Profile of renal artery embolization (RAE) for renal trauma: A comparison of data from two major trauma center

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate usage of renal artery embolization (RAE) for renal injuries and discuss the indications for this treatment. Materials and Methods A retrospective study was performed evaluating the electronic medical records of all patients with renal trauma admitted to two major comprehensive hospitals in Shantou city from January 2006 to December 2015. Results There were 264 and 304 renal traumatic patients admitted to hospital A and B, respectively. LGRT was the reason for presentation in the majority of patients (522, 91.9%). A total of 534 (94.0%) patients were treated conservatively. RAE was performed in 9 patients from 2012 to 2015 at hospital A, including in 6 patients (6/9, 66.7%) with LGRT, and 3 patients (3/9, 33.3%) with HGRT. No patient underwent interventional therapy (RAE) at hospital B during the same period. No significant differences in the operative rate of hospital A were observed between the two time periods (2006-2011 and 2012-2015). The operative rate for LGRT between the two hospitals from 2006 to 2011 and 2012 to 2015 was not significantly different. Hospital A showed a significant decrease in the rate of conservative treatment for patients with LGRT. In the univariate and multivariate analyses, the AAST renal grade both were significantly associated with undergoing RAE. Conclusions LGRT was present in the majority of patients, and most cases of renal trauma could be treated with conservative treatment. RAE was well utilized for the treatment of renal trauma. However, some patients with LGRT were treated with unnecessary interventional therapy.

Caracterización de las complicaciones renales en pacientes con anemia de células falciformes / Characterization of kidney complications in patients with sickle cell anemia

Resumen: Introducción: La nefropatía falciforme (NF) es una complicación poco estudiada en la edad pediátrica, que se manifiesta en diferentes formas, incluyendo la glomerulopatía y la tubulopatía. Objetivo: Descri bir las complicaciones renales agudas y crónicas de niños con anemia de células falciformes (ACF). Pacientes y Método: Estudio de cohorte restrospectiva. Se incluyeron pacientes pediátricos con diagnóstico confirmado de enfermedad de células falciformes que tuvieran estudio nefro-urológico. Se consignó patrón electroforético de hemoglobina, presencia y tipo de afectación renal, y presencia de compromiso cardiológico. Se realizó análisis bivariado para comparar pacientes con y sin NF. Resultados: Se incluyeron 79 pacientes, 59.5% hombres, siendo el patrón electroforético más fre cuente Hb-SS (60.9%). La NF se presentó en el 70% de ellos, con una edad de 114 meses (RIQ 65-157). Las alteraciones más frecuentemente encontradas fueron hiperfiltración glomerular, mi croalbuminuria, lesión renal aguda, hipertensión arterial e hipostenuria. En el análisis bivariado, un ecocardiograma anormal fue más frecuente en los pacientes con NF (84,8% vs 54,3% p = 0,01), así como tuvieron una tendencia a mayor uso de medicamentos nefrotóxicos (74,5% vs 54,2% p = 0,07). Conclusiones: Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que la nefropatía falciforme puede presentarse a tempra na edad, siendo muy frecuente la hiperfiltración glomerular. Las complicaciones cardiopulmonares en ACF se podrían asociar con la presencia NF.

Abstract: Introduction: Sickle cell nephropathy (SCN) is a poorly studied complication of pediatric patients. It appears in different forms, including glomerulopathy, and tubulopathies. Objective: To describe acute and chronic renal complications in patients with sickle cell anemia (SCA). Patients and Method: Re trospective study. Pediatric patients with confirmed diagnosis of sickle cell disease were included who had a nephro-urology study. Hemoglobin electrophoresis pattern, presence and type of renal involvement, and presence of cardiac involvement were recorded. Bivariate analysis was perfor med to compare patients with and without SCN. Results: 79 patients were included, 59.5% of them were men, and the most frequent electrophoresis pattern was Hb-SS (60.9%). The SCN oc curred in 70% of patients with an average age of 114 months (RIQ 65-157). The most frequently observed alterations were glomerular hyperfiltration, microalbuminuria, acute kidney injury, ar terial hypertension, and hyposthenuria. In the bivariate analysis, an abnormal echocardiogram result was presented more frequently in patients with SCN (84.8% vs. 54.3% p = 0.01), as well as more frequent use of nephrotoxic drugs (74.5% vs. 54.2% p = 0.07). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that sickle cell nephropathy may occur at an early age, where glomerular hyperfiltration is very common. Cardiopulmonary complications in patients with SCA may be related to the presence of SCN.

SGLT-2 inhibitors in diabetes: a focus on renoprotection

SUMMARY Type 2 diabetes mellitus is an important public health problem, with a significant impact on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and an important risk factor for chronic kidney disease. Various hypoglycemic therapies have proved to be beneficial to clinical outcomes, while others have failed to provide an improvement in cardiovascular and renal failure, only reducing blood glucose levels. Recently, sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, represented by the empagliflozin, dapagliflozin, and canagliflozin, have been showing satisfactory and strong results in several clinical trials, especially regarding the reduction of cardiovascular mortality, reduction of hospitalization due to heart failure, reduction of albuminuria, and long-term maintenance of the glomerular filtration rate. The benefit from SGLT2 inhibitors stems from its main mechanism of action, which occurs in the proximal tubule of the nephron, causing glycosuria, and a consequent increase in natriuresis. This leads to increased sodium intake by the juxtaglomerular apparatus, activating the tubule glomerular-feedback and, finally, reducing intraglomerular hypertension, a frequent physiopathological condition in kidney disease caused by diabetes. In addition, this class of medication presents an appropriate safety profile, and its most frequently reported complication is an increase in the incidence of genital infections. Thus, these hypoglycemic agents gained space in practical recommendations for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and should be part of the initial therapeutic approach to provide, in addition to glycemic control, cardiovascular outcomes, and the renoprotection in the long term.

