Gliflozinas: más que antidiabéticos orales: una breve revisión de la literatura / Gliflozins: more than oral antidiabetics: a brief review of the literature / Gliflozinas: mais do que antidiabéticos orais: uma breve revisão da literatura

La diabetes mellitus, la insuficiencia cardíaca y la enfermedad renal crónica tienen alta prevalencia en la población. Asimismo, estas patologías están comprendidas en un "círculo vicioso" porque comparten mecanismos fisiopatológicos que predisponen a su coexistencia en un mismo paciente, incrementando significativamente el riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares. Recientemente se han agregado al arsenal terapéutico las gliflozinas, un grupo de fármacos con beneficios en las tres enfermedades mencionadas. Saber cómo se desarrolló la investigación con estos fármacos y sus mecanismos de acción es fundamental para optimizar el tratamiento de los pacientes.

Diabetes mellitus, heart failure, and chronic kidney disease are highly prevalent in the population. Likewise, these pathologies are included in a "vicious circle" because they share pathophysiological mechanisms that predispose to their coexistence in the same patient, significantly increasing the risk of cardiovascular events. Gliflozins, a group of drugs with benefits in the three mentioned pathologies, have recently been added to the therapeutic arsenal. Knowing how research with these drugs and its mechanisms of action is essential to optimize the treatment of patients.

Diabetes mellitus, insuficiência cardíaca e doença renal crônica são altamente prevalentes na população. Estas patologias fazem parte de um "círculo vicioso", compartilhando mecanismos fisiopatológicos que predispõem à coexistência no mesmo paciente, e aumentando significativamente o risco de eventos cardiovasculares. As gliflozinas, são un grupo de drogas com benefícios das três patologias citadas, foram adicionadas recentemente ao arsenal terapêutico. Saber como foram desenvolvidas as pesquisas com esses medicamentos e seus mecanismos de ação é essencial para otimizar o tratamento dos pacientes.

Prototype of an educational technology about appropriate diet for patients with chronic kidney disease / Protótipo de uma tecnologia educacional sobre dieta apropriada para pacientes renais crônicos

Introduction: Chronic kidney disease is a worldwide public health problem. If consideration should be given to the effect that this disease has on individuals, families, society and the country's economy, the urgency of patient education as a form of health promotion will be clearly understood. Patient education is key to the management of such conditions and a proactive approach to dealing with renal disease should be engaged. Chronic kidney disease describes the gradual loss of kidney function which, once established, tends to progress to end-stage renal failure and imminent death. Nursing care for patients with this condition include a number of areas of which patient education is paramount. In Guyana, the Georgetown Public Hospital Corporation alone has established that there are over five hundred people with chronic renal disease. Approximately 70% of patients with chronic kidney disease at this Hospital are readmitted frequently and their disease condition degenerates rapidly. Objective: To construct a prototype of educational technology for adult patients with chronic kidney disease. Methods: This was a study that used a methodological approach in three phases: Analysis & Diagnosis; Instructional Planning with Content systematization; and Didactic Drawing with Choice of illustration and Writing content. After gaining approval from the ethical committee of the Georgetown Public Hospital Corporation, hospitalized patients with chronic kidney disease and their families who were willing to be participants of this research during the period October to November 2019, were invited with their consent, to complete a questionnaire for the researchers to gather biographic and socioeconomic data. The number of participants was thirty, twelve were patients and eighteen were relatives. The majority of patients and relatives were female (58.3% and 61.1%), most of them were married. This was complemented with interviews where the participants shared their health education needs relating to their disease condition. Interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. From the themes that arise out of the interviews, along with the review of relative scientific literature, a prototype of an educational material for patients with chronic kidney disease was constructed as well as engaging design and layout artists and advertising professionals. Results: A prototype of a booklet for patients with chronic kidney disease and their caregivers was developed. Its selected theme came from interviews with the patients and their relatives. At the end, the prototype contains eight pages on the appropriate diet for patients with chronic kidney diseases. The contents were subdivided into steps so that educational guidelines were organized and could be discussed with patients and relatives. Conclusion: It is supposed that this prototype of educational technology will serve as a stimulus to the improved health of patients with chronic kidney disease through knowledge construction followed by self-care. It is anticipated to be a teaching technology for nurses and students who work on the clinical area to encourage the target population to take responsibility for their health maintenance when not hospitalized. Future work will examine the effectiveness of the implementation of this educational booklet

