Esofagitis necrotizante aguda / Acute necrotizing esophagitis / Esofagite necrotizante aguda

La esofagitis necrotizante aguda es un trastorno poco común que puede ser causa de hemorragia digestiva alta. Predomina en el sexo masculino en la sexta década de la vida. El diagnóstico es endoscópico y muestra una mucosa esofágica de apariencia negra que afecta al esófago distal en toda su circunferencia y se detiene abruptamente en la unión gastroesofágica. Clínicamente suele presentarse con hematemesis y melenas, shock hipovolémico por sangrado masivo, siendo otras manifestaciones el dolor epigástrico, molestia retroesternal y disfagia. Se vincula a pacientes con antecedentes de enfermedad cardiovascular, alcoholismo, diabetes mellitus, desnutrición, hernia hiatal, estenosis gastroduodenal, cáncer, así como pacientes en shock, traumatizados, sometidos a cirugía mayor e inmunosuprimidos. El tratamiento se basa en fluidoterapia, inhibidores de la bomba de protones y suspensión de la vía oral, siendo controvertido el uso de antibioticoterapia. Su pronóstico es malo y dependerá de la gravedad de la enfermedad esofágica y del terreno del paciente, con una mortalidad de hasta el 36 %. Presentamos el caso clínico de un paciente de 81 años, hipertenso, que presenta hematemesis, confirmándose en la endoscopía una esofagitis necrotizante aguda, que evoluciona favorablemente con tratamiento médico.

Acute necrotizing esophagitis is a rare disorder that can cause upper gastrointestinal bleeding. It predominates in males in the sixth decade of life. The diagnosis is endoscopic and shows a black-appearing esophageal mucosa that affects the entire circumference of the distal esophagus and stops abruptly at the gastroesophageal junction. Usually, patients present with hematemesis and melena, with other manifestations such as epigastric pain, retrosternal discomfort, dysphagia, and hypovolemic shock. Almost all patients reported comorbidities: cardiovascular disease, alcoholism, diabetes mellitus, malnutrition, hiatal hernia, gastroduodenal stenosis, and malignant neoplasia; is related as well to patients with shock, trauma, undergoing major surgery, and immunosuppression. The treatment is based on fluid reposition, proton pump inhibitors and suspension of the oral route, the use of antibiotic therapy being controversial. Its prognosis is poor and will depend on the severity of the esophageal disease and the patient comorbidities, with a mortality rate up to 36 %. Case: A 81-year-old male patient with hypertension, who presented hematemesis, confirmed by endoscopy as acute necrotizing esophagitis, whose evolution was favorable with medical treatment.

A esofagite necrosante aguda é uma doença rara que pode causar hemorragia digestiva alta. Predomina no sexo masculino na sexta década de vida. O diagnóstico é endoscópico e mostra uma mucosa esofágica circunferencial difusa com aspecto preto que envolve quase universalmente o esôfago distal e para abruptamente na junção gastroesofágica. Clinicamente, geralmente se apresenta com hematêmese e melena, com outras manifestações sendo dor epigástrica, desconforto retroesternal, disfagia e choque hipovolêmico. Está relacionado a pacientes com histórico de doenças cardiovasculares, alcoolismo, diabetes mellitus, desnutrição, hérnia hiatal, estenose gastroduodenal e neoplasia maligna, bem como pacientes em choque, trauma, cirurgia de grande porte e imunossupressão. O tratamento é a medicação dietética higiênica baseada em fluidoterapia, inibidores da bomba de prótons e suspensão da via oral, sendo o uso de antibioticoterapia controverso. Seu prognóstico é ruim e dependerá da gravidade da doença esofágica e do terreno do paciente, com mortalidade de até 36 %. Apresentamos o caso clínico de um paciente hipertenso de 81 anos que apresentou hematêmese, confirmada por endoscopia como esofagite necrosante aguda, que evoluiu favoravelmente com tratamento higiênico-dietético e medicamentoso.

Multiple extremity necrosis in fatal calciphylaxis: Case report / Necrose de múltiplas extremidades em quadro fatal de calcifilaxia: Relato de caso

ABSTRACT Introduction: The clinical impact of vascular calcification is well established in the context of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, but other clinical syndromes, such as calciphylaxis, although less frequent, have a significant impact on chronic kidney disease. Methods: Case report of a 27-year-old woman, who had complained of bilateral pain in her toes for 3 days, with the presence of small necrotic areas in the referred sites. She had a history of type 1 diabetes (25 years ago), with chronic kidney disease, on peritoneal dialysis, in addition to rheumatoid arthritis. She was admitted to the hospital, which preceded the current condition, due to exacerbation of rheumatoid arthritis, evolving with intracardiac thrombus due to venous catheter complications, when she started using warfarin. Ischemia progressed to her feet, causing the need for bilateral amputations. Her chirodactyls were also affected. Thrombophilia, vasculitis, endocarditis or other embolic sources were investigated and discarded. Her pathology report evidenced skin necrosis and superficial soft parts with recent arterial thrombosis, and Monckeberg's medial calcification. We started treatment with bisphosphonate and sodium thiosulfate, conversion to hemodialysis and replacement of warfarin with unfractionated heparin. Despite all the therapy, the patient died after four months of evolution. Discussion: Calciphylaxis is a rare microvasculature calcification syndrome that results in severe ischemic injuries. It has pathogenesis related to the mineral and bone disorder of chronic kidney disease combined with the imbalance between promoters and inhibitors of vascular calcification, with particular importance to vitamin K antagonism. Conclusion: The preventive strategy is fundamental, since the therapy is complex with poorly validated effectiveness.

