Características e desfechos de pacientes com sepse adquirida na comunidade e no hospital / Characteristics and outcomes of patients with community-acquired and hospital-acquired sepsis

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar as características clínicas e os desfechos de pacientes com sepse adquirida na comunidade ou no hospital. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo retrospectivo de coorte, que incluiu todos os pacientes com diagnóstico de sepse detectada entre janeiro de 2010 e dezembro de 2015 em um hospital privado localizado na Região Sul do Brasil. Os desfechos (mortalidade, tempo de permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva e no hospital) foram avaliados por meio da análise dos registros eletrônicos. Resultados: Foram hospitalizados, no total, 543 pacientes com diagnóstico de sepse, com frequência de 90,5 (85 a 105) casos por ano. Destes, 319 (58%) casos foram classificados como sepse adquirida no hospital. Este grupo apresentava doença mais grave e tinha um maior número de disfunções de órgãos, assim como teve um tempo maior de permanência no hospital [8 (8 - 10) versus 23 (20 - 27) dias; p < 0,001] e na unidade de terapia intensiva [5 (4 - 7) versus 8,5 (7 - 10); p < 0,001] do aqueles que apresentavam sepse adquirida na comunidade. Após ajustar quanto à idade, escore APACHE II e disfunção hemodinâmica e respiratória, a sepse adquirida no hospital persistiu associada com maior mortalidade (OR 1,96; IC95% 1,15 - 3,32, p = 0,013). Conclusão: Nossos resultados contribuem para a definição do perfil epidemiológico da sepse na amostra estudada, na qual a sepse adquirida no hospital foi mais grave e associada com mortalidade mais alta.

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with community-acquired and hospital-acquired sepsis. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study that included all patients with a diagnosis of sepsis detected between January 2010 and December 2015 at a private hospital in southern Brazil. Outcomes (mortality, intensive care unit and hospital lengths of stay) were measured by analyzing electronic records. Results: There were 543 hospitalized patients with a diagnosis of sepsis, with a frequency of 90.5 (85 to 105) cases/year. Of these, 319 (58%) cases were classified as hospital-acquired sepsis. This group exhibited more severe disease and had a larger number of organ dysfunctions, with higher hospital [8 (8 - 10) versus 23 (20 - 27) days; p < 0.001] and intensive care unit [5 (4 - 7) versus 8.5 (7 - 10); p < 0.001] lengths of stay and higher in-hospital mortality (30.7% versus 15.6%; p < 0.001) than those with community-acquired sepsis. After adjusting for age, APACHE II scores, and hemodynamic and respiratory dysfunction, hospital-acquired sepsis remained associated with increased mortality (OR 1.96; 95%CI 1.15 - 3.32, p = 0.013). Conclusion: The present results contribute to the definition of the epidemiological profile of sepsis in the sample studied, in which hospital-acquired sepsis was more severe and was associated with higher mortality.

Effects of the implementation of a hand hygiene education program among ICU professionals: an interrupted time-series analysis / Efeitos da implementação de um programa de educação de higienização das mãos entre profissionais de uma UTI: análise de séries temporais interrompidas

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effects that a hand hygiene education program has on the compliance of health professionals in an ICU. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with an interrupted time-series design, conducted over a 12-month period: the 5 months preceding the implementation of a hand hygiene education program (baseline period); the 2 months of the intensive (intervention) phase of the program; and the first 5 months thereafter (post-intervention phase). Hand hygiene compliance was monitored by one of the researchers, unbeknownst to the ICU team. The primary outcome measure was the variation in the rate of hand hygiene compliance. We also evaluated the duration of mechanical ventilation (MV), as well as the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) at 28 days and 60 days, together with mortality at 28 days and 60 days. Results: On the basis of 959 observations, we found a significant increase in hand hygiene compliance rates-from 31.5% at baseline to 65.8% during the intervention phase and 83.8% during the post-intervention phase, corresponding to prevalence ratios of 2.09 and 2.66, respectively, in comparison with the baseline rate (p < 0.001). Despite that improvement, there were no significant changes in duration of MV, VAP incidence (at 28 or 60 days), or mortality (at 28 or 60 days). Conclusions: Our findings indicate that a hand hygiene education program can increase hand hygiene compliance among ICU professionals, although it appears to have no impact on VAP incidence, duration of MV, or mortality.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos da implementação de um programa de educação sobre higienização das mãos e a adesão a essa prática entre profissionais de uma UTI. Métodos: Estudo quase-experimental com séries temporais interrompidas conduzido ao longo de 12 meses: 5 meses antes do programa de educação (período basal), 2 meses durante a fase intensiva do programa (período de intervenção) e 5 meses durante a fase de manutenção do programa (período pós-intervenção). A avaliação da adesão às práticas de higienização das mãos foi feita por um dos pesquisadores sem conhecimento da equipe da UTI. O desfecho primário foi a variação da taxa de adesão à higienização das mãos. Também foram avaliadas a duração da ventilação mecânica (VM), a incidência de pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica (PAVM) em 28 e 60 dias e mortalidade nos mesmos momentos. Resultados: Com base em 959 observações, houve um aumento nas taxas de adesão à higienização das mãos de 31,5% no período basal para 65,8% no período de intervenção e para 83,8% no período pós-intervenção, representando uma razão de prevalência 2,09 e 2,66 maior que o período basal, respectivamente (p < 0,001). Apesar desse aumento, não houve diferenças significativas em relação à duração da VM ou à incidência de PAVM e taxa de mortalidade em 28 e 60 dias. Conclusões: Neste estudo, o programa de educação em higienização das mãos aumentou a adesão a esse procedimento durante o período de monitorização, sem alterar as taxas de PAVM, a duração da VM e a mortalidade.

