Elevated prevalence of high-risk HPV in healthy oral mucosa of users and nonusers of drugs in Northeastern Brazil

Abstract: Variable rates of HPV infection have been reported in healthy oral mucosa worldwide. The main objective of this study was to detect and genotype HPV infection in users and nonusers of drugs with clinically healthy mucosa from the Northeast Brazil. Samples from 105 patients were amplified using the primers MY09/MY11 and GP5+/GP6+, and genotyping was performed by multiplex-PCR for HPV-6/11, 16 and 18. A total of 81.9% samples were positive. Among drug users, 84.5% presented the virus and 20.4% showed multiple infections. Among non-drug users, 78.7% were positive and 13.5% had multiple infections. Limited information is available on oral HPV in Brazilian population, especially for drug users, and our results showed higher HPV infection rates in both users and nonusers of drugs. More studies and researches focused on drug users including factors like sexual behavior, nutrition and cultural habits are necessary to enhance the comprehension of this relationship, and develop preventive strategies.

HPV in women assisted by the Family Health Strategy / Infecção por HPV em mulheres atendidas pela Estratégia Saúde da Família

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Estimate the prevalence of cervical HPV infection among women assisted by the Family Health Strategy and identify the factors related to the infection. METHODS A cross-sectional study involving 2,076 women aged 20-59 years old residing in Juiz de Fora, State of Minas Gerais, who were asked to participate in an organized screening carried out in units were the Family Health Strategy had been implemented. Participants answered the standardized questionnaire and underwent a conventional cervical cytology test and HPV test for high oncogenic risk. Estimates of HPV infection prevalence were calculated according to selected characteristics referenced in the literature and related to socioeconomic status, reproductive health and lifestyle. RESULTS The overall prevalence of HPV infection was 12.6% (95%CI 11.16-14.05). The prevalence for the pooled primer contained 12 oncogenic HPV types (31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, and 68) was 8.6% (95%CI 7.3-9.77). In the multivariate analysis, it was observed that the following variables were significantly associated with a higher prevalence of HPV infection: marital status (single: adjusted PR = 1.40, 95%CI 1.07-1.8), alcohol consumption (any lifetime frequency: adjusted PR = 1.44, 95%CI 1.11-1.86) and number of lifetime sexual partners (≥ 3: adjusted PR = 1.35, 95%CI 1.04-1.74). CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of HPV infection in the study population ranges from average to particularly high among young women. The prevalence of HPV16 and HPV18 infection is similar to the worldwide prevalence. Homogeneous distribution among the pooled primer types would precede the isolated infection by HPV18 in magnitude, which may be a difference greater than the one observed. The identification of high-risk oncogenic HPV prevalence may help identify women at higher risk of developing preneoplastic lesions.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Estimar a prevalência de infecção do colo do útero pelo HPV entre mulheres assistidas pela Estratégia Saúde da Família e identificar os fatores relacionados à infecção. MÉTODOS Trata-se de estudo transversal, no qual participaram 2.076 mulheres de 20 a 59 anos, residentes em Juiz de Fora, MG, convocadas para rastreamento organizado, realizado em unidades com a Estratégia Saúde da Família implantada. As participantes responderam ao questionário padronizado, realizando exame citológico cervical convencional e teste para HPV de alto risco oncogênico. Foram calculadas estimativas de prevalência de infecção pelo HPV segundo características selecionadas, referenciadas na literatura, relacionadas ao status socioeconômico, saúde reprodutiva e estilo de vida. RESULTADOS A prevalência global de infecção pelo HPV foi 12,6% (IC95% 11,16-14,05). A prevalência para o pooled primer contendo 12 tipos de HPV oncogênicos (31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66 e 68) foi 8,6% (IC95% 7,3-9,77). Na análise multivariada, observou-se que as seguintes variáveis estavam significativamente associadas a uma maior prevalência de infecção por HPV: estado conjugal (solteira: RP ajustada = 1,40; IC95% 1,07-1,8), consumo de bebidas alcoólicas (qualquer frequência durante a vida: RP ajustada = 1,44; IC95% 1,11-1,86) e número de parceiros sexuais ao longo da vida (≥ 3: RP ajustada = 1,35; IC95% 1,04-1,74). CONCLUSÕES A prevalência de infecção pelo HPV na população estudada varia de média a particularmente alta entre as mulheres jovens. A prevalência de infecção por HPV16 e HPV18 se assemelha às mundiais. Uma distribuição homogênea entre os tipos do pooled primer precederia a infecção isolada pelo HPV18 em magnitude, podendo ser a diferença maior que a observada. A identificação da prevalência de HPV de alto risco oncogênico pode auxiliar na identificação de mulheres sob maior risco de evolução para lesão preneoplásica.

