Linking primary care and community organizations to increase colorectal cancer screening rates: the HAPPI project / Promover una alianza entre la atención primaria y las organizaciones comunitarias para aumentar las pruebas de detección de cáncer colorrectal: el proyecto HAPPI

Abstract: Objective: The Healthy Aging Partnerships in Preven tion Initiative (HAPPI) aims to increase the use of clinical preventive services (CPS) among underserved Latinos and African Americans in South Los Angeles who are 50+ years old. Materials and methods: HAPPI uses an evidence-based model, SPARC, to leverage existing resources and link community resources. HAPPI's multi-sectoral partnerships include local non-governmental organizations (NGOs), community health centers (CHCs), aging and public health agencies serving the City and County of Los Angeles, and a university. Activities include CHC capacity assessment and training, and community capacity-building that included a small grants program. Results: We engaged five CHCs in quality improvement activities and eight NGOs in networking and programming to increase awareness and receipt of CPS. We discuss barriers and facilitators including the success of trainings conducted with CHC providers and NGO re presentatives. Conclusion: Multi-sectoral collaborations hold promise for increasing awareness and use of CPS in underserved communities.

Resumen: Objetivo: HAPPI se propone aumentar el uso de servicios clínicos preventivos (SCP) en personas mayores de 50 años en Los Ángeles. Material y métodos: HAPPI es una colaboración intersectorial e incluye organizaciones no gu bernamentales (ONG) locales, centros de salud comunitarios (CSC), centros de servicios para personas mayores, agencias de salud pública que dan servicio a la ciudad y al condado de Los Ángeles, y una universidad pública para movilizar recur sos comunitarios y promover lazos entre las asociaciones. Sus actividades incluyen asesorar y aumentar la capacitación de CSC y la comunidad, además de un programa de becas. Resultados: Se colaboró con cinco CSC para la mejora de calidad y con ocho ONG para abrir conciencia de los SCP. Se presentaron barreras y facilitadores incluyendo el éxito de las enseñanzas con proveedores de CSC y representantes de las ONG. Conclusión: Las colaboraciones multi-sectoriales son prometedoras para amplificar conciencia del uso de SCP en personas mayores.

Diagnóstico y seguimiento de pacientes con sangre oculta positiva en heces fecales / Diagnosis and follow-up of patients with positive hidden blood in fecal feces

Introducción: la hemorragia digestiva se define como toda pérdida de sangre procedente de cualquier sitio del tubo digestivo, desde la boca hasta el ano, incluyendo las hemorragias digestivas originadas en órganos que drenan en la luz intestinal. Objetivo: realizar el diagnóstico y seguimiento de pacientes con sangre oculta positiva en heces fecales. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio epidemiológico descriptivo en el municipio de Unión de Reyes, provincia de Matanzas, entre los años 2014-2015. El universo y muestra estuvo constituida por 130 pacientes a los cuales el test de sangre oculta en heces fecales fue positivo, teniendo entre las variables características sociodemográficas de los pacientes, diagnóstico y seguimiento. Resultados: dentro de los resultados obtenidos las edades comprendidas entre 50-69 años fueron las más frecuentes, así como el sexo femenino donde la positividad del test fue mayor al igual que en negros y mestizos. Los medicamentos que más incidencia tuvieron fueron los antiinflamatorios no esteroideos y la aspirina. El test le fue indicado a 115 pacientes por atención primaria siendo 76 por pesquisa. A 80 pacientes no se les comunicó con que intensión se indicaba el examen. Del total de pacientes 43 tuvieron enfermedades relacionadas con el tracto digestivo alto y 44 del bajo. Conclusiones: uno de cada cinco pacientes presentó alguna tumoración del tracto digestivo. Se consideró que el trabajo de los equipos de salud fue deficiente en el diagnóstico y seguimiento de los pacientes (AU).

