Rodent-borne viruses survey in rural settlers from Central Brazil

Anthropogenic environmental changes arising from settlement and agriculture include deforestation and replacement of natural vegetation by crops providing opportunities for pathogen spillover from animals to humans. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of rodent-borne virus infections in seven rural settlements from Midwestern Brazil. Of the 466 individuals tested 12 (2.57%) were reactive for orthohantavirus and 3 (0.64%) for mammarenavirus. These rural settlers lived under unfavorable infrastructure, socioeconomic disadvantages, and unsanitary conditions, representing a risk for rodent-borne infections. Development of public policies towards the improvement of health, sanitation and awareness of rodent-borne diseases in improvised camps and settlements is imperative, in order to reduce morbidity and mortality caused by these diseases.

Conocimientos y prácticas asociadas a transmisión de triquinelosis, hanta y equinococosis quística / Knowledge and practices associated with transmission of trichinellosis, hanta and cystic equinococcosis

RESUMEN Objetivo: Asociar el nivel de conocimiento y prácticas (hábitos y costumbres) responsables de la transmisión de Triquinelosis, Síndrome Cardiopulmonar por Hantavirus y Equinococosis quística (Hidatidosis), en habitantes de los sectores rurales. Material y método: Estudio descriptivo correlacional de corte transversal en el que se aplicó una encuesta a 149 habitantes residentes en el área rural de las localidades de Curacautín, Lonquimay y Melipeuco, a través de muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia, durante los meses de diciembre 2013 a enero 2014. Resultados: La población posee mejores conocimientos de Triquinelosis y Hanta que Hidatidosis, 64,9, 72,8 y 39,3%, respectivamente; los hábitos y costumbres para Hanta e Hidatidosis alcanzan mejores prácticas (84% cada una) que para Triquinelosis (69,5%); la población reconoce correctamente reservorio, fuente de infección y mecanismos de transmisión en Triquinelosis y Hanta, pero en menor grado Hidatidosis; respecto de los hábitos y costumbres, aun desconociendo los fundamentos teóricos, reportan buenas prácticas, aunque mantienen algunas que favorecen la transmisión de infecciones predominantemente en Triquinelosis. Conclusión: El nivel de conocimiento no asegura buenas prácticas, además los conocimientos y prácticas siguen un patrón empírico más que cognitivo, respaldados por aspectos culturales y del entorno. Esto sugiere mayor participación de los equipos interdisciplinarios en comunidades aisladas para fortalecer la promoción, educación y refuerzo de las buenas prácticas de acuerdo con sus condiciones sociales e incentivar la adherencia a conductas que reduzcan el riesgo de la transmisión de zoonosis.

ABSTRACT Objective: To associate the level of knowledge and practices (habits and customs) responsible for the transmission of trichinellosis, Hanta and cystic echinococcosis (hydatidosis), among rural population. Material and method: Cross-sectional correlational descriptive study in which 149 residents of the rural areas of Curacautín, Lonquimay and Melipeuco were surveyed, using non-probability convenience sampling from December 2013 to January 2014. Results: The population has better knowledge of trichinellosis and Hanta than hydatidosis, 64.9%, 72.8 and 39.3% respectively; they also have better practices regarding Hanta and hydatidosis (84% each) than regarding trichinellosis (69.5%). The population recognizes correctly the reservoir, source of infection and transmission mechanisms of trichinellosis and Hanta, and to a lesser degree hydatidosis; they report good practices regarding habits and customs, even ignoring theoretical foundations, but maintain some practices that favor the transmission of infections related to trichinellosis. Conclusion: The level of knowledge does not ensure good practices. Additionally, knowledge and practices follow an empirical rather than cognitive pattern, rooted on cultural and environmental aspects. This suggests greater participation of interdisciplinary teams in isolated communities to strengthen the promotion, education and reinforcement of good practices in accordance with their social conditions and to encourage adherence to behaviors that reduce the risk of the transmission of zoonoses.