Prevalence and risk factors for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia among HIV-infected women

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence and the risk factors for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) among HIV-infected women. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of 494 HIV-infected women in Brazil, between 1998 and 2008. Gynecologic exam was performed, and samples were collected for cervical cytology and for HPV DNA detection. Cervical biopsy was carried out when indicated. HPV infection, CD4 T-lymphocyte count and HIV viral load were compared with cervical histopathology. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were performed to evaluate the statistical association of several risk factors. RESULTS: CIN prevalence detected by histopathology was 23.4% (6% of CIN2/3 and 17.4% cases of CIN1). Multivariate analysis confirmed an independent association of CIN with CD4 T-lymphocyte count below 200 cells/mm³ (OR 5.0, 95% CI 2.5-10.1), with a positive detection of HPV DNA (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.2-3.5), and with age < 34 years old (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0-2.4). HIV viral load and antiretroviral use were not independent risk factors for CIN. CONCLUSIONS: Severity of immunosupression, presence of HPV infection and younger age are strong predictors of CIN among HIV-infected women.

Prevalencia de papilomavirus humano (HPV) tipo 6, 11, 16 y 18 en la ciudad de Buenos Aires: implicancias en la implementación de vacunas profilácticas / Prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV-6-11, -16 and -18) in the city of Buenos Aires: epidemiology and vaccination

Introducción: el cáncer cervical es uno de los cáncer más comunes que afectan mujeres en países en desarrollo. Es provocado por la infección persistente del Papilomavirus Humano (HPV). En los últimos años se ha lanzado al mercado una vacuna cuadrivalente contra los HPV de bajo y alto riesgo (HPV-6, 11, 16 y 18), otra vacuna, bivalente para HPV-16 y 18, también ha sido introducida al mercado. En el presente trabajo se evaluó si los tipos de HPV cubiertos por las vacunas profilácticas son los más prevalentes en nuestro país, así como la utilidad de los métodos de detección viral por ADN como herramienta para el diagnóstico en mujeres asintomáticas. Materiales y métodos: éste protocolo se encuentra aprobado por el Comité de Docencia e Investigación (CODEI) del Hospital Gral. de Agudos "C.G. Durand" y por el consejo de Etica de la USAL. Todos los participantes dieron consentimiento escrito voluntario antes de participar del mismo. Se analizaron biopsias cervicales obtenidas en el Servicio de Tocoginecología de dicho Hospital, las cuales fueron agrupadas en 4 categorías: Grupo Control (ctrl.) n= 27, Grupo de lesiones de bajo grado (CIN I) n = 22, Grupo de lesiones de mediano y alto grado (CIN II/III) n = 30, Grupo de carcinomas cervicales (CC) n = 35. El ADN fue extraído por métodos estándar. La determinación de presencia de HPV se realizó mediante PCR específica con cebadores MY09/MY11. La tipificación de ADN específico de HPV-6, -11, -16 y -18 se realizó con PCR multiplex específica. Resultados y conclusiones: hemos observado una alta incidencia de la infección con HPV-16 en todos los grupos analizados (52% p< 0,0001), y varias muestras mostraron coinfección entre HPVs de alto riesgo, y entre HPVs de bajo y alto riesgo (6,85%, p< 0,001 vs. HPV16). Estos resultados, sumados al hecho que el 17,8 % de las muestras no mostró infección con los citados tipos de HPV, sugieren que la prevalencia de los tipos virales cubiertos por las vacunas es menor a la esperada...

Introductions: Cervical cancer is one of the most frequent cancers that affect women in developing countries. It is caused by persistent infection with Human Papillomavirus (HPV). In the last years a cuadrivalent vaccine against High-risk HPVs (HPV-6, -11, -16 and -18) has been launched into the market; another vaccine, bivalent for HPV-16 and -18, has also been introduced intro the market. In the present work we evaluated if HPV types covered by these vaccines are actually the most prevalent in our country, as well as the utility of DNA-based viral detection essays as a diagnosis tool in asymptomatic women. Materials and Methods: this protocol has been approved by the Hospital Durand's Teaching and Ethics committee (CODEI) and by the Ethics committee of USAL. All pariticipants gave voluntary informed consent before being included in the study. we analyzed cervical biopsies obtained in Gynecology Service of Hospital Durand, which were grouped into 4 categories: Control group (ctrl.) n = 27, low grade cervical lesions group (CIN I) n = 22, high grade cervical lesions group (CIN II/III) n = 30, cervical carcinomas (CC) n = 35. DNA was extracted by standard methods. Viral HPV presence was evaluated by specific PCR with MY09/MY11 primers. Viral-specific DNA determination of HPV-6, -11, -16 and -18 was evaluated by specific multiplex PCR. Results and conclusions: We observed a high incidence of and several samples showd co-infection between High-risk HPVs, and between high and low-risk HPVs (6.85%, p< 0.001 vs. HPV16). These results, plus the fact that almost 17.8% of the samples shown no expression of HPV types covered by the vaccines, suggest that the prevalence of HPV-6,-11, -16 and -18 is lower than expected in Buenos Aires city.