IIntrodução: a doença renal crônica é um problema de saúde pública mundial. Se for levado em consideração o efeito que esta doença tem sobre os indivíduos, famílias, sociedade e economia do país, a urgência da educação do paciente como forma de promoção da saúde será claramente compreendida. A educação do paciente é fundamental para o manejo de tais condições e uma abordagem proativa para lidar com a doença renal deve ser adotada. A doença renal crônica é compreendida como a perda gradual da função renal que, uma vez estabelecida, tende a progredir para insuficiência renal em estágio terminal e morte iminente. Os cuidados de enfermagem para pacientes com essa condição incluem várias áreas nas quais a educação do paciente é fundamental. Na Guiana, apenas no Georgetown Public Hospital Corporation há mais de quinhentas pessoas com doença renal crônica em tratamento. Aproximadamente 70% dos pacientes com doença renal crônica neste hospital são readmitidos com frequência e sua doença avança rapidamente. Objetivo: construir um protótipo de tecnologia educacional para pacientes adultos com doença renal crônica. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo que utilizou uma abordagem metodológica em três fases: análise e diagnóstico; planejamento instrucional com sistematização de conteúdo; e desenho didático com escolha de ilustração e conteúdo de escrita. Após obter a aprovação do comitê de ética da Georgetown Public Hospital Corporation, os pacientes internados com doença renal crônica e seus familiares que se dispuseram a participar desta pesquisa no período de outubro a novembro 2019, assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, e responderam a um questionário sociodemográfico. O número de participantes foi de trinta, sendo doze pacientes e dezoito parentes. A maioria dos pacientes e familiares era do sexo feminino (58,3% e 61,1%), a maioria casada. Este foi complementado com entrevistas nas quais os participantes compartilharam suas necessidades de educação em saúde relacionadas à sua condição de adoecimento. As entrevistas foram gravadas e transcritas na íntegra. Em segundo lugar, a partir dos temas que surgiram das entrevistas, junto com a revisão da literatura científica relativa à temática selecionada, um protótipo de um material educacional para pacientes com doença renal crônica foi construído, envolvendo artistas de design e layout e profissionais de publicidade. Resultados: foi desenvolvido um protótipo de cartilha para pacientes com doença renal crônica e seus cuidadores. Ao final, o protótipo contém oito páginas sobre a dieta adequada para pacientes com doenças renais crônicas. Os conteúdos foram subdivididos em passos para que as diretrizes educacionais fossem organizadas e pudessem ser discutidas com pacientes e familiares. Conclusão: supõe-se que este protótipo de tecnologia educacional servirá de estímulo à melhoria da saúde do paciente com doença renal crônica por meio da construção do conhecimento seguido do autocuidado. Prevê-se que seja uma tecnologia de ensino para enfermeiros e alunos que atuam na área clínica para estimular a população-alvo a se responsabilizar pela manutenção da saúde quando não estiver internada. O trabalho futuro examinará a eficácia da implementação deste livreto educacional

Exercício aeróbico intradialítico e o efeito sobre a pressão arterial de pacientes em hemodiálise: uma revisão integrativa / Intradialitic aerobic exercise and the effect of blood pressure of hemodialysis patients: an integrative review

Objetivo: trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura sobre o efeito do exercício físico aeróbico na redução dos níveis de pressão arterial entre os pacientes com diagnóstico de hipertensão arterial e insuficiência renal crônica em tratamento de hemodiálise. Método: a busca foi realizada no mês de maio de 2020 nas bases PUBMED, SCOPUS, LILACS, PEDro, PBi. Para a busca foram usados descritores e estratégias combinadas de buscas. Foi usado o recorte de 15 anos (janeiro/2005 a maio/2020). A partir dos critérios de exclusão e leitura dos artigos com potencial para inclusão foram encontrados um total de 876 documentos. Foram considerados os idiomas português, inglês, chinês, japonês, coreano devido a quantidade de trabalhos encontrados nos tais idiomas. Resultados: foram incluídos 13 artigos nesta pesquisa. Dentre os artigos incluídos, 6 artigos foram retirados da PUBMED, 3 artigos da Scopus, 2 artigos da plataforma PEDro e Lilacs cada, e apenas 1 artigo da PBi. Foram consideradas as profissões dos autores dos estudos, os conteúdos relacionados deveriam corresponder a DRC, HAS, HD e exercício físico aeróbico durante a HD. Conclusão: os resultados sintetizados neste estudo permitem reforçar que os exercícios físicos aeróbicos realizados durante a HD são essenciais para o tratamento e redução da PA e para a saúde em geral do paciente renal crônico

Objective: This is an integrative literature review on the effect of aerobic physical exercise in reducing blood pressure levels among patients diagnosed with hypertension and chronic renal failure undergoing hemodialysis treatment. Method: a search was performed in May 2020 in the PUBMED, SCOPUS, LILACS, PEDro, PBi databases. For the search, descriptors and combined search strategies were used. The 15-year cut-off was used (January / 2005 to May / 2020). From the exclusion criteria and reading of articles with potential for inclusion, a total of 876 documents were found. Portuguese, English, Chinese, Japanese, Korean were considered due to the amount of works found in these languages. Results: 13 articles were included in this research. Among the articles included, 6 articles were taken from PUBMED, 3 articles from Scopus, 2 articles from the PEDro and Lilacs platform each, and only 1 article from PBi. Were considered as professions of the authors studies, the contents related to CKD, SAH, HD and aerobic exercise during HD. Conclusion: the results summarized in this study allow us to reinforce that aerobic physical exercises performed during HD are essential for the treatment and reduction of BP and for the general health of chronic renal patients

