Association of socioeconomic stratification with plasmatic markers of lipoperoxidation and antioxidants in Venezuelan school-age children / Asociacion de la estratificacion socioeconomica con marcadores plasmaticos de lipoperoxidacion y antioxidantes en escolares venezolanos

Abstract Objetive: To establish association between socioeconomic status and plasmatic markers of lipoperoxidation and antioxidants in Venezuelan school-age children from the middle-class and in critical poverty. Methods: Cross-sectional study with a sample of 114 school-age children (aged 7-9). The socioeconomic status, dietary intake of macro and micro-nutrients, weight, height, lipid profile, indicators of lipid peroxidation and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants were determined. Results: The daily average intake of energy, carbohydrates and vitamin A, and the percentage of energy obtained from carbohydrates was significantly higher in middle-class children compared to critical poverty children (p <0.05). The circulating oxidized low density lipoprotein (p <0.001) and the susceptibility of low density lipoproteins and very low density lipoproteins to oxidation in vitro (p <0.05) were significantly higher in middle-class children, while the critical poverty children showed significantly lower levels of Vitamin C and E in plasma (p <0.05). Non-enzymatic antioxidant levels were frequently deficient in both strata. The concentrations of circulating oxidized low density lipoprotein (OR: 1.09, CI 95%: 1.016-1.179; p= 0.017) and Vitamin C (OR: 3.21, CI 95%: 1.104-9.938; p= 0.032) were associated to the socioeconomic status independently of gender, family history of premature coronary artery disease, triglicerides, Vitamin C and E dietary intake and count of white blood cells. Conclusion: The socioeconomic status was associated to circulating oxidized low density lipoprotein and Vitamin C in Venezuelan school-age children, The results suggested the need to improve the dietary intake of antioxidants in both studied socioeconomic groups.

Resumen Objetivo: Establecer la asociación entre la estratificación socioeconómica y marcadores plasmáticos de lipoperoxidación y antioxidantes en escolares venezolanos de clase media y en pobreza crítica. Métodos: Estudio transversal de 114 escolares con edades entre 7 y 9 años. Se determinó el estrato socioeconómico, la ingesta dietaria de macro y micronutrientes, peso, talla, perfil lipídico e indicadores plasmáticos de peroxidacion lipídica y antioxidantes enzimáticos y no-enzimáticos. Resultados: La ingesta dietaria promedio de energía, carbohidratos y vitamina A así como el porcentaje de energía obtenida de los carbohidratos fueron significativamente más elevados en los niños de clase media comparados con los niños en pobreza crítica (p <0.05). La concentración de lipoproteína de baja densidad oxidada circulante y la susceptibilidad de las lipoproteínas de baja densidad y muy baja densidad a la oxidación in vitro (p <0.05) fueron significativamente más elevadas en los niños de clase media, mientras los niños en pobreza crítica demostraron niveles plasmáticos de vitamin C y E significativamente más bajos (p <0.05). Las frecuencia de déficit de antioxidantes no enzimáticos fue elevada en ambos grupos estudiados. Las concentraciones de lipoproteína de baja densidad oxidada circulante (OR: 1.09, IC 95%: 1.016-1.179; p= 0.017) y vitamina C (OR: 3.21, IC 95%: 1.104-9.938; p= 0.032) se asociaron significativamente al estrato socioeconómico independientemente del sexo, historia familiar de enfermedad coronaria prematura, triglicéridos, ingesta dietaria de vitaminas C y E y contaje total de glóbulos blancos. Conclusión: La estratificación socioeconómica se asoció a las concentraciones de lipoproteína de baja densidad oxidada circulante y vitamina C en escolares venezolanos, los resultados sugirieron la necesidad de mejorar la ingesta dietaria de antioxidantes en ambos estratos socioeconómicos estudiados.

Physical Activity and Lipid Profile in the ELSA- Brasil Study / Atividade Física e Perfil Lipídico no Estudo Longitudinal de Saúde do Adulto (ELSA-Brasil)