RESUMO Introdução: O impacto clínico da calcificação vascular está bem estabelecido no âmbito de morbimortalidade cardiovascular, mas outras síndromes clínicas, como a calcifilaxia, apesar de menos frequente, têm significante impacto na doença renal crônica. Métodos: Relato de caso de mulher, 27 anos, com queixa de dor em pododáctilos bilateralmente havia 3 dias, com presença de pequenas áreas necróticas nos locais referidos. Antecedente pessoal de diabetes tipo 1 (há 25 anos), com doença renal crônica, em diálise peritoneal, além de artrite reumatoide. Teve internação hospitalar, que antecedeu o quadro atual, devido à exacerbação da artrite reumatoide, evoluindo com trombo intracardíaco por complicação de cateter venoso, quando iniciou uso de varfarina. A isquemia progrediu para pés com necessidade de amputações bilaterais. Quirodáctilos também foram acometidos. Trombofilias, vasculites, endocardite ou outras fontes emboligênicas foram pesquisadas e descartadas. Anatomopatológico evidenciou: necrose de pele e partes moles superficiais com trombose arterial recente e calcificação medial de Monckeberg. Tratamento foi instituído com bisfosfonato e tiossulfato de sódio, conversão para hemodiálise e substituição de varfarina por heparina não fracionada. Apesar de toda a terapia, a paciente foi a óbito após quatro meses de evolução. Discussão: A calcifilaxia é uma rara síndrome de calcificação da microvasculatura que resulta em graves lesões isquêmicas. Tem patogênese relacionada ao distúrbio mineral e ósseo da doença renal crônica combinado com o desbalanço entre promotores e inibidores de calcificação vascular, com particular importância ao antagonismo da vitamina K. Conclusão: A estratégia preventiva é fundamental, uma vez que a terapia é complexa e de eficácia pouco validada.

Necrosis pulmonar masiva por micosis / Massive pulmonary necrosis due to mycosis

Introducción: La aspergilosis es una infección micótica oportunista que se presenta fundamentalmente en pacientes inmunodeprimidos y su principal fuente de transmisión lo constituyen las esporas presentes en el aire de salones de operaciones y unidades de cuidados intensivos. Objetivo: Presentar un caso de una micosis pulmonar masiva por una variante angioinvasiva de Aspergillus. Caso clínico: Se presenta un paciente con aspergilosis pulmonar grave, diagnosticada después de la resección de un tumor mediastinal. Se describen las características de la primera intervención, la evolución postoperatoria que condujo a la segunda, se muestran las imágenes tomográficas, quirúrgicas, microbiológicas y anátomo-patológicas que permitieron definir el diagnóstico. Conclusiones: La posibilidad de una micosis pulmonar debe tenerse en cuenta, aun cuando sea una afección rara y de manejo difícil, en pacientes inmunodeprimidos, con condensación pulmonar rebelde al tratamiento(AU)

Introduction: Aspergillosis is an opportunistic fungal infection that occurs mainly in immunosuppressed patients and its main source of transmission is the spores present in the air of operating rooms and intensive care units. Objective: To present a case of a massive pulmonary mycosis due to an angioinvasive variant of Aspergillus. Clinical case: A patient with severe pulmonary aspergillosis, diagnosed after resection of a mediastinal tumor, is presented. The characteristics of the first intervention are described, the postoperative evolution that led to the second one, the tomographic, surgical, microbiological and anatomo-pathological images that allowed to define the diagnosis are shown. Conclusions: The possibility of a pulmonary mycosis should be taken into account, even when it is a rare and difficult-to-handle condition, in immunocompromised patients, with pulmonary condensation that is rebellious to treatment. Aspergillosis is an opportunistic fungal infection that occurs mainly in immunosuppressed patients and its main source of transmission is the spores present in the air of operating rooms and intensive care units(AU)

Calcifilaxis / Calciphylaxis

Resumen La calcifilaxis es una enfermedad poco frecuente, aunque presenta una elevada tasa de mortalidad debido sobre todo a complicaciones como sepsis o gangrena. Generalmente se asocia a insuficiencia renal severa. Se define como la calcificación de la capa media de vasos de pequeño y mediano tamaño de la dermis y tejido celular subcutáneo. Clínicamente se manifiesta como un síndrome de livedoracemosa que progresa a púrpura retiforme y necrosis cutánea. La primera línea de tratamiento es el tiosulfato sódico.

Abstract Calciphylaxis is a rare disease, although it has a high mortality rate due mainly to complications such as sepsis or gangrene. It is usually associated with severe renal failure. It is defined as the calcification of the middle layer of small and medium-sized vessels of the dermis and subcutaneous cellular tissue. Clinically it manifests as a livedoracemosa syndrome that progresses to retinal purpura and cutaneous necrosis. The first line of treatment is sodium thiosulfate.