Hipertensão na doença renal crônica em tratamento conservador / Hypertension in chronic kidney disease under conservative treatment

A hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) afeta aproximadamente 30% da população geral no mundo industrializado e é uma das principais causas de doença renal crônica (DRC), caracterizada por função renal anormal ou danos estruturais renais com mais de 3 meses de duração. A sua presença classifica o paciente hipertenso como de alto risco cardiovascular (CV). O controle pressórico é fundamental para diminuir a sua progressão e reduzir o risco de morbidade e mortalidade CV. A meta pressórica recomendada deve ser menor que 130x80mmHg para a maioria dos pacientes com DRC. O tratamento não medicamentoso tem como base as mesmas recomendações dos demais pacientes hipertensos. A terapia medicamentosa combinada deve ser iniciada o mais breve possível. Além dos inibidores do sistema renina angiotensina aldosterona, conhecidos por sua eficácia na DRC, os diuréticos e os bloqueadores de canal de cálcio compõem o trio de ouro utilizado no tratamento da HAS, capazes de reduzir o risco cardiovascular e desacelerar a progressão da doença renal. Em conclusão, a DRC é um preditor de risco CV e a presença concomitante de HAS aumenta expressivamente esse risco. A utilização da estratégia terapêutica adequada para manter os níveis pressóricos dentro das metas é fundamental na atenuação da progressão da doença renal e do risco

Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) affects approximately 30% of the general population in the industrialized world and is a major cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD), characterized by abnormal renal function or structural damage lasting more than 3 months. Its presence classifies the hypertensive as a high cardiovascular (CV) risk patient. Blood pressure (BP) control is essential for slowing the progression and for reducing the risk of CV morbidity and mortality in patients with CKD. BP target <130x80mmHg is recommended for most hypertensives with CKD. Non pharmacological treatment is based on the same recommendations for other hypertensive patients. Combination drug therapy should be started as soon as possible. In addition to the renin angiotensin aldosterone system blockers, known for their effectiveness in CKD, diuretics and calcium channel blockers compose the gold trio used in the treatment of SAH, able to reduce cardiovascular risk and to slow the progression of kidney disease. In conclusion, CKD is a predictor of CV risk and the concomitant presence of SAH significantly increases this risk. The use of an appropriate therapeutic strategy to maintain BP control is crucial to mitigate the progression of kidney disease and CV

Adaptação transcultural do instrumento PAIR: Pharmacotherapy Assessment in Chronic Renal Disease para aplicação no Brasil / Cross-cultural adaptation of the PAIR instrument: Pharmacotherapy Assessment in Chronic Renal Disease for application in Brazil

Resumo Indivíduos com doença renal crônica (DRC) frequentemente utilizam polifarmácia o que os expõe ao risco de problemas relacionados a medicamentos (PRMs). No Brasil, não existem instrumentos que possam sistematizar a avaliação da farmacoterapia e a gestão de PRMs nesta população. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar a adaptação transcultural do instrumento PAIR (Pharmacotherapy Assessment in Chronic Renal Disease) para o português brasileiro. O PAIR consiste numa lista de 50 PRMs considerados clinicamente significativos para renais crônicos. O processo de adaptação transcultural envolveu as etapas de tradução, síntese, retrotradução, análise por um comitê de especialistas e pré-teste da versão preliminar. O comitê de 2 farmacêuticos e 2 nefrologistas analisou a equivalência semântica, idiomática, experiencial e conceitual entre as versões original e traduzida. Todos os itens que obtiveram acordo inferior a 80% foram revisados. Foram realizados ajustes de palavras, assim como a exclusão de 6 PRMs devido à não aplicabilidade ao contexto brasileiro. Assim, foi obtida a versão final do PAIR definida como "Avaliação da farmacoterapia na doença renal crônica", traduzida e adaptada na língua portuguesa do Brasil.

Abstract Individuals suffering from chronic kidney disease (CKD) are often on multiple medications, which exposes them to drug-related problems (DRP). There are no available tools in Brazil to assess the pharmacotherapy and management of DRPs systematically in this population. The scope of this study was to perform a cross-cultural adaptation of PAIR criteria (Pharmacotherapy Assessment in Chronic Renal Disease) to Brazilian Portuguese. PAIR criteria consist of 50 DRP clinically significant items for CKD. The process of cross-cultural adaptation involved translation, synthesis, back-translation, and an analysis by an expert committee as well as a pre-test of the first draft document. A review committee consisting of 2 pharmacists and 2 nephrologists analyzed the semantic, linguistic, experiential, and conceptual equivalence between the original and translated versions. All items that obtained a score below 80% were reviewed. Word adjustments were made, as well as the exclusion of 6 DRP due to non-applicability to the Brazilian context. Thus, the final version of PAIR defined as "Avaliação da farmacoterapia na doença renal crônica" was translated and adapted into the Brazilian Portuguese language.