Introduction: digestive hemorrhage is defined as any blood loss that stems from any site of the alimentary canal, from the mouth to the anus, including digestive hemorrhages occurring in organs draining in the intestinal lumen. Objective: to diagnose and follow-up patients with positive hidden blood in fecal feces. Materials and methods: a descriptive epidemiologic study was carried out in the municipality of Unión de Reyes, province of Matanzas, in the period 2014-2015. The universe and sample were formed by 130 patients whose test of hidden blood in fecal feces was positive, taking as variables the socio-demographic characteristics of the patients, their diagnosis and follow-up. Results: some of the obtained results were the predominance of ages between 50 and 69 years, and also the female sex with higher test positivity like in black and mestizo patients. The medications having more incidence were the non-steroidal antiinflammatory ones and aspirin. The test was indicated to 115 patient in the primary health care, being 76 in the screening. 80 patients were no informed of the intentionality when the test was indicated. From the total of the patients, 43 had diseases related with the upper digestive tract, and 44 with the low one. Conclusions: one form each five patients showed any tumor of vthe digestive tract. The work of the health teams was considered deficient in relation with the patients' diagnosis and follow-up...(AU)

Riesgo aumentado de lesiones colónicas preneoplásicas en acromegalia: estudio multicéntrico caso control. Resultados preliminares / Increased risk of pre-cancerous bowel lesions in acromegaly: Multicentre case-control study. Preliminary results

Introducción: El riesgo de desarrollar neoplasias colónicas en pacientes acromegálicos y su relación directa con los niveles elevados de GH/IGF-1 no están bien establecidos y continúan siendo motivo de controversia en la literatura mundial. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar el riesgo de desarrollar lesiones neoplásicas avanzadas (LNA) (adenomas mayores a 1 cm, componente velloso mayor del 75% y/o displasia de alto grado), en pacientes con acromegalia, comparado con un grupo control. Materiales y métodos: Estudio multicéntrico caso-control retrospectivo. Ciento treinta y siete pacientes con acromegalia que realizaron videocolonoscopia (VCC) fueron incluidos inicialmente, aunque solo 69 cumplieron criterios de inclusión. Sesenta y dos controles fueron obtenidos: por cada caso (paciente con acromegalia) 2 «controles¼ fueron seleccionados aleatorizadamente e igualados por edad y sexo. El riesgo se expresó en odds ratio (OR) y su correspondiente intervalo de confianza (IC) del 95%. La significación estadística fue considerada una p < 0,05. Resultados: De los 69 pacientes con VCC completa y datos adecuados para su análisis, 28 presentaron VCC positiva con hallazgos de pólipos (40%) y 41 VCC negativa o normal (60%). Dentro del grupo con VCC positiva, 14 presentaron LNA (20%) y solo un paciente presentó diagnóstico de cáncer colorrectal. Para el análisis caso-control se incluyó a 31 pacientes frente al grupo control (n = 62) que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. La presencia de pólipos colónicos, adenomas y LNA en los pacientes con acromegalia fue de 19/31 (61,9%), 14/31 (45,16%) y 10/31 (32,25%), y en el grupo control de 18/62 (29,03%), 11/62 (17,74%) y 4/62 (6,45%), respectivamente. El riesgo de adenomas y LNA fue mayor en el grupo de acromegalia en comparación con el grupo control, siendo ambos resultados estadísticamente significativos: adenomas OR 2,54 (IC 1,22-5,25) p = 0,005, LNA OR: 7,3 (2,4-25), p = 0,00. Conclusión: La acromegalia se asocia a un mayor riesgo de lesiones colónicas preneoplásicas. Este hallazgo justifica el cribado con VCC al diagnóstico en pacientes con acromegalia.