Magnitude e distribuição dos óbitos por hantavirose no Brasil, 2007-2015 / Magnitud y distribución de las muertes por hantavirose no Brasil, 2007-2015 / Magnitude and distribution of deaths due to hantavirus in Brazil, 2007-2015

Objetivo: descrever a magnitude e a distribuição temporal e espacial dos casos e óbitos por hantavirose no Brasil, de 2007 a 2015. Métodos: estudo descritivo, com dados do Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Sinan). Resultados: foram notificados 1.060 casos e 410 óbitos no período; a letalidade por hantavirose foi de 39,0%, variando segundo mês (de 28,6% em novembro a 50,7% em dezembro), sexo (37,4% no masculino e 42,6% no feminino), idade (maior letalidade em idosos e crianças) e regiões nacionais (46,2% no Norte, 32,9% no Sul); a maioria dos indivíduos que morreram morava em zona urbana (58,3%) e foi infectada na zona rural (70,2%). Conclusão: a alta letalidade em certos grupos populacionais, meses do ano e regiões do Brasil aponta para baixa suspeição clínica da doença em grupos pouco expostos, o que pode comprometer seu manejo adequado.

Objetivo: describir la magnitud y la distribución temporal y espacial de los casos y muertes por hantavirus en Brasil, de 2007 a 2015. Métodos: estudio descriptivo, con datos del Sistema de Información de Agravios de Notificación (Sinan). Resultados: se notificaron 1.060 casos y 410 muertes en este período; la mortalidad por hantavirus fue 39,0%, variando por mes (28,6% en noviembre a 50,7% en diciembre), sexo (37,4% en el masculino y 42,6% en el femenino), edad (mayor letalidad en ancianos y niños) y regiones nacionales (46,2% en el Norte, 32,9% en el Sur); la mayoría de los individuos que murieron vivían en zona urbana (58,3%) y se infectaron en la zona rural (70,2%). Conclusión: la alta letalidad en ciertos grupos poblacionales, meses del año y regiones de Brasil apuntan a baja sospecha clínica de la enfermedad en grupos poco expuestos, lo que puede comprometer su manejo adecuado.

Objective: to describe the magnitude and temporal and spatial distribution of hantavirus cases and deaths in Brazil between 2007 and 2015. Methods: descriptive study with data from the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN). Results: 1,060 cases and 410 deaths were reported in the period; hantavirus lethality was 39.0%, varying according to month (from 28.6% in November to 50.7% in December), sex (37.4% in males and 42.6% in females), age (higher lethality in the elderly and children) and Brazilian regions (46.2% in the North, 32.9% in the South); most of the individuals who died lived in urban areas (58.3%) and were infected in rural area (70.2%). Conclusion: high lethality in certain population groups, months of the year and regions of Brazil point to low clinical suspicion of the disease in groups with low exposure, which may compromise proper case management.

Serosurvey of hantavirus infection in humans in the border region between Brazil and Argentina / Estudo sorológico de infecção por hantavírus em humanos na região de fronteira, entre Brasil e Argentina

INTRODUCTION: According to reports by the Ministry of Health, in the far western region of the State of Santa Catarina, there have been no reports of hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, a zoonotic disease transmitted by feces of infected rodents. A seroepidemiological study of residents of this region, was conducted, with the aim of determining the presence of hantavirus infections. A total of 340 volunteers of both genus, from the towns of Belmonte and Paraíso, were studied. METHODS: The serum of these patients was collected and used to detect IgG antibodies against recombinant N protein of Araraquara hantavirus, by ELISA assay. The positive samples were then titrated and confirmed by immunofluorescence assay. RESULTS: This study demonstrated the presence of IgG antibodies against hantavirus N protein in 3.5 percent of the population. The most frequent occupation was farm worker, 81 percent had direct and indirect contact with rodents, 91.7 percent of positive cases were farm workers, indicating that the probable cause of infection occurred during barn cleaning. These antibodies are noteworthy, given that the levels of antibodies were verified in individuals whose contact with hantavirus may have occurred many years ago. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows the circulation of hantavirus in the region, a fact that until now, had not reported. All the serum reagents had contact with the pathogen, but did not develop pulmonary and cardiovascular syndrome. It is important to remain alert, because hantavirus is a serious and emerging disease of some relevance.

