Morbimortality study of infection in patients undergoing different types of dialysis in a renal replacement therapy center

INTRODUCTION: Renal replacement therapy is the treatment of end-stage chronic kidney disease and can be performed through dialysis catheters, arteriovenous fistulas/grafts, and peritoneal dialysis. Patients are usually immunocompromised and exposed to invasive procedures, leading to high rates of infection and increased mortality. OBJECTIVES: To compare the prevalence of infection and related deaths, as well as the sensitivity profile of the putative bacteria in patients treated with peritoneal dialysis, arteriovenous fistula hemodialysis and catheter hemodialysis. METHODS: This is case-control study. Six hundred forty-four patients undergoing renal replacement therapy were selected. Patients were divided into three groups according to the modality of dialysis treatment: peritoneal dialysis (126 patients), arteriovenous fistula hemodialysis (326 patients), and catheter hemodialysis (192 patients). RESULTS: One hundred sixteen patients (18.01%) developed infection. There was a higher incidence of infection in the peritoneal dialysis group (44 patients; 34.92%; OR: 3.32; CI 95% = 2.13-5.17; p = 0.0001). In the catheter hemodialysis group, 48 patients (25%) had infection (OR: 1.88; CI 95%: 1.24-2.85; p = 0.0035). In the arteriovenous fistula hemodialysis group, 24 patients (7.36%) developed infection (OR: 0.19; CI 95%: 0.12-0.31; p = 0.0001). Five patients (4.31%) died due to infection (four in the peritoneal dialysis group and one in the catheter hemodialysis group). There were no deaths due to infection in the arteriovenous fistula hemodialysis group. CONCLUSIONS: Peritoneal dialysis is the treatment with greater risk of infection and mortality, followed by catheter hemodialysis. The lowest risk of infection and mortality was observed in arteriovenous fistula hemodialysis group. .

Colangitis bacteriémica en adultos en un hospital general en Chile / Bacteremic colangitis in adults in a general hospital in Chile

Background: Some aspects of bacteremic cholangitis are unknown in Chile. Aim: To gather more information on clinical, microbiological aspects as well as risk factors for ICU admission, recurrence and antimicrobial resistance. Material and Methods: A retrospective research was performed using medical records of adult patients in a general hospital. Results: Between 2006-2012, 22 patients with 29 bacteremic events were identified. Previous cholangitis events were reported by 27.3%, 45.5% had recent admissions and, 50% had used antimicrobial compounds. Coledocholithiasis was the most common cause of obstruction (45.5%) followed by cancer (36.4%). One third developed shock (31%), the only factor associated with ICU admission (OR 30, p < 0.05). In 24 of the 29 bacteremic events, the biliary tract was intervened (82.8%) and in 80.8% during the first 72 hours. Gram negative bacilli were predominant (> 80%) and some infrequent agents such as Staphylococcus warneri, Shewanella spp. and, Aeromonas spp. were observed. Among enteric gram negative bacilli, 29.2% presented fluoroquinolone resistance and, 26.1% resistance to third generation cephalosporins, both associated with previous endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (OR 35 and 16.5, respectively p < 0.05). A favorable response was observed in 93.1% of bacte-remic events but in 31.8% of patients cholangitis recurred with or without bacteremia. Recurrence was associated to recent admission (OR 16.5, p = 0.01) and in all cases occurred before 81 days. In-hospital mortality was 9.1% (n = 2), but in only one case associated to sepsis. Average length of stay (LOS) was 17.8 days. Conclusions: Early intervention of the biliary tract allows a favorable response in patients affected by bacteremic cholangitis, but this condition use intensive care resources, had a prolonged LOS, a recurrent pattern, and is associated with several bacterial species, some of them resistant.