Efectos del Factor de crecimiento epidérmico sobre las características histológicas del riñón en ratas con Insuficiencia renal crónica / Effects of Epidermal growth factor on histological features of the kidney in rats with Chronic kidney failure

Introducción: la Insuficiencia renal crónica es un problema de salud pública, por lo que surge la necesidad de incrementar las acciones dirigidas a su prevención, diagnóstico e intervenciones terapéuticas eficaces; estudios recientes emplean el Factor de crecimiento epidérmico para evaluar su efecto reno-protector en variables funcionales; sin embargo se carece de estudios relacionados con los efectos de este producto sobre las características histológicas de riñones insuficientes. Objetivo: determinar los posibles efectos protectores y/o reparadores del Factor de crecimiento epidérmico humano recombinante sobre las características histológicas de riñones con insuficiencia renal crónica. Material y métodos: se trabajó con tres series, formadas por un grupo control y uno experimental cada una, de cinco animales, a los grupos experimentales se les realizó ablación quirúrgica de 5/6 de la masa renal. La serie A se conformó por animales controles, la B por los tratados con Factor de crecimiento epidérmico 24 horas antes del procedimiento y la C por los tratados con el bioproducto 24 horas después. Pasados 56 días del acto operatorio a los animales se les practicó la eutanasia y se procedió al estudio histológico del riñón. Resultados: en los animales de la serie A se observaron alteraciones histológicas en los corpúsculos y túbulos renales, en la serie B se observó que la mayor parte del parénquima renal presentó características normales y los de la serie C mostraron un daño renal incrementado. Conclusiones: El Factor de crecimiento epidérmico humano recombinante posee efecto reno-protector, sin embargo, no ofrece efecto reno-reparador(AU)

Introduction: Chronic Kidney Failure is a public health problem; therefore, the need for actions aimed at its prevention, diagnosis and effective therapeutic interventions is a most. Recent studies use the Epidermal Growth Factor to evaluate its reno-protective effect on functional variables; however, there are no studies related to the effects of this product on histological features of kidney in chronic failure. Objective: To determine the possible protective and / or repair effects of recombinant human epidermal growth factor on the histological features of kidneys in chronic renal failure. Material and methods: We worked with three series, each consisting of a control group and an experimental group of five animals. The experimental groups underwent 5/6 surgical ablation of the renal mass. Series A consisted of control animals, series B included those animals treated with Epidermal Growth Factor 24 hours before the procedure and series C was made up of those animals treated with the bioproduct 24 hours after the procedure. Fifty-six days after surgical act, euthanasia was practiced on the animals and the kidneys were histologically studied. Results: Histological alterations were observed in the renal corpuscles and tubules in the animals included in series A; in series B it was observed that most of the renal parenchyma presented normal characteristics and those in series C showed increased kidney damage. Conclusions: Recombinant human epidermal growth factor has a reno-protective effect; however, it does not offer a repair effect of acute kidney(AU)

Recomendación rápida sobre el uso de antihipertensivos IECA/ARA II en pacientes con riesgo o documentación de COVID-19 / Rapid recommendation on the use of ACEI/ARA antihypertensives in patients at risk or with documented COVID-19

Ciertos hallazgos preclínicos generaron preocupación en la comunidad científica y en la población general sobre el uso de inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina (IECA) y los antagonistas del receptor de la angiotensina II (ARAII), y los posibles desenlaces adversos asociados con relación a la infección por el nuevo Coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2).Por este motivo, nos planteamos como objetivo proveer de recomendaciones dinámicas (living recommendations) para el tratamiento con fármacos IECA o ARA II en pacientes con riesgo o documentación de infección por SARS-CoV-2 (en todo su espectro de gravedad). Se utilizó como metodología la adaptación/adopción de guías de práctica clínica bajo el enfoque GRADE, actualizando la evidencia al 7 de abril de 2020 mediante búsquedas en múltiples bases de datos y consultando a un panel multidisciplinario libre de conflictos de interés. Como resultado de este proceso se arribó a la siguiente afirmación: se recomienda, en contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19, en personas que se encuentran en tratamiento con IECA/ARAII, mantener el tratamiento sin cambios por sobre suspenderlo o reemplazarlo por otros fármacos (Recomendación fuerte a favor - calidad de evidencia baja). (AU)

Certain preclinical findings raised concerns in the scientific community and in the general population about the use ofangiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARA) and the possible adverse outcomes associated with the infection with the new Coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2). For this reason, our objective is to provide living recommendations for treatment with ACEI or ARA in patients with risk or documentation of SARS-CoV-2 infection (inall its severity spectrum). The adaptation/adoption of clinical practice guidelines under the GRADE approach was used as a methodology, updating the evidence as of April 7, 2020, by searching multiple databases and consulting a multidisciplinary panel free of conflicts of interest. As a result of this process, the following statement was reached: it is recommended, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, in people who are undergoing treatment with ACEI/ARA, to maintain the treatment unchanged instead of its suspension or replacement with other drugs (Strong recommendation in favor - low quality ofevidence). (AU)

Prescripción de fármacos bloqueadores del sistema renina angiotensina en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica etapa 3 en atención primaria de salud / Prescription of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers in patients with stage 3 chronic kidney disease