Lesión renal aguda adquirida en el hospital: factores de riesgo y desenlaces clínicos / Non-critical care hospital-acquired acute kidney injury: analysis of 101 cases

Background: Non-critical care Hospital-Acquired Acute Kidney Injury (Non-ICU HA-AKI) is a preventable common complication. Aim: To analyze its risk factors and outcomes in a general hospital ward. Material and Methods: A retrospective paired case-control 1:2 study was carried out from April to December 2014. Non-ICU HA-AKI was defined as those patients who experienced a 1.5-fold, or 0.3 mg/dl rise in serum creatinine after 24 hours of hospitalization. Controls were randomly selected, paired by date of hospital admission and specialty causing the admission. We analyzed short-term outcomes and risk factors. Results: We included 101cases aged 65 ± 16 years (55% women). Mean length of stay at the time of diagnosis of AKI was 7.9 ± 8.9 days. Hospital length of stay was longer in patients with AKI (p < 0.01), The risk for intensive care unit (ICU) admission and mortality were also higher (odds ratio [OR], 2.43 [95% confidence intervals (CI), 1.24 to 4.75)p < 0.01 and OR, 26.2 [95% CI, 8.8 to 104, P < 0.01). In a multivariate analysis, sepsis (OR, 3.64 [95% CI, 1.30 to 10.16] p = 0.013), dehydration (OR, 14.4 [95% CI, 4.49 to 46.19), baseline glomerular filtration (OR, 0.96 [95% CI, 0.94-0.98), contrast medium exposure (OR, 4.33 [95% CI, 1.60 to 11.66), recent exposure to Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (OR 3.23 [95% CI, 1.22 to 8.52 (p = 0.02)] and Charlson comorbidity index (OR, 1.23 [95% CI, 1.05 to 1.43 (p < 0.01) were independent risk factors for Non-ICU HA-AKI. Conclusions: Non-ICU HA-AKI is associated with a longer hospital stay and higher risk of ICU admission and mortality. Most risk factors are potentially preventable.

Time of catheter removal in candidemia and mortality

ABSTRACT Background: The impact of central venous catheter (CVC) removal on the outcome of patients with candidemia is controversial, with studies reporting discrepant results depending on the time of CVC removal (early or any time during the course of candidemia). Objective: Evaluate the effect of time to CVC removal, early (within 48 h from the diagnosis of candidemia) vs. removal at any time during the course of candidemia, on the 30-day mortality. Methods: Retrospective cohort study of 285 patients with candidemia analyzing CVC removal within 48 h (first analysis) or at any time (second analysis). Results: A CVC was in place in 212 patients and was removed in 148 (69.8%), either early (88 patients, 41.5%) or late (60 patients, 28.3%). Overall, the median time to CVC removal was one day (range 1-28) but was six days (range 3-28) for those removed later. In the first analysis, APACHE II score (odds ratio [OR] 1.111, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.066-1.158), removal at any time (OR 0.079, 95% CI 0.021-0.298) and Candida parapsilosis infection (OR 0.291, 95% CI 0.133-0.638) were predictors of 30-day mortality. Early removal was not significant. In the second analysis APACHE II score (OR 1.122, 95% CI 1.071-1.175) and C. parapsilosis infection (OR 0.247, 95% CI 0.103-0.590) retained significance. Conclusions: The impact of CVC removal is dependent on whether the optimal analysis strategy is deployed and should be taken into consideration in future analyses.

Factores de riesgo asociados a mortalidad en infecciones relacionadas con la atención en salud en un hospital universitario de tercer nivel en Colombia / Mortality risk factors associated with healthcare infections in a tertiary level university hospital in Colombia

Introducción. Las infecciones hospitalarias son una amenaza para la salud pública. A pesar de los esfuerzos para contenerlas, su incidencia sigue siendo grande y genera altos costos en la atención en salud. Objetivo. Determinar los factores asociados a mortalidad en pacientes con diagnóstico de infecciones hospitalarias en nuestra institución. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio prospectivo de cohortes entre enero y diciembre del 2011 por medio de la observación de 1.015 pacientes con diagnóstico de infección de acuerdo a los criterios del sistema de vigilancia hospitalaria sugeridos por los Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Se excluyó a quienes no tenían cultivo microbiológico de la infección o habían tenido reingresos hospitalarios en menos de un año. Se evaluaron variables sociodemográficas y clínicas, perfiles de resistencia microbiológica y uso de antibióticos. La variable de desenlace fue la muerte. Se realizó un análisis de supervivencia para cada variable, estableciendo significación estadística con la prueba de log-rank , así como un análisis multivariado mediante regresión de Cox. Se consideraron significativos los valores de p menores de 0,05. Resultados. El promedio de edad fue de 43 años (57 % hombres y 43 % mujeres); 53 % de los pacientes tuvo diagnóstico clínico y 47 %, quirúrgico; 54 % de las infecciones se presentó en la herida quirúrgica y 62 % de ellas se asociaron a microorganismos Gram negativos. La mortalidad durante el seguimiento fue de 24,4 %. En el análisis multivariado se encontró asociación con mortalidad para las variables de estancia en cuidado intensivo ( hazard ratio (HR)=1,51; IC 95% 1,13-2,01), uso inapropiado de antibióticos (HR=3,05; IC 95% 2,34-3,98) y uso de antibiótico genérico o copia (HR=1,91; IC IC 95% 1,43-2,55). Conclusiones. El empleo de moléculas genéricas y el uso inadecuado de antibióticos en pacientes con infecciones hospitalarias son factores que pueden modificarse para disminuir la mortalidad.