Introducción: La información sobre los cuadros de colangitis aguda bacteriémica es fragmentaria en Chile. Objetivo: Analizar las características clínicas, evolución, microbiología y factores de riesgo asociados a ingreso a UCI, recurrencia y resistencia antimicrobiana. Pacientes y Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo descriptivo con adultos atendidos entre el 2006 y el 2012 en un hospital general. Resultados: Se identificaron 22 pacientes con 29 episodios de bacteriemia. Un 27,3% tenía historia previa de colangitis aguda, 45,5% de hospitalizaciones en los últimos tres meses y 50% recibió previamente antimicrobianos. La coledocolitiasis fue la causa más frecuente de obstrucción (45,5%) y las neoplasias ocuparon el segundo lugar (36,4%). El 31% desarrolló shock hemodinámico y fue el factor determinante para ingresar a la UCI (OR 30, p < 0,01) En 24 de los 29 eventos de colangitis bacteriémica se efectuaron intervenciones sobre la vía biliar (VB) o complicaciones asociadas (82,8%), las que se realizaron predominantemente en las primeras 72 h de hospitalización (80,8%). Las especies bacterianas mayoritarias fueron bacilos gramnegativos entéricos o no fermentadores (> 80% del total) y se observaron agentes inusuales como Staphylococcus warneri, Shewanella spp y Aeromonas spp. Entre los bacilos gramnegativos entéricos, 29,2% presentó resistencia a fluoroquinolonas y 26,1 % a cefalosporinas de tercera generación, fenómenos asociados al antecedente de colangiografía endoscópica retrógrada (OR 35 y 16,5 respectivamente, p < 0,05). El 93,1% de los eventos de bacteriemia tuvo una respuesta favorable pero 31,8% de los pacientes presentó recu-rrencia de colangitis, con o sin bacteriemia, un hecho asociado a hospitalización reciente (OR 16,5, p = 0,01) y que se dio en todos los casos antes de 81 días. Dos pacientes con cáncer fallecieron en la misma hospitalización (9,1%), aunque uno solo de ellos en forma atribuible a la infección. La estadía hospitalaria promedio fue de 17,8 días. Conclusiones: Con la intervención precoz sobre la VB, los cuadros de colangitis bacteriémica han logrado una baja letalidad pero usan recursos intensivos, tienen una estadía prolongada, un patrón recurrente, pueden estar asociados a cáncer y a una diversidad de agentes bacterianos, algunos de ellos resistentes.

Bacteriemia en daño hepático crónico / Bacteremia in patients with liver cirrhosis

Las infecciones bacteriémicas son más frecuentes en el paciente cirrótico que en la población general. Se identificaron retrospectivamente 59 pacientes cirróticos con bacteriemia, hospitalizados entre los años 2005 y 2008. La bacteriemia sin foco fue la más frecuente (29 por ciento), seguida de aquellas de origen pulmonar (22 por ciento). Cincuenta y dos por ciento de los agentes aislados correspondieron a cocáceas grampositivas y 48 por ciento a bacilos gramnegativos, siendo estos últimos los agentes predominantes en las bacteriemias nosocomiales. Los principales agentes aislados fueron Staphylococcns aureus (24 por ciento) y Escherichia col i (22 por ciento). La mortalidad de los pacientes cirróticos bacteriémicos fue mayor que la del total de cirróticos hospitalizados (37 vs 9,4 por ciento; p < 0,001) y la medición del puntaje de MELD a las 72 horas se correlacionó significativamente con la mortalidad. Conclusión: La bacteriemia es una complicación grave del paciente cirrótico y el MELD podría ser útil en su categorización de riesgo.

Bacteremic infections are more frequent in patients with cirrhosis, as their immune system is compromised. Series of cirrhotic patients with bacteremia has seldom been reported in Chile. We retrospectively collected, from 2005 to 2008, 59 episodes of bacteremia in cirrhotics representing 9 percent of the overall number of bacteremic episodes seen in our center in the period. Spontaneous bacteremia accounted for 29 percent followed by those of pulmonary origin (22 percent). Grampositive cocci and gramnegative bacilli were responsible in 52 percent and 48 percent respectively, however gramnegative rods predominated in nosocomial bacteremias. Overall, the most frequent organisms were Staphylococcus aureus (24 percent) and Escherichia col i (22 percent). Mortality in bacteremic patients was significantly higher compared with all cirrhotic patients hospitalized in the period (37.0 vs 9.4 percent; p < 0.001) and MELD score was significantly correlated with mortality. Conclusion: bacteremia is a severe complication of cirrhosis and MELD score could be a useful tool to stratify risk in these patients.