Notas para decolonizar os estudos transpessoais no brasil: contribuições do pluriperspectivismo participativo / Notes for decolonizing transpersonal studies in brazil: contributions of participatory pluriperspectivism / Apuntes para la decolonización de los estudios transpersonales en brasil: aportes del pluriperspectivismo participativo

O campo dos estudos transpessoais tem avançado em diversas áreas no Brasil. Comemorou seus 40 anos com uma inserção ativa nas Instituições de Ensino Superior (IES) e uma ampliação de núcleos formativos e apoiadores de ensino, pesquisa e ações sociais, além de diálogos com o Sistema de Conselhos de Psicologia. Desafios são apresentados a partir do levantamento de uma série de questões importantes e ignoradas dentro da Psicologia Transpessoal no Brasil. Apresentamos o pluriperspectivismo participativo como possibilidade de decolonizar as matrizes eurocêntricas e estadunidenses, que dão suporte ao pensamento transpessoal brasileiro, buscando honrar nossas raízes históricas e incluir outras epistemologias e ontologias, que dão continuidade à crítica à lógica cartesiana moderna. Indicamos uma breve agenda de notas temáticas que carecem de um processo decolonizador no campo transpessoal: a) crítica às perspectivas de um pensamento hegemônico, em termos globais por meio da dominação Norte-Sul ou no campo das relações sociais; b) revisão das formas de "centrocentrismo"; c) questionamento da noção de universalismo das ciências e da ética; d) aprofundamento da análise crítica da supremacia restritiva da racionalidade formal técnico-científica em relação às formas de subjetividade, de vivências holísticas e integradoras e de valorização do corpo; e) revisão da noção de sujeito moderno desprovida da cocriação do humano com a comunidade, a história, a natureza e o cosmos.(AU)

The field of transpersonal studies has advanced in several areas in Brazil. It celebrated its 40th anniversary with an active insertion in Higher Education Institutions (HEI) and an expansion of training centers and supporters of teaching, research, and social actions, in addition to dialogues with the System of Councils of Psychology. Challenges are presented based on a survey of a series of important and ignored issues within Transpersonal Psychology in Brazil. We present participatory pluriperspectivism as a possibility to decolonize the Eurocentric and North American matrices that support Brazilian transpersonal thought, seeking to honor our historical roots and include other epistemologies and ontologies, which continue the critique of modern Cartesian logic. We indicate a brief agenda of thematic notes that lack a decolonizing process in the transpersonal field: a) criticism of the perspectives of a hegemonic thought, whether in global terms via North-South domination or in the field of social relations; b) review of the forms of "centrocentrism"; c) questioning of the notion of universalism of science and ethics; d) deepening of the critical analysis of the restrictive supremacy of the technical-scientific formal rationality in relation to the forms of subjectivity, of holistic and integrative experiences, and of valuing the body; e) review of the notion of the modern subject devoid of the co-creation of the human with the community, the history, the nature, and the cosmos.(AU)

El campo de los estudios transpersonales ha avanzado en varias áreas de Brasil. Se celebró su 40.º aniversario con una inserción activa en Instituciones de Educación Superior (IES) y una ampliación de los centros de formación y promotores de la docencia, la investigación y la acción social, además de diálogos con el Sistema de Consejos de Psicología. Los desafíos se presentan a partir de una encuesta de una serie de temas importantes e ignorados dentro de la Psicología Transpersonal en Brasil. Presentamos el pluriperspectivismo participativo como una posibilidad para decolonizar las matrices eurocéntrica y americana, que sustentan el pensamiento transpersonal brasileño, buscando honrar nuestras raíces históricas e incluir otras epistemologías y ontologías que continúan la crítica de la lógica cartesiana moderna. Indicamos una breve agenda de apuntes temáticos que carecen de un proceso decolonizador en el campo transpersonal: a) crítica de las perspectivas de un pensamiento hegemónico, ya sea en términos globales a través del dominio Norte-Sur o en el campo de las relaciones sociales; b) revisión de las formas de "centrocentrismo"; c) cuestionamiento de la noción de universalismo de la ciencia y la ética; d) profundización del análisis crítico de la supremacía restrictiva de la racionalidad formal técnico-científica en relación a las formas de subjetividad, de experiencias holísticas e integradoras y de valoración del cuerpo; e) revisión de la noción de sujeto moderno desprovisto de la cocreación de lo humano con la comunidad, la historia, la naturaleza y el cosmos.(AU)