Background: The risk of developing cancerous lesions in the colon of acromegaly patients and their direct relationship with elevated growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels is not well established, and is still controversial in the international literature. The objective of this study was to evaluate the risk of developing advanced neoplastic lesions (ALN: greater than 1 cm adenomas, villous component greater than 75% and/or high grade dysplasia) in patients with acromegaly compared to a control group. Materials and methods: A multicentre, retrospective case-control study was conducted initially on 137 patients with acromegaly (cases) who underwent videocolonoscopy (VCC), although only 69 met inclusion criteria. Sixty-two controls were obtained, and for each case two "controls" were randomly selected and matched by age and gender. Risk was expressed as odds ratio (OR) and its corresponding 95% con"dence interval (CI). P values < .05 were considered statistical significantly. Results: Of the 69 acromegaly patients with a completed VCC and adequate data for their analysis, 28 had a positive VCC with findings of polyps (40%), and 41 VCC negative with no lesions (60%). Within the group with positive VCC, 14 were ALN (20%) and one a colorectal cancer. In the case-control analysis, 31 cases were to be analysed against the control group (n = 62). The presence of colonic polyps, adenomas, and ALN in patients with acromegaly was 19/31 (61.9%), 14/31 (45.16%), and 10/31 (32.25%), respectively, and in the control group, it was 18/62 (29.03%), 11/62 (17.74%), and 4/62 (6.45%), respectively. The risk of adenomas and ALN was higher in the acromegaly group compared to the control group: adenomas OR: 2.54 (95% CI 1.22-5.25) P=.005, ALN OR: 7.3 (2.4-25) P=.00. Conclusion: This preliminary case control study showed an increased risk of pre-cancerous colprectal lesions in patients with acromegaly, supporting the VCC screening at diagnosis.

Rastreamento do câncer colorretal através da pesquisa de sangue oculto fecal - um estudo de base populacional / Colorrectal cancer screening through fecal occult blood test - a population based study

Introdução: o câncer colorretal (CCR) é um problema mundial, com uma incidência anual de cerca de um milhão de casos e uma mortalidade anual de mais de 500 mil. O rastreamento leva a um diagnóstico precoce, sendo uma forma eficaz de diminuir a mortalidade. A pesquisa de sangue oculto nas fezes (PSOF) consiste na identificação de hemoglobina nas fezes e tem sido usada como rastreamento desta neoplasia. Objetivo: o objetivo do presente estudo é verificar, a partir da positividade do exame de PSOF, a prevalência de alterações em exames de colonoscopia. Ainda, objetiva-se avaliar a sensibilidade do método de PSOF para rastreamento do câncer colorretal em um município do meio-oeste de Santa Catarina. Metodologia: trata-se de um estudo transversal descritivo e exploratório de base populacional. Utilizou-se uma amostra populacional constituída por indivíduos com idade mínima de 50 anos que procuraram a Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) do município para consulta médica no período entre agosto de 2014 e maio de 2015. Para o rastreamento do CCR considerou-se como método de escolha a PSOF, realizada por método de guáiaco e/ou imuno-histoquímico. Resultados: a amostra foi constituída por 438 indivíduos, dos quais 90,87% (n=398) tiveram seu exame de PSOF negativo. Dentre aqueles com exame positivo (n=40; 9,13%), 55% (n=22) eram do sexo feminino. Em ambos os grupos predominaram os indivíduos cuja cor da pele autorreferida era branca, não tabagista, que não faziam uso de AINES ou de AAS, que não tinham diagnóstico de anemia no último hemograma realizado e cuja história pregressa de neoplasia e doença inflamatória intestinal, bem como a história familiar de pólipo intestinal ou câncer colorretal eram negativas. Dentre os principais achados naqueles que realizaram o exame de colonoscopia por apresentarem a PSOF positiva, verificou-se uma maior prevalência de adenomas tubulares com displasia e de pólipos hiperplásicos, com 22,5% (n=9) cada. Os adenocarcinomas foram observados em 3 indivíduos, correspondendo a 7,5% daqueles com PSOF positivo. Conclusões: os autores concluem que o investimento em diagnóstico precoce e no rastreamento de CCR na população considerada de risco para a doença é fundamental, uma vez que representa um importante problema de saúde pública em Santa Catarina, dada a tendência de aumento na mortalidade.