Background: To reduce the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular risk, the guidelines recommend the blockade of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in patients with proteinuria. Aim: To assess the frequency of enalapril or losartan use in diabetics or hypertensive patients with stage 3 CKD. Material and Methods: Review of clinical records of patients with CKD in an urban primary care clinic. Results: We identified 408 subjects aged 40 to 98 years (66% women) with stage 3 CKD. Sixty six percent had only hypertension and 34% were diabetic with or without hypertension. Seventy four percent received RAAS blockers (52% used enalapril, 45% losartan and 2% both medications). RAAS blockers were used in 70% of hypertensive and 78% of diabetic patients. The prescription in hypertensive diabetics with microalbuminuria was lower than in those without microalbuminuria (72% vs 87%, p < 0.05), but the opposite occurred in pure hypertensive patients with and without microalbuminuria (88% vs 69%, p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in blood pressure levels, microalbuminuria or serum potassium levels between RAAS blocker users and non-users. No differences were observed either between enalapril and losartan users. Conclusions: The adherence to clinical guidelines is insufficient and users of the recommended drugs did not achieve the expected goals.

Furosemide-induced pseudoporphyria in a patient with chronic kidney disease: case report / Pseudoporfiria induzida por furosemida em paciente com doença renal crônica: relato de caso

ABSTRACT Introduction: Pseudoporphyria is a rare photodermatosis with characteristics similar to those of porphyria cutanea tarda, without, however, presenting abnormalities in porphyrin metabolism. Its etiology is related to chronic kidney disease, ultraviolet radiation and certain medications. The aim of the present study is to describe a case of furosemide-related pseudoporphyria in a patient with chronic kidney disease. Case description: A 76-year-old male patient with stage 4 chronic kidney disease and in continuous use of furosemide presented ulcerated lesions with peripheral erythema and central hematic crust in the legs. On a skin infection suspicion, treatment with quinolone and neomycin sulfate was initiated, without improvement. A biopsy of the lesion was performed, with histopathological examination demonstrating findings compatible with porphyria, although the patient did not present high porphyrin levels. The diagnosis of furosemide-induced pseudoporphyria was then established, with medication suspension, and there was a significant improvement of the lesions. Discussion: There are few cases of pseudoporphyria described, but it is believed that this condition is underdiagnosed, especially in patients with chronic kidney disease. Both clinical and histopathological findings closely resemble porphyria, differentiating it from normal levels of porphyrin in plasma, urine, or feces. Conclusions: Although the lesions are mostly benign, they may increase the morbidity and mortality of these patients, so a proper diagnosis and early treatment are extremely important.

RESUMO Introdução: A pseudoporfiria é uma fotodermatose rara com características semelhantes às da porfiria cutânea tardia, sem, no entanto, apresentar anormalidades no metabolismo da porfirina. Sua etiologia está relacionada a doença renal crônica, radiação ultravioleta e determinados medicamentos. O objetivo do presente trabalho é descrever um caso de pseudoporfiria relacionada a furosemida em paciente portador de doença renal crônica. Descrição do caso: Paciente masculino, 76 anos, com doença renal crônica estágio 4 e em uso contínuo de furosemida, apresentou lesões ulceradas com eritema periférico e crosta hemática central nas pernas. Por suspeita de infecção de pele, foi iniciado tratamento com quinolona e sulfato de neomicina, sem melhora. Foi realizada então biópsia da lesão, com exame histopatológico demonstrando achados compatíveis com porfiria, sem, no entanto, o paciente apresentar níveis elevados de porfirinas. Foi então estabelecido o diagnóstico de pseudoporfiria induzida por furosemida, com suspensão de medicação , e houve melhora significativa das lesões. Discussão: Há poucos casos de pseudoporfiria descritos, mas acredita-se que essa condição seja subdiagnosticada, principalmente em pacientes com doença renal crônica. Tanto achados clínicos quanto histopatológicos se assemelham muito à porfiria, diferenciando desta por níveis normais de porfirina no plasma, na urina ou nas fezes. Conclusões: Embora as lesões sejam majoritariamente benignas, podem aumentar a morbimortalidade desses pacientes, por isso um diagnóstico adequado e tratamento precoce são de extrema importância.

Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer and the challenge of a patient with chronic kidney disease in hemodialysis

At a time when the population shows increasing longevity, entities such as cancer and chronic kidney disease (CKD) are more frequently connected. In the United States, approximately 6% of the patients on hemodialysis have cancer. The challenge to manage oncologic patients with CKD in a hemodialytic program represents a great shortage of available information on the choice of the best drug, timing, dosage adjustments, dialysis method, and treatment safety. We present the case of a patient with prostate cancer and terminal CKD in hemodialysis, and the treatment sequence after the development of resistance to hormonal blockade therapy, which included docetaxel, enzalutamide, and radium-223.