Pielonefritis xantogranulomatosa secundaria a litiasis obstructiva en un paciente pediátrico / Pyelonephritis Xanthogranulomatous Secundary to Obstructive Lithiasis in Pediatric Patient

Introducción La pielonefritis xantogranulomatosa (XGPN), es una enfermedad inflamatoria crónica del parénquima renal, de rara presentación en pediatría. Su etiología es multifactorial comenzando con un proceso obstructivo del tracto urinario por litiasis e infección hasta el daño renal crónico. Su diagnóstico se logra por sospecha clínica, estudio imagenológico e histopatológico, lo que require tratamiento definitivo en la mayoría con nefrectomía simple. Materiales y métodos Paciente masculino de 4 años de edad con infección de la vía urinaria y dilatación de pelvis y uréter causada por cálculos que genera un proceso inflamatorio crónico y destrucción del parénquima renal. Sin respuesta clínica a tratamiento antibiótico quien requirió manejo en unidad de cuidados intensivos y nefrectomía. Discusión Se presenta entre la cuarta a sexta década de vida, con reportes de caso en edad pediátrica. Cursa con fiebre, dolor abdominal y masa palpable. Puede presentar en cambio de cursar con leucocitosis, anemia y piuria. Estudio radiológico de XGPN se puede apreciar de forma focal o difusa. A la histopatología se evidencia necrosis tisular crónica con macrófagos espumosos en su interior entremezclados con células inflamatorias. El tratamiento definitivo requiere nefrectomía de unidad renal disfuncional. Conclusiones Se presenta el caso de paciente pediátrico con XGPN por obstrucción urinaria litiásica; entidad de baja frecuencia en ese grupo poblacional, requiere una adecuada correlación clínico-imagenológica e histológica para lograr el diagnóstico final y puede ser tratado con manejo médico y quirúrgico.

Introduction Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGPN) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the renal parenchyma, rare in pediatrics. Etiology is multifactorial ranging from an obstructive urinary tract process through lithiasis and infection generating chronic kidney amage. Its diagnosis is achieved by clinical suspicion, imaging and histopathology, which requires definitive treatment in the majority with simple nephrectomy Materials and Methods A 4-year-old male patient with urinary tract infection and dilation of the pelvis and ureter caused by calculus that generate a chronic inflammatory process and destruction of the renal parenchyma. No clinical response to antibiotic treatment that required management and intensive care unit and nephrectomy. Discussion It occurs between the fourth and sixth decade of life, with case reports in pediatric age. Patients have fever, abdominal pain and palpable mass. They can occur with leukocytosis, anemia and pyuria. Radiological study of XGPN can be seen in focal or diffuse form. Histopathology looks a chronic tissue necrosis with foamy macrophages and inflammatory cells. Definitive treatment requires nephrectomy of damaged renal unit. Conclusions We report the case of pediatric patients with XGPN due to urinary obstruction of the lithiasis; Low frequency entity in this population group, requires an adequate clinical-imaging and histological correlation to achieve final diagnosis and can be treated with medical and surgical management.

Mortalidad relacionada con niveles séricos de troponina y péptido natriurético cerebral (BNP) en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica / Death rate related with serum levels of troponin and Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) in patients with acute kidney disease

Introducción: Las troponinas y el péptido natriurético cerebral son biomarcadores asociados a lesión miocárdica e insuficiencia cardíaca, respectivamente. Sus niveles séricos se modifican en relación inversa a la tasa del filtrado glomerular. Varias publicaciones evalúan su valor predictivo de mortalidad tanto en la población general como en pacientes con insuficiencia renal. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio prospectivo que incluyó 98 pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica en tratamiento dialítico. El objetivo fue establecer el punto de corte de las concentraciones séricas de troponina y péptido natriurético en falla renal. Pacientes con antecedentes de cardiopatía isquémica e insuficiencia cardíaca fueron excluidos del estudio. Se realizó análisis bivariado, multivariado con regresión logística y aplicación de curvas ROC. Un valor p<0.05 fue aceptado como significativo. Resultados: El promedio de edad de los pacientes fue 50.7±27.2 años; rango 20-87 años. El promedio de la troponina sérica I (TnI us) fue 59±64,9 ng/mL y del péptido natriurético cerebral (NT-proBNP) 507,3 ±633,2 pg/mL. En el modelo de regresión logística troponina y edad fueron las únicas variables que alcanzaron significancia como predictores de mortalidad (p<0,01). Las curvas ROC permitieron establecer los puntos de corte de los biomarcadores asociados a mortalidad. Discusión: La edad y el nivel sérico de troponina parecen útiles predictores de mortalidad en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica.

