Nutritional genomics, inflammation and obesity

ABSTRACT The Human Genome Project has significantly broadened our understanding of the molecular aspects regulating the homeostasis and the pathophysiology of different clinical conditions. Consequently, the field of nutrition has been strongly influenced by such improvements in knowledge - especially for determining how nutrients act at the molecular level in different conditions, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. In this manner, characterizing how the genome influences the diet and vice-versa provides insights about the molecular mechanisms involved in chronic inflammation-related diseases. Therefore, the present review aims to discuss the potential application of Nutritional Genomics to modulate obesity-related inflammatory responses. Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2020;64(3):205-22

Odontología y nutrigenómica / Dentistry and nutrigenomics

La salud bucal está relacionada con varios factores que son considerados dañinos o protectores para poder estar en un equilibrio de la salud, desde el punto de vista preventivo debemos de enfocarnos cada vez más a aquellos factores protectores, como lo es la nutrición, ya que el alimentarnos adecuadamente nos ayuda a estar sanos, no solamente de la cavidad bucal sino de todo nuestro cuerpo. Una de las ciencias que ha tenido un creciente avance para el entendimiento de este fenómeno es la nutrigenómica, ya que nos ayuda a entender como los alimentos y sus contenidos desde el punto de vista genético colaboran a tener una mejor salud (AU)

Oral health is related to several factors that are considered harmful or protective to be in a balance of health, from the preventive point of view we must focus increasingly on those protective factors, such as nutrition, since to feed ourselves properly helps us to be healthy, not only of the oral cavity but of our whole body. One of the sciences that has had a growing advance for the understanding of this phenomenon is the nutriogenomic, since it helps us to understand how foods and their contents from the genetic point of view collaborate to have a better health (AU)

Nutrigenômica como ferramenta preventiva de doenças crônicas não transmissíveis / Nutrigenomics as a preventive tool for chronic non-communicable diseases / NUTRIGENOMICS AS A PREVENTIVE TOOL FOR CHRONIC NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

A nutrigenômica representa uma ciência emergente que estuda a relação entre os nutrientes e os genes humanos. Dessa forma, as necessidades de alimentos, compostos bioativos e nutrientes variam entre os indivíduos, por conta dos polimorfismos gênicos, principalmente os de nucleotídeo único, podendo resultar no desenvolvimento de diversas doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNTs). Este artigo objetiva conhecer as mais recentes informações sobre a nutrigenômica e os principais polimorfismos genéticos relacionados às DCNTs, bem como o impacto dos nutrientes na modulação da expressão gênica e prevenção destas patologias. Para o levantamento bibliográfico, optou-se pela busca de artigos nas bases de dados PubMed e SciELO, nos idiomas Português e Inglês. Aplicou-se a combinação dos seguintes descritores: "nutrigenômica e necessidades nutricionais", "nutrigenômica e obesidade", "nutrigenômica e diabetes mellitus tipo 2", "nutrigenômica e câncer" e "nutrigenômica e doença inflamatória intestinal". Evidências indicam que diversos tipos de polimorfismos estão associados à incidência, progressão e gravidade de doenças como a obesidade, diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2), câncer e doenças inflamatórias intestinais (DIIs). Os principais polimorfismos encontrados que se relacionam com as DCNTs são: rs9939609 do fat mass and obesity associated (FTO), rs174547 do Fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1), Gln27Glu do receptor ß-adrenérgico 2 (ADRB2), Lys656Asn do receptor de leptina (LEPR), -174C/G da interleucina 6 (IL-6), Pro12Ala do receptor ativado por proliferador de peroxissoma gama 2 (PPAR-gama2), rs4315495 da lipina 1 (LPIN1), rs266729 no gene da adiponectina, rs10920533 em adiponectina receptor 1 (AdipoR1), Pro12Ala do receptor ativado por proliferador de peroxissoma γ (PPARγ), rs1440581 da Protein phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+ dependent 1K (PPM1K), alelo G para o polimorfismo -11377C>G, alelo A para o polimorfismo 11391 G>A, Cdx2 do receptor de vitamina D (RVD), genes de selenoproteínas sob baixas concentrações de selênio (DIO1, DIO2, GPX-1, GPX-3, SEPHS1, SEPSECS e TXNRD2) e alelo G do rs12212067 do Forkhead box O3 (FOXO3). É fundamental entender as interações gene-nutriente nestas doenças e as diferentes respostas metabólicas envolvidas, para que assim se possa orientar a alimentação de cada indivíduo conforme a sua herança genética. Enfim, os estudos não são conclusivos sobre o papel de cada fator na alteração dos genes, e a nutrigenômica é um fator importante e complexo que precisa avançar com a ciência nutricional.