Prevalencia de la enfermedad renal oculta en adultos mayores con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 / Prevalence of the Hidden Renal Disease in elder people with diabetes mellitus type 2

RESUMEN Introducción: la Organización Mundial de la Salud, estima que la enfermedad renal crónica estará incluida dentro de las principales causas de discapacidad para el 2020. La prevalencia en países desarrollados es aproximadamente de 500 a 1400 pacientes por millón de habitantes y la incidencia anual se encuentra alrededor de 350 pacientes por millón de población. Objetivo: determinar la prevalencia de la enfermedad renal oculta e identificar algunos factores de riesgos predisponentes en adultos mayores con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 pertenecientes al Policlínico Universitario "Jimmy Hirzel", Bayamo, Granma, en el período comprendido entre junio 2016 - junio 2017. Materiales y métodos: se realizó estudio observacional descriptivo, de corte transversal en el que se incluyeron 180 gerontes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Resultados: se estableció el diagnóstico de enfermedad renal oculta en 167 individuos de 180 sujetos estudiados, el grupo de 70 - 79 años de edad fue el más afectado por la nefropatía crónica, mientras que el sexo femenino y la raza blanca fueron los de mayor prevalencia. Los principales factores de riesgo predisponentes de enfermedad renal oculta fueron: cardiopatía isquémica crónica, dislipemias e hipertensión arterial. Conclusiones: existe una alta morbilidad de enfermedad renal oculta en los senescentes estudiados.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that chronic hidden renal disease (ERC) will be included within the principal causes of disability by 2020. The prevalence in developed countries is around 500 to 1400 patients per million inhabitants, and the yearly incidence is around 350 patients per million people. Objective: to determine the prevalence of the hidden renal disease and to identify some predisposing risk factors in elder people with type II diabetes mellitus belonging to the University Policlinic "Jimmy Hirzel", Bayamo, Gramma, in the period between June 2016 and June 2017. Material and methods: an observational descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out in 180 elder people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Results: the chronic hidden renal disease was diagnosed in 167 individuals from the 180 studied subjects; the 70-79 years-old-group was the most affected one by chronic renal disease, while the female sex and white race showed the highest prevalence. The main risk factors predisposing to chronic hidden renal disease were: chronic ischemic heart disease, dyslipidemia and arterial hypertension. Conclusions: there is a high morbidity due to hidden renal disease in the studied senescent people.

The Effect of Tadalafil on Renal Fibrosis Induced by Ureteral Obstruction / Efecto del Tadalafil en la Fibrosis Renal Inducida por Obstrucción Uretral

ABSTRACT Objective: It has been reported that phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) inhibitors improve kidney function during acute and chronic renal failure. This study aimed to determine the possible therapeutic effects of tadalafil, a specific PDE-5 inhibitor, on renal fibrosis induced by unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used and randomly divided into three groups (n = 6) as sham-operated, UUO and tadalafil-treated (10 mg/72 hours, ig) UUO (UUO+T) groups. Unilateral ureteral obstruction was induced by complete ligation of the left ureter and 14 days after surgery creatinine clearance, urinary cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), renal alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-sma) and transforming growth factor βeta (TGF-β) levels, as well as histologic changes, were observed in all the animals. Results: Unilateral ureteral obstruction-induced renal fibrosis was confirmed by increased α-sma level, collagen deposition, tubular dilation, inflammatory cell infiltration and necrosis. An increased renal TGF-β level and decreased urinary cGMP level was also observed in obstructed animals in addition to reduced creatinine clearance. Tadalafil treatment, which restored the animals 'urinary cGMP level, significantly attenuated the fibrotic changes and TGF-β increase in their kidneys. Conclusion: This study suggests that tadalafil treatment ameliorates renal fibrosis by reducing TGF-β expression and may have important clinical relevance since tadalafil is currently used clinically to treat erectile dysfunction and pulmonary hypertension.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Se ha reportado que los inhibidores de la fosfodiesterasa-5 (PDE-5) mejoran las funciones renales durante la insuficiencia renal aguda y crónica. Este estudio tuvo por objetivo determinar los posibles efectos terapéuticos del tadalafil - un inhibidor específico de la PDE-5 - sobre la fibrosis renal inducida por una obstrucción ureteral unilateral (OUU). Métodos: Se utilizaron ratas machos Sprague-Dawley, divididas de manera aleatoria en tres grupos (n = 6): operación simulada, OUU y tratamiento con tadalafil (10 mg/72 horas, IG), y OUU (OUU+T). La obstrucción uretral unilateral fue inducida por una ligadura completa del uréter izquierdo y 14 días después de la cirugía, se observaron niveles de monofosfato de guanosina cíclico (GMP) urinario, alfa-actina de músculo liso (α-SMA), y factor de crecimiento transformante βeta (FCT-β), así como cambios histológicos en todos los animales. Resultados: La fibrosis renal inducida por obstrucción uretral unilateral fue confirmada por un aumento del nivel de α-SMA, deposición de colágeno, dilatación tubular, infiltración de células inflamatorias y necrosis. También se observó un aumento del nivel de FCT-β renal y una disminución del nivel de GMP urinario en los animales con obstrucción, además de una reducción del aclaramiento de la creatinina. El tratamiento con tadalafil, que restauró el nivel de GMP urinario de los animales, atenuó significativamente los cambios fibróticos y el aumento de FCT-β en los riñones. Conclusión: Este estudio sugiere que el tratamiento con tadalafil mejora la fibrosis renal al reducir la expresión de FCT-β y puede tener una importante relevancia clínica por cuanto el tadalafil se usa hoy día clínicamente para tratar la disfunción eréctil y la hipertensión pulmonar.