Adesão de portadores de doença renal crônica em hemodiálise ao tratamento estabelecido / Adhesión de enfermos de insuficiencia renal crónica al tratamiento establecido / Treatment adherence of chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis

Resumo Objetivo: Identificar o comportamento de adesão do paciente renal crônico ao regime terapêutico nas suas quatro dimensões: hemodiálise uso de medicamentos, dieta e restrição hídrica. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, transversal com abordagem quantitativa, desenvolvido em dois centros de hemodiálise no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Para coleta de dados, foi utilizado um questionário de avaliação sobre a adesão do portador de doença renal crônica em hemodiálise. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva simples. Resultados: O domínio que apresentou maior percentual de pacientes não aderentes foi a hemodiálise, com 32%. Já a medicação foi o domínio com maior percentual de pacientes aderentes, 93,6%. Conclusão: A adesão à terapêutica é um comportamento dinâmico e, como tal, merece monitorização constante.

Resumen Objetivo: Identificar el comportamiento de adhesión del paciente renal crónico al régimen terapéutico en sus cuatro dimensiones: hemodiálisis, uso de medicamentos, dieta y restricción hídrica. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, transversal, con abordaje cualitativo, desarrollado en dos centros de hemodiálisis del Estado de Río de Janeiro. Datos recolectados mediante cuestionario de evaluación sobre la adhesión del enfermo de insuficiencia renal crónica en hemodiálisis. Estos datos fueron analizados por estadística descriptiva simple. Resultados: El dominio que presentó mayor porcentaje de pacientes no adherentes fue la hemodiálisis, con 32%. La medicación fue el dominio con mayor porcentaje de pacientes adherentes, con 93,6%. Conclusión: La adhesión a la terapéutica es un comportamiento dinámico. Siendo esa su condición, merece recibir monitoreo constante.

Abstract Objective: Identify the adherence behavior of chronic kidney patients to the four dimensions of the therapeutic regimen: hemodialysis, medication use, diet and fluid restriction. Methods: Descriptive and cross-sectional study with a quantitative approach, developed at two hemodialysis centers in the State of Rio de Janeiro. To collect the data, an evaluation questionnaire was used on the adherence of the chronic kidney patient on hemodialysis. The data were analyzed through simple descriptive statistics. Results: The domain with the highest percentage of non-adherent patients was hemodialysis with 32%. Medication was the domain with the highest percentage of adherent patients, 93.6%. Conclusion: Treatment adherence is a dynamics behavior and, therefore, needs constant monitoring.

Use of vitamin D and infection in patients with chronic kidney disease / Uso de la vitamina D e infección en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica / Uso da vitamina D e infecção em pacientes com doença renal crônica

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation as protection factor against infection of patients with chronic kidney disease on conservative treatment. Method: Retrospective cohort study carried out between 2013 and 2016 in the Conservative Treatment Outpatient Clinics (Ambulatório de Tratamento Conservador) of the Hypertension and Kidney Hospital (Hospital do Rim e Hipertensão) of the Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Data on sociodemographic factors, comorbidity, infection episodes and use or nonuse of vitamin D supplementation for at least 6 months were collected from medical records. The primary outcomes considered in both groups were: presence or absence of infection anywhere on the body (bloodstream, urinary, respiratory and surgical sites). Results: A total of 263 patients were included and those who received (n=43) vitamin D had 59% less chance of developing infections (OR=0.41; 95%CI; 0.15-0.99), when compared to those who did not receive. Conclusion: Vitamin D supplementation was a protective factor against infections of all causes.

RESUMEN Objetivo: evaluar la efectividad de la suplementación de vitamina D en pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en tratamiento conservador como factor de protección contra infecciones. Método: Estudio de Cohorte retrospectiva realizado entre 2013 y 2016 en el Ambulatorio de Tratamiento Conservador del Hospital do Rim e Hipertensão da Universidade Federal São Paulo. Se recogieron de los prontuarios los datos sociodemográficos, de comorbilidad, episodios de infección, en uso o no de suplementación de vitamina D por lo menos 6 meses. Los resultados primarios considerados en los dos grupos fueron: la presencia o no de infección en cualquier sitio: urinario, respiratorio, corriente sanguínea y sitio quirúrgico. Resultados: Se incluyeron 263 pacientes y los que recibieron (n = 43) vitamina D tenían un 59% menos de posibilidades de desarrollar infección (OR = 0,41, IC95% 0,15-0,99), en comparación con los que no recibieron. Conclusión: La suplementación de vitamina D fue factor de protección contra infecciones de todas las causas.

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a efetividade da suplementação de vitamina D em pacientes com doença renal crônica em tratamento conservador como fator de proteção contra infecções. Método: Estudo de Coorte retrospectiva realizado entre 2013 e 2016 no Ambulatório de Tratamento Conservador do Hospital do Rim e Hipertensão da Universidade Federal de São Paulo. Foram coletados dos prontuários os dados sociodemográficos, de comorbidade, episódios de infecção, em uso ou não de suplementação de vitamina D por no mínimo 6 meses. Os desfechos primários considerados nos dois grupos foram: a presença ou não de infecção em qualquer sítio: urinário, respiratório, corrente sanguínea e sítio cirúrgico. Resultados: Foram incluídos 263 pacientes e os que receberam (n=43) vitamina D tiveram 59% menos chance de desenvolver infecção (OR=0,41; IC95% 0,15-0,99), quando comparados aos que não receberam. Conclusão: A suplementação de vitamina D foi fator de proteção contra infecções de todas as causas.

