Datos de composición de alimentos en Costa Rica: Fuentes, usos e impacto en políticas públicas / Food Composition Data in Costa Rica: Sources, Uses, and impact on public policies

Introducción: Las bases de datos y las tablas de composición de alimentos (BDCA y TCA, respectivamente) contienen información sobre la composición química-nutricional de los alimentos. Objetivo: Definir las fuentes de los datos de composición de alimentos que se usan en Costa Rica y que impacto tienen a nivel de políticas públicas. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron las TCA y BDCA disponibles en Costa Rica desde 1960 hasta el 2020. Se encuestaron usuarios de datos de composición de alimentos. Se analizaron los usos de estos datos y algunos alcances a nivel de política pública. Resultados: Se identifica la utilización predominante de datos de la BDCA de Estados Unidos, los datos nacionales son desactualizados en su mayoría y hay pocos datos de análisis directo (químico) de alimentos. Se evidencia la importancia de contar con datos propios, actualizados y representativos de composición de alimentos para la toma de decisiones en salud pública. Conclusiones: Se deben vincular las instituciones generadoras y compiladoras para maximizar los recursos para fortalecer la disponibilidad de datos de composición de alimentos en el país. Se evidencia la necesidad de generar un Sistema Nacional de Datos de Composición de Alimentos que se ajuste a las necesidades identificadas en cuanto a la calidad y presentación de la información(AU)

Introduction: Databases and food composition tables (FCDB and FCT, respectively) provide information about the chemical-nutritional composition of foods. Objective: of this work was to define the sources of food composition data used in Costa Rica and their impact on public policies. Materials and methods: It was analyzed which TCA and FCDB have been available in Costa Rica from 1960 to 2020. Users were surveyed about food composition data. It was analyzed the uses of these data and some of their impacts on public policy. Results: The predominant use of data from the U.S. FCDB is identified, the national data are mostly outdated, and there is little data from direct (chemical) analysis of food. The importance of having our own, up- to-date, and representative data on food composition for public health decision-making is evident. Conclusions: Generating and compiling institutions should be linked to maximize resources to strengthen the availability of food composition data in the country. The need to generate a National Food Composition Data System that meets the identified needs in terms of quality and presentation of information is evident(AU)

Momentos alimentarios y consumo de productos ultraprocesados durante el día, Antioquia, Colombia / Food moments and comsumption of ultraprocessed products during the day, Antioquia, Colombia

Introducción. La acelerada transición nutricional en Latinoamérica ha modificado los patrones alimentarios, favoreciendo dietas con mayor participación de productos industrializados y alto aporte de nutrientes relacionados con enfermedades crónicas como grasas (saturadas, trans), sodio, azúcar libre y densidad de energía. Objetivo. Describir los momentos alimentarios de consumo de productos comestibles ultraprocesados (PCUP) durante el día en Antioquia, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo transversal, usando datos de consumo de alimentos del Perfil Alimentario y Nutricional de Antioquia 2019 y del Perfil de Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional de Medellín 2015, en población general, muestra de 13494 individuos. Los alimentos se clasificaron según NOVA y se agruparon en subcategorías. Se calculó la media de energía consumida y su desviación estándar (confianza del 95%) para las categorías NOVA y subcategorías, además su distribución en los momentos alimentarios. Resultados. Para la población de Medellín (capital de Antioquia), en promedio el 54,7% de la energía venia de alimentos no procesados, 17,3% de ingredientes culinarios, y 20,4% de PCUP. En la población de Antioquia, 56,0% de la energía se obtuvo de alimentos no procesados, 18,8% de ingredientes culinarios y 17,0% de PCUP. En los momentos alimentarios principales (desayuno, almuerzo y cena) los alimentos no procesados tienen mayor aporte energético. Mientras que los momentos alimentarios con mayor porcentaje de energía proveniente de PCUP fueron la media mañana, el algo y la merienda. Conclusiones. Para los antioqueños el mayor riesgo de consumo de PCUP relacionados con la obesidad y las enfermedades crónicas se presenta entremedio de las comidas principales(AU)

Introduction. The accelerated nutritional transition in Latin America has modified dietary patterns, favoring diets with a greater participation of industrialized products and a high contribution of nutrients related to chronic diseases such as fats (saturated, trans), sodium, free sugar, and energy density. Objective. To describe the dietary moments of consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) during the day in Antioquia, Colombia. Materials and methods. Cross-sectional descriptive study using food consumption data from the Food and Nutrition Profile of Antioquia 2019 and the Food and Nutrition Security Profile of Medellín 2015, in general population, sample of 13,494 individuals. Foods were classified according to NOVA and grouped into subcategories. The mean energy consumed and its standard deviation (95% confidence), were calculated for the NOVA categories and subcategories, as well as its distribution at feeding times. Results. for the population of Medellín (capital of Antioquia), on average 54.7% of the energy came from unprocessed foods, 17.3% from culinary ingredients, and 20.4% from UPF. In the population of Antioquia, 56.0% of the energy was obtained from unprocessed foods, 18.8% from culinary ingredients, and 17.0% from UPF. At the main eating moments (breakfast, lunch, and dinner) unprocessed foods have a greater energy contribution. While the food moments with the highest percentage of energy coming from UPF were mid-morning snacks and snacks. Conclusions. For Antioqueños the greatest risk of consuming UPFs related to obesity and chronic diseases occurs between main meals(AU)

Ingestão de nutrientes por gestantes da atenção básica no Tocantins / Nutrient intake by primary care pregnant women in Tocantins / Consumo de nutrientes por mujeres embarazadas de cuidado primario en Tocantins