Introduction: Troponins and brain natriuretic peptide are specific biomarkers linked to myocardial injury and heart failure. Biomarkers blood levels are inversely related to glomerular filtration rate. Previous publications have assessed their predictive role to mortality in renal failure patients. Materials and Methods: Prospective study that followed 98 patients with chronic kidney disease on dialysis treatment during four years. The main goal was establishing blood levels of both biomarkers in renal failure. Patients with a past history of ischemic heart disease and heart failure were excluded. Bivariate, multivariate analysis and ROC curves were applied. A p-value <0.05 was accepted as significant. Results: Patients´mean age was 50.7 ± 27.2 yearsold; range 20-87 y.o. Mean serum troponins I (TnI-us) blood level was 59 ± 64,9 ng/mL and brain natriuretic peptide 507.3 ± 633.3 pg/mL. In the logistic regression model, troponin and age were significant predictors of mortality (p <0.01). ROC curves let us to obtain cutoff biomarker levels. Discussion: Age and troponin blood levels seemed to be useful indicators to predict mortality in our chronic renal failure patients.

Granulomatosis con Poliangeitis: caso clínico / Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis: clinical case

Introducción: La granulomatosis con poliangeitis conocida, previamente, como Granulomatosis de Wegener es una enfermedad multisistémica caracterizada por necrosis de las porciones superior e inferior del aparato respiratorio, glomerulonefritis y vasculitis necrosante. Su presentación es rara, la clínica suele ser aguda y su evolución fulminante. El patrón radiológico de la enfermedad incluye alteración parenquimatosa en el 50% de los pacientes, con áreas de consolidación y opacidades en vidrio esmerilado, secundarias a hemorragia pulmonar difusa, generalmente bilateral. La mediana de supervivencia con tratamiento específico es mayor a 20 años. Caso: Este es el caso de una paciente femenina menor a 40 años que presentó una masa cavitada pulmonar. Recibió varios esquemas antibióticos en otro hospital y también recibió terapia antifímica. En el Hospital Carlos Andrade Marín, el diagnóstico se estableció en base a los reportes histopatológicos de las biopsias de riñón y pulmón; y, con los resultados de pruebas inmunológicas específicas (ANCA PR3). La terapia con corticoesteroides y drogas inmunosupresoras hizo una gran diferencia en la evolución clínica y radiológica de la paciente. Discusión: La Granulomatosis con Poliangeitis es una inflamación necrosante que involucra la vía respiratoria y el riñón. Se define por la presencia de anticuerpos ANCA PR3 positivo en la mayoría de pacientes; tiene una evolución variable que tiende a ser crónica y se trata con corticosteroides e inmunosupresores. Después de entrar en remisión, la probabilidad de recurrencia de la enfermedad varía del 50 al 70%. Esto puede prevenirse con el seguimiento adecuado y la terapia de mantenimiento.

Introduction: Granulomatosis with poliangeitis previously known as Wegener's granulomatosis, is a multisystemic disease characterized by necrosis in the upper or lower portions of the respiratory system, glomerulonephritis and necrotizing vasculitis. Though a rare disease, its presentation is acute and rapidly progressive. The radiological pattern includes parenchymal alteration in 50% of the patients, with lung consolidation seen on the CT SCAN or ground glass opacities secondary to diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage, usually bilateral. Currently, the median survival time with treatment is longer than 20 years. Case: This is the case of a female patient younger than 40 years-old who had a cavitated mass in her lungs. She was transferred from another hospital after receiving several antibiotic schemes without improving her clinical condition. She also received antituberculous treatment. At CAM Hospital, the diagnosis was made on the ground of histopatologic reports and immunologic tests. Corticoisteroids and inmunosupressive treatment improved definitively her clinical and radiologic picture. Discussion: Granulomatosis with Poliangiitis is a necrotizing inflammation involving the respiratory tract, lungs and kidneys. It is defined by the presence of ANCA PR3 positive antibodies in most patients. Its evolution varies and often tends to be chronic. It is treated with corticosteroids and immunosuppressors. After remission, the probability of recurrence goes from 50 to 70%. This could be be prevented with adequate follow-up and maintenance treatment.

Terapias oncoespecíficas en pacientes con virus del herpes simple bucal / Oncospecific therapies in patients with herpes simplex virus

Se efectuó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 25 pacientes con cáncer infectados por el virus del herpes simple bucal, quienes tenían el sistema inmunológico deteriorado debido al tratamiento oncoespecífico, atendidos en la consulta estomatológica del Policlínico de Especialidades del Hospital Provincial Docente Clinicoquirúrgico Saturnino Lora Torres de Santiago de Cuba, desde enero de 2014 hasta igual mes de 2016, a fin de evaluar los resultados del diagnóstico clínico y citopatológico de esta afección. En la casuística prevalecieron el sexo masculino, el dolor como sintomatología clínica, el bermellón del labio inferior como el sitio de mayor incidencia y la quimioterapia como la modalidad terapéutica de mayor reactivación de este agente viral. La citología exfoliativa confirmó la presencia de células epiteliales gigantes multinucleadas con cuerpos de inclusiones intranucleares y necrosis de células infectadas, respectivamente, siendo estos los hallazgos microscópicos más significativos

