Resultados en el corto y mediano plazo del tratamiento endovascular en la enfermedad arterial obstructiva infrapoplítea en pacientes con isquemia crítica de una extremidad / Short to midterm results after endovascular approach in critical limb isquemia in patients with below-the-knee arterial disease

Resumen Objetivo: Mostrar los resultados en el corto y mediano plazo del tratamiento endovascular de angioplastia transluminal percutánea (ATP) con balón en pacientes en estado de isquemia crítica por enfermedad arterial obstructiva infrapoplítea. Materiales y Método: Estudio descriptivo, observacional, retrospectivo. Se incluyeron los pacientes hospitalizados entre 2009 y 2018 por isquemia crítica Fontaine III o IV sometidos a una ATP del territorio infrapoplíteo. Se observó como objetivos primarios la preservación de la extremidad afectada y la mortalidad posoperatoria a un año plazo, y como objetivos secundarios los procedimientos adicionales en pacientes con lesiones o necrosis distales, estadía hospitalaria, complicaciones posoperatorias y necesidad de reintervención. Resultados: Se incluyeron 42 pacientes con un promedio de edad de 66 años (46-82), con importantes comorbilidades. Un 83,3% ingresó en etapa Fontaine IV. En 16 casos se realizó una angioplastia percutánea en más de una arteria. No se colocó stents. Se presentaron complicaciones en 3 pacientes, 2 requirieron una amputación mayor y en otro se debió efectuar un nuevo procedimiento endovascular de rescate. La estadía hospitalaria promedio fue 22 días. No hubo mortalidad precoz posprocedimiento. La mortalidad global a un año fue 9,5%. A todos los pacientes en etapa Fontaine IV se les efectuó algún procedimiento adicional, a 31 una amputación menor, 3 cerraron sus lesiones por segunda intención y en otro se realizó un injerto dermo-epidérmico. De los 35 pacientes con seguimiento, 77% preservó su extremidad a un año. Conclusión: La reparación endovascular mediante una angioplastia percutánea en estos casos es un procedimiento seguro y tiene una alta tasa de preservación de la extremidad inicial a un año de seguimiento.

Aim: Show initial and midterms results of endovascular Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty (PTA) in critical limb isquemia (CLI) patients caused by below-the-knee arterial disease. Materials and Method: Observational, descriptive and retrospective study. 42 CLI patients admitted in our hospital from 2009 until 2018 with Fontaine III or IV treated by PTA in infrapopliteal arteries were analyzed, collecting demographic, clinical and surgical characteristics, additional procedures in Fontaine IV, hospital stay, postoperative complications, need of reintervention, limb preservation and mortality with one year follow-up after procedure. Results: 42 patients, average age 66 year-old (46-82), with significant comorbidities. Fontaine IV stage patients were 83.3%. In 16 cases more than one artery was intervened. No stent revascularization was performed. Complications occurred in 3 patients, 2 required major amputation and an urgent endovascular reintervention was required in another. Average hospital stay was 22 days with no post-operative mortality. One-year global mortality was 9.5 One-year follow-up in 35 patients shows that 77% preserved their limb. Conclusión: Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty procedure in this patients has a high rate of limb preservation in a one-year follow-up. There was no post-operative mortality.

Manejo endovascular de la isquemia crítica distal: análisis de una serie contemporánea

Background: Chronic limb ischemia can lead to high rates of limb loss and mortality. Open surgery is the gold standard for treatment of distal disease. Endovascular surgery should have less complications with similar outcomes. Aim: To report a cohort of patients with distal arterial disease treated with endovascular surgery at our institution. Material and Methods: Review of angioplasty records of patients undergoing distal lower extremity endovascular procedures between 2016 and 2019. Demographics, comorbidities, form of presentation, type of intervention, perioperative complications, and length of stay were analyzed. The primary outcomes were wound healing, reinterventions and freedom from major amputation. Secondary outcomes were overall survival and amputation-free survival. Results: Forty-eight limbs of 41 patients with a mean age 75 years (78% males) were treated. Ninety-three percent had hypertension, 88% diabetes, 30% chronic kidney disease. 73% presented with major wounds. Plain balloon and drug coated balloon angioplasties were carried out in 65 and 31% of procedures respectively, with no difference in results. In 46% of the cases, only chronic total occlusions were treated. Wound healing was achieved in 85% of procedures and 90% of patients were free from amputation at one year of follow up. Complications were observed in 18% of procedures, perioperative mortality was 2% and one-year survival was 76%. Conclusions: Endovascular therapy achieves high rates of wound healing and freedom from amputation with low perioperative mortality and moderate complication rates.