Abstract Background: Regular physical activity (PA) induces desirable changes in plasma levels of high- and low-density lipoproteins (HDL and LDL, respectively) and triglycerides (TG), important risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases. However, doubts whether intensity and duration have equivalent benefits remain. Objective: To assess the association of PA intensity and duration with HDL, LDL and TG levels. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 12,688 participants from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) baseline, who were not on lipid-lowering medication. After adjustment for important covariates, multiple linear regression was used to assess the association of PA intensity and duration with HDL, LDL and TG (natural logarithm) levels. Results: Both moderate and vigorous PA and PA practice ≥ 150 min/week were significantly associated with higher HDL and lower TG levels. Vigorous PA was associated with lower LDL only on univariate analysis. After adjustments, moderate and vigorous PA increased mean HDL level by 0.89 mg/dL and 1.71 mg/dL, respectively, and reduced TG geometric mean by 0.98 mg/dL and 0.93 mg/dL, respectively. PA practice ≥ 150 min/week increased mean HDL level by 1.05 mg/dL, and decreased TG geometric mean by 0.98 mg/dL. Conclusion: Our findings reinforce the benefits of both PA parameters studied on HDL and TG levels, with a slight advantage for vigorous PA as compared to the recommendation based only on PA duration.

Resumo Fundamento: A prática regular de atividade física (AF) induz alterações desejáveis nos níveis das lipoproteínas de alta densidade (HDL) e de baixa densidade (LDL) e dos triglicérides (TG), importantes fatores de risco cardiometabólico, mas persistem dúvidas se intensidade e duração da AF têm benefícios equivalentes. Objetivo: Investigar a associação da intensidade e da duração da AF com os níveis de HDL, LDL e TG. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 12.688 participantes da linha de base do Estudo Longitudinal da Saúde do Adulto que não usavam medicação para controle de lipídeos. Regressão linear múltipla foi usada para avaliar a associação, após ajustes por fatores sociodemográficos e de saúde, entre a intensidade e a duração da AF e os níveis de HDL, LDL e TG (logaritmo natural). Resultados: AF moderada e vigorosa bem como a prática de AF ≥ 150 min/semana foram associadas a maiores níveis de HDL. Maior intensidade de AF e AF ≥ 150 min/semana foram associadas a menores níveis de TG. Após ajustes, AF moderada e AF vigorosa aumentaram a média de HDL em 0,89 mg/dL e 1,71 mg/dL, respectivamente, e reduziram a média geométrica de TG em 0,98 mg/dL e 0,93 mg/dL, respectivamente. AF ≥ 150 min/semana aumentou a média de HDL em 1,05 mg/dL e reduziu a média geométrica de TG em 0,98 mg/dL. Conclusão: Nossos resultados reforçam os benefícios da AF sobre níveis de HDL e TG, sugerindo vantagem para a intensidade vigorosa quando comparada à recomendação baseada apenas na duração da AF.

LDL oxidada: Como um fator de risco para doença cardiovascular no transplante renal / Oxidized LDL: As a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in renal transplantation

RESUMO Objetivos: A taxa de mortalidade de pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC), que tenham sido submetidos à terapia de substituição renal, é muito elevada devido a doenças cardiovasculares (DCV). Alguns estudos indicaram que a ciclosporina A (CsA), um medicamento utilizado para prevenir a rejeição de transplante, está associada à perda óssea após o transplante. Além disso, ela tem um efeito oxidante sobre os lipídeos circulantes. Seu efeito pró-oxidante nas membranas celulares provoca a liberação de cálcio. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar se o transplante renal pode ou não resultar em melhora no estresse oxidativo (EO); e avaliar a associação entre a LDL oxidada (LDL-ox) e algumas variáveis na predição do risco de DCV em pacientes transplantados renais (TR), comparados com o grupo controle. Materiais e Métodos: Um total de 30 pacientes com DRC foram recrutados para avaliação das alterações dependentes do tempo no biomarcador de EO antes e após TR. Foram avaliados: LDL-ox, parâmetros do metabolismo dos lipídeos, a CsA, creatinina, cálcio e fosfato tanto antes do TR, 10 dias e 6 meses após o TR, em comparação com o grupo controle (n = 30). Resultados: após 6 meses, a concentração de LDL-ox mudou de 79,7 ± 9,7-72 ± 7 mU/ml (p < 0,009). O nível de fosfato de cálcio foi positivamente correlacionado com a concentração de LDL-ox (R = 0,467, p = 0,011) e ciclosporina (r = 0,419, p = 0,024) 6 meses após o transplante. Conclusão: Os resultados indicaram que a restauração da função renal pelo transplante, melhora o estresse oxidativo induzido pela uremia. O produto de fosfato de cálcio, como um fator de risco independente para DCV, correlaciona-se com o LDL-ox antes do TR e 6 meses após o TR. O produto de fosfato de cálcio também se correlaciona com a ciclosporina no grupo TR.