Introduction: colorectal cancer (CRC) is a worldwide problem, with an annual incidence of about one million cases and an annual death of more than 500,000. Tracking leads to an early diagnosis and an effective way to reduce mortality. The occult blood in the stool (FOBT) is the hemoglobin identification in feces and has been used as a screening of this cancer. Objectives: the objective of this study is to verify, from the positivity of the test FOBT, the prevalence of changes in colonoscopy exams. Still, the objective is to evaluate the sensitivity of FOBT me-thod for colorectal cancer screening in a city in the Midwest of Santa Catarina. Methodology: this is a descriptive and exploratory cross-sectional population-based study. We used a population sample of persons aged 50 years searching the Family Health Strategy (FHS) in the city for medical consultation from August 2014 to May 2015. To trace the CCR was considered as method of choice FOBT performed by method of guaiac and / or immunohistochemistry. Results: the sample was constituted by 438 individuals, of which 90.87% (n=398) had their test negative FOBT. Among those with positive test (n=40; 9.13%), 55% (n=22) were female. In both groups predominated individuals whose self-reported Skin color was white, non-smokers who did not use NSAIDs or aspirin who had no diagnosis of anemia in the last blood count done and whose previous history of cancer and inflammatory bowel disease as well such as family history of intestinal polyps or colorectal cancer were negative. Among the main findings in those who underwent colonoscopy because they have a positive FOBT, there was a higher prevalence of tubular adenomas with dysplasia and hyperplastic polyps, 22.5% (n=9) each. Adenocarcinomas were observed in 3 subjects, corresponding to 7.5% of those with a positive FOBT. Conclusions: the authors conclude that investment in early diagnosis and CCR tracking the population considered at risk for the disease is crucial, since it represents an importante public health problem in Santa Catarina, given the trend of increased mortality.

Relación entre la dieta vegetariana y el cáncer colorrectal en Lima, Perú / Relationship between a vegeterian diet and colorectal cancer in Lima, Perú

OBJETIVO: Determinar la relación que existe entre el consumo de la dieta vegetariana y el cáncer colorrectal en adultos de dos hospitales de Lima. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio analítico de casos y controles considerando exposición al tipo de dieta y efecto al cáncer colorrectal. Se incluyeron 142 casos y 143 controles. Los casos fueron adultos con cáncer colorrectal diagnosticados mediante biopsia y el control fue el adulto sin cáncer colorrectal, atendidos en el mismo período y hospital. Se aplicó una encuesta previamente revisada por expertos, se efectuó un estudio piloto para evaluar comprensión y se realizaron los ajustes pertinentes. Se calculó chi cuadrado, OR y regresión logística. RESULTADOS: La mediana de edad fue 62 años, predominantemente mujeres, la mayoría con nivel educativo secundario. El análisis bivariado mostró que el sexo (X2=13.01; valor p<0.01), el nivel educativo (X2=11.31; valor p=0.01) y el antecedente familiar de cáncer (X2=5.07; valor p=0.02) estuvieron asociados al cáncer colorrectal; mientras que el consumo de AINES (X2=0.009; valor p=0.924), tipo de dieta ((X2=0.60; valor p=0.44)) y la actividad física (X2=0.46; valor p=0.50) no tuvieron asociación significativa. La regresión logística demostró que la dieta vegetariana (OR=0.05; IC 95%: 0.01; 0.59) y la edad (OR=0.94; IC 95%: 0.89; 0.99) estuvieron asociadas al cáncer colorrectal. CONCLUSIONES: El consumo de la dieta vegetariana sería un factor protector del cáncer colorrectal en la población estudiada.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between the consumption of a vegetarian diet and colorectal cancer in adults at two hospitals in Lima. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Am analytic case-control study, considering exposition as type of diet and colorectal cancer as the effect, was conducted in Lima, including 142 cases and 143 controls. The cases were adults with colorectal cancer, diagnosed by biopsy, while the control group consisted of adults without colorectal cancer treated at the same hospital, at the same time. Participants responded an instrument that was previously reviewed through a pilot study to evaluate comprehension of the items, and then adjustments were made, with the support of experts. Chisquared was calculated in a bivariate analysis, and a logistic regression model was constructed. RESULTS: The median age was 62 years. The participants were predominantly women, and most had a high school education. The bivariate analysis showed that sex (X2 = 13.01; p value <0.01), educational level (X2 = 11.31; p-value = 0.01), and family history of cancer (X2 = 5.07; p-value = 0.02) were associated with Colorectal cancer; while consumption of NSAIDs (X2 = 0.009; p-value = 0.924), type of diet ((X2 = 0.60; p-value = 0.44)) and physical activity (X2= 0.46; p-value = 0.50) had no significant association. Logistic regression showed that the vegetarian diet was associated with colorectal cancer (OR = 0.05, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.59) and with age (OR = 0.94, 95% CI: 0.89; 0.99). CONCLUSIONS: Vegetarian diet is a protective factor of colorectal cancer in the study population.