Introduction: Nosocomial infections are a public health threat. Despite multiple efforts, its incidence is still significant and it generates high costs in health care. Objective: To determine risk factors associated with mortality in patients with healthcare infections in a tertiary level hospital in Colombia. Materials and methods: A prospective cohort observational study was performed between January and December 2011. One thousand one hundred and fifteen patients with health care infections using the CDC definition criteria were included. Exclusion criteria were those patients with no microbiologic isolate associated with the infection or hospital readmissions in the last year. Socio-demographic and clinical variables, bacterial resistance profiles and antibiotic use were evaluated. Death was the primary outcome. Survival analysis for each variable was performed using statistical significance defined by the log-rank test. Multivariate and Cox regression analyses were done. Values of p less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Mean age was 43 years old (57% men and 47% women); 53% of patients had a medical condition and 47% surgical diagnosis; 54% of health care infections were surgical site infections and 62% were associated to Gram-negative bacilli. The mortality rate during follow-up was 24.4%. On multivariate analysis we found an association with intensive care stay (HR=1.51; 95% CI: 1.13-2.01), inappropriate use of antibiotics (HR=3.05; 95% CI: 2.34-3.98) and use of generic antibiotics or copies (HR=1.91; 95%CI: 1.43-2.55). Conclusions: The use of generic molecules of antibiotics and inappropriate antibiotic treatments in patients with health care infections are modifiable factors to decrease mortality.

Impact of hospital infections on patients outcomes undergoing cardiac surgery at Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Marília / Impacto das infecções hospitalares na evolução de pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca na Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Marília

Objective: this study aimed to determine the incidence of nosocomial infections, the risk factors and the impact of these infections on mortality among patients undergoing to cardiac surgery. Methods: Retrospective cohort study of 2060 consecutive patients from 2006 to 2012 at the Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Marília. Results: 351 nosocomial infections were diagnosed (17%), 227 non-surgical infections and 124 surgical wound infections. Major infections were mediastinitis (2.0%), urinary tract infection (2.8%), pneumonia (2.3%), and bloodstream infection (1.7%). The in-hospital mortality was 6.4%. Independent variables associated with non-surgical infections were age > 60 years (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.31), ICU stay > 2 days (OR 5, 49, 95% CI 2.98 to 10, 09), mechanical ventilation > 2 days (OR11, 93, 95% CI 6.1 to 23.08), use of urinary catheter > 3 days (OR 4.85 95% CI 2.95 -7.99). Non-surgical nosocomial infections were more frequent in patients with surgical wound infection (32.3% versus 7.2%, OR 6.1, 95% CI 4.03 to 9.24). Independent variables associated with mortality were age greater than 60 years (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.4 to3.0), use of vasoactive drugs (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.9 to 6, 0), insulin use (OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.2 to 2.8), surgical reintervention (OR 4.4; 95% CI 2.1 to 9.0) pneumonia (OR 4.3; 95% CI 2.1 to 8.9) and bloodstream infection (OR = 4.7, 95% CI 2.0 to 11.2). Conclusion: Non-surgical hospital infections are common in patients undergoing cardiac surgery; they increase the chance of surgical wound infection and mortality. .

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar as taxas das infecções hospitalares, os fatores de risco associados e o impacto destas infecções na mortalidade dos pacientes submetidos à cirurgia cardíaca. Métodos: coorte retrospectivo que incluiu 2060 pacientes consecutivos, no período de 2006 a 2012 na Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Marília. Resultados: Foram diagnosticadas 351 infecções hospitalares (17%), sendo 227 infecções não cirúrgicas e 124 infecções cirúrgicas. As principais infecções foram: mediastinite (2,0%), infecção urinária (2,8%), pneumonia (2,3%), infecção da corrente sanguínea (1,7%). A mortalidade global intra-hospitalar foi de 6,4%. As variáveis independentes associadas às infecções não cirúrgicas foram: idade > 60 anos (OR 1,59; IC95%1,09-2,31), internação em UTI > 2 dias (OR5,49; IC95% 2,98-10,09), ventilação mecânica > 2 dias (OR11,93; IC95% 6,1 - 23,08), uso de sonda vesical >3 dias (OR 4,85 IC95% 2,95 -7,99). Infecções hospitalares não cirúrgicas foram mais frequentes em pacientes com infecção cirúrgica (32,3% versus 7,2%; OR 6,1; IC95% 4,03- 9,24). As variáveis independentes associadas a mortalidade foram: idade >60 anos (OR= 2,0 ; IC 95% 1,4-3,0), uso de droga vasopressora (OR 3,4; IC95% 1,9-6,0), uso de insulina (OR=1,8; IC 95% 1,2-2,8), reintervenção cirúrgica (OR=4,4 IC95% 2,1-9,0) pneumonia (OR=4,3 IC95% 2,1-8,9) e infecção da corrente sanguíneas (OR=4,7; IC95% 2,0-11,2). Conclusão: infecções hospitalares não cirúrgicas são frequentes pós cirurgia cardíaca, e aumentam a chance de infecção cirúrgica e a mortalidade. .

Colistina parenteral no tratamento de infeccoes graves: experiencia em centro unico / Parenteral colistin for the treatment of severe infections: a single center experience

Objetivo: Descrever a experiência de um único centro com o uso de colistina para tratar infecções hospitalares causadas por bactérias Gram-negativas resistentes a múltiplos fármacos e identificar fatores associados com lesão renal aguda e mortalidade. Métodos: Estudo longitudinal retrospectivo que avaliou pacientes gravemente enfermos, com infecções causadas por bactérias Gram-negativas resistentes a múltiplos fármacos. Foram considerados elegíveis para este estudo, durante o período compreendido entre janeiro e dezembro de 2008, todos os pacientes adultos com necessidade de tratamento com colistina endovenosa (colistimetato de sódio). As informações coletadas incluem dados demográficos, diagnóstico, duração do tratamento, presença de lesão renal aguda e mortalidade em 30 dias. Resultados: A colistina foi utilizada para tratar uma infecção em 109 de 789 pacientes (13,8%) admitidos à unidade de terapia intensiva. A mortalidade em 30 dias observada nestes pacientes foi de 71,6%. Vinte e nove pacientes (26,6%) tinham lesão renal prévia ao tratamento com colistina, sendo que seis deles conseguiram recuperar a função renal, mesmo durante o tratamento com colistina. Vinte e um pacientes (19,2%) desenvolveram lesão renal aguda durante o tratamento com colistina, sendo que 11 destes pacientes necessitaram ser submetidos à diálise. A variável independentemente associada com a presença de lesão renal aguda foi a pontuação segundo o sistema Sequential Organ Failure Assessment no início do tratamento com colistina (OR=1,46; IC95%=1,20-1,79; p<0,001). Idade (OR=1,03; IC95%=1,00-1,05; p=0,02) e uso de vasopressores (OR=12,48; IC95%=4,49-34,70; p<0,001) foram fatores associados a óbito, segundo um modelo de regressão logística. ...