Introdução:Em decorrência de alterações no comportamento alimentar materno durante os trimestres gestacionais, além das variações diárias e sazonais, podem ocorrer alterações na ingestão de nutrientes, que impactam diretamente no resultado obstétrico, sobretudo durante o primeiro trimestre de gestação. Objetivo:investigar o consumo de nutrientes por gestantes adultas, assistidas na atenção básica de Palmas,Tocantins, buscando identificar precocemente desvios evitáveis por meio de orientações dietéticas pré-natais.Metodologia:oestudo investigou 50 mulheres em quatro dos sete territórios de saúde de Palmas,Tocantins,por meio de umrecordatório que investigou o consumo alimentar nas 24 horas anteriores à entrevista. Foram estimadospelo Dietbox, a ingestão diária de energia, carboidratos, proteínas, lipídios totais, ferro, calciferol, folato e cobalamina sem considerar os nutrientes obtidos por meio da suplementação medicamentos.Os dados foram analisados no programa Statistical Package for Social Sciences versão 23.0por meio de estatísticas descritivas.Resultados:foram observados altos percentuais de inadequação da ingestão para todos os macros e micronutrientes estudados na população de gestantes. Destacaram-se 82% das gestantes com ingestões inadequadas de energia; 98% de inadequação para o ácido fólico e 94% para ferro e cobalamina. A ingestão diária de calciferol esteve inadequada em 100% das gestantes. Conclusão: ogrupo de gestantes estudado está ingerindo nutrientes aquém do recomendado, estando o binômio mãe-filho sujeitos a resultados obstétricos indesejáveis, caso nenhuma intervenção seja realizada (AU).

Introduction: Due to changes in maternal eating behavior during the gestational trimesters, in addition to daily and seasonal variations, changes in nutrient intake may occur, which directly impact obstetric outcome, especially during the first trimester of pregnancy.Objective: to investigate the consumption of nutrients by adult pregnant women, assisted in primary care in Palmas, Tocantins, seeking to early identify preventable deviations through prenatal dietary guidelines.Methodology: the study investigated 50 womenin four of the seven health territories in Palmas, through a recall that investigated food consumption in the 24 hours prior to the interview. The daily intake of energy, carbohydrates, proteins, total lipids, iron, calciferol, folate and cobalamin were estimated by Dietbox without considering the nutrients obtained through drug supplementation. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 23.0using descriptive statistics.Results: high percentages of inadequate intake wereobserved for all macro and micronutrients studied in the population of pregnant women. 82% of pregnant women with inadequate energy intake stood out; 98% unsuitable for folic acid and 94% for iron and cobalamin. The daily intake of calciferol was inadequate in 100% of the pregnant women.Conclusion: the group of pregnant women studied is ingesting less than recommended nutrients, and the mother-child binomial is subject to undesirable obstetric results, if no intervention is performed (AU).

Introducción: Debido a los cambios en la conducta alimentaria materna durante los trimestres gestacionales, además de las variaciones diarias y estacionales, pueden ocurrir cambios en la ingesta de nutrientes que impactan directamente en el resultado obstétrico, especialmente durante el primer trimestre del embarazo. Objetivo:investigar el consumo de nutrientes por parte de gestantes adultas, atendidas en atención primaria en Palmas, Tocantins, buscando identificar desviaciones precoces evitables a través de guías dietéticas prenatales. Metodología:el estudio investigó a 50 mujeres en cuatro de los siete territorios de salud en Palmas, a través de un recordatorio que investigó el consumo de alimentos en las 24 horas previas a la entrevista. Dietbox estimó la ingesta diaria de energía, carbohidratos, proteínas, lípidos totales, hierro, calciferol, folato y cobalamina sin considerar los nutrientes obtenidos a través de la suplementación farmacológica. Los datos se analizaron utilizando el paquete estadístico para ciencias sociales versión 23.0utilizando estadística descriptiva. Resultados:se observaron altos porcentajes de ingesta inadecuada para todos los macro y micronutrientes estudiados en la población de gestantes. Se destacó el 82% de las embarazadas con aporte energético inadecuado; 98% inadecuado para ácido fólico y 94% para hierro y cobalamina. La ingesta diaria de calciferol fue inadecuada en el 100% de las embarazadas. Conclusión: el grupo de gestantes estudiado está ingiriendo menos nutrientes de los recomendados, y el binomio madre-hijo está sujeto a resultados obstétricos indeseables, si no se realiza ninguna intervención (AU).

Public health nutrition in Afghanistan-policies, strategies and capacity-building: current scenario and initiatives

Background: Afghanistan is grappling with high burden of malnutrition in women and children and a rising burden of noncommunicable diseases. Aims: A narrative review was conducted with the aim of mapping current nutrition policies and capacity development initiatives to assess policy and the institutional environment and identify gaps and opportunities. Methods: A comprehensive, broad based search was conducted, including databases and websites and policy and programme documents. Results: The policy focuses on multisectoral efforts to address nutrition challenges; however; implementation of nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive interventions is not delivered uniformly at the community level due to continued conflic situations and geographic inaccessibility, lack of availability of trained human resources and weak institutions. There is limited evidence on the effectiveness of nutrition programmes in Afghanistan. Limited policy provisions are available to address nutrition issues due to the rising burden of noncommunicable diseases, urbanization and changing dietary patterns. The shortage of skilled nutritional professionals is a critical issue. Lack of institutional capacity, educational standards and accreditation mechanism poses major challenges. Ongoing training programmes are fragmented and fail to meet the requirements of a professional nutrition workforce. Conclusion: The findings highlight that well-structured policies and strategies focusing on maternal and child nutrition provide an enabling policy environment to scale up nutrition interventions. Evidence on the implementation of programmes is needed to aid policy recommendations. The lack of an institutional mechanism for professional nutrition education highlights the great need for action in Afghanistan for public health nutrition and education.