A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 25 patients with cancer infected by the oral herpes simplex virus was carried out. They had the immunologic system damaged due to oncospecific treatment, assisted in the stomatological service of the Specialties Polyclinic of Saturnino Lora Torres Teaching Clinical Surgical Provincial Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, from January, 2014 to the same month in 2016, in order to evaluate the results of the clinical and cytopathologic diagnosis of this disorder. In the case material the male sex and pain as clinical symptomatology, the vermilion of the lower lip as the place of more incidence and chemotherapy as the therapeutic modality of this viral agent higher reactivation prevailed. The exfoliative cytology confirmed the presence of multinucleous giant epithelial cells with bodies of intranuclear inclusions and infected cells necrosis, respectively, being these the most significant microscopic findings

Complications of chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis: review of published case reports

ABSTRACT Chronic necrotizing pulmonary aspergillosis (CNPA), a form of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA), affects immunocompetent or mildly immunocompromised persons with underlying pulmonary disease. These conditions are associated with high morbidity and mortality and often require long-term antifungal treatment. The long-term prognosis for patients with CNPA and the potential complications of CNPA have not been well documented. The aim of this study was to review published papers that report cases of CNPA complications and to highlight risk factors for development of CNPA. The complications in conjunction associated with CNPA are as follows: pseudomembranous necrotizing tracheobronchial aspergillosis, ankylosing spondylarthritis, pulmonary silicosis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) disease, superinfection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and and pneumothorax. The diagnosis of CNPA is still a challenge. Culture and histologic examinations of bronchoscopically identified tracheobronchial mucus plugs and necrotic material should be performed in all immunocompromised individuals, even when the radiographic findings are unchanged. Early detection of intraluminal growth of Aspergillus and prompt antifungal therapy may facilitate the management of these patients and prevent development of complications.

Calcifilaxis: revisión de tema acerca de la calcifilaxis del pene / Calciphylaxis: review of the topic about penile calcifilaxis

Resumen:La calcifilaxis es una alteración vascular considerada como un síndrome multifactorial, que afecta la túnica media de las arterias más pequeñas causando isquemia del pene y esto a su vez una gangrena de rápida evolución.Su etiopatogenia aun no es muy clara y la bibliografía acerca de esta condición es escasa, a pesar de que su incidencia ha ido en aumento en los últimos años. La calcifilaxis del pene es una condición casi exclusiva para pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica que reciben diálisis y frecuentemente es subdiagnosticada por los profesionales de la salud. Sus manifestaciones clínicas son altamente agresivas y de rápida evolución, además asocia una alta morbi-mortalidad por lo que debe diagnosticarse con la mayor brevedad posible. El manejo de los pacientes con calcifilaxis es multidisciplinario, en el intervienen tanto el urólogo como el nefrólogo y su tratamiento debe personalizarse según las condiciones de cada paciente, iniciando como primera medida con un manejoconservador y posteriormente quirúrgico si no se logra la respuesta deseada.

Abstract:Calciphylaxis is a vascular disorder, considered a multifactorial syndrome that affects the media of small caliber vessels, causing penile ischemia and in turn, rapidly evolving gangrene. Despite the raising incidence rates in recent years, literary information is limited, and its pathogenesis remains unclear. This condition is almost entirely attributed to chronic kidney disease patients receiving dialysis treatment, and is often clinically underdiagnosed by health care professionals. Clinically, calciphylaxis is considered to be rapidly evolving and highly aggressive, associated with high morbility and mortality rates, making prompt diagnosis imperative.

Insuficiencia renal aguda inducida por rabdomiolisis / Insuficiência renal aguda induzida por rabdomiólise / Acute renal failure due to rhabdomyolyisis

La insuficiencia renal aguda (IRA) es una causa frecuente de morbilidad y mortalidad en los servicios de urgencias, hospitalización y cuidado crítico, siendo la rabdomiolisis responsable del 15 % de los casos en los centros hospitalarios de alta complejidad. La rabdomiolisis consiste en daño muscular con necrosis y liberación a la circulación de componentes intracelulares, y puede tener múltiples causas. El daño renal por rabdomiolisis es multifactorial e incluye obstrucción tubular, vasoconstricción y daño oxidativo. El tratamiento principal de la IRA por rabdomiolisis es la hidratación, forzar la diuresis y evitar los fármacos nefrotóxicos. Cuando el daño es lo suficientemente grave para causar uremia, acidosis metabólica, hiperpotasemia y sobrecarga de volumen se debe recurrir a la terapia de reemplazo renal. Aunque la regla es que se recupere la función renal, estos pacientes tienen mayor riesgo futuro de desarrollar enfermedad renal crónica...

Acute renal failure is a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality in emergency, hospitalization and critical care services. In 15 % of cases it is due to rhabdomyolysis, in which there is breakdown of skeletal muscle with massive necrosis and leakage of muscle cell contents into the circulation. It has many different etiologies. The rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury results from the combination of several mechanisms, including tubular obstruction, vasoconstriction and oxidative stress. The most important therapeutic measures are: Aggressive repletion of fluids, forced diuresis and avoidance of exposure to nephrotoxic substances. In cases of severe uremia, metabolic acidosis, hiperkalemia or fluid overload it is necessary to start renal replacement therapy. As a rule, kidney function is completely recovered, but these patients have higher risk of future chronic kidney disease...