Psychometric properties and measurement invariance of the Rigid and Flexible Persistence Scale in a Brazilian professional sample

Abstract Persistence involves the intention to maintain efforts when faced with obstacles and challenges, in order to achieve a specific goal. The Rigid and Flexible Persistence Scale (RFPS) is a self-report measure that assesses persistence that is theoretically derived from the premises of the Dualistic Model of Passion. The aim of the present research was to adapt the RFPS to Brazilian Portuguese and to estimate its evidence of validity and reliability in the context of work. Participants were 400 professionals, 55.8% women, aged between 18 and 68 years. The results indicate that the RFPS presented validity evidence based on the content. Corresponding to the theoretical expectations, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated adequacy of the structure composed of two factors, explaining 75% of the data variance, with good levels of reliability. The RFPS also revealed strong invariance across gender and work conditions (in-person vs remote). Flexible persistence showed positive association with harmonious passion and occupational self-efficacy. Conversely, rigid persistence showed positive association with obsessive passion. It was observed a mediational role of occupational self-efficacy in the relationship between harmonious passion and flexible persistence. Overall, the findings suggest that the RFPS is an adequate measure of persistence in a Brazilian occupational sample.

Progress on the health-related Sustainable Development Goals and targets in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 2020

The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development includes a vision of healthy lives and well-being for all at all ages. This major report is the first comprehensive attempt to chart progress towards the health-related Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region. It presents regional trends between 2015 and 2019 for 50 health-related SDG indicators using available data from WHO and estimates from other United Nations agencies. The report reveals encouraging progress in some areas but also many gaps and weaknesses in health-related services and outcomes as well as the data needed to measure them. As such it will be critical reading for everyone working to plug those gaps and realize the vision of the 2030 Agenda.

High prevalence of biochemical disturbances of chronic kidney disease - mineral and bone disorders (CKD-MBD) in a nation-wide peritoneal dialysis cohort: are guideline goals too hard to achieve? / Alta Prevalência de Distúrbios Bioquímicos Minerais e Ósseos na Doença Renal Crônica em uma coorte de diálise peritoneal nacional: as metas das diretrizes são muito difíceis de alcançar?

Abstract Introduction: Chronic kidney disease - mineral and bone disorders (CKD-MBD) are common in dialysis patients. Definition of targets for calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), parathormone (iPTH), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and their treatment recommendations, are provided by international guidelines. There are few studies analyzing CKD-MBD in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients and the impact of guidelines on mineral metabolism control. The aim of our study was to describe the prevalence of biomarkers for CKD-MBD in a large cohort of PD patients in Brazil. Methods: Data from the nation-wide prospective observational cohort BRAZPD II was used. Incident patients were followed between December 2004 and January 2011. According to KDOQI recommendations, reference ranges for total Ca were 8.4 to 9.5 mg/dL, for P, 3.5 to 5.5 mg/dL, for iPTH, 150-300 pg/mL, and for ALP, 120 U/L. Results: Mean age was 59.8 ± 16 years, 48% were male, and 43% had diabetes. In the beginning, Ca was 8.9 ± 0.9 mg/dL, and 48.3% were on the KODQI target. After 1 year, Ca increased to 9.1 ± 0.9 mg/dL and 50.4% were in the KDOQI preferred range. P at baseline was 5.2 ± 1.6 mg/dL, with 52.8% on target, declining to 4.9 ± 1.5 mg/dL after one year, when 54.7% were on target. Median iPTH at baseline was 238 (P25% 110 - P75% 426 pg/mL) and it remained stable throughout the first year; patients within target ranged from 26 to 28.5%. At the end of the study, 80% was in 3.5 meq/L Ca dialysate concentration, 66.9% of patients was taking any phosphate binder, and 25% was taking activated vitamin D. Conclusions: We observed a significant prevalence of biochemical disorders related to CKD-MBD in this dialysis population.