Plant-based diets and their impact on health, sustainability and the environment: a review of the evidence: WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases

In the WHO European Region, more and more people are shifting towards plant-based diets for reasons relating to health, as well as to ethical considerations about climate change and animal welfare. In some countries changes in dietary patterns are only just emerging, while in others this trend is increasing rapidly. Nevertheless, the evidence on the long-term health impacts of vegetarian and vegan diets remains incomplete. This fact sheet aims to review the current evidence and highlight knowledge gaps in this area.

Un tributo al ambiente y la salud: El libro de las hortalizas de Centroamérica y República Dominicana / A tribute to the environment and health: The book of vegetables from Central America and the Dominican Republic

Esta publicación hace referencia a las hortalizas, por su importante valor en nuestra alimentación y cultura alimentaria, por su disponibilidad tienen como fin común obtener los nutrientes necesarios para la supervivencia humana. Es así, que la alimentación y nutrición de las personas, están basadas en los hábitos, costumbres o tendencias que rigen a la sociedad en su conjunto, considerando aspectos sociales, económicos, políticos y tecnológicos. Con esta publicación el Instituto de Nutrición de Centro América y Panamá -INCAP, ofrece a la población, información detallada sobre el contenido nutricional y los beneficios del consumo de 20 hortalizas, consideradas entre las más populares en la región centroamericana, las cuales son parte de la cultura alimentaria. Con ello se apoyará a la promoción de una adecuada nutrición y al rescate de la alimentación natural a través del consumo de productos frescos como los vegetales, así como a la sostenibilidad ambiental. La información presentada fortalecerá el contenido técnico de las guías alimentarias basadas en alimentos - GABAs-; y, con su aplicación se espera contribuir a la reducción de riesgos asociados al sobrepeso y obesidad, así como a enfermedades no transmisibles como diabetes, hipertensión, varios tipos de cáncer , entre otras. Aporta elementos que permiten fortalecer las políticas y programas de alimentación y nutrición institucional y de grupos vulnerables, estimular a los diferentes sectores afines a la alimentación a promover un enfoque intersectorial, participativo, que fomente una alimentación saludable y sostenible, principalmente en la población con menos acceso a los alimentos.

Riesgo de desnutrición y factores asociados en una muestra de adultos mayores en la comunidad e institucionalizados de Yucatán, México / Malnutrition risk and associated factors in a sample of older adults in the community and institutionalized in Yucatan, Mexico

Evaluar la prevalencia de riesgo de desnutrición (RD) en adultos mayores de dos municipios de Yucatán, México, e identificar algunos factores asociados. Estudio transversal con muestreo intencional no probabilístico en 6 centros de atención geriátrica, una clínica universitaria y visitas domiciliares. Noventa y seis adultos mayores de 60 años (76% mujeres), 42 residentes de estancias geriátricas y 54 no institucionalizados. Se evaluó el RD con la escala de Valoración Mínima del Estado de Nutrición (VMEN), junto con variables demográficas, de funcionalidad, comorbilidades, depresión y apetito. La composición corporal se evaluó con ecuaciones basadas en antropometría e impedancia bioeléctrica. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos, t de Student, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, chi cuadrado, análisis univariado y análisis de regresión múltiple. El 47,9 % (46 sujetos; 37 mujeres y 9 varones) presentaron RD de acuerdo con la VMEN y 52,1% de los participantes fueron clasificados con estado nutricio normal de acuerdo con dicha escala. Los valores promedio de la masa corporal libre de grasa y la masa muscular esquelética en extremidades de sujetos con RD, fueron más bajos que en aquellos con estado de nutrición normal (p< 0,05). El análisis de regresión logístico múltiple ajustado por género indicó que la edad (OR=1,08, p=0,005) y la depresión (OR=3,79, p=0,017) fueron factores predictores asociados con RD. El 47,9 % de los participantes presentaron RD. Se requieren acciones para diagnosticar y atender el RD y evitar que progrese a desnutrición. La edad y la depresión se debieran incluir como posibles marcadores tempranos de desnutrición en futuros estudios poblacionales e intervenciones nutricionales en adultos mayores en comunidad e institucionalizados en Yucatán(AU)

To assess the prevalence of Malnutrition Risk (MR) in older adults from two municipalities of Yucatan, Mexico, and to identify some associated factors. Cross-sectional study, using non-probabilistic sample in six geriatric care centers, a university clinic, and home visits. Ninety-six adults over 60 years (76% women), 42 residents of geriatric care homes, and 54 non-institutionalized. The MR was assessed by the Mini Nutritional Assessment scale (MNA), along with demographic, functionality, comorbidities, depression, and appetite variables. Body composition was also assessed by bioelectrical impedance analysis. Descriptive analyzes, Student's t, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, chi-square, univariate, and multiple regression analysis were performed. Of the total sample, 47.9% (46 subjects; 37 women and 9 men) presented RD according to the VMEN and 52.1% of the participants were classified with normal nutritional status according to the scale. Mean values of fat-free mass and appendicular skeletal muscle mass were lower in subjects with MR than in those with normal nutritional status (p <0.05). The multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted by gender indicated that age (OR = 1.08, p = 0.005) and depression (OR = 3.79, p = 0.017) were predictor associated factors with MR. Almost forty eight percent of the participants present MR. Actions are required to diagnose and treat MR, avoiding progressing to malnutrition. Age and depression should be included as possible early markers of malnutrition in future population studies and nutritional interventions, in the community and institutionalized older adults in Yucatan(AU)

Educación nutricional, un desafío en la actualidad venezolana / Nutritional education, a challenge in Venezuela today