Objective: To describe a single center experience involving the administration of colistin to treat nosocomial infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria and identify factors associated with acute kidney injury and mortality. Methods: This retrospective longitudinal study evaluates critically ill patients with infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. All adult patients who required treatment with intravenous colistin (colistimethate sodium) from January to December 2008 were considered eligible for the study. Data include demographics, diagnosis, duration of treatment, presence of acute kidney injury and 30-day mortality. Results: Colistin was used to treat an infection in 109 (13.8%) of the 789 patients admitted to the intensive care unit. The 30-day mortality observed in these patients was 71.6%. Twenty-nine patients (26.6%) presented kidney injury prior to colistin treatment, and six of these patients were able to recover kidney function even during colistin treatment. Twenty-one patients (19.2%) developed acute kidney injury while taking colistin, and 11 of these patients required dialysis. The variable independently associated with the presence of acute kidney injury was the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment at the beginning of colistin treatment (OR 1.46; 95%CI 1.20-1.79; p<0.001). The factors age (OR 1.03; 95%CI 1.00-1.05; p=0.02) and vasopressor use (OR 12.48; 95%CI 4.49-34.70; p<0.001) were associated with death in the logistic-regression model. Conclusions: Organ dysfunction at the beginning of colistin treatment was associated with acute kidney injury. In a small group of patients, we were able to observe an improvement of kidney function during colistin treatment. Age and vasopressor use were associated with death. .

Risk factors for infection with multidrug-resistant bacteria in non-ventilated patients with hospital-acquired pneumonia / Fatores de risco para multirresistência bacteriana em pneumonias adquiridas no hospital não associadas à ventilação mecânica

OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors for the development of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in non-ventilated patients. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational cohort study conducted over a three-year period at a tertiary-care teaching hospital. We included only non-ventilated patients diagnosed with HAP and presenting with positive bacterial cultures. Categorical variables were compared with chi-square test. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine risk factors for HAP caused by MDR bacteria. RESULTS: Of the 140 patients diagnosed with HAP, 59 (42.1%) were infected with MDR strains. Among the patients infected with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and those infected with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus, mortality was 45.9% and 50.0%, respectively (p = 0.763). Among the patients infected with MDR and those infected with non-MDR gram-negative bacilli, mortality was 45.8% and 38.3%, respectively (p = 0.527). Univariate analysis identified the following risk factors for infection with MDR bacteria: COPD; congestive heart failure; chronic renal failure; dialysis; urinary catheterization; extrapulmonary infection; and use of antimicrobial therapy within the last 10 days before the diagnosis of HAP. Multivariate analysis showed that the use of antibiotics within the last 10 days before the diagnosis of HAP was the only independent predictor of infection with MDR bacteria (OR = 3.45; 95% CI: 1.56-7.61; p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: In this single-center study, the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics within the last 10 days before the diagnosis of HAP was the only independent predictor of infection with MDR bacteria in non-ventilated patients with HAP. .

OBJETIVO: Identificar fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de pneumonia adquirida no hospital (PAH), não associada à ventilação mecânica e causada por bactérias multirresistentes (MR). MÉTODOS: Estudo de coorte observacional retrospectivo, conduzido ao longo de três anos em um hospital universitário terciário. Incluímos apenas pacientes sem ventilação mecânica, com diagnóstico de PAH e com cultura bacteriana positiva. Variáveis categóricas foram comparadas por meio do teste do qui-quadrado. A análise de regressão logística foi usada para determinar os fatores de risco para PAH causada por bactérias MR. RESULTADOS: Dos 140 pacientes diagnosticados com PAH, 59 (42,1%) apresentavam infecção por cepas MR. As taxas de mortalidade nos pacientes com cepas de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes e sensíveis à meticilina, respectivamente, foram de 45,9% e 50,0% (p = 0,763). As taxas de mortalidade nos pacientes com PAH causada por bacilos gram-negativos MR e não MR, respectivamente, foram de 45,8% e 38,3% (p = 0,527). Na análise univariada, os fatores associados com cepas MR foram DPOC, insuficiência cardíaca crônica, insuficiência renal crônica, diálise, cateterismo urinário, infecções extrapulmonares e uso de antimicrobianos nos 10 dias anteriores ao diagnóstico de PAH. Na análise multivariada, o uso de antimicrobianos nos 10 dias anteriores ao diagnóstico foi o único fator preditor independente de cepas MR (OR = 3,45; IC95%: 1,56-7,61; p = 0,002). CONCLUSÕES: Neste estudo unicêntrico, o uso de antimicrobianos de largo espectro 10 dias antes do diagnóstico de PAH foi o único preditor independente da presença de bactérias MR em pacientes ...