Association between syndecan-1 and renal function in adolescents with excess weight: evidence of subclinical kidney disease and endothelial dysfunction

Excess weight (overweight and obesity) is associated with kidney and cardiovascular disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between syndecan-1 and renal function among adolescents with excess weight. A total of 56 students from a public school at Fortaleza, CE, Brazil, were investigated. The adolescents were submitted to anthropometric evaluation, including weight, height, blood pressure and body mass index. Blood and urine samples were collected for the determination of serum lipids (total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides), and the endothelial injury biomarker syndecan-1. Participants' mean age was 16±1 years (range 14-19 years), and 68% were females. Overweight was observed in 4 cases (7.1%) and obesity in 7 (12.5%). Changes in serum lipid levels were more frequent in the overweight group. A positive correlation between syndecan-1 and serum creatinine (r=0.5, P=0.001) and triglycerides (r=0.37, P=0.004), and a negative correlation with glomerular filtration rate (r=-0.33, P=0.02) were found. These findings suggest that adolescents with excess weight present incipient changes at the cellular level that make them more vulnerable to the development of kidney and cardiovascular diseases.

Determinación del grado de enfermedad renal crónica en pacientes hipertensos / Determination of chronic renal disease grade in hipertensive patients

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y transversal de 53 pacientes hipertensos atendidos en el Policlínico Docente Carlos Juan Finlay de Santiago de Cuba durante 2015, con vistas a determinar, mediante la ecuación de Cockcroft-Gault, el grado de enfermedad renal crónica que presentaban. En la serie predominó el grado 2 de la enfermedad en los mayores de 60 años, en los que tenían un tiempo de diagnóstico entre 11-15 años y en el sexo femenino. Las comorbilidades más encontradas resultaron ser la diabetes mellitus de tipo 2 y las afecciones cardiovasculares; asimismo, como principales factores de riesgo prevalecieron la utilización de fármacos nefrotóxicos (antiinflamatorios no esteroideos), la dislipidemia, la anemia y la obesidad. El empleo de dicha ecuación resulta muy útil en la atención primaria, lo cual permite indicar el tratamiento oportuno y efectuar acciones para prevenir la progresión de esta dolencia

A descriptive and cross-sectional study of 53 hipertensive patients was carried out. They were assisted in Carlos Juan Finlay Teaching Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba during 2015, aimed at determining, by means of the Cockcroft-Gault equation, the grade of chronic renal disease that they presented. In the series the grade 2 of the disease in those over 60 years, in those that had a diagnosis time among 11-15 years and in emale sex prevailed. The mostly found comorbidities were the type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disorders; also, as main risk factors the use of nephrotoxic drugs (anti-inflammatory non steroids), dyslipemia, anemia and obesity prevailed. The use of this equation is very useful in the primary care, which allows to indicate the opportune treatment and actions taking to prevent the progression of this disease

Microalbuminúria em população não diabética como marcador precoce de nefropatia / Microalbuminuria in non diabetic population as an marker of nephropathy

Resumo Introdução: Anos antes da evolução para diabetes mellitus tipo II, o paciente pode conviver com um período chamado pré-diabetes. A patogênese envolvida no pré-diabetes é a resistência à insulina. Objetivo: Discutir a frequência de microalbuminúria em população não diabética, porém com risco metabólico aumentado, e avaliar a existência de correlação da microalbuminúria com dados do metabolismo glicídico. Métodos: Foram incluídos no estudo 132 pacientes não diabéticos que apresentassem um ou mais fatores de risco para alteração do metabolismo glicídico: hipertensão arterial; obesidade; parentes em primeiro grau com diabetes; indivíduos das etnias hispano-americanas, asiáticas e afro-americanas; mães de recém-nascidos grandes para a idade gestacional (GIG) ou que apresentaram diabetes gestacional; dosagens séricas em jejum de HDL colesterol 250 mg/dL. Resultados: A frequência de microalbuminúria anormal para o método ocorreu em 16%, havendo presença de menores valores de HDL-colesterol e clearance de creatinina nessa mesma população. Considerando a amostra como um todo houve correlação positiva da microalbuminúria com a creatinina sérica e com o ácido úrico. Conclusão: Nosso estudo sugere que a microalbuminúria seja avaliada como marcador de nefropatia incipiente em população não diabética com risco metabólico aumentado.

Abstract Introduction: Years before the progression to diabetes mellitus type II patients can get by with a pre-diabetes called period. The pathogenesis involved pre-diabetes is insulin resistance Objective: This paper discusses the frequency of microalbuminuria in non-diabetic population, but with increased metabolic risk, and attempts to assess whether there is any correlation of microalbuminuria with data from glucose metabolism. Methods: A total of 132 nondiabetic patients who presented one or more risk factors for changes in glucose metabolism were included in the study: arterial hypertension; obesity; first-degree relatives with diabetes; individuals of Hispanic-American, Asian and African-American ethnicities; mothers of newborns who are large for gestational age (LGA) or who had gestational diabetes; serum measurements in fasting HDL cholesterol 250 mg/dL. Results: The results showed a frequency of abnormal microalbuminuria for the method in 16% of this population, and the presence of lower levels of HDL-cholesterol and creatinine clearance in this population. There was a positive correlation between microalbuminury and serum creatinine and uric acid. Conclusion: Our study suggests that microalbuminuria be evaluated as a marker of incipient nephropathy in non-diabetic population with increased metabolic risk.