La educación nutricional es una herramienta que promueve la creación de hábitos alimentarios saludables para toda la vida. Le permite al individuo recibir un conocimiento sólido para seleccionar, preparar y conservar alimentos de alto valor nutritivo, experimentar con productos alimenticios emergentes y comparar sus experiencias con familiares y otros miembros de la comunidad. La educación nutricional es indispensable para adoptar un estilo de vida saludable y reducir el riesgo tanto de enfermedades crónicas como de aquellas transmitidas por alimentos contaminados. Las redes sociales y la web han representado el vehículo idóneo para multiplicar intervenciones nutricionales de calidad. Con la aparición de la pandemia por la COVID-19 y las medidas de confinamiento reglamentadas, los espacios tradicionalmente utilizados para enseñar e impartir educación nutricional se han inhabilitado, ya que son propicios para la transmisión del agente viral. En Venezuela, la educación nutricional no estaba preparada para migrar repentinamente hacia la modalidad virtual por múltiples razones, entre ellas la conexión a internet, las interrupciones del servicio eléctrico, la disponibilidad de equipos electrónicos y la capacitación digital y tecnológica del profesional del área. En la actualidad la telemedicina ha promovido la transmisión de conocimientos desde la virtualidad para mantener el distanciamiento social, debido a ello la explotación de los espacios institucionales para la información y comunicación de conocimientos en nutrición emerge como una necesidad. Es por esto, que el siguiente artículo pretende examinar algunos elementos y desafíos relacionados con la práctica de la educación nutricional en entornos virtuales(AU)

Nutrition education is a tool that promotes the creation of healthy eating habits for life. It allows the individual to receive a solid knowledge to select, prepare and preserve foods of high nutritional value, to experiment with emerging food products and to compare their experiences with family and other community members. Nutrition education is essential for adopting a healthy lifestyle and reducing the risk of both chronic diseases and those transmitted by contaminated food. Social networks and the web have been the ideal vehicle to multiply quality nutritional interventions. With the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic and regulated containment measures, the spaces traditionally used to teach and provide nutritional education have been disabled, as they are conducive to the transmission of the viral agent. In Venezuela, nutritional education was not prepared for a sudden migration to the virtual mode for multiple reasons, including Internet connection, interruptions in electrical service, availability of electronic equipment, and digital and technological training of the professional in the area. Currently, telemedicine has promoted the transmission of knowledge from the virtual mode to maintain social distance, due to which the exploitation of institutional spaces for information and communication of knowledge in nutrition emerges as a necessity. Therefore, the purpose of the following article is to examine some elements and challenges related to the practice of nutritional education in virtual environments(AU)

Are women with breast cancer more likely to follow dietary recommendations and have sufficient vitamin A intake compared to healthy c ontrols? / ¿Es posible que las mujeres con cáncer de mama sigan las recomendaciones dietéticas y tengan una ingesta suficiente de vitamina A en comparación con las mujeres controles?

To evaluate differences in dietary habits among women with breast cancer versus healthy controls. We conducted a case-control study with 160 women with and without cancer, pairing 1:1. Socio-demographic variables and food consumption were investigated through three food recalls, which was corrected for energy variation using the residual method. Data analysis was performed using Kolmogorov- Smirnov, Student's t, Mann-Whitney/Wilcoxon Two-Sample tests and calculating odds ratios with level of significance of p<0.05. The majority (87.5%) of women with breast cancer did not follow dietary recommendations. Women with breast cancer (cases) had higher odds of not following dietary recommendations compared to controls (OR= 3.37, 95%CI= 1.50-7.58, p= 0.004). Regarding consumption of micro and macronutrients, breast cancer patients had increased odds of insufficient vitamin A intake compared to controls (OR= 2.46, 95%CI= 1.19-5.05, p<0.01). The results suggest the women with breast cancer are more likely to not follow dietary recommendation and have insufficient consumption of vitamin A compared to women without breast cancer.

Evaluar diferencias en los hábitos alimentarios de mujeres con cáncer de mama y mujeres normales. Estudio de casos y controles con 160 mujeres con y sin cáncer y emparejamiento de l:l. Se investigaron las variablessociodemográ-ficas y el consumo de alimentos mediante tres encuestas alimentarias, sometidas a la corrección de la variación de energía por el método residual. El análisis fueran realizados por Kolmogorov-Smirnov, t-Student, Mann-Whitney/Wilcoxon y Odds Ratio con nivel de significación: p<0,05. La mayoría de las mujeres con cáncer de mama (87,5%) no siguió las recomendaciones dietéticas. Las mujeres con cáncer de mama tuvieron un mayor riesgo de no seguir las recomendaciones dietéticas en comparación con los controles 3.37 (IC 95%= 1.50-7.58, p= 0.004). Con respecto al consumo de micro y macronutrientes, las mujeres concáncer de mama tuvieron un mayor riesgo de ingesta insuficiente de vitamina A en comparación con los controles (OR= 2.46, IC 95%= 1.19-5.05, p<0.0l). Los resultados sugieren que las mujeres con cáncer de mama tienen más riesgo de no seguir las recomendaciones dietéticas con un consumo insuficiente de vitamina A en comparación con las mujeres sin cáncer de mama.

Nutrigenômica como ferramenta preventiva de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis / Nutrigenomics as a preventive tool for chronic non-communicable diseases / NUTRIGENOMICS AS A PREVENTIVE TOOL FOR CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