Factors influencing the early mortality in haematological malignancy patients with nosocomial Gram negative bacilli bacteraemia: a retrospective analysis of 154 cases

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to assess the factors influencing the early mortality (7- day after index blood culture) in haematological malignancy patients with Gram negative bacilli (GNB) bacteraemia. METHODS: Infection control committee records were reviewed to identify the cases between March 2006 and June 2011. Only one bacteraemic episode per patient was included in the study. RESULTS: A total of 154 patients with GNB bacteraemia were identified. The early mortality rate was 19.5% (30 out of 154). Blood cultures revealed Enterobacteriacea in 120 patients (Escherichia coli; 86, Klebsiella spp.; 28, Enterobacter cloacea; 6) and glucose non-fermenting GNB in 34 patients (Pseudomonas aeruginosa; 15, Acinetobacter baumannii; 11, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia; 7, Burkholderia cepacia; 1). Forty (33.3%) out of 120 Enterobacteriaceae were extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers and 18 (52.9%) out of 34 glucose non-fermenting GNB were multidrug resistant. Carbapenems were administered as first line therapy in 139 out of 154 patients. In univariate analysis Pitt's bacteraemia score, presence of aplastic anaemia, bacteraemia caused by glucose non-fermentating GNB, inappropriate empirical antibacterial treatment, presence of severe sepsis or septic shock, unable to achieve microbiological cure, and intensive care unit (ICU) acquired bacteraemia were associated with mortality. Multivariate analysis showed ICU acquired bacteraemia (OR, 12.55; 95% CI, 2.34-67.38, p = 0.003) as an independent factor associated with early mortality. CONCLUSION: Haematological malignancy patients who require ICU care are at high risk for early mortality related to GNB bacteraemia. Based on the local findings pointing out high rate of multidrug resistance, carbapenems combined with colistin seems to be a reasonable approach as empirical treatment of these patients. However, increasing carbapenem resistance rate is of concern.

Factores de riesgo y mortalidad por neumonía intrahospitalaria en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva de Ictus / Risk factors and mortality from hospital acquired pneumonia in the Stroke Intensive Care Unit

Introducción: la enfermedad cerebrovascular representa la tercera causa de muerte. La neumonía intrahospitalaria es un desafío constante debido al espectro microbiológico actual, la resistencia microbiana, su elevada mortalidad y costos. Objetivo: describir los factores de riesgo y su relación con estadía y mortalidad de los pacientes ingresados en la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva de Ictus con neumonía intrahospitalaria desde 2007 hasta 2009. Método: estudio descriptivo y prospectivo. Variables: edad, sexo, factores de riesgo, momento de aparición, estadía y estado al egreso. Se utilizó la prueba de Ji cuadrado (X2) de homogeneidad para determinar la posible asociación entre variables y la prueba de probabilidades de Fisher. Resultados: desarrollaron neumonía nosocomial 61 pacientes (34,07 por ciento). Predominó el grupo de 60 a 80 años y el sexo masculino. Entre los factores de riesgo del paciente se observó mayor daño neurológico en 21 de ellos (34,4 por ciento), hábito de fumar en 15 (24,5 por ciento), insuficiencia cardiaca en 11 (18,0 por ciento, diabetes mellitus en 6 pacientes (9,8 por ciento), la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica en 4 (6,5 por ciento). En la unidad se usó ventilación mecánica en 14 (38,4 por ciento), intubación endotraquial en 16 (29,2 por ciento), el encamamiento en 11 (18 por ciento) y la colocación de sonda nasogástrica en 7 (11,5 por ciento). La infección apareció entre el tercer y sexto día en el 57,4 por ciento; la estadía fue prolongada en el 54 por ciento y fallecieron 25 pacientes (40,92 por ciento). Conclusiones: la neumonía intrahospitalaria fue más frecuente en los casos que se empleó ventilación mecánica lo que prolongó la estadía y elevó la mortalidad. El ambiente microbiológico estuvo dominado por el Staphylococcus aureus, la Pseudomonas aeruginosa y el Acinetobacter baumanni.

Introduction. Stroke is the third leading cause of death. Hospital acquired pneumonia is an ongoing challenge due to the current microbiological spectrum, antimicrobial resistance, high mortality and associated costs. Objetive. To describe risk factors and their relationship to hospital stay and mortality of patients admitted to the Stroke ICU with hospital acquired pneumonia from 2007 to 2009. Methods. Prospective descriptive study. Variables: age, sex, risk factors, time of onset, stay and discharge status. We used chi square (X2) of homogeneity to determine the possible association between variables and the Fisher test probabilities. Results. 61 patients developed hospital acquired pneumonia (34.07 percent). We found a predominance of 60-80 year-old males. Among the risk factors we found major neurological damage in 21 (34.4 percent), smoking in 15 (24.5 percent), heart failure in 11 (18.0 percent), diabetes mellitus in 6 (9.8 percent), COPD in 4 (6.5 percent). Mechanical ventilation was used in 14 (38.4 percent), endotracheal intubation in 16 (29.2 percent), prolonged bedridden condition in 11 (18 percent) and nasogastric tube placement in 7 (11.5 percent). The infection appeared between the third and sixth day in 57.4 percent; hospital stay was prolonged in 54 percent and 25 patients died (40.92 percent). Conclusions. Hospital acquired pneumonia was more common patients with mechanical ventilation, which prolonged stay and increased mortality. The microbiological environment was dominated by Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumanni.

Infection as an independent risk factor for mortality in the surgical intensive care unit

OBJECTIVES: Medical and surgical intensive care unit patients represent two different populations and require different treatment approaches. The aim of this study was to investigate the parameters associated with mortality in medical and surgical intensive care units. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study of adult patients admitted to a medical and surgical intensive care unit teaching hospital over an 11-month period. Factors associated with mortality were explored using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: In total, 827 admissions were observed, and 525 patients >18 years old and with a length of stay >24 h were analyzed. Of these patients, 227 were in the medical and 298 were in the surgical intensive care unit. The surgical patients were older (p<0.01) and had shorter lengths of stay (p<0.01). The mortality in the intensive care unit (35.1 vs. 26.2, p = 0.02) and hospital (48.8 vs. 35.5, p<0.01) was higher for medical patients. For patients in the surgical intensive care unit, death was independently associated with the need for mechanical ventilation, prognostic score (SAPS II), community-acquired infection, nosocomial infection, and intensive care unit-acquired infection. For patients in the medical intensive care unit, death was independently associated with the need for mechanical ventilation and prognostic score. CONCLUSIONS: Although the presence of infection is associated with a high mortality in both the medical and surgical intensive care units, the results of this prospective study suggest that infection has a greater impact in patients admitted to the surgical intensive care unit. Measures and trials to prevent and treat sepsis may be most effective in the surgical intensive care unit population. .