ABSTRACT Objectives: The mortality rate of chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients that have undergone renal replacement therapy is very high due to cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Some studies have indicated that cyclosporine A, a drug used to prevent transplant rejection, is associated with bone loss following transplantation. Furthermore, it has an oxidative effect on circulating lipids. Its prooxidant effect on cell membranes causes calcium release. This study aimed to examine whether or not renal transplantation result in improvement in oxidative stress and to assess the association between oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) and some variables in the prediction of CVD risk in Renal Transplantation (RT) patients that were compared with the control group. Material and Methods: A total number of 30 CKD patients were recruited to evaluate time dependent changes in biomarker of OS before and after RT. The ox-LDL, lipid metabolism parameters, CsA, creatinine, calcium and phosphate were assessed both before RT, 10 days and 6 months after RT in comparison with the control group (n = 30). Results: Over 6 months, ox-LDL concentration changed from 79.7 ± 9.7 to 72 ± 7 mU/mL (p < 0.009). calcium phosphate level was positively correlated with the concentration of ox-LDL (R = 0.467, p = 0.011) and cyclosporine (R = 0.419, p = 0.024) 6 months after transplantation. Conclusion: The findings indicated that restoring renal function by transplantation, improves uremia induced oxidative stress. calcium phosphate product, as an independent risk factor for CVD, correlates with ox-LDL before RT and 6 months after RT. Calcium phosphate product correlates with cyclosporine in the RT group, too.

Toxicological profile of deltamethrin in Triatoma brasiliensis (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) in State of Ceará, Northeastern Brazil

INTRODUCTION: Triatoma brasiliensis is the species of greatest epidemiological relevance in the semi-arid region of Brazil. This species is predominantly found in domestic environments, and it has the ability to build large colonies with high levels of natural infection via Trypanosoma cruzi. Thus, T. brasiliensis is one of the most efficient transmitters of Chagas disease (CD) to humans. Despite household spraying with residual insecticides, many areas report persistent reinfestations for reasons that remain poorly understood. Therefore, this study sought to characterize the toxicological profile of deltamethrin in T. brasiliensis from areas with persistent reinfestation in State of Ceará, Brazil. METHODS: The susceptibility reference lineage (SRL) was derived from Umari. Serial dilutions of deltamethrin were prepared and applied to the dorsal abdomen of first instar nymphs. The control group received only pure acetone. Mortality was evaluated after 72h. Qualitative tests assessed mortality in response to a diagnostic dose of 1xLD99 (0.851 nanograms of active ingredient per treated nymph) of the SRL. RESULTS: The susceptibility profile characterization of the T. brasiliensis populations revealed 50% resistance ratios (RR50) that ranged from 0.32 to 1.21. The percentage of mortality in response to the diagnostic dose was 100%. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that T. brasiliensis was highly susceptible to deltamethrin. The control difficulties found might be related to the recolonization of the triatomines originating from neighboring environments and the possible operational failures related to the process of spraying that enabled specimens less susceptible to deltamethrin to survive. .

Associations between CD36 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to coronary artery heart disease

Associations between polymorphisms of the CD36 gene and susceptibility to coronary artery heart disease (CHD) are not clear. We assessed allele frequencies and genotype distributions of CD36 gene polymorphisms in 112 CHD patients and 129 control patients using semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis. Additionally, we detected CD36 mRNA expression by real-time quantitative PCR, and we quantified plasma levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). There were no significant differences between the two groups (P>0.05) in allele frequencies of rs1761667 or in genotype distribution and allele frequencies of rs3173798. The genotype distribution of rs1761667 significantly differed between CHD patients and controls (P=0.034), with a significantly higher frequency of the AG genotype in the CHD group compared to the control group (P=0.011). The plasma levels of ox-LDL in patients with the AG genotype were remarkably higher than those with the GG and AA genotypes (P=0.010). In a randomized sample taken from patients in the two groups, the CD36 mRNA expression of the CHD patients was higher than that of the controls. In CHD patients, the CD36 mRNA expression in AG genotype patients was remarkably higher than in those with an AA genotype (P=0.005). After adjusted logistic regression analysis, the AG genotype of rs1761667 was associated with an increased risk of CHD (OR=2.337, 95% CI=1.336-4.087, P=0.003). In conclusion, the rs1761667 polymorphism may be closely associated with developing CHD in the Chongqing Han population of China, and an AG genotype may be a genetic susceptibility factor for CHD.

