se encontró: hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus (DM) y tabaquismo. La aterosclerosis fue la causa más frecuente. El territorio vascular más afectado fue el anterior con un predominio de alteración en la arteria cerebral media con relación a la arteria cerebral anterior. El 44,44% de los pacientes presentó al menos una complicación, las cuales aparecen a medida que se prolonga el tiempo de hospitalización. Las más frecuentes fueron las extra neurológicas, de estas, la principal observada fue la neumonía que también fue la primera causa de muerte. Conclusiones: al analizar los factores que potencialmente condicionan la aparición de neumonía se encontró una relación estadísticamente signifcativa con la fibrilación auricular. La mortalidad en el período observado fue de alrededor del 15%. El 33% de los fallecidos tuvo como causa directa una complicación neurológica. Palabras clave: enfermedad cerebro vascular, infarto cerebral, factores de riesgo del infarto cerebral, isquemia cerebral.

Introduction: in Ecuador, Cerebrovascular Disease (CVD) is the second leading cause of death and first cause of disability. Cerebral infarction (stroke) accounts for approximately 85% of patients with CVD. The objective of this paper is to show risk factors, complications and mortality in hospitalized patients with cerebral infarction in the Neurology Ward of the Carlos Andrade Marín Hospital. Materials and methods: an observational study was performed, where electronic medical records (Information System AS 400) of 117 patients who suffered a cerebral infarction verifed by imaging studies between january and december 2011 were analyzed. Results: in the sample it was observed that about 82% of the patients were over 60 years old, with a slightly higher amount of men in relation to women. Among the risk factors hypertension, diabetes mellitus (DM) and smoking habits were found. Atherosclerosis was the most frequent cause. The most affected cardiovascular area was the anterior with a predominance of abnormality in the middle cerebral artery in comparison to the anterior cerebral artery. 44.44% of patients had at least one complication, which appears as the hospitalization time is prolonged. No neurological related complications were the most frequent, and among these, the most common was pneumonia, which was the most frequent leading cause of death. Conclusions: by analyzing the factors that potentially contributed or pneumonia to appear, a significant relationship with atrial fibrillation was statistically found. Mortality in the period observed was about 15%. Only 33% of the deceased had died as a direct result of a neurological complication.

Factores de riesgo asociados en recurrencias de un infarto cerebral en pacientes del Hospital Carlos Andrade Marín / Risk factors associated to recurring cerebral infarction in Carlos Andrade Marin Hospital patients

Introducción: al paciente que ha sufrido un infarto cerebral no solo le preocupan las secuelas de este, tanto a él, sus familiares como a su médico le preocupa la posibilidad de que dicha enfermedad se repita. La relación entre algunos factores de riesgo y recurrencia de infarto cerebral no es completamente clara. El objetivo de este trabajo es establecer la tasa de recurrencia de un infarto cerebral durante el primer año posterior al primer evento isquémico en los pacientes hospitalizados en el servicio de Neurología del Hospital Carlos Andrade Marín, la tasa de mortalidad y los factores de riesgo relacionados con estas. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, donde se analizaron los expedientes clínicos electrónicos (Sistema Informático AS 400) de 80 pacientes que sufrieron un Infarto Cerebral comprobado por estudios de imagen entre los meses de enero a diciembre del año 2011 y que fueron evaluados posteriormente durante 1 año en forma periódica en la consulta externa. Todos los pacientes estaban recibiendo medicación para prevención de un segundo infarto. Resultados: en la muestra se observó que 9 pacientes (11%) tuvieron recurrencia y de estos 4 fallecieron. Los pacientes que fallecieron tuvieron todos como etiología de su primer infarto cerebral al cardioembolismo por Fibrilación Auricular. Conclusión: la recurrencia tiene una relación directa con la edad de los pacientes y con la presencia de hipertensión arterial como factor de riesgo.