Healthcare-associated Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection: length of stay, attributable mortality, and additional direct costs

This study aimed to determine the excess length of stay, extra expenditures, and attributable mortality to healthcare-associated S. aureus bloodstream infection (BSI) at a teaching hospital in central Brazil. The study design was a matched (1:1) case-control. Cases were defined as patients > 13 years old, with a healthcare-associated S. aureus BSI. Controls included patients without an S. aureus BSI, who were matched to cases by gender, age (± 7 years), morbidity, and underlying disease. Data were collected from medical records and from the Brazilian National Hospital Information System (Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde - SIH/SUS). A Wilcoxon rank sum test was performed to compare length of stay and costs between cases and controls. Differences in mortality between cases and controls were compared using McNemar's tests. The Mantel-Haenzel stratified analysis was performed to compare invasive device utilization. Data analyses were conducted using Epi Info 6.0 and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 13.0). 84 case-control pairs matched by gender, age, admission period, morbidity, and underlying disease were analyzed. The mean lengths of hospital stay were 48.3 and 16.2 days for cases and controls, respectively (p < 0.01), yielding an excess hospital stay among cases of 32.1 days. the excess mortality among cases compared to controls that was attributable to s. aureus bloodstream infection was 45.2%. Cases had a higher risk of dying compared to controls (OR 7.3, 95% CI 3.1-21.1). Overall costs of hospitalization (SIH/SUS) reached US$ 123,065 for cases versus US$ 40,247 for controls (p < 0.01). the cost of antimicrobial therapy was 6.7 fold higher for cases compared to controls. healthcare-associated s. aureus BSI was associated with statistically significant increases in length of hospitalization, attributable mortality, and economic burden. Implementation of measures to minimize the risk of healthcare-associated bacterial infections is essential.

Comparison of clinical characteristics between healthcare-associated pneumonia and community-acquired pneumonia in patients admitted to secondary hospitals

BACKGROUND: Since healthcare-associated pneumonia (HCAP) is heterogeneous, clinical characteristics and outcomes are different from region to region. There can also be differences between HCAP patients hospitalized in secondary or tertiary hospitals. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics of HCAP patients admitted into secondary community hospitals. METHODS: This was a retrospective study conducted in patients with HCAP or community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) hospitalized in two secondary hospitals between March 2009 and January 2011. RESULTS: Of a total of 303 patients, 96 (31.7%) had HCAP. 42 patients (43.7%) resided in a nursing home or long-term care facility, 36 (37.5%) were hospitalized in an acute care hospital for > 2 days within 90 days, ten received outpatient intravenous therapy, and eight attended a hospital clinic or dialysis center. HCAP patients were older. The rates of patients with CURB65 scores of 3 or more (22.9% vs. 9.1%; p = 0.001) and PSI class IV or more (82.2% vs. 34.7%; p < 0.001) were higher in the HCAP group. Drug-resistant pathogens were more frequently detected in the HCAP group (23.9% vs. 0.4%; p < 0.001). However, Streptococcus pneumoniae was the most common pathogen in both groups. The rates of antibiotic change, use of inappropriate antibiotics, and failure of initial antibiotic therapy in the HCAP group were significantly higher. Although the overall survival rate of the HCAP group was significantly lower (82.3% vs. 96.8%; p < 0.001), multivariate analyses failed to show that HCAP itself was a prognostic factor for mortality (p = 0.826). Only PSI class IV or more was associated with increased mortality (p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: HCAP should be distinguished from CAP because of the different clinical features. However, the current definition of HCAP does not appear to be a prognostic for death. In addition, the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics for HCAP should be reassessed because S. pneumoniae was most frequently identified even in HCAP patients.

Factors influencing survival in patients with multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Acinetobacter baumannii (Acb) is a rapidly emerging pathogen in healthcare settings. The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictors of poor outcome in patients with MDR Acb. This is the first report documenting factors influencing survival in patients with MDR Acb in this tertiary hospital. This study is a prospective of the hospital epidemiology database. A total of 73 patients with 84 Acb isolates were obtained between August 2009 and October 2010 in this hospital. In the present study, the 30-day mortality rate was 39.7%. Of 84 Acb isolates, 50 (59%) were MDR, nine (11%) were pan-resistant, and 25 (30%) were non-MDR. The non-MDR isolates were used as the control group. The factors significantly associated with multidrug resistance included previous surgeries, presence of comorbidity (renal disease), use of more than two devices, parenteral nutrition, and inappropriate antimicrobial therapy. Significant predictors of 30-day mortality in the univariate analysis included pneumonia, diabetes mellitus, renal disease, use of more than two devices, and inappropriate antimicrobial therapy administered within two days of the onset of infection. The factors associated with mortality in patients with MDR Acb infection in this study were: age > 60 years, pneumonia, diabetes mellitus, renal disease, use of more than two invasive procedures, and inappropriate antimicrobial therapy. Vigilance is needed to prevent outbreaks of this opportunistic and deadly pathogen.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection: risk factors and clinical outcome in non-intensive-care units / Infecção de corrente sanguínea por Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina: fatores de risco e evolução clínica em unidades não críticas