Cervical cancer: Renal complications and survival after percutaneous nephrostomy / Câncer de colo uterino: complicações renais e sobrevida após nefrostomia percutânea

SUMMARY Introduction: Obstructive nephropathy is a frequent complication in the course of advanced cervical cancer (CC), and ultrasonography-guided percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) is a well established technique for fast ureteral desobstruction. Objective: To identify possible factors related to the survival and quality of life of patients with advanced CC presenting acute urinary obstructive complications that after desobstruction by PCN recovered urinary flux and renal function. Method: This is an analytical, descriptive, cross-sectional study that included 45 patients with CC who underwent PCN and were divided into 2 groups: “death” (DG) and “survival” (SG), in a public hospital that is reference for oncologic diseases in Northern Brazil. Results: The mean serum creatinine of the patients preceding PCN was >10 mg/dL, and after PCN <2 mg/dL. The cutoffs of 8.7 g/dL for Hb (p=0.0241) and 27% for Ht (p=0.0065) indicated the values that better discriminate the outcomes of the groups. The presence of low blood pressure was statistically correlated (p=0.0037) to the outcome “death”. Changes in glomerular filtration rate (already reduced in all cases) were not associated to the levels of Hb/Ht or to the outcome “death” during the nephrological follow-up. Conclusion: PCN was responsible for the recovery of renal function in 61.7% of the patients, leading to interruption of renal replacement therapy (RRT) in all of those patients. Hb levels >8.7g/dL and Ht >27% were associated to longer survival, and the presence of low blood pressure during follow-up was associated with progression to death.

RESUMO Introdução: a nefropatia obstrutiva é complicação frequente na evolução do câncer do colo uterino (CCU) avançado e a nefrostomia percutânea guiada por ultrassonografia (NFT) é uma técnica bem estabelecida para a rápida desobstrução ureteral. Objetivo: esclarecer os fatores relacionados à evolução ou não para óbito e qualidade de vida das pacientes com CCU avançado com complicações obstrutivas urinárias agudas e que, após desobstrução pela NFT, recuperaram fluxo urinário e função renal. Método: foi realizado estudo transversal analítico descritivo, que avaliou dois grupos de pacientes com CCU submetidas à NFT [óbito (GO) e sobrevida (GS)], em um hospital público, referência para doenças oncológicas da região Norte do país. Resultados: a creatinina sérica média inicial era >10 mg/dL pré-NFT e tornou-se <2 mg/dL após. Quanto à sobrevida, os pontos de corte de 8,7 g/dL de Hb e 27% de Ht melhor discriminaram a evolução dos grupos GO e GS (p=0,0241 e p=0,0065). Hipotensão se associou significantemente (p=0,0037) com a evolução para óbito. Variações na taxa de filtração glomerular, que já era reduzida em todos os casos, não se associaram aos níveis de Hb/Ht ou à evolução para óbito durante seguimento nefrológico. Conclusão: a NFT permitiu a recuperação da função renal em 61,7% das pacientes com CCU, dispensando terapia de substituição renal. Níveis de Hb >8,7 g/dL e Ht >27% estiveram associados a maior sobrevida, e a hipotensão durante o seguimento associou-se com evolução para óbito.

Hypertension and its correlation with renal lesions in dogs with leishmaniosis / Hipertensão e sua correlação com lesões renais em cães com leishmaniose

To evaluate the prevalence of hypertension and its correlation with the severity of renal injury and proteinuria in dogs with leishmaniosis, sixty-six dogs were divided into two groups. Group 1 (G1) was composed of 54 dogs included in stage 1 of chronic kidney disease (CKD), and group 2 (G2) of twelve dogs in stages 2 and 3 of CKD. Prevalence of hypertension was 28.8%, comprising 22.2% of the dogs from G1 and 58.3% from G2 (P=0.011). The mean arterial blood pressure (BP) of dogs from G1 (135.7 ± 20.5) was lower than from G2 (170.0 ± 26.3) (P <0.001). Urine protein-creatinine ratio (UP/C) revealed values above 0.5 in 75.7% of the dogs, with 34% presenting hypertension. All dogs with hypertension had histopathological and laboratory evidence of glomerular disease. Although there was no statistically significant correlation between elevated BP and the severity of glomerular lesions (P=0.408), there was a statistically significant correlation between elevated BP and increased UP/C in the studied population (P=0.002). Thus, dogs with leishmaniosis and renal disease must be screened for the presence of hypertension so that treatment may be instituted as early as possible, in countries where treatment is allowed, to prevent the progression of renal damage.

Para avaliar a prevalência de hipertensão arterial e sua correlação com a severidade da lesão renal e proteinúria em cães com leishmaniose, 66 cães foram divididos em dois grupos. O grupo 1 (G1), composto por 54 cães em estágio 1 de doença renal crônica (DRC), e o grupo 2 (G2) por 12 cães em estágios 2 e 3 de DRC. A prevalência de hipertensão foi de 28,8%, compreendendo 22,2% dos cães de G1 e 58,3% dos cães de G2 (p = 0,011). A pressão arterial média (PA) de G1 (135,7 ± 20,5) foi inferior a de G2 (170,0 ± 26,3) (P <0,001). A relação proteína creatinina urinária (P/C U) foi maior que 0,5 em 75,7% dos cães, dos quais 34% possuíam hipertensão. Todos os cães com hipertensão apresentavam doença glomerular. Embora não tenha sido observada correlação estatisticamente significativa entre elevação da PA e severidade das lesões glomerulares (P =0,408), houve uma correlação significativa entre PA elevada e aumento da UP/C (P = 0,002). Portanto, cães com leishmaniose e doença renal devem ser pesquisados ​​quanto à presença de hipertensão, para que o tratamento possa ser instituído o mais precocemente possível em países onde ele é permitido, para evitar a progressão da lesão renal.