Nutrigenomics represents an emerging science that studies the relation between nutrients and the human genes. Thus, the need for food, bioactive composts and nutrients vary from person to person due to genic polymorphisms, mainly single nucleotide polymorphism, which can result in the developing of many Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs). This article aims at making a scientific literature review regarding the most recent information on nutrigenomics and the main polymorphisms related to the NCDs, as well as the impact of nutrients on the modulation of the genic expression and prevention of those pathologies. For the literature survey, a search was performed in PubMed and SciELO databases, in Portuguese and English using the combination of the following descriptors: "nutrigenomics and nutritional requirements", "nutrigenomics and obesity", "nutrigenomics and diabetes mellitus, type 2", "nutrigenomics and cancer", and "nutrigenomics and inflammatory bowel disease". Evidence has shown that many types of polymorphisms are associated with the incidence, progression and severity of diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cancer, and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The main polymorphisms found to be related to NCDs are: rs9939609 of the fat mass and obesity associated (FTO), rs174547 of the fatty acid desaturase 1 (FADS1), Gln27Glu of the ß-adrenergic receptor 2 (ADRB2), Lys656Asn of the leptin receptor (LEPR), -174 G/C of the interleukin-6 (IL-6), Pro12Ala of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 (PPAR-gama2), rs4315495 of lipin 1 (LPIN1), rs266729 in the adiponectin gene, rs10920533 in adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1), Pro12Ala of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), rs1440581 of Protein phosphatase, Mg2+/Mn2+ dependent 1K (PPM1K), G allele of the -11377C>G polymorphism, allele A of the 11391 G>A polymorphism, Cdx2 of the vitamin D receptor (VDR), selenoprotein genes under low selenium concentrations (DIO1, DIO2, GPX-1, GPx-3, SEPHS1, SEPSECS and TXNRD2), and G allele of the Forkhead box O3 (FOXO3) rs12212067. It is fundamental to understand the interaction between gene-nutrients in these diseases and the different metabolic answers involved to guide the eating habits of each person according to their genetic heritage. Finally, the studies are not conclusive on the role of each factor in the alteration of the genes, and nutrigenomics is an important and complex factor that needs to advance with nutritional science.

Nutrigenômica/nutrigenética na elucidação das doenças crônicas / Nutrigenomics/nutrigenetics in the elucidation of chronic diseases

A Nutrição contemporânea está centrada em pesquisas visando a promoção da saúde e a prevenção de doenças. A nutrigenômica e a nutrigenética tornam possível o estudo das interações entre dieta, nutrientes e genes. Esse artigo teve como objetivo identificar as interações entre os fatores genéticos e os fatores ambientais na etiologia das doenças crônicas como obesidade, doença celíaca, diabetes mellitus tipo 2, desordens cardiovasculares e câncer. Para utilização da nutrigenômica/nutrigenética como ferramenta para terapia nutricional são essenciais mais pesquisas básicas, estudos epidemiológicos e estudos de intervenção para entender como os nutrientes modulam in vivo os mecanismos das doenças crônicas.

Interação entre gene e nutriente e sua associação à obesidade e ao diabetes melito: [revisão] / Gene-nutrient interaction and its association with obesity and diabetes mellitus: [review]

A genômica nutricional avalia o efeito da variação genética na interação entre dieta e doenças crônicas. O objetivo deste manuscrito foi revisar os principais polimorfismos associados à obesidade, ao diabetes melito e também aos fatores da dieta. As principais interações entre polimorfismos genéticos e dieta foram: para obesidade: interleucina-6 (IL-6) com consumo energético; receptor ativado por proliferador de peroxissoma gama 2 (PPAR-gama2) e fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) com consumo de gorduras; receptor β-adrenérgico 2 (ADRB2) e receptor da melanocortina-4 (MCR4) com consumo de carboidratos; para perda de peso: proteínas desacopladoras (UCPs) com restrição calórica; para leptinemia: receptor da leptina (LEPR) com restrição calórica; para diabetes melito: PPAR-gama2 com consumo de gordura; para hipertrigliceridemia: proteína transportadora de ácidos graxos 2 (FABP2) com consumo de gordura. Os dados apresentados sugerem que a genômica nutricional é importante ao desenvolvimento da obesidade e do diabetes melito.

Nutritional genomics evaluates the effects of genetic variation in the interaction between diet and chronic diseases. The aim of this manuscript was to review the most important genetic polymorphisms associated with obesity, diabetes mellitus, and dietary factors. The main interactions among genetic polymorphisms and diet were: for obesity: interleukin-6 (IL-6) with daily intake; peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2 (PPAR-gama2) and fat mass and obesity associated (FTO) with fat intake; β-adrenergic receptor 2 (ADRB2) and melanocortin receptor 4 (MCR4) with carbohydrate intake; or reduction in body weight: uncoupling proteins (UCPs) with restriction of energy; for leptinemia: leptin receptor (LEPR) with restriction of energy; for diabetes mellitus: PPAR-gama2 with fat intake; for hypertriglyceridemia: fatty acid-binding protein 2 (FABP2) with fat intake. The data demonstrated suggest that nutritional genomics is important for the development of obesity and diabetes mellitus.

Genómica nutricional: una aproximación de la interacción genoma-ambiente: [revisión] / Nutritional genomics: an approach to the genome-environment interaction: [review]

Nutritional genomics forms part of the genomic sciences and addresses the interaction between genes and the human diet, its influence on metabolism and subsequent susceptibility to develop common diseases. It encompasses both nutrigenomics, which explores the effects of nutrients on the genome, proteome and metabolome; and nutrigenetics, that explores the effects of genetic variations on the diet/disease interaction. A number of mechanisms drive the gene/diet interaction: elements in the diet can act as links for transcription factor receptors and alter intermediary concentrations, thereby modifying chromatin and impacting genetic regulation; affect signal pathways, regulating phosphorylation of tyrosine in receptors; decrease signaling through the inositol pathway; and act through epigenetic mechanisms, silencing DNA fragments by methylation of cytosine. The signals generated by polyunsaturated fatty acids are so powerful that they can even bypass insulin mediated lipogenesis, stimulated by carbohydrates. Some fatty acids modify the expression of genes that participate in fatty acid transport  by lipoproteins. Nutritional genomics has myriad possible therapeutic and preventive applications: in patients with enzymatic deficiencies; in those with a genetic predisposition to complex diseases such as dyslipidemia, diabetes and cancer; in those that already suffer these diseases; in those with altered mood or memory; during the aging process; in pregnant women; and as a preventive measure in the healthy population.