INTRODUCTION: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is spread out in hospitals across different regions of the world and is regarded as the major agent of nosocomial infections, causing infections such as skin and soft tissue pneumonia and sepsis. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for methicillin-resistance in Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection (BSI) and the predictive factors for death. METHODS: A retrospective cohort of fifty-one patients presenting bacteraemia due to S. aureus between September 2006 and September 2008 was analysed. Staphylococcu aureus samples were obtained from blood cultures performed by clinical hospital microbiology laboratory from the Uberlândia Federal University. Methicillinresistance was determined by growth on oxacillin screen agar and antimicrobial susceptibility by means of the disk diffusion method. RESULTS: We found similar numbers of MRSA (56.8%) and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) (43.2%) infections, and the overall hospital mortality ratio was 47%, predominantly in MRSA group (70.8% vs. 29.2%) (p=0.05). Age (p=0.02) was significantly higher in MRSA patients as also was the use of central venous catheter (p=0.02). The use of two or more antimicrobial agents (p=0.03) and the length of hospital stay prior to bacteraemia superior to seven days (p=0.006) were associated with mortality. High odds ratio value was observed in cardiopathy as comorbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Despite several risk factors associated with MRSA and MSSA infection, the use of two or more antimicrobial agents was the unique independent variable associated with mortality.

INTRODUÇÃO: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), se disseminou nos hospitais em diferentes regiões do globo, e é atualmente o principal agente de infecções hospitalares causando infecções de pele, tecidos moles, pneumonia e sepse. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar fatores de risco para resistência à meticilina em infecções de corrente sanguínea por Staphylococcus aureus e fatores preditivos de mortalidade. MÉTODOS: Uma coorte de 51 pacientes apresentando bacteremia por S. aureus, entre setembro de 2006 a setembro de 2008 foi analisada. Amostras de S. aureus foram obtidas a partir de hemoculturas realizadas pelo laboratório de microbiologia do hospital de clínicas da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. A resistência à meticilina foi determinada pelo crescimento no agar triagem para oxacilina e a sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos pelo método de difusão em agar. RESULTADOS: Infecções por MRSA (56,8%) e methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) (43,2%) foram similares e a taxa de mortalidade hospitalar foi de 47%, predominantemente no grupo infectado por MRSA (70,8% vs. 29,2%) (p=0,05). Idade (p=0,02) e a presença de cateter vascular central (p=0,02) foram significantes no grupo de infectados por MRSA. A evolução demonstrou que o uso de dois ou mais agentes antimicrobianos (p=0,03) e tempo de internação prévio à bacteremia superior a sete dias (p=0,006) foram associados à morte. Altos valores de odds ratio foram observados para cardiopatia como comorbidade. CONCLUSÕES: Embora vários fatores de risco tenham sido associados a infecções por MRSA e MSSA e mortalidade o uso de dois ou mais agentes antimicrobianos foi a única variável independente para mortalidade.

Klebsiella ESBL bacteremia-mortality and risk factors

Background: Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria have become recognized as a problem in South America. The aim of this study was to evaluate risk factors and mortality rate in bacteremia caused by ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a Brazilian hospital. Methods: A three-year retrospective cohort study with 104 cases of K. pneumoniae bacteremia (61 ESBL and 43 non-ESBL). Several clinical and laboratory variables were evaluated. The outcome of interest was 30-day mortality. The adequate treatment was evaluated according to antibiotic susceptibility. Results: Multivariable analysis showed that central venous catheter and mechanical ventilation were independent risk factors for ESBL. The duration of hospitalization before the bacteremia was not a risk factor. Mortality was similar in ESBL and non-ESBL and inadequate therapy was not shown to be a risk factor. Conclusion: ESBL-producing Klebsiella bacteremia can occur early, suggesting that a carbapenem should be included in the initial empirical therapy for bacteremia in patients under mechanical ventilation and/or central venous catheter in our institution.

Invasive pneumococcal disease in a third level pediatric hospital in Mexico City: epidemiology and mortality risk factors / Enfermedad neumocócica invasora en un hospital pediátrico de tercer nivel en la Ciudad de México: características epidemiológicas y factores de riesgo asociados con mortalidad

Objective. To assess the epidemiologic characteristics of invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD) among a population in a pediatric hospital in Mexico City and analyze mortality-related risk factors, serotype distribution and antibiotic susceptibility related to S.pneumoniae. Material and Methods. We performed a retrospective review of IPD cases at a third level pediatric hospital between 1997-2004. Results. A total of 156 patients were included. The mortality rate was 27.5 percent and was associated with six pneumococcal serotypes: 14, 6B, 23F, 6A, 19F and 19A. There was no relationship between mortality and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern. A total of 28.2 percent of isolates were resistant to penicillin and 24.6 percent were resistant to cefotaxime. A statistically significant relationship was observed between mortality and previous underlying disease (CI 95 percent; 2.5-18.3; p< 0.05) using a multivariate logistic regression model. Conclusions. Our outcomes show that IPD mortality in our population is closely related to underlying disease and to six serotypes, five of which are included in the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.

Objetivo. Conocer la epidemiología de la enfermedad neumocócica invasora (ENI) en un hospital pediátrico y analizar los factores de riesgo relacionados con la mortalidad, la distribución de serotipos y el patrón de susceptibilidad de S. pneumoniae. Material y métodos. Revisión retrospectiva de los casos de ENI en un hospital pediátrico de tercer nivel, entre 1997 y 2004. Resultados. En 156 pacientes la mortalidad fue de 27.5 por ciento. Los serotipos de neumococo más frecuentemente relacionados con la mortalidad fueron: 14, 6B, 23F, 6A, 19F y 19A; no hubo relación de mortalidad con la resistencia a antibióticos. El 28.2 por ciento mostró resistencia a penicilina y 24.6 por ciento a cefotaxima. A través del modelo multivariado, se encontró una relación estadísticamente significativa entre la mortalidad y enfermedad previa (IC 95 por ciento; 2.5-18.3; p<0.05). Conclusiones. La mortalidad asociada a la ENI tuvo relación significativa con antecedente de una enfermedad previa y con seis serotipos, cinco incluidos en la vacuna neumocócica conjugada 7-valente.