A nutrigenômica representa uma ciência emergente que estuda a relação entre os nutrientes e os genes humanos. Dessa forma, as necessidades de alimentos, compostos bioativos e nutrientes variam entre os indivíduos, por conta dos polimorfismos gênicos, principalmente os de nucleotídeo único, podendo resultar no desenvolvimento de diversas doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNTs). Este artigo objetiva conhecer as mais recentes informações sobre a nutrigenômica e os principais polimorfismos genéticos relacionados às DCNTs, bem como o impacto dos nutrientes na modulação da expressão gênica e prevenção destas patologias. Para o levantamento bibliográfico, optou-se pela busca de artigos nas bases de dados PubMed e SciELO, nos idiomas Português e Inglês. Aplicou-se a combinação dos seguintes descritores: "nutrigenômica e necessidades nutricionais", "nutrigenômica e obesidade", "nutrigenômica e diabetes mellitus tipo 2", "nutrigenômica e câncer" e "nutrigenômica e doença inflamatória intestinal". Evidências indicam que diversos tipos de polimorfismos estão associados à incidência, progressão e gravidade de doenças como a obesidade, diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), câncer e doenças inflamatórias intestinais (DIIs). Os principais polimorfismos encontrados que se relacionam com as DCNTs são: rs9939609 do fat mass and obesity associated (FTO), rs174547 do Fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1), Gln27Glu do receptor ß-adrenérgico 2 (ADRB2), Lys656Asn do receptor de leptina (LEPR), -174C/G da interleucina 6 (IL-6), Pro12Ala do receptor ativado por proliferador de peroxissoma gama 2 (PPAR-gama2), rs4315495 da lipina 1 (LPIN1), rs266729 no gene da adiponectina, rs10920533 em adiponectina receptor 1 (AdipoR1), Pro12Ala do receptor ativado por proliferador de peroxissoma γ (PPARγ), rs1440581 da Protein phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+ dependent 1K (PPM1K), alelo G para o polimorfismo -11377C>G, alelo A para o polimorfismo 11391 G>A, Cdx2 do receptor de vitamina D (RVD), genes de selenoproteínas sob baixas concentrações de selênio (DIO1, DIO2, GPX-1, GPX-3, SEPHS1, SEPSECS e TXNRD2) e alelo G do rs12212067 do Forkhead box O3 (FOXO3). É fundamental entender as interações gene-nutriente nestas doenças e as diferentes respostas metabólicas envolvidas, para que assim se possa orientar a alimentação de cada indivíduo conforme a sua herança genética. Enfim, os estudos não são conclusivos sobre o papel de cada fator na alteração dos genes, e a nutrigenômica é um fator importante e complexo que precisa avançar com a ciência nutricional.

Nutrigenomics represents an emerging science that studies the relation between nutrients and the human genes. Thus, the need for food, bioactive composts and nutrients vary from person to person due to genic polymorphisms, mainly single nucleotide polymorphism, which can result in the developing of many Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs). This article aims at making a scientific literature review regarding the most recent information on nutrigenomics and the main polymorphisms related to the NCDs, as well as the impact of nutrients on the modulation of the genic expression and prevention of those pathologies. For the literature survey, a search was performed in PubMed and SciELO databases, in Portuguese and English using the combination of the following descriptors: "nutrigenomics and nutritional requirements", "nutrigenomics and obesity", "nutrigenomics and diabetes mellitus, type 2", "nutrigenomics and cancer", and "nutrigenomics and inflammatory bowel disease". Evidence has shown that many types of polymorphisms are associated with the incidence, progression and severity of diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cancer, and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The main polymorphisms found to be related to NCDs are: rs9939609 of the fat mass and obesity associated (FTO), rs174547 of the fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1), Gln27Glu of the ß-adrenergic receptor 2 (ADRB2), Lys656Asn of the leptin receptor (LEPR), -174 G/C of the interleukin-6 (IL-6), Pro12Ala of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 (PPAR-gama2), rs4315495 of lipin 1 (LPIN1), rs266729 in the adiponectin gene, rs10920533 in adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1), Pro12Ala of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), rs1440581 of Protein phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+ dependent 1K (PPM1K), G allele of the -11377C>G polymorphism, allele A of the 11391 G>A polymorphism, Cdx2 of the vitamin D receptor (VDR), selenoprotein genes under low selenium concentrations (DIO1, DIO2, GPX-1, GPx-3, SEPHS1, SEPSECS and TXNRD2), and G allele of the Forkhead box O3 (FOXO3) rs12212067. It is fundamental to understand the interaction between gene-nutrients in these diseases and the different metabolic answers involved to guide the eating habits of each person according to their genetic heritage. Finally, the studies are not conclusive on the role of each factor in the alteration of the genes, and nutrigenomics is an important and complex factor that needs to advance with nutritional science.

Contribution of Nova food groups to energy and nutrient supply in Mexican households / Contribución de los grupos de alimentos Nova a la disponibilidad de energía y nutrientes en los hogares mexicanos

Abstract: Objective: To analyze the contribution of natural, processed and ultra-processed foods to energy and nutrient supply in Mexican households. Materials and methods: The database of the National Household Expenditure Survey 2013 was analyzed (n=58 001), which is a cross-sectional survey. Food supply (g/adult equivalent/day) and energy, macro- and micro-nutrient supplies were estimated. Foods were classified following the Nova system. Households sociodemographic characteristics were analyzed as covariates. Results: Natural foods (NF) contributed with more energy (55.0%) followed by ultra-processed foods (UPF, 21.2%). NF were the main source of most nutrients. Processed culinary ingredients (PCI) and processed foods (PF) had high content of energy, total fats, and saturated fats, but low content of certain micronutrients. Sodium was mainly available in PF (34.6%) and UPF (31.4%). Sugar-sweetened beverages, fast foods, and biscuits and cookies were the main UPF in terms of energy supply. Conclusions; In Mexican households, the PCI, PF and UPF had low nutritional quality.

Resumen: Objetivo: Analizar la contribución de los alimentos naturales, procesados y ultraprocesados a la disponibilidad de energía y nutrientes en los hogares mexicanos. Material y métodos: Se analizó la base de datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Gasto de los Hogares 2013 (n= 58 001), la cual es una encuesta transversal. Se estimó la disponibilidad de alimentos (g/adulto equivalente/día), energía y nutrientes. Los alimentos fueron clasificados siguiendo el sistema Nova. Resultados: Los alimentos naturales (AN) y los ultraprocesados (AUP) contribuyeron con más energía. Los AN fueron la principal fuente de la mayoría de los nutrimentos. Los ingredientes culinarios procesados (ICP) y los alimentos procesados (AP) tenían alto contenido de energía, grasas totales y grasas saturadas pero bajo contenido de ciertos micronutrientes. El sodio estaba disponible principalmente en AP y AUP. Las bebidas azucaradas, comidas rápidas, galletas y panes fueron los principales AUP. Conclusión: En México, los ICP, AP y AUP tienen baja calidad nutricional.