Algunas estrategias de prevención para mantener la autonomía y funcionalidad del adulto mayor / Autonomy and functional status in the elderly: some prevention strategies

La meta de la geriatría es mantener la autonomía y funcionalidad de los adultos mayores a pesar del cúmulo de daño adquirido con anterioridad. En este artículo, se enfatiza la necesidad de un programa de vacunación que incluya las vacunas antineumococica, anti herpes zoster, tétano y difteria. La pesquisa del cáncer cérvico uterino, de mama y colo rectal. Un IMC entre 25 kg/m2 y 30 kg/m2 en mayores de 75 años produce la menor mortalidad cardio vascular y general. Los factores más importantes en la ocurrencia de caídas son: disminución de la fuerza muscular, dificultad en la marcha y uso de medicamentos. Se enfatiza la necesidad de evaluar la conducción segura de automóviles. Analizamos, los efectos deletéreos del déficit de vitamina D, presente en la mayoría de los adultos mayores, en el riesgo de caer, sistema inmune, mortalidad general y enfermedades neurodegenerativas

The goal of geriatric medicine is to maintain autonomy and functionality in elderly people, in spite of damage accumulated earlier in life. In this review we emphasize the importance of vaccination programs for elderly people, including vaccines such as anti pneumococcal, anti herpes zoster, tetanus y diphtheria and also, the need of programs of early diagnosis of cervical cancer, breast cancer and colorectal cancer. Research shows that a Body Mass Index between >25 kg/m2 and 30 kg/m2 in persons over 75 years of age, reduces cardiovascular deaths and deaths in general. Research also demonstrates that diminishing of muscular strength, difficulty to walk, plus the use of medications are the most important factors to be taken into account in preventing falls. It is very important to periodically evaluate safe car driving. Vitamin D deficit increases incidence of falls, immune system alterations, neurodegenerative illness and mortality

Rastreo del cáncer colorrectal: Conocimiento y actitud de la población / Screening colorectal cancer: Perception and behavior of the population