INTRODUÇÃO: De acordo com relatórios do Ministério da Saúde, na região do extremo oeste do Estado de Santa Catarina, não há relatos de síndrome pulmonar por hantavírus, doença zoonótica transmitida por excretas de roedores contaminados. Com a finalidade de demosntrar a infecção por hantavírus, um estudo soroepidemiológico de moradores da região foi realizado. Assim, foi estudado um total de 340 voluntários de ambos os gêneros, dos municípios de Belmonte e Paraíso. MÉTODOS: O soro destes pacientes foi coletado e usado para a detecção de anticorpos IgG contra a proteína N recombinante de hantavírus Araraquara, pelo teste de ELISA. As amostras positivas foram tituladas e confirmadas por imunofluorescência indireta. RESULTADOS: Este estudo demonstrou a presença de anticorpos IgG contra a proteína N hantavírus em 3,5 por cento da população. A ocupação de lavrador foi a mais frequente, e 81 por cento tiveram contato direto e indireto com os roedores, 91,7 por cento dos casos positivos foram os agricultores, a causa provável da infecção foi através da limpeza de celeiros. Estes anticorpos são notáveis, dado que os níveis de anticorpos são encontrados nos indivíduos cujo contato com o hantavírus pode ter ocorrido há muitos anos. CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo mostra a circulação de hantavírus na região, um fato que até então não havia relatado, todos os reagentes soro tiveram contato com o patógeno, mas não desenvolveram a síndrome pulmonar e cardiovascular. É preciso estar alerta, porque é uma doença grave e emergente com grande importância.

Knowledge and practices about hantavirus pulmonary syndrome in a cluster of Japanese communities in Argentina / Conocimientos y prácticas relacionados con el síndrome pulmonar por hantavirus en un conglomerado de comunidades japonesas en Argentina

Objectives. To provide information on hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) knowledge and practices among a cluster of the rural Japanese communities near La Plata in central Argentina, an area with confirmed HPS cases. Particular emphasis was placed on testing the hypothesis that there would be differences between household use of HPS prevention measures based on the head-of-household's knowledge of HPS. Methods. A questionnaire was designed in three sections: (1) household demographic characteristics, (2) HPS knowledge, and (3) HPS preventive measures. Questionnaires were givento the household head or other adult representing the household at an HPS prevention seminar sponsored by the Japanese Association of La Plata in February 2007. Total HPS knowledgescores were dichotomized into high (equal to or more than the median knowledge score) and low (less than the median). Differences between the two household groups were categorized,according to the degree of HPS knowledge, and analyzed. Results. The 86 households that responded accounted for about 72% of the total study households in the area. The median knowledge score of 5 (range: 0–9, of 10) divided the study households into two groups: high knowledge score group (n = 40) and low knowledge scoregroup (n = 46). The findings suggest an association between a household's accurate HPS knowledge and its respective use of HPS preventive measures. Conclusions. The findings of the study have important implications for taking further steps toward improved HPS management and prevention strategies.