Evaluación de la función renal en pacientes con hipertensión arterial esencial. Diagnóstico clínico de nefroangioesclerosis / Evaluation of renal function in patients with essential hypertension. Clinical diagnosis of nephroangiosclerosis

La Hipertensión Arterial y su repercusión en la esfera renal, están entre los principales de los principales responsables del incremento en la prevalencia de Enfermedad Renal Crónica y de su progresión hasta requerir tratamiento sustitutivo. Objetivo: evaluar la función renal en pacientes con hipertensión arterial esencial y diagnosticar Nefroangioesclerosis por criterios clínicos. Métodos: Se realizó un Estudio Clínico-Epidemiológico, descriptivo, correlacional de corte transversal que incluyó 32 pacientes con hipertensión arterial esencial, que acudieron a la consulta externa de Cardiología del Centro Docente Cardiológico Bolivariano de Aragua (CEDOCABAR), entre los meses de junio y julio de 2011. Resultados: la edad media de la muestra estudiada fue de 62.13 ± 7.47 años, 50% del sexo femenino y el 50% restante, de sexo masculino. Se realizó el diagnóstico clínico de Nefroangioesclerosis en el 28.1% de los casos y se encontró Enfermedad Renal Oculta en el 9.3% de los sujetos mediante el uso de la fórmula habitual corregida por superficie corporal y Cockcroft-Gault; y en 6.25%, empleando MDRD abreviada y CKD-EPI. Al correlacionar el método de referencia con los resultados obtenidos mediante las fórmulas de estimación, la CKD-EPI mostró la mejor relación lineal para estimar filtrado glomerular con p= 0.0007. Conclusión: Una correcta valoración del filtrado glomerular en pacientescon Hipertensión arterial esencial, permite detectar etapas precoces de la disfunción renal, pudiendo realizar ajustes terapéuticos y modificaciones del estilo de vida que retrasen o detengan la progresión hacia Nefroangioesclerosis y/o Enfermedad Renal Crónica(AU)

Arterial Hypertension and its renal impact, are important causes of increased prevalence of chronic kidney disease and its progression to require replacement therapy. Objective: to evaluate the renal function of patients with essential hypertension and to diagnose Nephroangiosclerosis by clinical criteria. Methods: Cross­sectional, descriptive, clinical and epidemiological study, that included 32 patients with essential hypertension, who attended to the cardiology external consult of the Bolivarian Cardiological Teaching Center of Aragua (CEDOCABAR), between the months of June and July 2011. Results: The mean age of the sample was 62.13 ± 7.47 years, 50% female and 50% males. Clinical diagnosis of Nephroangios-clerosis was made in 28.1% of the cases and occult renal disease was found in 9.3% of the subjects by using the usual formula for body surface area corrected and Cockcroft-Gault, and 6.25% using abbreviated MDRD and CKD-EPI. By correlating the reference method with the results obtained using the estimation formulas, CKD-EPI showed the best lineal relation to estimate glomerular filtration with p= 0.0007. Conclusion: A correct assessment of glomerular filtration rate in patients with essential hypertension, can detect early stages of renal dysfunction to make adjustments and therapeutic lifestyle changes to delay or stop the progression to Nephroangiosclerosis and / or chronic kidney disease(AU)

Fístula nefrobronquial en paciente pediátrico: caso clínico / Nephrobronchial fistula in pediatric patient. Case report

La fístula nefrobronquial es una complicación infrecuente de las infecciones renales, que ocurre habitualmente en pacientes adultos con pielonefritis xantogranulomatosa. Comunicamos el caso de una paciente de 12 años con antecedentes de mielomeningocele operado e infección urinaria recurrente, quien consultó con historia de cuatro semanas de fiebre, tos y disnea. Ingresó en shock séptico y presentó inundación de la vía aérea por pus, que le ocasionó episodio de asistolia. Mediante tomografía computarizada de abdomen, se diagnosticó extensa colección perirrenal izquierda. Se efectuó un drenaje percutáneo, que dio salida a pus y aire. TAC de tórax y abdomen mostró fístula transdiafragmática entre la base pulmonar izquierda y colección intraabdominal. Se realizó nefrectomía total. La paciente mostró mejoría progresiva poscirugía y regresión total de la sintomatología. Este infrecuente caso clínico en niños ilustra la importancia del diagnóstico precoz de infección urinaria en pacientes con patologías asociadas y de presentar un elevado índice de sospecha ante una complicación potencialmente letal

Nephrobronchial fistula is a rare complication of kidney infections, usually occurring in adult patients with xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis and very occasionally in children. We reported a 12-year-old girl, with a history of myelomeningocele and recurrent urinary tract infection, who presented with a four-week fever, cough and dyspnea, developing septic shock and presenting flood of airway by pus which caused cardiac arrest. A diagnosis of left perirenal extensive collection was established by abdominal computed tomography (CT). The patient first had antibiotic therapy and percutaneous drainage was performed draining pus and air. Thoracic and abdominal CT scan was performed corroborating transdiaphragmatic fistula. Total nephrectomy was performed. The patient showed gradual improvement after surgery and total regression of symptoms. Pathologic examination concluded chronic pyelonephritis. This case report illustrates a rare complication in children, the importance of early diagnosis of urinary tract infection in patients with comorbidities and of exhibiting a high index of suspicion to a potentially lethal complication.