El rastreo de cáncer colorrectal (CCR) cuenta con fuertes evidencias en su favor. Datos preliminares indican que a pesar de ello no se lleva a cabo con la frecuencia adecuada. Se intenta aquí determinar, dentro de un Sistema de Salud que cuenta con los recursos necesarios, los elementos que facilitan o generan barreras para concretar esta práctica preventiva, cuántos individuos lo ponen en práctica y qué predice esta conducta. Se realizó una encuesta telefónica a los afiliados de una Obra Social de empleados de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, de los que 132 completaron el cuestionario (tasa de respuesta 70%). Los elementos considerados facilitadores del rastreo obtuvieron respuestas afirmativas en el 64 a 97%, mientras que los que definían barreras un 11 a 27%. En este último grupo, una categoría diferenciada la constituía el miedo a los efectos adversos: 39%, y el sentimiento de vergüenza relacionado con los procedimientos: 30%. Un 33% de los encuestados tenían hecho un método de rastreo, mayoritariamente de sangre oculta (27), sigmoideoscopía (11) y colonoscopía (20). Una mayoría afirmó que "se haría el procedimiento si el médico se lo recomendara" (95%), o "no se lo haría excepto que su médico se lo aconseje" (87%). Contestar afirmativamente que "los médicos hacen lo mejor para los pacientes" se asoció con haberse hecho un método de rastreo de CCR, OR 1.55 (IC 95%: 1.02-2.37) p: 0.04. El grupo de individuos estudiado parece bien predispuesto para el rastreo del CCR, la recomendación médica sería aquí un determinante prominente para ponerlo en práctica.

There is strong evidence favoring colorectal cancer screening. Preliminary data suggests that it is not included in routine practice with the adequate frequency. We intended to recognize in a Health Care System (HCS) that provides the needed resources, the facilitators and barriers related with the implementation of this preventive practice, how many individuals have carried out one procedure and what this preventive activity predicts. A telephone survey was administered to a sample of affiliates from an HCS that serves employees of the University of Buenos Aires; 132 completed the questionnaire (70% response rate). Facilitators obtained an affirmative response in a 64 to 97%, and barriers from 11 to 27%. In the latter category a special subgroup (39%) was afraid of adverse events, and there was a feeling of embarrassment in others (30%); 33% of respondents had carried out a screening procedure, mainly FOBT 27, sigmoidoscopy 11 and colonoscopy 20. A majority (95%) stated that they "would do the procedure if doctors recommend it", or "not do it unless my doctor advises to do it" (87%). Answering affirmatively that "physicians will do the best for their patients" was associated with having had a CRC screening test, OR 1.55 (95% CI: 1.02-2.37) p: 0.04. Studied individuals showed good predisposition for colorectal cancer screening, but to put it into practice, medical advice seems to be a prominent determinant.

Modelo de crenças em saúde em familiares de pacientes com câncer colorretal / Health belief model in relatives of colorectal cancer patients

A compreensão dos comportamentos de saúde dos indivíduos a cerca do câncer colorretal (CCR) possibilita o estabelecimento de intervenções que podem aumentar a adesão dos indivíduos a programas de detecção precoce. Objetivou-se nesta tese descrever quatro conceitos do Modelo de Crenças em Saúde (MCS) - ... verificar a associação entre características sociodemográficas, a história familiar de câncer colorretal, com as variáveis do MCS e a preocupação com o câncer; traduzir e validaros questionários Champion's Health Belief Model Scale (CHBMS) e Lerman's Cancer Worry Scale (CWS). ... Participaram da pesquisa familiares de indivíduos com CCR com história familiar registrada no Registro de Câncer Colorretal Hereditário do Hospital A.C. Camargo. ... Observaram-se os seguintes resultados: o alfa de Cronbach da CHBMS variou entre 0,759 e 0,892. A CWS apresentou solução com um fator e alfa de Cronbach de 0,880. Foram entrevistados 125 indivíduos, 51,2% pertencentes a famílias com Síndrome de Lynch. A média da percepção de risco populacional para CCR foi 47,6% e a pessoal 53,9%. Os fatores preditores da percepção de susceptibilidade foram: religião, óbito de familiares por câncer, número de familiares com CCR, e recebimento de informações sobre o risco de CCR. ... Foram variáveis preditoras da CWS: idade média de diagnóstico de CCR na família, primos com CCR, a as escalas de susceptibilidade, gravidade e barreiras do CHBMS. Concluiu-se que: a CHBMS e a CWS são escalas válidas e confiáveis para avaliação do MCS e da preocupação com o câncer; variáveis sociodemográficas e a história familiar de câncer contribuem para o MCS relacionado ao CCR.