NLRP3 inflammasome: A therapeutic option for kidney disease? / El inflamasoma NLRP3: ¿Es realmente una opción terapéutica para la enfermedad renal?

ABSTRACT Objective To determine if considering inflammasome NLRP3 as a treatment option for kidney disease is possible. Methods Literature review related to NLRP3 inflammasome structure, biological function and relationship with renal disease and others (hypertension, diabetes, gout, atherosclerosis, amyloidosis, Alzheimer's disease); the systematic review was made searching in the databases PubMed and SciELO for the following terms: "The NLRP3 inflammasome therapeutic for kidney disease", "NLRP3 nflammasome in kidney disease" in PubMed, and "Inflammasome" for Scielo. Results 146 documents were found, althoughonly 34 matched the working hypothesis concerning the NLRP3 inflammasome as a central component of various diseases in humans, with potential therapeutic use. The NLRP3 inflammasome is responsible for the maturation of inflammatory pro-interleukin IL-1 β and IL-18, which can be triggered by aggregated or crystalline materials (particles), and by various microorganisms and toxins derived from these; however, the way how activation mechanisms work is not completely clear. Conclusions Research on new therapies that focus on removing or inhibiting inflammasome components, both individually and together, is proposed.(AU)

RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar si el inflamasoma NLRP3 puede considerarse como opción de tratamiento para la enfermedad renal. Métodos Con el fin de encontrar bibliografía relacionada con la estructura del inflamasoma NLRP3, su función biológica y su relación con la enfermedad renal y otras (hipertensión, diabetes, gota, aterosclerosis, amiloidosis, enfermedad de Alzheimer), se realizó una revisión sistemática en dos bases de datos (PubMed y SciELO) con los términos: "NLRP3 inflammasome therapeutic for kidney disease" y "NLRP3 inflammasome in kidney disease" en PubMed, e "Iinflammasome" en SciELO. Resultados Se encontró un total de 146 documentos, de los cuales solo 34 concuerdan con la hipótesis de trabajo desarrollada con relación al inflamasoma NLRP3 como componente central de diversas enfermedades en seres humanos y con potencial uso terapéutico. El inflamasoma NLRP3 es responsable de la maduración de la interleucina inflamatoria pro-IL-1 β y IL-18, l cual puede darse por causa de materiales agregados o cristalinos (partículas), y por diversos microorganismos y toxinas derivadas de los mismos; sin embargo, los mecanismos de activación de este proceso siguen sin ser claros en la actualidad. Conclusiones Se propone estudiar nuevas terapias que se centren en la eliminación o inhibición de los componentes inflamasoma, de manera individual y conjunta.(AU)

Effect of aqueous extract of the Vigna angularis in rats subjected to an experimental model of moderate chronic kidney disease

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of the aqueous extract of the Vigna angularis, popularly known as "Azuki beans", in rats subjected to an experimental model of moderate chronic kidney disease. METHODS: Thirty rats underwent two surgeries - Ormrod and Miller (1980) - to obtain Moderate Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD-M). The animals were randomized into 3 groups. Group 1 (Control): distilled water. Group 2 (Azuki): Vigna angularis 5% aqueous extract. Group 3 (Treatment): 10mg/kg of enalapril maleate. The rats received their respective treatments for 14 days. RESULTS: The treatment with azuki beans produced an increase in urine output from the second day until the end of the experiment compared to the Control groups (p<0.01) and Treatment (p<0.05). The treatment with azuki also produced significant reductions in the levels of glucose, triglycerides, VLDL, uric acid, Alanine aminotransferase (p<0.05), urea and serum creatinine (p<0.01), besides having produced a significant increase in the levels of HDL when compared to the Control group. CONCLUSION: Treatment with Azuki beans produced improvements in the parameters of renal function and significantly reduced glucose levels, triglycerides, VLDL, alanine aminostransferase, uric acid and creatinine, besides having produced a significant increase in the levels of HDL in rats submitted to a model of moderate chronic kidney disease.

Management of diabetes mellitus in individuals with chronic kidney disease: therapeutic perspectives and glycemic control

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic options for diabetes treatment and their potential side effects, in addition to analyzing the risks and benefits of tight glycemic control in patients with diabetic kidney disease. For this review, a search was performed using several pre-defined keyword combinations and their equivalents: “diabetes kidney disease” and “renal failure” in combination with “diabetes treatment” and “oral antidiabetic drugs” or “oral hypoglycemic agents.” The search was performed in PubMed, Endocrine Abstracts and the Cochrane Library from January 1980 up to January 2015. Diabetes treatment in patients with diabetic kidney disease is challenging, in part because of progression of renal failure-related changes in insulin signaling, glucose transport and metabolism, favoring both hyperglycemic peaks and hypoglycemia. Additionally, the decline in renal function impairs the clearance and metabolism of antidiabetic agents and insulin, frequently requiring reassessment of prescriptions. The management of hyperglycemia in patients with diabetic kidney disease is even more difficult, requiring adjustment of antidiabetic agents and insulin doses. The health team responsible for the follow-up of these patients should be vigilant and prepared to make such changes; however, unfortunately, there are few guidelines addressing the nuances of the management of this specific population.