Asociación entre el polimorfismo rs9939609 del gen FTO con la ingesta energética, macronutrientes y consumo de alcohol en población chilena / Association of the FTO (rs9939609) genotype with energy intake

Background: Fat-mass-associated-gene (FTO) is associated with higher energy intake and specific food preferences. Aim: To investigate the association of the FTO genotype with energy intake, macronutrient and alcohol consumption. Material and Methods: Four hundred and nine participants of the GENADIO (Genes, Environment, Diabetes and Obesity) study were included. Energy intake, macronutrient and alcohol consumption were the outcomes of interest. The association of FTO (rs9939609) genotype with these outcomes was investigated using linear regression analyses, adjusting for confounding variables. Results: After adjusting for socio-demographic factors, being a carrier of the risk allele for the FTO gene was associated with a higher energy intake (173 kcal per each extra copy of the risk variant [95% confidence intervals (CI): 45; 301], (P = 0.008). After adjusting for lifestyle factors and body mass index, the association was slightly attenuated but remained significant (144 kcal [95% CI: 14; 274], p = 0.030). Conclusions: The FTO genotype is associated with a higher energy intake.

Dietary intake and adequacy of energy and nutrients in Mexican adolescents: Results from Ensanut 2012 / Ingesta dietética y adecuación de energía y nutrimentos en adolescentes mexicanos: resultados de la Ensanut 2012

Abstract Objective To estimate energy and nutrient intakes and adequacies in Mexican adolescents. Materials and methods Dietary intake was assessed in 1 961 adolescents who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2012 (Ensanut 2012), by a food frequency questionnaire. Medians of intakes and adequacies were estimated for energy, macro- and micronutrients and are presented by residence area, region and household wealth index (HWI). Consumption by food groups was estimated. Results Median daily energy intake was 2 000 Kcal in males and 1 800 Kcal in females. High prevalences of inadequacy were observed for fiber, PUFAs, iron, zinc and calcium. These inadequacies were higher among individuals of low HWI. Moreover, excessive intakes of total and saturated fat were higher among adolescents of higher HWI. Conclusion The diet of Mexican adolescents is deficient in essential nutrients for good health and high in saturated fat. Actions are needed to promote a healthy diet.

Resumen Objetivo Estimar la ingesta de energía, nutrientes e inadecuaciones en adolescentes mexicanos. Material y métodos La ingesta se evaluó en 1 961 adolescentes mexicanos participantes en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2012 (Ensanut 2012), mediante un cuestionario de frecuencia. Se calcularon las medianas de ingestas y adecuaciones para la energía, macro y micronutrientes, y el consumo por grupo de alimentos. Resultados La ingesta energética diaria fue de 2 000 kcal en varones y 1 800 kcal en las mujeres. Se observó una alta prevalencia de inadecuación de fibra, grasa poliinsaturada, hierro, zinc y calcio. Las inadecuaciones fueron mayores en el índice de bienestar bajo, mientras que el nivel alto se caracterizó por ingesta excesiva de grasas. Conclusión La dieta de los adolescentes mexicanos es deficiente en nutrientes esenciales para la buena salud y es excesiva en grasas saturadas. Es necesario promover una dieta saludable.

Clinical, dietary and demographic characteristics interfering on quality of life of cancer patients / Características clínicas, dietéticas e demográficas que interferem na qualidade de vida de pacientes com câncer

ABSTRACT Objective To estimate the dietary intake of cancer patients and its relation with clinical and demographic characteristics, and to assess the contribution of dietary intake, appetite/symptoms and clinical and demographic characteristics to their quality of life. Methods The consumption of energy and macronutrients of patients was estimated. The relation between dietary intake and clinical and demographic characteristics was evaluated by analysis of variance. The intake of energy and macronutrient of the patients was compared to the nutritional recommendations using 95% confidence interval. The Cancer Appetite and Symptom Questionnaire (CASQ) and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC QLQ C-30) were used to assess appetite/symptoms and quality of life, respectively. The psychometric properties of the instruments were estimated. A structural equation model was prepared. Results In this study, 772 cancer patients (63.1% women) participated. There was a significant relation between dietary intake and work activity, economic class, specialty field of cancer, type of treatment and nutritional status. Patients' energy and macronutrients intake was below recommended values. Both CASQ and EORTC QLQ C-30 were refined to fit the data. In the structural model, impaired appetite, more symptoms, presence of metastasis, being female and of higher economic classes were characteristics that significantly contributed to interfering in patients' quality of life. Conclusion The dietary intake of oncology patients did not reach the recommended values. Different characteristics impacted on quality of life of patients and should be considered in clinical and epidemiological protocols.

RESUMO Objetivo Estimar a ingestão dietética de pacientes com câncer e sua relação com características clínicas e demográficas, além de verificar a contribuição da ingestão dietética, apetite/sintomas e características clínicas e demográficas para a qualidade de vida deles. Métodos Foi estimado o consumo de energia e de macronutrientes. A relação entre ingestão dietética e características clínicas e demográficas foi avaliada pela análise de variância. A ingestão de energia e macronutrientes dos pacientes foi comparada com a necessidade nutricional, utilizando intervalo de confiança de 95%. O Cancer Appetite and Symptom Questionnaire (CASQ) e o European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC QLQ C-30) foram utilizados para avaliar apetite/sintomas e qualidade de vida, respectivamente. As propriedades psicométricas dos instrumentos foram estimadas. Elaborou-se modelo de equações estruturais. Resultados Participaram do estudo 772 pacientes oncológicos (63,1% mulheres). Observou-se relação significativa entre ingestão dietética e atividade laboral, classe econômica, especialidade do diagnóstico, tipo de tratamento e estado nutricional. O consumo de energia e macronutrientes dos pacientes esteve abaixo do recomendado. Tanto o CASQ quando o EORTC QLQ C-30 foram refinados para bom ajustamento aos dados. No modelo estrutural, comprometimento do apetite, maior acometimento por sintomas, presença de metástase, ser mulher e pertencer às classes econômicas mais altas foram características que contribuíram significativamente para o comprometimento da qualidade de vida dos pacientes oncológicos. Conclusão A ingestão dietética dos pacientes oncológicos não atingiu os níveis recomendados. Diferentes características impactaram na qualidade de vida dos pacientes e devem ser consideradas em protocolos clínicos e epidemiológicos.