Diabetes-related lower-extremity amputation incidence and risk factors: a prospective seven-year study in Costa Rica / Incidencia y factores de riesgo de la amputación de extremidades inferiores relacionada con la diabetes: estudio prospectivo de siete años en Costa Rica

Objective. To analyze the incidence and determinants of lower-extremity amputation(LEA) in people with diabetes in a low-income community in Costa Rica.Methods. Data on LEA incidence were collected during a seven-year follow-up (2001–2007) in a diabetes patient cohort (n = 572). Risk factors were analyzed using the Coxproportional hazards regression model and baseline variables from the year 2000 (sociodemographiccharacteristics, comorbidity, metabolic control, treatment, and chronic microvascularcomplications).Results. LEA incidence was 6.02 per 1 000 person-years (8.65 in men and 4.50 in women).Known risk factors (sex, years of diabetes, elevated glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c], retinopathy,insulin therapy, and prior amputation) were highly significant.Conclusions. Those most likely to undergo LEA among Costa Rican diabetic patients weremen with 10 or more years of diabetes and average HbA1c ≥ 8% who used insulin and haddiabetic retinopathy. Patients on insulin therapy were at greatest risk, especially those with aprevious amputation. Diabetic patients with the above-mentioned profile should be consideredto be at very high risk of LEA and followed closely by the health care system.

Objetivo. Analizar la incidencia y los determinantes de la amputación deextremidades inferiores (AEI) en personas diabéticas de una comunidad con bajosingresos de Costa Rica.Métodos. Se recopilaron datos sobre la incidencia de la AEI durante un período deseguimiento de siete años (del 2001 al 2007) en una cohorte de pacientes diabéticos(n = 572). Se analizaron los factores de riesgo usando el modelo de regresión de Coxde riesgos proporcionales y los valores de referencia del año 2000 de las variables(características sociodemográficas, comorbilidad, control metabólico, tratamiento ycomplicaciones microvasculares crónicas).Resultados. La incidencia de la AEI fue de 6,02 por 1 000 personas-año (8,65 envarones y 4,50 en mujeres). Los factores de riesgo conocidos (sexo, años de evoluciónde la diabetes, glucohemoglobina [HbA1c] elevada, retinopatía, tratamiento coninsulina y amputación previa) fueron muy significativos.Conclusiones. Los pacientes diabéticos costarricenses con mayor probabilidad desufrir una AEI fueron los varones con 10 o más años de evolución de la diabetesy un promedio de HbA1c ≥ 8% que eran tratados con insulina y padecían unaretinopatía diabética. Los pacientes en tratamiento con insulina presentaban el mayorriesgo, especialmente los que habían sufrido una amputación anterior. Los pacientesdiabéticos con el perfil descrito anteriormente deben considerarse como de riesgomuy elevado de AEI y deben ser seguidos de cerca por el sistema de atención desalud.

Tratamento de angina mesentérica em pacientes com arterite de Takayasu / Treatment of mesenteric angina in patients with Takayasu's arteritis

Aarterite de Takayasu (AT) é uma doença inflamatória crônica do tecido conectivo, idiopática, que acomete preferencialmente a aorta e seus ramos. A terapêutica utilizada baseia-se sobretudo no uso de corticosteroides e imunossupressores. É relatado o caso de uma paciente, 33 anos, com mal-estar, febre, mialgia, cefaleia intensa, pulsátil, holocraniana, resistente a analgésicos, hipertensão arterial sistêmica de difícil controle, claudicação no membro inferior direito e dor abdominal de forte intensidade, a qual piorava após a alimentação. A angiotomografia revelou aneurisma da aorta ascendente, estenose da artéria ilíaca comum direita, estenose das artérias renais e estenose da artéria mesentérica superior, fato que embasou o diagnóstico de angina mesentérica e a conduta intervencionista através da angioplastia transluminal percutânea múltipla com a colocação de stents.

