Observancia de las guías internacionales de manejo temprano en sepsis grave y choque séptico / Adherence to international guidelines on early management in severe sepsis and septic shock

Introducción. La observancia completa del tratamiento temprano dirigido por objetivos, disminuye significativamente la mortalidad a 28 días, mientras que la observancia parcial no tiene ningún beneficio. Objetivos. Determinar la observancia de las guías internacionales en sepsis grave y choque séptico, mediante el conjunto de medidas (bundle) de reanimación de las primeras seis horas en pacientes mayores de 16 años de edad, en un centro de referencia de alta complejidad. Materiales y métodos. Se presenta un estudio de cohorte, prospectivo y descriptivo, llevado a cabo durante un período de seis meses, en pacientes con sepsis grave o choque séptico admitidos a los servicios de urgencias, unidades de cuidados intensivos y cuidados especiales. Se midió la observancia del conjunto de medidas mediante ocho intervenciones: 1) medición del lactato sérico, 2) inicio temprano de antibióticos, 3) toma de hemocultivos, 4) infusión de líquidos intravenosos, 5) uso de medicamentos vasopresores, 6) inserción de catéter venoso central, 7) presión venosa central mayor de 8 mm Hg, y 8) saturación venosa central de oxígeno mayor de 70 %. Resultados. Se tamizaron 723 pacientes; 16 % (n=116) cumplieron los criterios de inclusión, 92,2 % (n=107) cumplieron los criterios para sepsis grave y 37,9 % (n=44) para choque séptico. El 62,9 % (n=73) fue subdiagnosticado. La observancia completa de las 8 intervenciones del conjunto de medidas fue de 0 %; de 6 a 7, 19 % (n=22); de 3 a 5, 67,2 % (n=78), y de 0 a 2, 98,3 % (n=114). Conclusión. La completa observancia de las guías internacionales de manejo en sepsis grave y choque séptico en las primeras seis horas es nula y solo se cumple de manera parcial.

Introduction. Complete adherence to early goal-directed therapy has shown a significant reduction in 28-day mortality rate, whereas partial adherence has not shown beneficial effect. Objectives. The effect of adherence to 6 hour sepsis bundle treatment was evaluated on patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. Materials and methods. A prospective cohort study was conducted during a six-month period. The patients were limited to those 16 years or older and included admissions to intensive care units, special care units or emergency departments with severe sepsis or septic shock. The adherence to the 6-hour sepsis bundle was evaluated through 8 interventions as follows: (1) serum lactate measure,( 2) early antibiotic administration, (3) blood culture samples, (4) infusion of intravenous fluids, (5) vasopressor use, (6) central venous catheter, (7) central venous pressure >8 mm Hg, and (8) central venous oxygen saturation >70%. Results. Seven hundred and twenty three patients were screened; 16% (n=116) met the inclusion criteria; 92.2% (n=107) met the criteria for severe sepsis and 37.9% (44) for septic shock; 62.9% (n=73) were subdiagnosed. Complete adherence to the 8 interventions of 6-hour sepsis bundle was 0%; 6 to 7 (19%, n=22), 3 to 5 (67.2%, n=78), and 0 to 2 (98.3%, n=114). Conclusion. Adherence to 6-hour sepsis bundle treatment for severe sepsis and septic shock was not done for the full 8 interventions and only partial accomplishment of the first 4 interventions.

Unmeasured anions account for most of the metabolic acidosis in patients with hyperlactatemia

PURPOSE: To characterize the different components of metabolic acidosis in patients with hyperlactatemia in order to determine the degree to which lactate is responsible for the acidosis and the relevance that this might have in the outcome of these patients. METHODS: Arterial blood gas, arterial lactate, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, phosphate, albumin, and creatinine were measured on admission to make a diagnosis of the acid-base disturbances present. Intensive Care Unit and in-hospital mortality were also recorded. RESULTS: A total of 58 patients with hyperlactatemia were included. They usually had a mild acidemia (pH 7.31 ± 0.12) and a significantly high Standard Base Deficit (7.6 ± 6.7 mEq/L). In addition to lactate (4.3 ± 2.3 mEq/L), chloride (106.9 ± 9.5 mEq/L) and unmeasured anions (8.6 ± 5.0 mEq/L) accounted for the metabolic acidosis. Unmeasured anions were primarily responsible for the acidosis in both Intensive Care Unit survivors and nonsurvivors (44.7 percent ± 26.0 percent and 46.0 percent ± 17.5 percent, respectively, P = 0.871). Lactate contributed in similar percentages to the acidosis in both groups (23.0 percent ± 11.8 percent and 24.2 percent ± 9.7 percent in Intensive Care Unit survivors and nonsurvivors, respectively; P = 0.753). Correlation between Standard Base Deficit and lactate was found only in Intensive Care Unit nonsurvivors (r = 0.662, P < 0.01). DISCUSSION: Hyperlactatemia is usually accompanied by metabolic acidemia, but lactate is responsible for a minor percentage of the acidosis; unmeasured anions account for most of the acidosis in patients with hyperlactatemia. The percentage of the acidosis due to hyperlactatemia was not relevant in terms of outcome.

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar os diferentes componentes da acidose metabólica de pacientes com hiperlactatemia de modo a verificar o quanto o lactato é responsável pela acidose e a relevância que isso possa ter no prognóstico desses pacientes. MÉTODOS: Gasometria arterial com dosagem de lactato, Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, fosfato, albumina e creatinina séricas foram coletados no momento da admissão para fazer o diagnóstico dos possíveis distúrbios ácido-básicos presentes. Mortalidade na UTI e mortalidade hospitalar foram avaliadas. RESULTADOS: Um total de 58 pacientes com hiperlactatemia foram incluídos. Eles tinham na média uma acidemia leve (pH 7.31 ± 0.12) e o déficit de base significativamente elevado (7.6 ± 6.7 mEq/L). Além do lactato (4.3 ± 2.3 mEq/L), o cloro (106.9 ± 9.5 mEq/L) e os ânions não mensuráveis (8.6 ± 5.0 mEq/L) contribuíram para a acidose metabólica. Os ânions não mensuráveis foram responsáveis pela maior parcela da acidose tanto nos pacientes que tiveram alta da UTI como nos que faleceram (44.7 ± 26.0 por cento e 46.0 ± 17.5 por cento, respectivamente, p= 0.871). O lactato contribuiu em percentagens semelhantes para a acidose em ambos os grupos (23.0 ± 11.8 por cento nos sobreviventes e 24.2 ± 9.7 por cento nos óbitos, p= 0.753). Correlação entre o déficit de base e o lactato somente foi encontrada nos óbitos (r = 0.662, p < 0.01). DISCUSSÃO: Hiperlactatemia é comumente acompanhada de acidemia metabólica, porém o lactato corresponde a uma parcela minoritária da acidose; ânions não mensuráveis contribuem com a maior parte da carga ácida em pacientes hiperlactatêmicos. O percentual da acidose devido à hiperlactatemia não foi relevante em termos de prognóstico.