Introduction: patients who have suffered a Cerebral Infarction (stroke) are not only concerned about the consequences of it; the patient, family and doctors are concerned about the possibility that the disease will recur. The correlation between risk factors and recurrence of cerebral infarction is not entirely clear. The objective of this work is to establish the rate of recurrence of cerebral infarction during the first year after the first ischemic event in patients hospitalized in the Neurology Ward of the Carlos Andrade Marín Hospital, the mortality rate and risk factors related to it. Materials and methods: an observational study was performed, where electronic medical records (Information System AS 400) of 80 patients who suffered a Cerebral infarction, verified by imaging studies between january and december 2011 and who were subsequently periodically evaluated within 1 year, were analyzed. All patients were receiving medication for stroke prevention. Results: the study showed that 9 patients (11%) had recurrence and among these 4 died. All patients who died had Atrial Fibrillation Cardio Embolism as a cause of their first cerebral infarction. Conclusion: recurrence is directly related to patient age and the presence of hypertension as a risk factor.

Lesiones cerebrovasculares asintomáticas y su relación con factores de riesgo vascular en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica terminal en hemodiálisis / Asymptomatic cerebrovascular lesions and their relationship to vascular risk factors in patients with end stage renal disease on hemodialysis program

Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre los factores de riesgo vascular y la presencia de lesiones cerebrovasculares en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica terminal (IRCT) en programa de hemodiálisis. Material y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, transversal y analítico en el Hospital Nacional Essalud Carlos Alberto Seguín Escobedo de Arequipa, en 106 pacientes con IRCT en programa de hemodiálisis, sin historia de patología neurológica previa. Se realizó una resonancia magnética nuclear cerebral para detectar lesiones cerebrovasculares (lesiones de sustancia blanca y/o infartos cerebrales silentes). Se determinó los factores de riesgo vascular ôtradicionalesõ y ôno tradicionalesõ mediante revisión de historias clínicas y cuestionarios. Resultados: Se encontró lesiones cerebrovasculares asintomáticas en 86 pacientes (81,1%) de los cuales 69 pacientes (80,2%) tuvieron ambas lesiones (lesión de sustancia blanca e infarto cerebral silente). Los factores ôtradicionalesõ de riesgo vascular que tuvieron una relación significativa (p < 0,05) con la presencia de lesiones cerebrovasculares asintomáticas fueron edad avanzada, hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus, hipercolesterolemia, elevación de LDL-c e hiperuricemia; y, de los factores ôno tradicionalesõ fueron trastornos del fósforo sérico, hipoalbuminemia y elevación de proteína C reactiva. El mayor tiempo en hemodiálisis también tuvo una relación significativa (p<0,05) con la presencia de lesiones cerebrovasculares. Conclusión: Se concluye que existe relación entre los factores de riesgo vascular con la presencia de lesiones cerebrovasculares asintomáticas en los pacientes evaluados en este estudio.

Objective. To determine the relationship between traditional and non-traditional vascular risk factors and the presence of asymptomatic cerebrovascular lesions on end stage renal disease (ESRD) patients in hemodialysis. Material and Methods. A prospective, cross-sectional and analytical study was carried on in Carlos Alberto Seguin Escobedo Hospital, Arequipa, on 106 patients with ESRD on hemodialysis and with no previous neurological event. All patients underwent a magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in order to detect cerebrovascular lesions (white matter lesions and/or silent brain infarcts). Traditional and non-traditional vascular risk factors were identified by reviewing medical records and filling out questionnaires. Results. Asymptomatic cerebrovascular lesions occurred in 86 patients (81,1%), both lesions (white matter lesions and silent brain infarcts) occurred in 69 (80,2%) of patients. Traditional vascular risk factors that correlated (p<0,05) with the presenceof asymptomatic cerebrovascular lesions were: old-age, hypertension, diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, elevation of low density lipoprotein, hyperuricemia, serum phosphate disorder, hypoalbuminemia and elevation of the C-reactive protein. Time in hemodialysis too correlated with the presence of cerebrovascular lesions (p < 0,05). Conclusion. There was a significant relationship between vascular risk factors and asymptomatic cerebrovascular lesions in ESRD patients.

Albumina humana: usos e abusos / Human albumin: uses and abuses

A relevância da utilização de albumina em pacientes com doença aguda ou crônica permanece controversa. Apesar da importância fisiológica e dos potenciais efeitos benéficos, sua utilização é baseada na prática clínica e não sustentada nas evidências dos estudos clínicos. Resultados promissores de seu uso são confirmados na falência hepática, no infarto cerebral e, talvez, em situações de exceção na reposição volêmica de pacientes críticos.