A insuficiência renal aguda (IRA) é uma causa frequente de morbidade e mortalidade entre os serviços de emergência, internação e cuidados críticos. A rabdomiólise é responsável por 15% dos casos. Consiste de dano muscular com necrose e liberação à circulação de componentes intercelulares, e pode ter varias causas. O dano renal por rabdomiólise é multifatorial e inclui obstrução tubular, vasoconstrição e dano oxidativo. O principal tratamento da IRA por rabdomiólise é a hidratação, forçar a diurese e evitar fármacos nefrotóxicos. Quando o dano é suficientemente grave para causar uremia, acidose metabólica, hiperpotassemia e sobrecarga de volume se deve recorrer à terapia de substituição renal. Embora a regra é que se recupera a função renal, esses pacientes têm um maior risco futuro de desenvolver doença renal crônica...

Associação dos fatores socioeconômicos e clínicos e o resultado integridade tissular em pacientes com úlceras / Asociación de los factores socioeconómicos y clínicos y el resultado integridad tissular en pacientes con úlceras / Association of socioeconomic and clinical factors and tissue integrity outcome of patients with ulcers

RESUMO Objetivo analisar a associação entre os fatores socioeconômicos e clínicos e os indicadores do resultado de enfermagem Integridade Tissular em pacientes com úlceras venosas. Métodos estudo transversal realizado em um hospital universitário de Natal/RN/Brasil entre os meses fevereiro a junho de 2012, com 50 indivíduos. Para a análise das variáveis, utilizou-se o teste de Correlação de Spearman, Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis, adotando-se um nível de 5%. Resultados houve correlação, de intensidade fraca, entre idade e os indicadores hidratação e descamação cutânea; renda familiar e necrose, bem como associação entre sexo e indicadores temperatura, quantidade de pelos e exsudato. Conclusão as variáveis que apresentaram associação geram informações relevantes para o tratamento dos pacientes com úlceras venosas, contribuindo na redução do tempo úlcera e, consequentemente, do incômodo, das restrições e dos gastos. Assim, devem ser considerados durante a assistência a um paciente com os diagnósticos de enfermagem Integridade da pele prejudicada e/ou Integridade Tissular prejudicada.

RESUMEN Objetivo analizar la asociación entre los factores socioeconómicos y clínicos y los indicadores del resultado Integridad del Tejidos en pacientes con úlceras venosas. Métodos estudio transversal en un hospital universitario de Natal / RN / Brasil, de febrero a junio de 2012, con 50 individuos. Para el análisis de las variables se utilizó la prueba de correlación de Spearman, Mann-Whitney y Kruskal-Wallis, adoptando un nivel de 5%. Resultados se observó una correlación de baja intensidad, entre la edad y los indicadores de la hidratación y la descamación de la piel; ingresos familiares y necrosis, así como la asociación entre el sexo y la temperatura, la cantidad de pelo y exudado. Conclusión las variables que se asociaron generan información relevante para el tratamiento de pacientes con úlceras venosas, que contribuyen a reducir el tiempo de la úlcera, y, en consecuencia, la molestia, restricciones y gastos. Por lo tanto, deben ser considerados durante el cuidado de un paciente con el diagnóstico de enfermería Deterioro de la integridad de la piel y / o la integridad del tejido deteriorado.

ABSTRACT Objective to analyze the association between socioeconomic and clinical factors and indicators of the tissue integrity outcome in nursing among patients with venous ulcers. Methods a cross-sectional study at a university hospital in Natal, RN, Brazil, from February to June 2012, with 50 individuals. To analyze the variables, we used the Spearman correlation test and the Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests at a level of 5%. Results there was a correlation of low intensity between age and the indicators hydration and skin peeling, and family income and necrosis. There was also an association between gender and the indicators temperature, amount of body hair and exudation. Conclusion the associated variables provide important information for the treatment of patients with venous ulcers, and can help reduce ulcer time and the consequent discomfort, limitations and costs. This information should be considered when providing care for patients with a nursing diagnosis of impaired skin integrity and/or impaired tissue integrity.

Tratamiento exitoso con fondaparinux en trombocitopenia inducida por heparina y trombosis / Successful treatment with fondaparinux in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis

La trombocitopenia inducida por heparina (TIH) es una reacción adversa inmunológica caracterizada por trombocitopenia y la asociación paradojal de trombosis arterial o venosa. Es causada por la formación de anticuerpos IgG contra el complejo multimolecular de heparina-factor plaquetario 4 (FP4). Fondaparinux es un inhibidor selectivo del factor Xa que tiene escasa afinidad por el FP4 y posee un menor potencial para inducir una respuesta inmunológica, haciendo del mismo un agente potencialmente útil en el tratamiento de la TIH. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 73 años con TIH asociada a fenómenos trombóticos arteriales y venosos, que recibió exitosamente fondaparinux, con normalización del recuento plaquetario y sin progresión trombótica.

Heparin induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an immune-mediated adverse reaction characterized by thrombocytopenia and paradoxical arterial or venous thrombosis, due to the formation IgG antibodies directed to a multimolecular complex of heparin-platelet factor 4 (PF4). Fondaparinux is a selective factor Xa inhibitor with little affinity for PF4 and thus less likely to induce an immune response, making fondaparinux a potentially useful drug for the treatment of HIT. Herein we report the case of a 73 years old woman with HIT associated with arterial and venous thrombosis that was successfully treated with fondaparinux, with normalization of the platelet countand without progression of thrombosis.