Reduced plasma adiponectin levels relative to oxidized low density lipoprotein and nitric oxide in coronary artery disease patients

INTRODUCTION: Adiponectin is a circulating hormone that is produced exclusively by adipocytes and has antiinflammatory and anti-atherogenic properties. The hypothesis that there are differences in adiponectin levels between stable and unstable coronary-artery disease patients remains controversial. Furthermore, the potential relationships between the plasma adiponectin level and the inflammatory and non-inflammatory markers (oxidized low density lipoprotein and nitric oxide) in patients with stable and unstable coronary-artery disease relative to normal subjects have not been assessed. OBJECTIVES: To assess whether plasma adiponectin levels differ among patients with stable and unstable coronary-artery disease and among control subjects, and to correlate plasma adiponectin level with inflammatory and clinical risk factors (such as oxidized-LDL and nitric oxide) in these patients. METHODS: This study included 50 control subjects, 50 stable angina patients and 50 unstable angina patients with angiographically documented coronary-artery disease. Plasma adiponectin and oxidized-LDL levels were determined using an enzyme immunoassay. Plasma nitric oxide, high sensitivity C-reactive protein and lipid profile levels were also measured. RESULTS: Plasma adiponectin levels were lower in the unstable angina patients (4.9 ± 1.30 µg/mL) than in the stable angina patients (6.34 ± 1.0 µg/mL) or in the controls (9.25 ± 1.8 µg/mL); these levels were also significantly lower in stable angina patients versus controls (p<0.001). Plasma adiponectin levels were negatively correlated with oxidized-LDL, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, lipid profile and other clinical risk factors but positively correlated with nitric oxide. CONCLUSION: Plasma adiponectin levels were found to be lower in both stable and unstable angina patients relative to control subjects, and the correlation between plasma adiponectin and cardiovascular markers is weakened in these patients.

Oxidized low-density lipoprotein and ankle-brachial pressure index in patients with clinically evident peripheral arterial disease

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether oxidized low-density lipoprotein is a suitable predictor of peripheral arterial disease severity. The role of oxidized low-density lipoprotein in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis has already been investigated. Its relevance as a predictor of the appearance and worsening of coronary arterial disease is also well known. However, the same is not true regarding peripheral arterial disease. METHOD: Eighty-five consecutive patients with an ankle-brachial pressure index (ABPI) < 0.9 and the presence of either intermittent claudication or critical lower leg ischemia were included. The plasma level of IgG autoantibodies against oxidized low-density lipoprotein was evaluated through an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results were categorized into quartiles according to the ankle-brachial pressure index (a marker of peripheral arterial disease severity), and significant differences were investigated with the Kruskal-Wallis test. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the quartiles for this population (p = 0.33). No correlation was found between the ankle-brachial pressure index and oxidized low-density lipoprotein levels in subjects with clinically evident peripheral arterial disease with a wide range of clinical manifestations. CONCLUSIONS: Oxidized low-density lipoprotein is not a good predictor of peripheral arterial disease severity.

Influência do sobrepeso e da obesidade em adolescentes na geração de lipoproteínas de baixa densidade eletronegativa (LDL) / Influence of overweight and obesity in adolescents in generation of electronegative low density lipoproteins (LDL)

Introdução: A obesidade é uma doença crônica, com determinantes genéticos, metabólicos e comportamentais, que se caracteriza pelo acúmulo de adiposidade no organismo. Em paralelo, as modificações oxidativas da lipoproteína na baixa densidade (LDL) também estão aumentadas na obesidade, gerando LDL minimamente oxidada, também chamada de LDL eletronegativa (LDL). Nesse contexto, os adolescentes, com sua intensa mudança de hábitos alimentares, comportamentos sociais e alterações anátomo-fisiológicas, compõem um grupo com risco de sobrepeso e obesidade aumentado. Objetivo: Avaliar a influência do sobrepeso e da obesidade na geração da lipoproteína de baixa densidade eletronegativa (LDL-) em adolescentes. Metodologia: Cento e cinquenta adolescentes com idade entre 10 e 15 anos, de ambos os sexos, foram avaliados quanto a antropometria (peso, altura, circunferência de braço e cintura) e o hábito alimentar (Questionário de Freqüência Alimentar). Avaliou-se ainda o conteúdo de LDL- e seus auto-anticorpos, o perfil lipídico, marcadores inflamatórios (IL-6 e PCR) e antioxidantes plasmáticos (a-tocoferol e retinol). Resultados: O perfil lipíco do grupo Obeso apresentou diferença significativa em relação aos Eutróficos observando maiores concentrações para Colesterol total (p=0,007) e LDL-c (p=0,033) e menores concentrações para HDL-c(p=0,001). O conteúdo de colesterol associado a VLDL e os Triglicerídeos foi semelhante entre grupos (p=0,126). Em relação ao conteúdo de LDL- no plasma, o grupo Eutrófico apresentou valores inferiores aos grupos Sobrepeso (p=0,021) e Obeso (p=0,015). Para as concentrações de auto-anticorpos anti-LDL- não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos. Para a concentração de IL-6 os 3 grupos apresentaram comportamento estatisticamente semelhante (p=0,678). De modo contrário, a concentração plasmática de PCR nos grupos Sobrepeso e Obeso foi superior a observada no grupo Eutrófico (p < 0,001). Avaliando os antioxidantes, a concentração de a-toco...