Macro e micronutrientes na orientação nutricional para obesidade / Macro and micronutrients in nutritional guidance for obesity

A obesidade é uma doença crônica e tem se tornado uma epidemia em todo o mundo. Sua etiologia é multifatorial e o tratamento complexo, envolvendo dieta, exercícios físicos, fármacos e, em casos mais graves, cirurgia. De acordo com guias e consensos nacionais e internacionais para tratamento nutricional da obesidade, a distribuição dos macronutrientes pode variar de 35% a 65% do valor energético total (VET) para carboidratos, de 15 a 25% do VET para proteínas e de 20 a 40% do VET para lipídios. Em relação aos lipídios, verificou-se que os aspectos qualitativos são mais relevantes, com a redução na ingestão de colesterol, gorduras saturadas e trans e ênfase nos lipídios insaturados. É recomendando o consumo de carboidratos complexos e fibras dietéticas. Dietas restritivas não se mostram sustentáveis por longos períodos, mas podem ser úteis em situações específicas por um período limitado. Indivíduos obesos apresentam alta prevalência de deficiência de micronutrientes, inclusive antes da cirurgia bariátrica, devido a hábitos alimentares inadequados e outros fatores. O planejamento alimentar do indivíduo com obesidade deve ser flexível e individualizado e deve motivar práticas alimentares adequadas e saudáveis. Para maior sucesso terapêutico é fundamental associar a intervenção nutricional com a prática regular de atividades físicas. A adesão dietética e, consequentemente, o balanço energético negativo são fatores decisivos para a promoção da perda e manutenção de peso corporal.

Obesity is a chronic disease and has become an epidemic all over the world. Its etiology is multifactorial and its treatment is complex, involving diet, physical exercises, drugs and, in more serious cases, surgery. According to national and international guidelines and consensus for nutritional treatment of obesity, the distribution of macronutrients can vary from 35% to 65% of the total energy value (TEV) for carbohydrates, from 15 to 25% of the VET for proteins and from 20 to 40% of TEV for lipids. In relation to lipids, it was verified that the qualitative aspects are more relevant, with the reduction in cholesterol intake, saturated and trans fats and emphasis on unsaturated lipids. Increasing consumption of complex carbohydrates and dietary fibers is recommended. Restrictive diets are not sustainable for long periods, but may be useful in specific situations for a limited period. Obese individuals have a high prevalence of micronutrient deficiency, even before bariatric surgery, due to inadequate eating habits and other factors. Food planning of the individual with obesity should be flexible and individualized and should motivate adequate and healthy eating practices. For greater therapeutic success, it is paramount to associate the nutritional intervention with the regular practice of physical activities. Dietary adherence and, consequently, negative energy balance are decisive factors to ensure weight loss and body weight maintenance.

Estudio venezolano de nutrición y salud: consumo de energía y nutrientes. Grupo del estudio latinoamericano de nutrición y salud / The venezuelan study of nutrition and health: energy and nutrients intake. Latin american study of nutrition and health study group

La información del consumo de alimentos y bebidas en la población venezolana es indispensable para identificar problemas nutricionales y grupos en riesgo, por edad, áreas geográficas y niveles socioeconómicos. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las características de la ingesta promedio de alimentos en la población entre 15 y 65 años en Venezuela durante el año 2015. Se realizó un estudio transversal en 1132 sujetos, a quienes se les aplicó 2 recordatorios de 24 horas, no consecutivos con la metodología de pasos múltiples, y un cuestionario de frecuencia cualitativa sobre la ingesta de bebidas. El consumo promedio de calorías fue de 1.925 kcal, distribuidas en: 16,3% proteínas, 30,2% grasas, 52,4% carbohidratos y 1,1% alcohol. El 79,2% de la muestra presenta una dieta habitual inadecuada por déficit en calorías. La deficiencia en minerales fue mayor en mujeres, calcio (92,9%), hierro (42,2%) y zinc (76,6%). La mayoría de los encuestados realizaron 3 comidas al día. El almuerzo fue la comida que predominó en la ingesta diaria, seguida en orden decreciente por desayuno y cena. Las bebidas azucaradas jugos de frutas y gaseosas son una importante fuente de carbohidratos simples. El estudio EVANS 2015 muestra una caída importante en el consumo de macro y micronutrientes, en especial en los estratos sociales y niveles educativos más bajos y en los adultos mayores, que es diferente por regiones, lo cual está generando en sectores vulnerables un estado nutricional y de salud deficiente, con el aumento consecuente de las enfermedades por déficit de calorías y nutrientes(AU)