The relevance of human albumin administration remains controversial. Albumin infusion has not proven to achieve clinical benefit in many acute and chronic disease states with a few exceptions in liver failure, cerebral infarction and may be in acute hypovolemia in the critical patients.

Morbi-mortalidad de la endarterectomía carotídea / Morbidity and mortality of carotid endarterectomy

La endarterectomía carotídea (EC) en adición al mejor tratamiento médico mostró reducción del riesgo de eventos cerebrovasculares en pacientes sintomáticos y asintomáticos con estenosis moderada-grave del vaso en ensayos clínicos en centros académicos con cirujanos altamente seleccionados. Las principales guías internacionales recomiendan que el procedimiento se realice en centros con morbi-mortalidad auditada menor al 6% para pacientes sintomáticos y 3% para asintomáticos. Evaluamos la morbi-mortalidad peri-procedimiento en nuestro centro. Esta fue definida como la presencia de accidente cerebrovascular, infarto de miocardio y/o muerte dentro de los 30 días de la cirugía. Se indicó el procedimiento en pacientes sintomáticos con estenosis > 50%. En pacientes asintomáticos o sintomáticos con estenosis ≤ 50% se decidió el tratamiento sobre una base caso por caso. Todos los pacientes fueron examinados por un neurólogo y un cardiólogo antes y después de la EC. Se utilizó en forma rutinaria monitoreo intraoperatorio con Doppler transcraneano en los pacientes con adecuada ventana ultrasónica. Se evaluaron 306 endarterectomías carotídeas. No se registraron muertes. La morbilidad perioperatoria fue de 2.6% tanto para individuos sintomáticos como asintomáticos. Estos índices se compararon favorablemente con informes de otros centros de Latinoamérica y Europa. En conclusión, este informe muestra que la EC puede realizarse en la práctica clínica cotidiana con morbi-mortalidad peri-procedimiento dentro de los niveles recomendados por las guías internacionales.

Clinical trials in academic centers with high selected surgeons have demonstrated the effectiveness of carotid endarterectomy (CE) in addition to best medical treatment in symptomatic and asymptomatic patients with moderate to severe stenosis. International guidelines recommend that the procedure should be done in centers with morbidity and mortality rates of less than 6% for symptomatic and 3% for asymptomatic patients. We evaluated the morbidity and mortality of CE in our institution. This was defined by the presence of stroke, myocardial infarction and/or death within 30 days of surgery. Surgery was indicated in symptomatic patients with stenosis greater than 50%. For asymptomatic or symptomatic patients with stenosis ≤ 50% treatment was decided on a case-by-case basis. All patients were examined by a neurologist with and a cardiologist before and after the procedure. Intraoperative monitoring with transcranial Doppler was routinely used in patients with adequate ultrasonic window. We evaluated 306 procedures. No deaths occurred. Perioperative morbidity was 2.6% for both, symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects. These numbers compared favorably with those reported by other centers in Latin America and Europe. In conclusion, CE can be performed in routine clinical practice with morbidity and mortality results within those recommended by international guidelines.

Efecto de la hiperglucemia en la mortalidad hospitalaria del infarto cerebral / Influence of hyperglycemia in the hospital mortality by cerebral infarction

En los últimos años se aborda el posible efecto deletéreo de la hiperglucemia sobre la lesión cerebral isquémica, y su consecuente influencia sobre el incremento de la mortalidad por infarto cerebral, por tanto resultaría recomendable la corrección oportuna de este trastorno metabólico, con vistas a mejorar el pronóstico en estos pacientes. Objetivo: determinar el efecto de la hiperglucemia en la mortalidad hospitalaria por infarto cerebral. Método: se realizó un estudio observacional analítico de corte transversal desde enero de 2009 hasta enero de 2010 en el Hospital Universitario Manuel Ascunce Domenech de Camagüey. El universo estuvo constituido por 252 pacientes y la muestra quedó conformada por 187 por muestreo no probabilístico basado en los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Resultados: el riesgo de mortalidad asociado a la hiperglucemia fue de 4,5 (OR = 4,5 IC: 95 % SD: 1,8 a 6,05; P=0,000). El promedio de glucemias media y máxima de los fallecidos es significativamente mayor que la de los egresados vivos. La mortalidad por infarto cerebral predominó en los pacientes no portadores de la enfermedad. De los 67 pacientes hiperglucémicos sólo cinco fueron tratados con insulina, y de ellos cuatro sobrevivieron. Conclusiones: el riesgo de morir cuando se tiene hiperglucemia es 4,5 mayor que con glucemia normal, aunque éste no aparenta tener relación con el antecedente de diabetes mellitus.