Hematoma perirrenal espontâneo em paciente lúpica submetida a tratamento hemodialítico e portadora cistos renais adquiridos / Spontaneous perirenal hematoma in a lupic patient on haemodialysis treatment and with renal cysts

A hemorragia perirrenal espontânea apresenta-se mais comumente como dor súbita no flanco ipsilateral, sem história de trauma. A doença renal cística adquirida é um achado frequente em pacientes sob tratamento hemodialítico crônico. Entretanto, a hemorragia espontânea proveniente da ruptura dos cistos é uma entidade clínica rara. Descrevemos o caso de uma paciente do sexo feminino, 45 anos, portadora de hipertensão arterial sistêmica controlada há 8 anos, de insuficiência renal crônica por 15 anos e de nefrite lúpica há 2 anos, em tratamento hemodialítico três vezes por semana desde 2006, e que apresentava concomitantemente doença renal cística adquirida. Foi admitida no setor de emergência queixando-se de aparecimento súbito de dor em região toracoabdominal esquerda. Diagnosticou-se hematoma perirrenal por meio de ultrassonografia e tomografia computadorizada de abdômen. A paciente foi submetida à embolização da artéria renal esquerda, com boa evolução.

The spontaneous perirenal hemorrhage usually presents as sudden pain in the side ipsilateral, no history of trauma. Acquired cystic kidney disease is a common finding in chronic hemodialysis patients. However, spontaneous bleeding from the rupture of the cyst is a rare clinical entity. We describe the case of a female patient, 45 years old, with controlled hypertension for 8 years, chronic renal failure for 15 years and lupus nephritis 2 years ago, undergoing hemodialysis three times a week since 2006, and who presented concurrently acquired cystic kidney disease. She was admitted to the emergency department complaining of sudden onset of pain in the thoraco-abdominal left. Perirenal hematoma was diagnosed by ultrasound and computed tomography of the abdomen. The patient underwent embolization of left renal artery, with good evolution.

Características clínicas e laboratoriais associadas à nefroangioesclerose hipertensiva confi rmada por biópsia renal / Clinical and laboratorial characteristics associated with biopsy proved hypertensive nephroangiosclerosis

INTRODUÇÃO: A nefroangioesclerose hipertensiva é importante causa de doença renal crônica com necessidade de diálise. As características que distinguem um portador de hipertensão arterial que evolui com nefroangioesclerose de outro que mantém função renal estável não são bem estabelecidas, devido à dificuldade em assegurar que os portadores daquela doença não sejam, na verdade, portadores de glomerulopatias ou outras doenças renais confundíveis. Dessa maneira, o objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar características clínicas ou laboratoriais que distingam os pacientes que desenvolveram doença renal crônica a partir da hipertensão, confirmada por biópsia renal, daqueles que, mesmo apresentando hipertensão arterial, não desenvolveram nefroangioesclerose. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se comparação retrospectiva de dados clínicos e laboratoriais de 15 portadores de nefroangioesclerose hipertensiva confirmada por biópsia renal e 15 hipertensos oriundos do ambulatório do Centro de Hipertensão Arterial, cuja ausência de nefroangioesclerose foi definida pela ausência de proteinúria. Os grupos foram pareados quanto à idade e gênero. RESULTADOS: Dentre as variáveis avaliadas, tempo de hipertensão arterial, pressão de pulso, glicemia, ácido úrico, creatinina e frequência de uso de diuréticos e simpatolíticos diferiram estatisticamente entre os dois grupos. Todas essas variáveis apresentaram valores maiores no grupo com nefroangioesclerose hipertensiva. CONCLUSÃO: O presente estudo associa a nefroangioesclerose hipertensiva, confirmada por biópsia, com alterações metabólicas, duração e intensidade da hipertensão e corrobora a ideia de que a prevenção primária da hipertensão arterial, postergando o seu início, o controle pressórico mais estrito, quando a hipertensão já está estabelecida, bem como o controle metabólico têm a potencialidade de prevenir o desenvolvimento de nefroangioesclerose hipertensiva.

INTRODUCTION: Hypertensive nephroangiosclerosis is a major cause of chronic kidney disease requiring dialysis. Clinical characteristics that distinguish a patient with hypertension that evolves to nephroangiosclerosis from another that keeps stable renal function are not well established because of the difficulty in ensuring that the carriers of that disease are not actually suffering from glomerulonephritis or other kidney diseases. Thus, our objective was to identify clinical or laboratory features that distinguish the patients who developed chronic renal failure from hypertension, confirmed by renal biopsy, of those who, even with arterial hypertension, did not develop nephroangiosclerosis. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective comparison of clinical and laboratory data of 15 patients with hypertensive nephroangiosclerosis confirmed by renal biopsy and 15 hypertensive patients from the outpatient clinic of the Hypertension Center, whose lack of nephroangiosclerosis was defined as absence of proteinuria. The groups were matched for age and gender. RESULTS: Among the evaluated variables, duration of hypertension, pulse pressure, blood glucose, uric acid, creatinine and frequency of use of diuretics and sympatholytic differed statistically between the two groups. All these variables were higher in nephroangiosclerosis patients. CONCLUSION: This study links biopsy proven hypertensive nephroangiosclerosis with metabolic features, hypertension intensity and duration, corroborating the idea that primary prevention of hypertension, postponing its initiation, a more intensive hemodynamic control (when hypertension is well established) and metabolic control of these patients have the potential to prevent hypertensive nephroangiosclerosis.