Epidemiología y factores de riesgo de mortalidad de las bacteriemias intrahospitalarias por bacilos gramnegativos / Nosocomial bloodstream infections caused by gram-negative bacilli: epidemiology and risk factors for mortality

Nosocomial bacteremia is a major cause of hospital infection, associated with high rate of morbidity and mortality, prolonged hospital stay and higher costs. However, few prospective studies analyse the prognostic factors associated with mortality of gramnegative rods bloodstream infections in hospital wards outside of intensive care units. A prospective/descriptive study was conducted from March to December 2006. All patients with nosocomial-acquired bloodstream infection due to gramnegative rods were included. Epidemiology and clinical features were analysed as potential prognostic factors for mortality. During the study period, 84 cases were detected, being A. baumannii, Burkholderia sp and E. coli the most frequent isolates, with a mortality of 48 percent>. Bacteremia derived from a high-mortality associated septic focus (RR 4.9, IC95 percent> 1.3 - 18.8) and admissionto intensive care unit (RR 4.78, IC95 percent> 1.7- 13.1) were independent variables associated with mortality. Inappropriate empirical antibiotic treatment was not associated with greater risk of mortality. Nosocomial gramnegative bloodstream infections in our series were mainly due to non-fermentative bacilli and were associated with high mortality rates when their origin was a high risk septic focus or the patient was admitted to intensive care unit.

La bacteriemia nosocomial es una causa importante de infección intrahospitalaria, asociada a alta morbi-mortalidad, pero pocos estudios examinan en forma prospectiva las bacteriemias por bacilos grammne-gativos (BGN) más allá de las áreas de cuidados intensivos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, prospectivo desde marzo a diciembre del 2006, reclutando todos los pacientes con bacteriemia por BGN de origen intra-hospitalario. Se analiza la epidemiología y características clínicas como potenciales factores pronósticos de mortalidad. En el período de estudio se detectaron 84 casos (los más frecuentes A. baumannii, Burkholderia sp. y E. coli), con una mortalidad de 48 por ciento. La bacteriemia derivada de un foco infecciosos asociada a alta mortalidad (RR 4.9, IC95 por ciento 1,3-18,8) y la internación en UCI (RR 4,78, IC95 por ciento 1,7-13,1) fueron variables independientes predictoras de mortalidad. El tratamiento antimicrobiano empírico inadecuado no se asoció a mayor mortalidad. La bacteriemia nosocomial por BGN en nuestra serie se debió principalmente a bacilos no fermentadores y ésta se asoció con alta mortalidad cuando el origen fue un foco de alto riesgo o el paciente se encontraba internado en la UCI.

Estudo epidemiológico das infecções neonatais no Hospital Universitário de Londrina, Estado do Paraná / Epidemiological study of neonatal infections at the University Hospital of Londrina, Paraná

A maior suscetibilidade dos neonatos às infecções resulta em taxas de infecção hospitalar (IH) superiores às outras populações de pacientes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a frequência e o perfil das IH para os neonatos associando os principais fatores de risco e óbito. Foi realizado estudo epidemiológico, retrospectivo, em registros de notificação de infecções neonatais da Comissão de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar do Hospital Universitário de Londrina, no período entre 2001 e 2005. A taxa média anual de IH neonatal foi 18,3% ao longo dos cinco anos. As infecções mais frequentes foram pneumonia (46,0%) e sepse (49,1%), as quais estiveram relacionadas ao tempo de hospitalização superior a 60 dias e aos procedimentos invasivos como intubação orotraqueal e o cateterismo vascular, que aumentaram três vezes o risco para sepse e respectivamente 3,26 e 2,50 vezes o risco para óbito. A IH contribuiu com 85,7% dos óbitos. O coeficiente de letalidade foi 15,8%.

The greater susceptibility of neonates to infections results in higher rates of nosocomial infection (NIs) than in other patient populations. The objective of this work was to determine the frequency and profile of NIs in neonates associated to the main risk and death factors. A retrospective epidemiological study was conducted on neonates with NIs admitted to the neonatal sector at the University Hospital of Londrina, between 2001 and 2005. The mean annual rate of neonatal NI was 18.3% over the course of five years. The most frequent infections were pneumonia (46.0%) and sepsis (49.1%), which were related to a hospitalization period of over 60 days. The use of tracheal tubes and vascular catheters increased threefold the risk of sepsis. The tracheal tubes and vascular catheters increased the risk of death by 3.26 and 2.50 times, respectively. NIs contributed to 85.7% of deaths. The mortality coefficient was 15.8%.

Pediatric mortality due to nosocomial infection: a critical approach

Nosocomial infection is a frequent event with potentially lethal consequences. We reviewed the literature on the predictive factors for mortality related to nosocomial infection in pediatric medicine. Electronic searches in English, Spanish and Portuguese of the PubMed/MEDLINE, LILACS and Cochrane Collaboration Databases was performed, focusing on studies that had been published from 1996 to 2006. The key words were: nosocomial infection and mortality and pediatrics/neonate/ newborn/child/infant/adolescent. The risk factors found to be associated with mortality were: nosocomial infection itself, leukemia, lymphopenia, neutropenia, corticosteroid therapy, multiple organ failure, previous antimicrobial therapy, catheter use duration, candidemia, cancer, bacteremia, age over 60, invasive procedures, mechanical ventilation, transport out of the pediatric intensive care unit, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Burkholderia cepacia infections, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II scores over 15. Among these factors, the only one that can be minimized is inadequate antimicrobial treatment, which has proven to be an important contributor to hospital mortality in critically-ill patients. There is room for further prognosis research on this matter to determine local differences. Such research requires appropriate epidemiological design and statistical analysis so that pediatric death due to nosocomial infection can be reduced and health care quality improved in pediatric hospitals.