In the last years the possible deleterious effect of hyperglycemia on ischemic cerebral lesion is dealt with, and its consequent influence on the increase of mortality by cerebral infarction, therefore it is recommended the opportune correction of this metabolic disorder with a view to improving prognosis in these patients. Objective: to determine the effect of hyperglycemia in the hospital mortality by cerebral infarction. Method: a cross-section, analytical observational study from January 2009 to January 2010 at the University Hospital Manuel Ascunce Domenech was accomplished. The universe was constituted by 252 patients and the sample was formed of 187 by non probabilistic sampling based in the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: the risk of mortality associate to hyperglycemia was about 4.5 (OR 4.5 IC: 95 % SD: 1.8 to 6.05; P 0.000). The average of middle and maxim glycemia of deceased persons is significantly greater than the one of living persons. The mortality by cerebral infarction in patients without diabetes mellitus was greater than the ones had it. Of the 67 hyperglycemic patients only five were treated with insulin, and just four survived. Conclusions: the risk of dying when having hyperglycemia is 4.5 bigger than a normal glycemia, although this does not seems to be related with diabetes mellitus antecedent.

Decompressive craniectomy in massive cerebral infarction / Craniectomia descompressiva no infarto cerebral extenso

Twenty one patients were submitted to decompressive craniectomy for massive cerebral infarct. Ten patients (47.6 percent) presented a good outcome at the 6 months evaluation, eight had a poor outcome (38 percent) and three died (14.2 percent). There was no outcome statistical difference between surgery before and after 24 hours of ictus, dominant and non-dominant stroke groups. Patients older than 60 years and those who had a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)<8 in the pre-surgical exam presented worst outcome at six months (p<0.05). Decompressive craniectomy for space-occupying large hemispheric infarction increases the probability of survival. Age lower than 60 years, GCS >8 at pre-surgical exam and decompressive craniectomy before signs of brain herniation represent the main factors related to a better outcome. Dominant hemispheric infarction does not represent exclusion criteria.

Vinte e um pacientes foram submetidos a craniectomia descompressiva para o tratamento de infarto cerebral extenso. Dez pacientes (47,6 por cento) apresentaram boa evolução em avaliação após 6 meses, 8 apresentaram evolução desfavorável (38 por cento) e 3 faleceram (14,2 por cento). Durante o seguimento, não se evidenciou diferença estatística na evolução entre pacientes operados antes e após 24 horas do ictus, nem entre lesões envolvendo o hemisfério dominante versus não dominante. Pacientes com mais de 60 anos e aqueles com Escala de Coma de Glasgow (ECG)<8 na avaliação pré-operatória apresentaram pior evolução após 6 meses (p<0,05). A craniectomia descompressiva para infartos hemisféricos extensos aumentam a probabilidade de sobrevivência. Idade abaixo de 60 anos e ECG >8 no exame pré-operatório e craniectomia descompressiva antes de sinais de herniação cerebral representam os principais fatores relacionados a uma melhor evolução clínica. Infarto hemisférico envolvendo o hemisfério dominante não representa um critério de exclusão.

Evaluación clínico- epidemiológica de la morbimortalidad por enfermedad cerebrovascular: Hospital Militar de Matanzas / Clinico-epidemiologic evaluation of the morbimortality by cerebrovascular disease in the Military Hospital of Matanzas