Takayasu's arteritis (TA) is an idiopathic chronic inflammatory disease of the connective tissue that affects mainly the aorta and its branches. Treatment is mainly based on corticosteroids and immunosuppressants. We report the case of a 33-year-old female complaining of malaise, fever, myalgia, severe pulsing holocranial headache resistant to analgesics, systemic arterial hypertension hard to control, right lower limb claudication, and severe abdominal pain that worsened after the meals. Angiotomography revealed aneurysm of the ascending aorta, and stenosis of the following vessels: right common iliac artery, renal arteries, and superior mesenteric artery. Those findings supported the diagnosis of mesenteric angina and the interventional approach by use of percutaneous transluminal angioplasty with stent placement.

Isquemia mesentérica crónica, tratamiento quirúrgico: reporte de dos casos / Chronic mesenteric ischemia: report of two cases

Chronic mesenteric ischemia is uncommon and often not recognized by clinicians. We report two patients with the disease. A 61 years old female with a two years history of abdominal pain, diarrhea, anorexia and weight loss. A mesenteric arteriography showed a critical stenosis of the celiac artery. The patient was operated and a retrograde bypass from the iliac to the mesenteric artery was placed. Digestive symptoms ceased and the patient gained weight. A 49 years old smoker female, with a two years history of abdominal pain and weight loss, without diarrhea. A doppler ultrasonography of abdominal arteries showed a critical stenosis of the celiac artery. The angiography confirmed the stenosis and disclosed also a complete occlusion of the common hepatic artery. The patient was operated placing anterograde aortic-mesenteric and aortic- hepatic bypasses. During the follow up, the patient is in good conditions.

La isquemia mesentérica crónica es una enfermedad que pone en riesgo la vida, que puede provocar la muerte por inanición o infarto mesentérico. El diagnóstico se realiza tardíamente debido a la inespecificidad de sus síntomas. El método diagnóstico no invasivo de elección es la ecografía doppler, por el cual se determina la presencia de estenosis u oclusión de las arterias viscerales comprometidas. La arteriografía se utiliza para definir la anatomía de las lesiones y planificar la cirugía. El tratamiento de elección sigue siendo la revascularización. Presentamos dos pacientes tratadas en nuestro servicio con buenos resultados, las que presentaban historia de síntomas abdominales inespecíficos y baja de peso. En la primera paciente, con antecedentes de hipercolesterolemia, su estudio demostró ateromatosis calcica difusa de aorta abdominal, ilíacas comunes, tronco celíaco, renales y mesentérica superior; se le realizó bypass ilíaco-mesentérico superior. En la segunda paciente, con antecedentes de tabaquismo crónico, su estudio demostró lesiones críticas de tronco celíaco y arteria mesentérica superior e inferior, se le realizó bypass aorto-mesentérico superior y aorto-hepático común. En los controles, ambas pacientes presentan alza de peso sostenida y se mantienen asintomáticas.

Ethnic and health correlates of diabetes-related amputations at the Texas-Mexico border / Correlatos étnicos y de salud de las amputaciones relacionadas con la diabetes en la frontera entre Texas y México

OBJECTIVE: To examine the association between diabetes-related lower-extremity amputation (LEA) and ethnicity, age, source of payment, geographic location, diabetes severity, and health condition in adults with diabetes mellitus type 2 living in border and non-border counties in Texas, United States of America, and to assess intra-border region geographic differences in post-LEA treatment. METHODS: This correlational study was based on secondary data from the 2003 Texas Inpatient Hospital Discharge Data. The sample consisted of individuals 45 years of age and older with type 2 diabetes who had undergone a nontraumatic LEA (n = 5 865). Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analyses were applied. RESULTS: The following characteristics were predictors of LEA: being Hispanic or African American, male, > 55 years old, and a Medicare or Medicaid user, and living in a border county. Persons with moderate diabetes and those who suffered from cardiovascular disease or stroke also had higher odds of undergoing an LEA. Post-LEA occupational therapy was significantly less prevalent among border residents (9.5 percent) than non-border residents (15.3 percent) (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Understanding the factors that influence diabetes-related LEA may lead to early detection and effective treatment of this disabling consequence of diabetes along the U.S.-Mexico border.