In order to establish effective interventions to increase early detection programs´ compliance it is necessary to understand health beliefs related to colorectal cancer (CRC). This study aims included: to describe four Health Belief Model (HBM) concepts ­ perception of susceptibility, severity, benefits and barriers and cancer worry in individuals with family history of CRC; to verify the association between demographic variables, cancer family history and the HBM variables and cancer worry; to translate and validate into Portuguese the Champion's Health Belief Model Scale (CHBMS) and the Lerman's Cancer Worry Scale (CWS). The CHBMS and the CWS have been translated into Portuguese through a committee technique and changes were suggested by a panel of judges. The participants of this study were relatives of CRC patients (proband) whose cancer family history was included at A.C. Camargo Hospital Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Registry. The proband acquiescence to the study was followed by an indication of their relatives. The approach of the relatives included explanation of the study, acceptance to participate and telephone interview. A questionnaire with sociodemographic characteristics, risk perception and colorectal screening history, and the CHBMS and the CWS was filled out. To validate the CHBMS and CWS, factor analysis and reliability analysis were used. To verify the association between variables, mean test and linear and logistic regression analysis was performed. The following results were observed: Cronbach´s alpha of CHBMS scales varied from 0.759 to 0.892. The CWS had one factor solution with a Cronbach´s alpha of 0.880. A hundred and twenty-five individuals were interviewed, 51.2% of them belonged to Lynch Syndrome families. The mean populational risk perception was 47.6% and the personal risk perception was 53.9%. Characteristics that predicted higher perception of susceptibility were: religion, death of family members, number of relatives with CRC, previous information regarding CRC risk. Variables that predicted perception of severity were: educational level, religion, classification of risk, mean age of CRC diagnosis in family members, cousins with CRC and previous knowledge about colonoscopy procedure. Perception of susceptibility and having children predicted perception of benefits. Variables associated with perception of barriers were educational level, previous screening and perception of severity. Mean age of CRC diagnosis in family members, cousins with CRC, perception of susceptibility, perception of severity and barriers were the variables that predicted cancer worry. The CHMBS and CWS were valid reliable scales to evaluate the HBM and cancer worry in individuals at risk for CRC. Sociodemographic characteristics and family history were associated with HBM variables and cancer worry.

Prevención y Screening del cáncer colorrectal: ¿estamos haciendo lo correcto? / Prevention and Screening in colorectal cancer: are we doing things right?

Antecedentes: El cáncer colorrectal (CCR) es la segunda causa de muerte por cáncer en la Argentina, afecta en forma similar a mujeres y hombres y determina más de 5000 muertes anuales. La mayoría de los pacientes (65 por ciento) se presentan con enfermedad avanzada y la sobrevida a 5 años es del 60 por ciento. Cuando las lesiones son localizadas la tasa de sobrevida alcanza el 80-90 por ciento. Los estudios para screening actualmente disponibles son efectivos y precisos para la detección del CCR temprano y de su precursor premaligno el pólipo adenomatoso. Alrededor del 75 por ciento de los casos de cáncer colorrectal se presentan en personas sin factores de riesgo agregados y los restantes en la población con riesgo superior al promedio. Este último grupo incluye personas con: historia familiar de cáncer colorrectal o pólipos adenomatosos, poliposis adenomatosa familiar o cáncer hereditario familiar no asociado a poliposis, historia personal de CCR o pólipos y aquellas con colitis ulcerosa crónica o enfermedad de Crohn de larga evolución. La detección temprana del CCR y la resección de los adenomas mediante los métodos de screening tanto en la población de riesgo promedio como elevado son las más importantes estrategias para disminuir la incidencia y la mortalidad. Todas las estrategias de screening del cáncer colorrectal han demostrado ser costo-efectivas. Basados en los datos científicos disponibles y en la esperiencia clínica en los Estados Unidos y Europa proponemos una guía de recomendaciones para el screening y vigilancia en el CCR en nuestro país tanto en la población con riesgo promedio como en aquella con riesgo elevado.