Las enfermedades cerebrovasculares (ECV) constituyen uno de los problemas de salud más importantes en todos los países desarrollados y en nuestro país. Nos proponemos profundizar en los factores que inciden en la morbiletalidad de estos pacientes en nuestra área, cumpliendo con el objetivo general de profundizar en el estudio de las enfermedades cerebrovasculares para interactuar y lograr disminuir su morbilidad, sus secuelas y la letalidad que las caracterizan. Se realiza un estudio prospectivo descriptivo, se incluyen los pacientes que ingresaron en el hospital Dr Mario Muñoz Monroy de Matanzas con enfermedades cerebrovasculares de Junio del 2000 a Junio del 2003, tenemos que el sexo más frecuente es el masculino y el grupo de edad, el comprendido entre 70-79 años, resultando la Hipertensión Arterial , el factor de riesgo que más incide, presentándose en la mayoría de los pacientes, algún grado de discapacidad. Llegamos a la conclusión que el incremento de la morbilidad y letalidad, a medida que aumenta la edad, asociado a la forma mas frecuente de presentación que lo constituye el infarto cerebral, con afectación de la cerebral media, fundamentalmente, predominando las complicaciones sépticas, existiendo dificultad en cuanto a la correlación clínico patológica.

Cerebrovascular diseases are one of the main health problems in all the developed countries and in our country. Our purpose is to deepen in the factors striking in the morbilethality of these patients in our area, fulfilling the general objective of deepening in the study of the cerebrovascular diseases to interact and achieve a decrease of their morbidity, sequelae and the lethality characterizing them. We carried out a descriptive prospective study, including the patients entering the hospital Dr Mario Muñoz Monroy of Matanzas with cardiovascular diseases from June 2000 to June 2003 obtaining that the most frequent genre is the male one, and the age group, the one between 70-79 years-old, being arterial hypertension the risk fact with higher incidence, most of the patients showing some level of disability. We arrived to the conclusion that morbidity and lethality increase with age, associated to the most frequent presentation, cerebral stroke, affecting mainly the cerebral media. Septic complications are predominant, with difficulties in the clinic-pathologic correlation.

Craniectomia descompressiva para tratamento de hipertensão intracraniana secundária a infarto encefálico isquêmico extenso: análise de 34 casos / Decompressive craniectomy for treatment of intracranial hypertension secondary to large ischemic cerebral infarction: analysis of 34 cases

Infarto encefálico isquêmico extenso (IEIE) é a perda do suprimento sangüíneo de uma grande área cerebral, principalmente do território da artéria cerebral média. Pode evoluir com edema importante, hipertensão intracraniana e óbito em até 80 por cento dos casos. OBJETIVO: Avaliar os resultados da craniectomia descompressiva no tratamento da hipertensão intracraniana secundária ao IEIE, comparando com os resultados de outros estudos publicados na literatura. MÉTODO: Foram analisados 34 pacientes com IEIE tratados clinicamente sem sucesso e que necessitaram de craniectomia descompressiva para controle da hipertensão intracraniana. RESULTADOS: 8 pacientes (23,52 por cento) faleceram, 26 (76,47 por cento) sobreviveram, sendo que 2 (7,70 por cento) permaneceram em estado vegetativo. CONCLUSÃO: Os fatores idade acima de 50 anos e sexo masculino se associaram a maior risco de evolução para óbito. O nível de consciência à admissão e a área do retalho ósseo apresentaram valores próximos de significância estatística.

The large ischemic cerebral infarction (LICI) is a brain supply loss of a large area in the brain, mainly on the middle cerebral artery. Is possible that evolutes a major edema, intracranial hypertension and death in about 80 percent of the cases. OBJECTIVE: To avaliate the results of a descompressive craniectomy on the treatment of the secundary intracranial hypertension to LICI, comparing to other results of medical literature already published. METHOD: Were analysed 34 pacients diagnosed with LICI clinically treated unsuccesfully that needed forther on the decompressive craniectomy treatment, for the control of intracranial hypertension. RESULTS: 8 pacients (23.52 percent) died, 26 (76.47 percent) survived, and 2 (7.70 percent) developed a vegetative state condition. CONCLUSION: The factors age over 50 years and male gender were associated with a high death risk. The level of consciousness at admission and bone flap area were nearer the values of statistic significance.