OBJETIVO: Analizar la asociación entre las amputaciones de extremidades inferiores (AEI) relacionadas con la diabetes y el grupo étnico, la edad, la procedencia del pago, la ubicación geográfica, la gravedad de la diabetes y el estado de salud de los adultos que padecen diabetes tipo 2 residentes en los condados fronterizos y no fronterizos de Texas (Estados Unidos de América), y evaluar la diferencias geográficas dentro de la zona fronteriza en cuanto al tratamiento posterior a la amputación. MÉTODOS: Este estudio correlacional se basó en datos secundarios procedentes de la información de egreso de pacientes hospitalizados en Texas durante el año 2003. La muestra estuvo integrada por personas de 45 años o mayores con diabetes tipo 2, que habían sido sometidas a la amputación no traumática de una extremidad inferior (n = 5 865). Se aplicaron estadística descriptiva y análisis de regresión logística. RESULTADOS: Las siguientes características constituyeron factores predictivos de AEI: ser hispano o afroestadounidense, hombre, de 55 años o mayor, beneficiario de Medicare o Medicaid, y residente en un condado fronterizo. Las personas con diabetes moderada que padecían enfermedades cardiovasculares o habían sufrido un accidente cerebrovascular también tenían una mayor probabilidad de ser sometidas a una AEI. La terapia ocupacional posterior a la amputación fue significativamente menos prevalente entre los residentes fronterizos (9,5 por ciento) que entre los no fronterizos (15,3 por ciento) (P < 0,001). CONCLUSIONES: La comprensión de los factores que influyen en las AEI relacionadas con la diabetes puede conducir a la detección temprana y el tratamiento eficaz de esta secuela discapacitante en la zona fronteriza entre los Estados Unidos y México.

Resultados de las angioplastias del sector femoropoplíteo en isquemia crítica / Femoropopliteal angioplasty for the treatment of critical limb ischemia

Introducción: La isquemia critica de las extremidades inferiores (EEII) es una condición que afecta a pacientes que presentan grave patología ateromatosa en múltiples territorios y por ende tienen mal pronostico vital. La terapia endovascular validada en algunos sectores, en éste no ha logrado posicionarse. Objetivo: Evaluar la evolución de los pacientes sometidos a Angioplastia Endoluminal Percutánea (AGP) del territorio femoropoplíteo por isquemia critica. Material y Método: Estudio retrospectivo que incluye 58 extremidades en 54 pacientes con isquemia critica de las EE.II por patología femoropoplítea, sometidos a angioplastia entre Julio del 2001 a Diciembre del 2004 y seguidos en su evolución hasta Abril del 2006. Resultados: Fueron realizadas 58 AGP (54 pacientes): masculinos 54 por ciento, femeninos 46 por ciento, y 74 por ciento diabéticos. Edad promedio 70,6 años. El grupo incluye lesiones TASC A, B, C y D. El 24 por ciento de las extremidades no tenía run off. Éxito técnico inicial se obtuvo en el 84 por ciento. La permeabilidad primaria 43,3 por ciento a 1 año (ES 6,52), 32,7 por ciento a 2 años (ES 7,44) y 16,9 por ciento a 3 años (ES 6,31). Durante el periodo, 4 pacientes fueron sometidos a nuevas angioplastias del mismo territorio y 7 pacientes a by pass. Mortalidad a 30 días 1,7 por ciento. Existieron 4 complicaciones mayores (8 por ciento). Al término del seguimiento hay 20 amputaciones mayores (34 por ciento), cuatro de ellas por compromiso local, las restantes por isquemia irreversible. La mortalidad al final del seguimiento fue de 29,6 por ciento. Conclusión: La angioplastia infrainguinal en la isquemia crítica es posible, segura y de baja morbimortalidad, no excluyendo revascularizar mediante by pass si fracasa.