Evaluación a los 5 años de un paciente pediátrico con enfermedad renal crónica / Evaluation to the 5-years of a pediatric patient with chronic kidney disease

Desde la introducción del ultrasonido en obstetricia en el control de todo embarazo fisiológico, la detección temprana de anomalías del tracto urinario ha aumentado últimamente siendo la hidronefrosis y la ureterohidronefrosis los hallazgos más encontrados durante el segundo semestre del embarazo con una prevalencia entre 2 y 2,5 por ciento. La certificación de una malformación del tracto urinario durante el periodo neonatal es indispensable para prevenir y evitar la aparición y/o progresión de la enfermedad renal crónica en pacientes pediátricos, constituyendo la misma un síndrome clínico complejo que resulta de un deterioro progresivo de la función renal. Se presenta un caso de enfermedad renal crónica con hidronefrosis por reflujo vesicoureteral de 5 años de evolución.

Since the introduction of ultrasound in obstetrics in the control of all physiological pregnancies, early detection of urinary tract anomalies has increased recently being hydronephrosis and ureterohydronephrosis the most frequent findings in the second half of pregnancy with a prevalence of between 2 and 2, 5 percent. The certification of an urinary tract malformation during neonatal period is essential to prevent and avoid the development and progression of chronic kidney disease in pediatric patients, constituting a complex clinical syndrome that results from a progressive deterioration of renal function . A case of chronic kidney disease is presented with hydronephrosis and vesicoureteral reflux of 5 years evolution.

Nefropatía diabética en pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 / Diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes patients

Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, prospectivo y transversal en 4 consultorios del Médico de la Familia correspondientes al Policlínico Chiqui Gómez de la ciudad de Santa Clara, en el período comprendido entre el 1ro. de abril de 2004 y el 31 de marzo de 2005, para determinar el comportamiento de la enfermedad renal crónica en pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 mayores de 15 años de edad. Se incluyeron 92 pacientes diabéticos tipo 2 con predominio del grupo etario mayor de 60 años y el sexo femenino (p=0,83). Se empleó la prueba de chi cuadrado, bondad de ajuste (x² BA) para la diferencia de proporción y chi cuadrado independencia para determinar independencia entre variables cualitativas. Se halló 21,73 por ciento de nefropatía diabética grado IV (p=0,000), asociada a mayor tiempo de evolución, hipertensión arterial, cardiopatía isquémica, insuficiencia vascular periférica (p=0,000). Los factores de riesgo constatados fueron: hábito de fumar (85 por ciento), hipertensión arterial no controlada (60 por ciento), hiperlipidemia (55 por ciento) e historia familiar de nefropatía diabética (45 por ciento) (p=0,12). La retinopatía y el descontrol metabólico constituyeron las variables, clínica y analítica mayormente relacionadas con deterioro de la función renal (p=0,04). Se observó predominio del sexo femenino en pacientes con disfunción renal, en el grupo etario mayor de 60 años; dentro de la enfermedades asociadas se encontró la hipertensión arterial, el factor de riesgo más importante fue el hábito de fumar y en la analítica, la creatinina sérica mayor de 132,6 Ámol/L

A cross-sectional, prospective and descriptive study was conducted in 4 Family Physician Consulting Rooms of the "Chiqui G¾mez" Polyclinic of Santa Clara City from April 1, 2004 to March 31, 2005 to determine the behavior o the chronic renal disease in type 2 diabetes patients aged over 15 including 92 type 2 diabetes patients with predominance of an age group over 60 years and female sex (p = 0,83). The Chi² test was used,goodness of fit (X² BA) for the ratio difference and Chi² independence to determine independence among qualitative variables. There was a 21,73 percent of grade IV diabetic nephropathy (p = 0,000) associated with a larger course time, arterial hypertension, ischemic heart disease, peripheral vascular failure (p = 0,000). The risk factors present were: smoking (85 percent), no-controlled arterial hypertension (60 percent), hyperlipidemia (55 percent) and family history of diabetic nephropathy (45 percent) (p = 0.12). The retinopathy and metabolic lack of control were the analytical and clinical variables more related to renal function deterioration (p = 0.04). There was predominance of female sex among patients with renal dysfunction, in the age group over 60 among the associated diseases was present the arterial hypertension, the more important risk factor was the smoking and the analytical one, the serum creatinine more than 132,6 Ámol/L

Nefropatia crônica por ciclosporina: papel do ácido úrico e do sistema renina angiostensina aldosterona como mediadores de disfunção endotelial, inflamação e vasculopatia / Cyclosporine nephropathy: effect of uric acid and the renin angiostensin aldosterone system as mediators of endothelial dysfunction, inflammation and vasculopathy