Sobrecarga y calidad de vida percibida en cuidadores familiares de pacientes renales / Overburden and quality of life perceived in family caregivers of renal patients

Introducción: la sobrecarga que recibe el cuidador afecta sus roles, debido a que debe dedicarse a satisfacer las necesidades del familiar, de este modo se afecta la calidad de vida, tanto del proveedor como del receptor de cuidados en el proceso salud-enfermedad. Objetivo: determinar la relación entre la sobrecarga percibida y la calidad de vida del cuidador familiar del paciente con insuficiencia renal crónica en Cartagena. Métodos: estudio correlacional, con una muestra de 225 cuidadores de pacientes que asistieron a instituciones prestadoras de servicios de hemodiálisis y diálisis peritoneal en Cartagena, escogidos en forma aleatoria. La medición de la calidad de vida se evaluó mediante el instrumento propuesto por Ferrel, se determinó la sobrecarga mediante la escala de sobrecarga de Zarit. Se expresaron los resultados, en frecuencias, medidas de tendencia central, media y desviación típica. La relación entre las variables se determinó utilizando Kruskall Wallis. Resultados: participaron 225 cuidadores, 75,1 por ciento en intervalos de edad entre 36 a 59 años de edad, 76,9 por ciento femenino, 54,7 por ciento eran casadas y en mayoría eran de estrato 2 el 62 por ciento. La sobrecarga que se manifestó por parte del cuidador se asoció especialmente en las dimensiones física, psicológica y social, promedios de (72,3) (68,0) y (66,0), obteniendo p-valor <0,05 cada una; la dimensión espiritual no presenta asociación puesto que su p-valor fue ≥ 0,05. Conclusiones: la sobrecarga en los cuidadores de pacientes con insuficiencia renal se asoció con la calidad de vida, en las dimensiones física, psicológica y social(AU)

Introduction: overloading affects the caregiver receives their roles because they must devote to meeting the needs of the family, thus the quality of life of both the provider and the recipient of care in the health-disease process is affected. Objective: to determine the relationship between perceived overload and quality of life of caregivers of patients with chronic renal failure in Cartagena. Methods: correlative study with a sample of 225 caregivers of patients attending service institutions hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis in Cartagena, chosen at random. Measuring the quality of life was assessed using the proposed instrument Ferrel, overloading was determined by the Zarit burden scale. The outcome measures of central tendency average and standard deviation were expressed in frequencies. The relationship between variables was determined using Kruskall Wallis. Results : involved 225 caregivers, 75.1 percent in age ranges from 36 to 59 years, 76.9 percent female, were married in 54.7 percent and were mostly layer 2 62 percent. The overload manifested by the caregiver is especially associated in the physical, psychological and social dimensions averages (72.3) (68.0) and (66.0) to obtain p-value <0.05 each; the spiritual dimension no association since its p-value was ≥ 0.05. Conclusions: overload in caregivers of patients with renal impairment was associated with quality of life, physical, psychological and social dimensions(AU)

Risk of hypoglycemia during hemodialysis in diabetic patients is related to lower pre-dialysis glycemia

Objective To compare the occurrence of hypoglycemia during hemodialysis in chronic kidney disease diabetic patients who present different levels of pre-dialysis glycemia both when using dialysis solutions with and without glucose. Subjects and methods Twenty type 2 diabetic patients in maintenance hemodialysis were submitted to three dialysis sessions (at a 7-day interval each) with dialysis solutions without glucose, with glucose at 55 mg/dL, and at 90 mg/dL subsequently. Blood glucose levels were measured immediately pre-dialysis and at 4 moments during the session, and values under 70 mg/dL were considered as hypoglycemia. Results Average pre-dialysis glycemia was lower in those who presented intra-dialytic hypoglycemia than in those who did not, both in glucose-free (140.4 ± 50.7 vs. 277.7 ± 91.0 mg/dL; p = 0.005; 95%CI: 46.4 to 228.1) and in glucose 55 mg/dL (89.5 ± 10.6 vs. 229.7 ± 105.0 mg/dL; p < 0.05; 95%CI: 9.8 to 270.5). In patients with pre-dialysis glycemia under 140 mg/dL, average intradialytic glycemia was significantly lower than pre-dialysis glycemia only when using glucose-free dialysate (p < 0.0001; 95%CI: 29.9 to 56.0 - t-test). Hypoglycemia during dialysis was observed only when using glucose-free or glucose-poor dialysis solutions. Conclusions The use of glucose-free or glucose-poor dialysis solution presents a high risk of intradialytic hypoglycemia in diabetic renal patients, especially in those with presumed better glycemic control. .