Introduction: The critical ischemia of the lower extremities is a condition that affects patients who present serious atheromatous pathology in multiple territories and, consequently, have bad live prognosis. Endovascular therapy, valid in some sectors, has not been able to find a position in this one yet. Objectives: to evaluate the gradual development of patients who were subjected to angioplasty of the femoropopliteal territory because of critical ischemia. Material and method: retrospective study, which includes 58 extremities in 54 patients with critical ischemia of the interior extremities due to femoropopliteal pathology who were subjected to angioplasty between July 2001 and December 2004, and whose development was studied until April 2006. Results: 58 AGP were performed in 54 patients: 54 percent male, 46 percent female, and 74 percent diabetics. The average age was 70.6 years old. The group includes TASC A, B, C, and D lesions. 24 percent of the extremities did not have run off. The initial technical success was obtained in 84 percent of the cases. The primary permeability 43,3 percent after a year (ES 6,52), 32,7 percent after 2 years (ES 7,44) and 16,9 percent after 3 years (ES 6,31). 4 patients were subjected to further angioplasty of the same territory and 7 patients were subjected to bypass during this period. The 30-day mortality was 1,7 percent. There were 4 major complications (8 percent). By the end of the monitoring, there are 20 major amputations (34 percent), 4 of these due to local compromise, and the rest of them due to irreversible ischemia. The mortality at the end of the monitoring was 29,6 percent. Conclusion: infrainguinal angioplasty on critical ischemia is possible, safe and presents a low morbimortality, not excluding revascu-larization through bypass in case of failure.

Isquemia sintomática en accesos vasculares parahemodiálisis / Symptomatic ischemia of hemodialysis vascular access

El objetivo de este estudio es dar a conocer nuestra experiencia en el manejo de pacientes con isquemia sintomática severa asociada a los accesos vasculares para hemodiálisis (AVHD). Entre Enero de 2000 y Junio del 2005 se construyeron 1926 accesos vasculares para hemodiálisis en 1537 pacientes en el Servicio de Cirugía del Hospital Barros Luco Trudeau, seleccionando aquellos pacientes que fueron manejados por presentar elementos de isquemia sintomática severa. El grupo está constituido por 18 pacientes, 9 (50 por ciento) hombres y 9 (50 por ciento) mujeres, 14 (78 por ciento) diabéticos. La edad promedio fue de 61 años. El diagnóstico se hizo en base a la anamnesis, examen físico y laboratorio no invasivo. En algunos casos se realizó eco doppler y angiografía. La incidencia encontrada es 1,17 por ciento, correspondiendo 61,1 por ciento a diabéticos mayores de 60 años y 16,7 por ciento a no diabéticos menores de 60 años (p< 0,05). Se presentó en 1,1 por ciento de los pacientes con AVHD nativo y 1,93 por ciento con AVHD protésico (ns). Las manifestaciones aparecieron en el post operatorio inmediato en 7 (39 por ciento) pacientes y en forma tardía en 11 (61 por ciento). La etiología fue enfermedad arterial oclusiva en 13 casos (72,2 por ciento), mecanismo de robo arterial en 3 (16,7 por ciento) y estenosis funcional en 2 (11,5 por ciento). El manejo consistió en revascularización en 8 casos (44,5 por ciento) y cierre de la fístula mas instalación de catéter tunelizado en 10 (55,5 por ciento). Al término del seguimiento, 15 (83,3 por ciento) presentaban regresión completa de los síntomas y 3 (16,7 por ciento) presentaban secuelas. La isquemia sintomática es una complicación poco frecuente, que puede presentarse tanto en forma precoz como tardía especialmente en pacientes diabéticos mayores de 60 años o con enfermedad vascular periférica, pudiendo significar la pérdida del acceso o dejar secuelas invalidantes. Son importantes las medidas de prevención.

Background: Symptomatic ischemia occurs in 1 to 8 percent of hemodialysis vascular accesses and may result in its loss. Aim: To report our experience in the management of patients with severe symptomatic ischemia associated to a vascular access for hemodialysis. Material and methods: All patients operated for a severe ischemia associated to a hemodialysis vascular access, between 2000 and 2005, were included in this study. Results: Of a total of 1926 vascular accesses, symptomatic ischemia was diagnosed in 18 patients (9 males) aged between 27 and 84 years. Fourteen (78 percent) were diabetic. Thus, the incidence of severe ischemia was 1.2 percent. It appeared in 1.1 percent of native and 1.9 percent of prosthetic vascular accesses. Clinical manifestations appeared in the early postoperative period in seven patients (39 percent). In the rest, they appeared more than 30 days after the procedure. Surgical treatment consisted in revascularization in eight patients (45 percent) and closure of fistula and installation of a tunneled catheter in 10 (55 percent). At the end of follow up, 15 patients (83 percent) had a complete regression of symptoms and three (17 percent) had sequelae. Conclusions: Symptomatic vascular access ischemia occurs in 1.2 percent of procedures, is much more common among diabetics and can be successfully managed in 80 percent of cases.