Objetivos. Documentar los conocimientos y las prácticas relacionadas con el síndrome pulmonar por hantavirus (SPH) en un conglomerado de comunidades rurales japonesas cerca de La Plata, en la parte central de Argentina, una zona con casos confirmados de SPH. Se hizo hincapié especial en probar la hipótesis de que habría diferencias en el empleo de medidas preventivas contra el SPH en los hogares según el nivel de conocimientos del jefe de familia sobre este síndrome. Métodos. Se diseñó un cuestionario con tres secciones: a) características demográficas del núcleo familiar, b) conocimientos sobre el SPH y c) medidas preventivas contra elSPH. Los cuestionarios se aplicaron a los jefes de familia o a algún adulto que representara al núcleo familiar durante un seminario sobre prevención del SPH patrocinado por la Asociación Japonesa de La Plata en febrero de 2007. El conocimiento sobre el SPH se clasificó según su puntuación total en alto (igual o mayor que la mediana de las puntuaciones) y bajo (menor que la mediana). Se analizaron las diferencias entre los dos grupos según el grado de conocimientos sobre el SPH. Resultados. Respondieron representantes de 86 hogares, aproximadamente 72% deltotal de la zona. La mediana de la puntuación fue de 5 (entre 0 y 9 en una escala de 10) y permitió clasificar los hogares en dos grupos: 40 tenían un nivel de conocimientos alto y 46, bajo. Los resultados indicaron una asociación entre los conocimientos correctos sobreel SPH en un hogar y el empleo de medidas preventivas contra el SPH en ese hogar. Conclusiones. Estos resultados tienen implicaciones importantes para emprender accionesdirigidas a mejorar el control y la prevención del SPH.

Aspectos climáticos em áreas de transmissão de hantavirose no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil / Climatic aspects in hantavirus transmission areas in São Paulo State, Brazil

O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a distribuição espacial dos casos notificados de hantavirose (n = 80) no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, de 1993 a 2005, e identificar os padrões climáticos locais nos anos de registro da doença. Foi utilizado o estimador de densidade de pontos de kernel que apontou maior concentração nas regiões de Ribeirão Preto, São Carlos, Franca, Tupi Paulista e Grande São Paulo. O aumento do número de casos no período sugere disseminação da doença, embora se considere o aumento da capacidade diagnóstica e maior sensibilidade do sistema de saúde. Registrou-se marcada sazonalidade da hantavirose nas áreas de cerrado, com padrão comum, isto é, maior incidência em meses com baixa pluviosidade, comparados com médias dos últimos quarenta anos. Esses períodos coincidem com épocas de maior disponibilidade de alimentos a roedores em cultura de grãos, cana e outros. A colheita e armazenamento desses grãos aumentam a exposição de populações humanas aos roedores. Indicadores climáticos em conjunto com variáveis ecológicas podem compor marcadores de risco de transmissão local a serem valorizados nas ações de vigilância epidemiológica e controle da doença.

The objective of this study was to investigate the spatial distribution of reported hantavirus cases in São Paulo State, Brazil (n = 80), from 1993 to 2005 and identify local climatic patterns during this period. Kernel point estimation of density was used to show the highest concentrations in Ribeirão Preto, São Carlos, Franca, Tupi Paulista, and Greater São Paulo. Increase in the number of cases during this period suggests disease dissemination even when considering increased diagnostic capacity and higher sensitivity of the health services. There was a marked seasonal variation in hantavirus in the cerrado (savannah) areas; the common pattern is a higher incidence in drier months as compared to mean levels in the last 40 years. These coincide with periods of high rodent food source levels in grains, sugarcane, and other crops. Harvesting and storing grains increases human exposure to rodents. Climatic indicators together with ecological variables can be local transmission risk markers and should receive more attention in epidemiological monitoring and control of the disease.

A questão ambiental na promoção da saúde: uma oportunidade de ação multiprofissional sobre doenças emergentes / Environmental issues on health promotion: a multi-professional action on emerging diseases

A discussão sobre a emergência de agravos à saúde coloca todos os profissionais de saúde em alerta. Através de uma revisão sobre os conceitos de doença emergente, relacionando-a com uma situação concreta, a emergência da hantavirose em Santa Catarina, Brasil, constatou-se a necessidade de um enfoque sobre as condições ambientais em tais situações. O melhor conhecimento sobre os fatores ambientais envolvidos e contextualizados torna possível um melhor posicionamento para a elaboração das políticas de controle e prevenção a serem adotadas. Tal posicionamento possibilita a ação multiprofissional, sob a forma de orientação às comunidades, como necessidade de um modelo assistencial diferenciado.

The discussion on the emergence of health injuries preoccupies all health workers. In a review on the concepts of emerging disease, related to a concrete situation, the emergence of the Hantaviruses in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil, the author highlights the need for focusing on environmental conditions in such situations. The best knowledge on environmental factors makes it possible to elaborate controlling and preventive policies. This enables the multi-professional action in providing community information, as the need for a differentiated assistance model.