Pesquisa del cancer colorrectal con una prueba inmunológica para sangre oculta en material fecal / Screening for colorectal cancer with an inmunological fecal occult blood test

La pesquisa del cáncer colorrectal (CCR) no se realiza rutinariamente en nuestro medio a pesar de las recomendaciones internacionales. Por ese motivo decidimos realizar un estudio piloto evaluando un método inmunológico de detección de sangre oculta en materia fecal (SOMF). Se estudiaron 332 pacientes con riesgo promedio para CCR (>50 años, sin signos y síntomas ni antecedentes personales a familiares de CCR) que concurrieron a consultorios de clínica médica de Buenos Aires. Fueron dispostos al aza para la pesquisa de SOMF (OC-Hemodia) con una (grupo I) o tres (grupo II) determinaciones. A los pacientes con una o más muestras positivas se les indicó una fibrocolonoscopia y/o radiología de colon por enema y una endoscopía digestiva alta. Devolvieron la muestra 141 de los 162 pacientes del grupo I (87.0 por ciento) y 142 de los 170 del grupo II (83.5 por ciento) (NS). En el grupo fueron positivas 3 de las 162 muestras entregadas (1.8 por ciento) y en el grupo II 15 de las 170 (8.8 por ciento) (P=0.005), con una positividad global del 5.4 por ciento. Se estudio radiologicamente el colon en 14 pacientes (77.8 por ciento) y 4 concurrieron a la consulta tras repetidos llamadas. El estudio colónico mostró: CCR 1, adenomas colónicos 3, adenomas colónicos y hemorróides 1, divertículos 5, hemorroides 1, normal 2, estudio frustrado por intolerancia 1. Se realizó una endoscopía alta a 9 pacientes: gastrite erosiva 4, úlcera duodenal 1, normal 4. Sólo 1 paciente tuvo ambos estudios normales. Concluimos que: 1) La prueba inmunológico para SOMF tuvo una tasa de aceptación y de positividad aceptable para la pesquisa del CCR. 2) Aún con un método inmunológico se requirieron tres muestras para mejorar su rendimento. 3) Detectó patología alta o baja del tubo digestivo, incluídos CCR y adenomas, en casi todos los casos estudiados. 4) Se justifica su implementación en estudios poblacionales amplios destinados a ver la eficacia en la prevención de CCR.

Rastreamento do câncer colorretal: artigo de revisäo / Sreening and colorectal cancer: review

Os autores revisam e apresentam os principais métodos de rastreamento populacional para os adenomas colônicos e o câncer colorretal (CCR). A pesquisa de sangue oculto nas fezes pelo método guaiac é um procedimento sensível e específico de rastreamento, principalmente quando é utilizada a reidrataçäo das fezes. É um teste bem estudado em populaçöes assintomáticas, aplicável em nosso meio por ser de fácil utilizaçäo e baixo custo. A retossigmoidoscopia deve ser realizada a cada 3 anos, preferencialmente associada ao teste anual de pesquisa de sangue oculto nas fezes. O exame com aparelho flexível de 60 cm é preferível por ser menos incômodo ao paciente e oferecer alcance diagnóstico a cerca de metade dos CCR. A colonoscopia é um método eficaz e de baixo índice de morbidade, porém tem seu custo elevado, devendo ser indicada apenas em casos selecionados. O grande avanço alcançado nos últimos anos no campo da biologia molecular tornou possível, além do conhecimento do processo de carcinogênese do CCR, a detecçäo de células do epitélio colônico com alteraçöes genéticas descamadas nas fezes. Essas mutaçöes predispöem ao aparecimento do CCR. Os autores também mostram fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento do CCR, como idade acima de 50 anos, retocolite ulcerativa inspecífica, doença de Crohn, antecedentes familiares e pessoais de pólipos e CCR.