A nefrotoxicidade por ciclosporina caracteriza-se, do ponto de vista histológico, por fibrose intersticial em faixa, atrofia tubular e hialinose de arteríolas aferentes glomerulares, ou seja, um quadro compatível com doença renal isquêmica. Esta isquemia provocada pela ciclosporina leva a redução da taxa de filtração glomerular, com consequente elevação dos níveis séricos de ácido úrico. Além disto, a ciclosporina altera o transporte tubular de urato, favorecendo o desenvolvimento de hiperuricemia. No modelo experimental de nefropatia pela ciclosporina, a elevação dos níveis de ácido úrico apresenta associação com lesão túbulo intersticial mais severa, além de maior frequência de hialinose de arteríola aferente. Em estudos anteriores demonstramos que a hiperuricemia agrava a nefrotoxicidade pela ciclosporina e também que, a administração concomitante de agentes hipouricemiantes previne a lesão renal pela CsA. Assim, consideramos a hipótese de que, em um modelo experimental de nefropatia crônica pela ciclosporina, instalada, a normalização dos níveis de ácido úrico com alopurinol ou benzbromarona poderia reverter a lesão renal estabelecida. Nefropatia pela ciclosporina foi induzida em ratos Sprague Dawley com injeções subcutâneas diárias de ciclosporina, em associação com dieta hipossódica, por 5 semanas. Ao final deste período, grupos experimentais foram divididos com interrupção da ciclosporina, tratamento com CsA isolada ou em associação com alopurinol ou benzbromarona por um período adicional de 4 semanas. Ao final de 9 semanas de estudo, foram realizadas avaliações funcionais e histológicas...

Chronic allograft nephropathy is characterized by stripped tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis, in presence of arteriolar hyalinosis, resembling an ischemic pattern of chronic kidney disease. Chronic ischemia is associated with reduced glomerular filtration rate, and increase in serum uric acid levels. Cyclosporine per se also has a direct effect on tubular urate handling that facilitates the development of hyperuricemia. Hyperuricemia exacerbates chronic cyclosporine nephropathy, with a more severe tubulointerstitial fibrosis and atrophy, as well as worsening of arteriolar hyalinosis. In a previous study we have shown that concomitant treatment with uric acid lowering agents limits the development of experimental CsA nephropathy. The hypothesis of the present study was that treatment with uric acid lowering agents, after the development of CsA nephropathy could reverse or reduce the severity of tubulointerstitial disease. Male Sprague Dawley rats received daily SC injections of cyclosporine in presence of low salt diet, during 5 weeks. At the end of this period, experimental groups were assigned for CsA withdrawal, maintenance of daily CsA alone or associated with allopurinol or benzbromarone in drinking water for an additional period of 4 weeks. At the end of 9 weeks of study, rats were sacrificed for functional and morphological analysis of kidneys...

Estudo epidemiológico da doença renal crônica terminal no Oeste do Paraná: uma experiência de 878 casos atendidos em 25 anos / Epidemiological study of end-stage renal disease in Western Paraná: an experience of 878 cases in 25 years

Introdução: A incidência e prevalência dos pacientes em fase final da doença renal crônica (DRC) continuam a crescer em todo o mundo. O transplante renal continua tendo preferência na terapia renal substitutiva, mas, dada a limitada oferta de doadores de órgãos, terapias dialíticas são as modalidades mais realizadas. Objetivos: Avaliar um registro de pacientes admitidos para terapia renal substitutiva no período de 1984 a 2009, em um único Centro. Métodos: Este é um estudo epidemiológico retrospectivo. Foram analisadas as características demográficas e clínicas, incidência, principal doença renal de base, modalidades dialíticas, mortalidade e causas de óbitos. Para comparar as variáveis, foram utilizados o teste do qui-quadrado, teste t de Student, ANOVA e teste de Tukey. Curvas de Kaplan-Meier foram utilizadas para estimar a sobrevida dos pacientes. Um valor de p<0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. resultados: No período compreendido, 878 pacientes foram admitidos em diálise. A média de idade dos pacientes foi47,0 +- 16,2 anos, 549 (62,5%) eram do sexo masculino e 712 (81,1%) eram brancos. As principais causas da DRC foram hipertensão, encontrada em 351 (40,0%) pacientes; nefropatia diabética, em 174 (19,8%); e glomerulonefrite crônica, em 180 (20,5%) pacientes. A principal modalidade dialítica foi a hemodiálise. A taxa de mortalidade em um ano foi de 10,4%. As causas mais comuns de morte foram cardiovasculares, em 126 (34,6%) pacientes. Conclusões: Neste estudo esta coorte de pacientes apresentou baixa mortalidade. A doença cardiovascular permanece a principal causa de óbito na população com doença renal crônica em estágio terminal. Triagem para doença cardiovascular é altamente recomendada para esses pacientes.

Introduction: The incidence and prevalence of patients in end-stage renal disease (ESRD) continue to grow worldwide. Renal transplantation continues to have choice in renal replacement therapy, but given the limited supply of donor organs, dialytic therapies are the most commonly performed procedures. Objectives: To evaluate a record of patients admitted for renal replacement therapy in the period 1984 to 2009, in a single center. Methods: This is a retrospective epidemiological study. We analyzed the demographic and clinical characteristics, incidence, primary renal disease basis, dialysis modality, mortality and causes of death. To compare the variables, we used the chi-square, Student t test, ANOVA and Tukey test. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to estimate survival of patients. A p value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: In the period, 878 patients were admitted to dialysis. The average age of patients foi47, 0 + - 16.2 years, 549 (62.5%) were male and 712 (81.1%) were white. The main causes of CKD were hypertension, found in 351 (40.0%) patients, diabetic nephropathy in 174 (19.8%) and chronic glomerulonephritis in 180 (20.5%) patients. The primary dialysis modality was hemodialysis. The mortality rate at one year was 10.4%. The most common causes of death were cardiovascular in 126 (34.6%) patients. Conclusions: In this cohort study of patients have low mortality. Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death in the population with chronic kidney disease in terminal stage. Screening for cardiovascular disease is highly recommended for these patients.