Prevalencia de anticuerpos anti hantavirus en 10 comunas de la Novena Región de Chile donde se han diagnosticado casos de infección clínica por hantavirus / Seroprevalence of antibodies anti-hantavirus in 10 communities of the IX region of Chile where hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome cases were reported

Background: Thirty six cases of clinical Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome occurred in the IX Region of Chile. Most of these patients were young males, farm or timber workers, who lived near the Andes Mountain chain. Aim: To conduct an epidemiological and serosurvey study to determine the seroprevalence of IgG antibodies against Hantavirus in the general adult population living in rural and urban areas of 10 endemic communities of the IX region of Chile. Material and methods: A total of 400 subjects were included, 40 of each community, 20 rural residents and 20 urban residents, 20 males and 20 females. Results: Seroprevalence was 7.5 percent in Melipeuco, 5.0 percent in Lonquimay, 2.5 percent in Curacautin, 2.5 percent in Puc-n and 0.0 percent in the remaining communities. Seroprevalence was higher in rural population (2.5 percent) than in the urban areas (1 percent). All seropositive subjects worked in farms or forests and observed rodents near their homes or working places. Females were affected the same as males and no differences were observed between Chilean natives and Hispanics. Conclusions: Prevalence of Hantavirus antibodies correlated with the geographic zone (Andes Mountain chain), overgrowth of wild rodents and exposure to rodent-infested environments

Anticorpos anti-hantavírus em escolares de Salvador, Bahia / Anti-Hantavirus antibodies in school children in Salvador, Bahia

Hantavirosis are emerging diseases in the Americas. Although considered rare in children, among the five cases diagnosed in Brazil, one was in this age group. To know the serum-prevalence of hantavirosis in the pediatric group (schoolchildren) of low social economic level in Salvador, Bahia State, and to associate demographic, socio-economic and environmental factors to the serologic results, a standard questionnaire was applied and blood samples were collected from 379 students of two public schools. Sera were tested by indirect Immunofluorescent Antibody (IFA) IgG for Hantaan Virus (HTN) and Immunoenzymatic test (ELISA) for Sin Nombre viruses. Ages varied from five to seventeen years with a mean age of 10.2 years. The proportion of sera positive to HTN virus was 13.2%, and there were no positive antibodies to SN virus. The frequency of positivity was higher in the older group, similar among sexes and racial groups, and there was no association with the exposure to urban rodents. The antibodies anti-HTN serum-prevalence in low social economic level school children is high and confirm the circulation of hantaviruses in Salvador-Bahia, Brazil; the nonobservation of antibodies anti-SN indicates that the species are other than Sin Nombre Virus.

As hantaviroses são doenças emergentes nas Américas e, em todo o mundo, os casos clínicos descritos foram infreqüentes entre crianças. O objetivo de investigar a freqüência de escolares portadores de anticorpos (IgG) anti-hantavírus justifica-se porque poucos estudos soroepidemiológicos pesquisaram a infecção por hantavírus no grupo pediátrico. Nos espécimes séricos de 379 escolares, de duas Escolas públicas da cidade do Salvador, Bahia, foram pesquisados os anticorpos anti-Hantaan (HTN) e anti-Sin Nombre (SN). A soropositividade de anticorpos anti-HTN foi de 13,2% (50/379) e todos os escolares foram soronegativos para o vírus SN. A soropositividade anti-HTN aumentou proporcionalmente com a idade. Não houve associação entre a soropositividade anti-HTN e as características relacionadas à exposição a roedores urbanos. A soroprevalência de anticorpos anti-HTN nos escolares estudados foi elevada e reforçou a hipótese de circulação de hantavírus em Salvador. A não observação de portadores de anticorpos anti-SN indica, provavelmente, a circulação de outros sorotipos nesta região, mais relacionados antigenicamente ao sorotipo Hantaan.