Tratamiento quirúrgico de la isquemia mesentérica crónica: Caso clínico / Surgical treatment of chronic mesenteric ischemia: Report of one case

Although the classic therapy for chronic mesenteric ischemia is surgical revascularization, endovascular therapy is a new therapeutic option. We report a 55 year-old female, with a 2 years history of post prandial abdominal pain, diarrhoea, and weight loss, with occlusion of both mesenteric arteries and critical stenosis of the celiac artery. The initial treatment consisted in angioplasty and celiac artery stent placement in two occasions, with a brief symptomatic relief. Finally, a visceral artery bypass was performed, with good post operative outcome and complete symptomatic resolution at one year follow up. In our opinion endovascular therapy is a good therapeutic option for chronic mesenteric ischemia in high surgical risk patients, specially when dealing with stenotic injuries. It may also be a complement for patients who need to recover their nutritional status prior to revascularization surgery. On the other hand, due to the long term patency and symptomatic relief, surgical treatment is a good option in low risk patients.

Surgical management of critical limb ischaemia in the French West Indies

This retrospective study analyses the clinical presentation, surgical management and early outcome of 174 patients (mean age +/- SEM: 73 +/- 15 yrs) admitted for critical limb ischaemia. 145 (84) had tissue loss at admission: toe gangrene or ischaemic ulcer in 77, and gangrene extending beyond the forefoot in 68. 87 primary limb amputations and 107 revascularisations were performed at iliofemoral (n = 20), suprapopliteal (n = 22) or infrapopliteal level. The postoperative mortality rate was 14in the [quot ]Amputation[quot ] group and 9in the [quot ]Revascularisation[quot ] group but the difference was not statistically significant. Infective complications were comparable in both groups, although 5 of 14 deaths after amputation were directly related to infection and all deaths after revascularisation resulted from cardiovascular complications. The early limb salvage rate after revascularisation was 82. 19 secondary limb amputations were performed for bypass failure. Patients in whom primary amputations were required were older (p < 0.03) and had significantly higher rates of heart disease and nonambulatory status (respectively, 24 vs 17, p < 0.05; and 37 vs 13, p < 0.001) than patients in whom revascularisation was performed. Ischaemic rest pain and tissue loss confined to digit gangrene or ischaemic ulcer occurred more frequently than extensive gangrene in the [quot ]Revascularisation[quot ] group (p < 0.0001), while extensive gangrene extending beyond the forefoot occurred more frequently than ischaemic rest pain and tissue loss in the [quot ]Amputation[quot ] group (p < 0.0001). Late presentation of patients and enhanced tissue loss are probably the reasons for the higher primary amputation rate in our patients compared to that observed elsewhere. In patients amenable to revascularisation (56), arterial reconstruction for critical limb ischaemia improves the chances of limb salvage.

Derivaçäo arterial com veia in situ no membro superior / Arterial bypass with vein in situ in arm

A isquemia crônica grave dos membros superiores é rara, devido à menor incidência das doenças arteriais obstrutiva na extremidade superior e a presença de uma rede colateral competente pré-existente. No caso objeto deste relato, um paciente portador de doença auto-imune apresentou necroses digitais mútiplas associadas à oclusäo da artéria braquial. O tratamento constou de pulsoterapia com corticóides, antibioticoterapia específica, ponte braquioradial com a veia cefálica "in situ" e simpatectomia torácicai T²-T5, além de desbridamento das lesöes necróticas. Os estudos anátomo-patológicos foram compatíveis com esclerodermia. A evoluçäo satisfatória a longo prazo nos leva a recomendar esta técnica nas revascularizaçöes dos membros superiores, sobretudo quando coexista a indicaçäo de longas pontes associada a um deságüe reduzido