Isquemia cerebral transitoria y riesgo de infarto cerebral isquémico / Transitory cerebral isquemia and risk of cerebral ischemic stroke

La enfermedad vascular cerebral es la principal causa de hospitalización neurológica en el mundo. Costa Rica no es la excepción; en nuestros hospitales cada día es más frecuente el número de pacientes que ingresan con infartos cerebrales isquémicos. Esta común enfermedad obedece a la prevalencia de enfermedades crónicas con la hipertensión arterial, diabetes mellitus, dislipidemias, tabaquismo y la alta expectativa de vida de los costarricenses, todos considera dos factores de riesgo. Aproximadamente un 80 por ciento de los infartos cerebrales son isquémicos secundarios a la oclusión arterial aguda de un territorio vascular específico, el restante 20 por ciento corresponde a la variante hemorrágica. Las secuelas neurológicas secudarias a esta entidad son la principal causa de discapacidad crónica en los pacientes y conlleva una alta morbilidad y mortalidad. Aunque muchos sufren el infarto cerebral isquémico en forma aguda, otro grupo de pacientes experimenta uno o varios episodios previos de isquemia cerebral transitoria, lo cual los pone en riesgo de sufrir un infarto cerebral isquémico durante un periodo corto, es decir son pacientes vulnerables. Esta revisión pretende actualizar los conocimientos médicos, especialmente para aquellos que trabajan en la atención primaria y en los servicios de urgencias hospitalarias, que reconozcan a este grupo de pacientes y les brinden la atención médica necesaria para de prevenir un infarto cerebral isquémico. La isquemia cerebral transitoria debe ser considerada como una emergencia neurológica. Descriptores: Isquemia cerebral transitoria, emergencia neurológica, infarto cerebral isquémico.

Suporte ciculatório percutâneo total em paciente com IAM em choque cardiogênico / Total percutaneous circulatory support in patients with myocardial acute infarction

Na oclusão aguda de artéria coronária, a recuperação da função miocárdica após a revascularização pode requerer vários dias. Nesse período crítico, pacientes em choque cardiogênico podem apresentar baixo débito. Nesse perído crítico, pacientes em choque cardiogênico podem apresentar baixo débito. Dispositivos de assistência circulatória podem oferecer tratamento rápido e eficaz para os pacientes

Cerebral infarction in autopsies of chagasic patients with heart failure

OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of encephalic infarction and its contribution to lethality in patients with Chagas' disease and heart failure. METHODS: Medical records and autopsy reports of patients with Chagas' disease complicated by heart failure, who died at the Professor Edgar Santos Hospital of the Federal University of Bahia in the past 45 years were retrospectively analyzed. Data comprised information regarding the clinical history on hospital admission, complementary and anatomicopathological examinations, including the presence of encephalic infarction, the impaired region, and the cause of death. RESULTS: Of the 5,447 autopsies performed, 524 were in patients with heart failure due to Chagas' disease. The mean age was 45.7 years, and 51 (63 percent) patients were of the male sex. The frequency of encephalic infarction was 17.5 percent, corresponding to 92 events in 92 individuals, 82 (15.8 percent) of which involved the brain, 8 (1.5 percent) involved the cerebellum, and 2 (0.4 percent) involved the hypophysis. CONCLUSION: Cerebral infarction has been a frequent finding in autopsies of chagasic patients with heart failure, and it has been an important cause of death in our region. The presence of cerebral infarction and its complications have been associated with death in 52 percent of the cases studied

Hipertensãoáinduzida farmacologicamente em paciente com isquemia em território vértebro-basilar associada com estenose vertebral bilateral / Pharmacologically-induced hypertension in a patient with vertebro-basilar territory ischemia associated with bilateral vertebral stenosis

A hipertensãoáarterial éáum dos principais fatores de risco para acidentes vasculares encefálicos. No entanto, o tratamento agressivo da hipertensãoána fase aguda pode estar associada a pior evolução clínica. Apresentamos o caso de uma paciente de 81 anos, admitida após múltiplos infartos encefálicos em circulação posterior. Em vigência de anticoagulação plena, a paciente apresentou deterioração neurológica coincidindo com normalização dos níveis pressóricos. Uma angiorressonância documentou uma estenose vertebral bilateral. Após indução de hipertensãoácom dopamina, a paciente apresentou rápida melhora dos déficits. Nesse primeiro relato de hipertensãoáinduzida na literatura brasileira, ilustramos o potencial benefício dessa estratégia terapêutica em pacientes com documentado mecanismo hemodinâ­mico de piora clínica