Depression as a Clinical Determinant of Dependence and Low Quality of Life in Elderly Patients with Cardiovascular Disease / Depressão como Determinante Clínico de Dependência e Baixa Qualidade de Vida em Idosos Cardiopatas

Background: The aging process promotes a progressive increase in chronic-degenerative diseases. The effect of these diseases on the functional capacity has been well recognized. Another health parameter concerns “quality of life related to health”. Among the elderly population, cardiovascular diseases stand out due to the epidemiological and clinical impact. Usually, these diseases have been associated with others. This set of problems may compromise both independence and quality of life in elderly patients who seek cardiologic treatment. These health parameters have not been well contemplated by cardiologists. Objective: Evaluating, among the elderly population with cardiovascular disease, which are the most relevant clinical determinants regarding dependence and quality of life. Methods: This group was randomly and consecutively selected and four questionnaires were applied: HAQ, SF-36, PRIME-MD e Mini Mental State. Results: The study included 1,020 elderly patients, 63.3% women. The group had been between 60 and 97 years-old (mean: 75.56 ± 6.62 years-old). 61.4% were independent or mild dependence. The quality of life total score was high (HAQ: 88.66 ± 2.68). 87.8% of patients had a SF-36 total score > 66. In the multivariate analysis, the association between diagnoses and high degrees of dependence was significant only for previous stroke (p = 0.014), obesity (p < 0.001), lack of physical activity (p = 0.016), osteoarthritis (p < 0.001), cognitive impairment (p < 0.001), and major depression (p < 0.001). Analyzing the quality of life, major depression and physical illness for depression was significantly associated with all domains of the SF-36. Conclusion: Among an elderly outpatient cardiology population, dependence and quality of life clinical determinants are not cardiovascular comorbidities, especially the depression. .

Fundamento: Com o envelhecimento, a prevalência de doenças crônico-degenerativas sofreu aumento progressivo. A repercussão dessas doenças sobre a capacidade funcional foi reconhecida. Outro parâmetro de saúde é a “qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde”. Na população idosa, as doenças cardiovasculares destacam-se pelo impacto epidemiológico e clínico. Elas, geralmente, vêm associadas a outras afecções. Esse conjunto de problemas pode comprometer a independência e a qualidade de vida do idoso que busca tratamento cardiológico. Objetivo: Avaliar, em uma população de idosos cardiopatas, quais são os determinantes clínicos mais relevantes de dependência e de qualidade de vida. Métodos: O grupo foi selecionado aleatória e consecutivamente, sendo aplicados quatro questionários: HAQ, SF-36, PRIME‑MD e Mini Exame do Estado Mental. Resultados: Incluiu-se 1020 idosos, 63,3% mulheres. O grupo tinha em média 75,56 ± 6,62 anos. 61,4% mostrou-se independente ou com dependência leve. O escore de qualidade de vida foi elevado (HAQ: 88,66 ± 2,68). 87,8% dos pacientes apresentou escore total do SF-36 ≥ 66. À análise multivariada, a associação entre os diagnósticos e graus elevados de dependência foi significante apenas para acidente vascular cerebral prévio (p = 0,014), obesidade (p < 0,001), sedentarismo (p = 0,016), osteoartrite (p < 0,001), déficit cognitivo (p < 0,001), e depressão maior (p < 0,001). Ao analisarmos a qualidade de vida, a depressão maior e a depressão por doença física associou-se significativamente com todos os domínios do SF-36. Conclusão: Em uma população de idosos cardiopatas, os determinantes clínicos mais relevantes de prejuízos para dependência e qualidade de vida foram as comorbidades não cardiovasculares, particularmente a depressão. .

Percepção dos idosos jovens e longevos gaúchos quanto aos espaços públicos em que vivem / The perception of the young and long-lived elderly ‘Gauchos’ (from the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) about the public spaces they live in Resumo

Em 2050, o número de brasileiros residindo em áreas urbanas passará dos 200 milhões e 29% da população será composta por idosos. Os idosos longevos possuem 80 anos ou mais, os idosos jovens são aqueles que apresentam idade entre 60 e 79 anos. O objetivo foi verificar a diferença da percepção de idosos jovens e longevos do Rio Grande do Sul quanto ao ambiente urbano em que vivem. Estudo de base populacional, observacional, descritivo, retrospectivo, com paradigma de análise quantitativa, analisou dados da pesquisa Perfil dos Idosos do RS, realizado pelo Instituto de Geriatria e Gerontologia da PUCRS em parceria com a Escola de Saúde Pública do RS. A amostra foi composta por 6913 questionários respondidos por idosos de 59 cidades. A análise dos dados foi realizada com cada um dos grupos etários e as variáveis independentes foram testadas pelo Qui-Quadrado, sendo o nível de significância menor que 0,05. Como resultado, a percepção de dificuldades, como poucos bancos, falta de faixas de segurança, tempo de sinal muito curto para pedestres, degraus muito altos e mau cheiro dos banheiros públicos, foi maior entre os idosos jovens. Os idosos longevos perceberam menos esses fatores, porém, referiram que frequentam menos os ambientes comunitários.