Obtaining reliable information on food and beverage consumption in Venezuelan population is imperative for identifying nutritional problems and groups of populations at risk. The objective of this study was to analyze average intake of foods on population between 15 and 65 years in Venezuela during 2015. A cross sectional study was carried out in a sample of 1132 subjects, to which two nonconsecutives 24h recalls were applied using the multiple pass methodology, also a food frequency questionnaire for beverage intake was performed. This study reported an average caloric intake of 1925 kcal, distributed as follows: 16.3% of proteins, 30.2% of fats and 52.4% of carbohydrates and 1.1% of alcohol. 79.2% of the sample showed an inadequate caloric intake. Mineral deficiency was higher in women, calcium (92.9%), iron (42.2%) and zinc (76.6%). The majority of the subjects had 3 meals per day during the days of the interviews. Lunch was the predominant meal on daily intake, followed by breakfast and dinner. Sugary sweetened beverages appeared as an important source of simple carbohydrates. EVANS intake study reported a relevant decrease on the intake of macro and micro nutrients, particularly within lower socioeconomic status and education levels, as well as in older adults, which eventually could lead to an impaired nutrition and health status, with an increase of diseases associated to caloric and nutrients deficit(AU)

Estudio venezolano de nutrición y salud 2015 en el ámbito del estudio latinoamericano de nutrición y salud / Venezuelan nutrition and health study in the context of the latin american nutrition and health study group

El Estudio Venezolano de Nutrición y Salud (EVANS 2015), evaluó 1132 individuos, para analizar desde una perspectiva epidemiológica, las interrelaciones entre el perfil antropométrico, la ingesta de alimentos y bebidas y la actividad física. Se encontraron desequilibrios en la ingesta de energía, macro y micronutrientes, sociales, regionales, por sexos y edad. El promedio de ingesta de macro y micronutrientes fue superior en los hombres y disminuyó con la edad. Sólo 14,8% de la población presentó ingesta calórica adecuada, predominó la ingesta deficiente (79,2%) superior en los hombres (85,7% vs 72,9%), más intenso en los adultos mayores. Proteínas: déficit de 25,6% y exceso 39,8%, el déficit mayor en hombres (33,5%) y el exceso en mujeres (47,8%). En minerales y vitaminas, el déficit fue más alto en mujeres, en hierro, calcio, zinc, vitaminas del complejo B, ácido fólico y vitamina C. La ingesta de energía varió desde 2.116 kcal en los andes a 1.688 kcal en Guayana. El sobrepeso por el índice de masa corporal (IMC) fue de 33,4%, superior en hombres (36,7% vs 30,3%) y la obesidad de 28,3%, superior en mujeres (31,6% vs 24,9%). Apenas 24,6% refirieron actividad física regular, vigorosa 15,2% y moderada 9,4% y dedicaron 6 horas en actividades sedentarias. Según IPAQ la inactividad fue de 65%, la más alta reportada por ELANS. En general los países de la región presentan un panorama de malnutrición, que configuran perfiles diferentes entre los países, los cuales deben ser tomados en cuenta en el diseño de políticas públicas orientadas a superar los déficit y exceso(AU)

The Venezuelan Nutrition and Health Study (EVANS 2015), evaluated 1132 individuals, in order to analyze from an epidemiological perspective, the interrelationships between the anthropometric profile, food and drink intake and physical activity. Imbalances in the intake of energy, macro and micronutrients, social, regional, by sex and age were found.. The average intake of macro and micronutrients was higher in men and decreased with age. Only 14.8% of the population presented adequate caloric intake, deficient intakes (79.2%) prevailed higher in men (85.7% vs 72.9%), more severe in older adults. Protein deficit of 25.6% and an excess of 39.8%, the deficit higher in men (33,5%) and excess in women (47,8%). In minerals and vitamins, the deficit was higher in women, in iron, calcium, zinc, B vitamins, folic acid and vitamin C. Energy intake varied from 2,116 kcal in the Andes to 1,688 kcal in Guayana. Overweight due to body mass index (BMI) was 33.4%, higher in men (36.7% vs. 30.3%) and obesity of 28.3%, higher in women (31.6% vs. 24.9%). Barely 24.6% reported regular, vigorous physical activity 15.2% and moderate 9.4% and spent 6 hours in sedentary activities. According to IPAQ, inactivity was 65%, the highest reported by ELANS. In general, the countries of the region present a panorama of malnutrition, which shapes different profiles among countries, which must be taken into account in the design of public policies aimed at overcoming deficit and excess(AU)

Brechas nutricionales en los niños y niñas de 6 a 23 meses y sus madres en Guatemala: informe final. Análisis desagregado por sexo / Nutritional gaps in children aged 6 to 23 months and their mothers in Guatemala: final report. Analysis disaggregated by sex

Documento técnico que presenta el resultado de un estudio que surge como una necesidad de país, ya que en Guatemala no existe información que permita evaluar la calidad de la dieta en términos cuantitativos para establecer la magnitud de las brechas de macro y micronutrientes y esta falta de conocimiento no permite la toma de decisiones que evite que se perpetúen las condiciones de un problema nutricional de gran severidad y trascendencia en la población más vulnerable. El estudio no experimental y descriptivo se realizó en el período de julio 2015 a mayo 2016, en una muestra aleatoria distribuida en cinco zonas geográficas del país. El resultado de este estudio permite conocer información sobre: el patrón alimentario; la cantidad y calidad nutricional de la ingesta de macro y micronutrientes de la dieta y la magnitud de las brechas nutricionales en la población de niños de 6 a 23 meses residentes de esas cinco zonas geográficas.

Nutrigenômica/nutrigenética na elucidação das doenças crônicas / Nutrigenomics/nutrigenetics in the elucidation of chronic diseases

A Nutrição contemporânea está centrada em pesquisas visando a promoção da saúde e a prevenção de doenças. A nutrigenômica e a nutrigenética tornam possível o estudo das interações entre dieta, nutrientes e genes. Esse artigo teve como objetivo identificar as interações entre os fatores genéticos e os fatores ambientais na etiologia das doenças crônicas como obesidade, doença celíaca, diabetes mellitus tipo 2, desordens cardiovasculares e câncer. Para utilização da nutrigenômica/nutrigenética como ferramenta para terapia nutricional são essenciais mais pesquisas básicas, estudos epidemiológicos e estudos de intervenção para entender como os nutrientes modulam in vivo os mecanismos das doenças crônicas.