Relation between chronic periodontal disease and plasmatic levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol and fractions

A doença periodontal crônica, bastante prevalente na população adulta, tem sido relacionada com diversas alterações sistêmicas, entre elas as dislipidemias, que são fatores de risco conhecidos para a aterosclerose. Bacteremias transitórias e recorrentes, que podem ser causadas pela infecção periodontal, levam a uma intensa resposta inflamatória local e sistêmica, promovendo modificações ao longo do corpo. A proposta do presente estudo foi verificar se a presença da doença periodontal, de moderada a severa, está relacionada com a elevação dos lipídios séricos. Participaram do estudo sessenta indivíduos, acima de vinte anos, divididos em grupo teste, com doença periodontal, e grupo controle, sem doença periodontal, pareados quanto ao gênero e à idade, provenientes da Clínica Odontológica da Universidade de Taubaté/SP, nos quais foram determinados os níveis de colesterol total, de frações e de triglicérides. Foram avaliadas também variáveis como idade, gênero e índice de massa corpórea. Para classificação da lipidemia, foram considerados os valores recomendados pela Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. As médias dos valores do colesterol total (192,1 mg/dl ± 40,9) e dos triglicérides (153,5 mg/dl ± 105,6), no grupo teste, foram superiores às do grupo controle, 186,1 mg/dl ± 35,4 e 117,5 mg/dl ± 68, respectivamente, porém sem significância estatística. Concluiu-se, assim, que, na população estudada e com a metodologia empregada, a doença periodontal, independentemente da intensidade, não mostrou relação estatisticamente significante com a lipidemia.

Association among oxidized LDL levels, MnSOD, apolipoprotein E polymorphisms, and cardiovascular risk factors in a south Brazilian region population

Oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) is involved in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Many factors can affect the LDL oxidation such as oxidative stress. The present study tested whether ox-LDL levels would be associated with apolipoprotein E (APOE), manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) Ala16Val polymorphisms, and classic cardiovascular risk factors. ox-LDL levels were measured by thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and both polymorphisms were determined by polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism in a sample of 252 subjects (70 men, 182 women, mean age, 54-85 years). Subjects with ox-LDL >or=0.5 nmol/mg apoprotein were considered the high level group (HLG, N = 82) and subjects with ox-LDL <0.5 nmol/mg apoprotein were considered the expected level group (ELG, N = 170). Classic risk factors were also evaluated. The results showed that diabetes mellitus was more prevalent in HLG, whereas other cardiovascular risk factors were similar between groups. The APOE genotype frequencies did not differ between HLG and ELG subjects. However, AA genotype from MnSOD polymorphism was more frequent in ELG (chi(2) = 8.48; P = 0.014). AV and VV subjects from ELG present highest ox-LDL levels (OR = 3.61; CI95% = 1.42-9.17) than AA. Additional analysis did not find gene-gene interactions associated with ox-LDL levels. Multivariate analysis showed that diabetes and the MnSOD polymorphism were independent factors associated with higher ox-LDL levels in HLG. The results suggest that an important framework on modulation of the redox status influenced by genetic polymorphisms could affect the cardiovascular homeostasis.

Dislipidemias en enfermedades renales: etiopatogenia y tratamiento / Dyslipidemias in renal diseases: pathogenesis and treatment

Patients with renal diseases like nephorotic syndrome, chronic renal failure (uremia) and renal transplantation frequently present disturbances of lipid metabolisms, howerer their pathogenesis is partially understood. Moreover, cardiovascular diseases are responsible for many deaths in these patients. Although the effect of the dyslipidemias in the development of atherosclerosis in renal diseases is not clear, they probably play a role. Since actually the survival of these patients is substantial, it is important to manage them appropriately with regard to their dyslipidemias. this review will examine the pathogenesis and treatment of dyslipidemias in patients with nephrotic syndrome, chronic renal failure and renal transplantation