By 2050, the number of Brazilians living in urban areas will be over 200 million and 29% of the population will be elderly. The long-lived elderly are 80 or more years old and the young elderly are between 60 and 79 years of age. The scope of this article was to verify the difference in perception between the young elderly and the long-lived elderly from Rio Grande do Sul (RS) about the urban environment they live in. This is a population-based, observational, descriptive, retrospective study with a quantitative analysis paradigm. Data was analyzed from Elderly Profile research in RS conducted by the Geriatric and Gerontological Institute of PUCRS in partnership with the RS School of Public Health. The sample consisted of 6913 questionnaires answered by the elderly from 59 cities. Data analysis was performed for each age group and independent variables were processed using the Chi-square test, with p under 0.05. Results showed that the perception of difficulties such as a lack of park benches and safety strips, short traffic light times for pedestrians, high steps and bad-smelling public toilets was greater among the young elderly. The long-lived elderly noticed these facts less, though they admitted that they frequent community environments less often.

Whole-genome sequences of influenza A(H3N2) viruses isolated from Brazilian patients with mild illness during the 2014 season

The influenza A(H3N2) virus has circulated worldwide for almost five decades and is the dominant subtype in most seasonal influenza epidemics, as occurred in the 2014 season in South America. In this study we evaluate five whole genome sequences of influenza A(H3N2) viruses detected in patients with mild illness collected from January-March 2014. To sequence the genomes, a new generation sequencing (NGS) protocol was performed using the Ion Torrent PGM platform. In addition to analysing the common genes, haemagglutinin, neuraminidase and matrix, our work also comprised internal genes. This was the first report of a whole genome analysis with Brazilian influenza A(H3N2) samples. Considerable amino acid variability was encountered in all gene segments, demonstrating the importance of studying the internal genes. NGS of whole genomes in this study will facilitate deeper virus characterisation, contributing to the improvement of influenza strain surveillance in Brazil.

Calciphylaxis: a rare but potentially fatal event of chronic kidney disease. Case report / Calcifilaxia: complicacao rara, mas potencialmente fatal da doenca renal cronica. Relato de caso

Calciphylaxis or calcific uremic arteriolopathy is a rare cutaneous-systemic disease occurring in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease. The classical clinical picture is that of a necrotic and progressive skin ulcer of reticular pattern, mostly in the lower legs and susceptible to local infection. It is a product of mural calcification and occlusion of cutaneous and sub-cutaneous arteries and arterioles. The authors report the case of a 73-year-old male patient in his late stage of renal disease presenting severe necrotic cutaneous ulcers on lower legs followed by local and systemic infection and death due to sepse after parathyroidectomy.

Calcifilaxia ou arteriolopatia urêmica calcificante é quadro cutâneo-sistêmico raro em paciente com doença renal crônica em fase de diálise. Caracteriza-se por úlcera cutânea, necrose de padrão retiforme, evolução progressiva, localizada principalmente nos membros inferiores e suscetibilidade à infecção secundária. Decorre de calcificação da parede arterial e oclusão de arteríolas e artérias cutâneas e subcutâneas. Os autores relatam caso de paciente do sexo masculino de 73 anos de idade com doença renal em estadio tardio e úlceras cutâneas nos membros inferiores com necrose, evolução grave, infecção local e sistêmica e, óbito por sepse após paratireoidectomia.

The histology of prostate tissue following prostatic artery embolization for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia

Objective Prostatic artery embolization (PAE) for the treatment of patients with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is believed to be a safe procedure with a low risk of adverse side effects. Artery embolization is a viable treatment option in patients who are refractory to the classic noninvasive treatments. Knowledge of the histological characteristics of prostate tissue following the procedure is still limited. In this study, we describe the microscopic aspects of the prostate following PAE for BPH. Materials and Methods Two patients underwent transurethral resections of the prostate (TURP) after PAE. Embolizations were performed under local anesthesia with an initial pelvic angiography to evaluate the iliac vessels and the prostate arteries using a 2.8 French microcatheter. The prostate was embolized with 300-500µm Microspheres (Embosphere®), using complete blood stasis as the end point. The prostate tissues were analyzed histologically to characterize the effects of the embolization. Results The embolic material within the prostate tissue was easily identified as homogeneous, bright eosin-red spheroids filling the vessel lumens. Ischemic necrosis surrounded or not by chronic inflammatory reactions containing macrophages were considered as a result of the artery embolization. Also, some aspects related to the healing process were observed being fibrotic nodules surrounded by glands with squamous metaplasia of the epithelial lining the most important. In the remaining sections, due to the precocious surgical intervention, the classic findings of BPH were still present with the glandular and stromal hyperplasia associated with nonspecific chronic prostatitis. Conclusions This is the first description of prostate histology in BPH patients treated by PAE, a new procedure that is being used increasingly as a therapeutic intervention. The recognition of the changes caused by this new modality of treatment has ...