Resumo Introdução: Os distúrbios minerais e ósseos da doença renal crônica (DMO-DRC) são comuns em pacientes em diálise. A definição de metas para cálcio (Ca), fósforo (P), paratormônio (PTHi) e fosfatase alcalina (FA) e suas recomendações de tratamento são fornecidas por diretrizes internacionais. Há poucos estudos analisando o DMO-DRC em pacientes em diálise peritoneal (DP) e o impacto das diretrizes no controle do metabolismo mineral. O objetivo do nosso estudo foi descrever a prevalência de alterações nos marcadores para DMO-DRC em uma grande coorte de pacientes em DP no Brasil. Métodos: Foram utilizados dados da coorte observacional prospectiva nacional BRAZPD II. Pacientes incidentes foram acompanhados entre Dezembro de 2004 e Janeiro de 2011. De acordo com as recomendações do KDOQI, os intervalos de referência para Ca total foram de 8,4 a 9,5 mg/dL, para P, 3,5 a 5,5 mg/dL, para PTHi, 150-300 pg/mL, e para FA, 120 U/L. Resultados: A idade média foi de 59,8 ± 16 anos, 48% eram homens e 43% tinham diabetes. No início, o Ca era de 8,9 ± 0,9 mg/dL, e 48,3% estavam na meta do KODQI. Após 1 ano, o Ca aumentou para 9,1 ± 0,9 mg/dL e 50,4% estavam na faixa preferida do KDOQI. P basal era 5,2 ± 1,6 mg/dL, com 52,8% na meta, diminuindo para 4,9 ± 1,5 mg/dL após um ano, quando 54,7% estavam na meta. O PTHi basal mediano foi de 238 (P25% 110 - P75% 426 pg/mL) e permaneceu estável durante o primeiro ano; os pacientes dentro da meta variaram de 26 a 28,5%. No final do estudo, 80% estavam na concentração de 3,5 meq/L de Ca dialisato, 66,9% dos pacientes estavam tomando qualquer quelante de fosfato, e 25% estavam tomando vitamina D ativada. Conclusões: Observamos uma prevalência significativa de distúrbios bioquímicos relacionados ao DMO-DRC nesta população em diálise.

Educação popular, promoção da saúde e envelhecimento ativo: uma revisão bibliográfica integrativa / Popular education, health promotion and active aging: an integrative literature review

Resumo O envelhecimento populacional é um fenômeno mundial e requer ações que propiciem bem-estar e previnam agravos e hospitalizações evitáveis. O propósito deste artigo foi identificar ações educativas e de promoção de saúde voltadas ao envelhecimento ativo. Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica integrativa de estudos publicados no ano de 2005 a agosto de 2018 nas bases de dados Lilacs e Medline, e nas bibliotecas virtuais SciELO e BVS em português, inglês e espanhol. Foram encontrados 2.069 estudos sobre os temas, sendo selecionados 33 depois de aplicados os critérios de inclusão. A observação mostrou que as ações identificadas promovem a adoção de hábitos saudáveis e a participação dos idosos, caracterizando-as como promotoras do envelhecimento ativo. No entanto, observam-se que estão limitadas ao segmento de idosos, o que pode favorecer a segregação etária, além de considerar o envelhecimento a partir da terceira idade e não um processo contínuo da vida. Das ações aqui evidenciadas, embora importantes, apenas onze delas foram avaliadas, o que sugere que a avaliação ainda não está sedimentada nos processos de intervenções de educação e promoção da saúde para mostrar efetividade e favorecer a replicação em outros locais ou serviços.

Abstract Population ageing is a global phenomenon and requires actions to promote well-being and prevent illnesses and unnecessary hospital admissions. The objective of this study was to identify education and health promotion actions aimed at promoting active aging. An integrative literature review was conducted of relevant articles written in Portuguese, English and Spanish published between 2005 and August 2018 using the following electronic databases and virtual libraries: Lilacs, MEDLINE, SciELO, and BVS. The initial search resulted in 2,069 articles, of which 33 met the inclusion criteria. The analysis showed that the actions identified by the review promoted the adoption of healthy habits and participation of older people, characterizing them as actions that promote active aging. However, the actions were limited almost exclusively to this age group, which may lead to age segregation, and focused on old age rather than adopting a life course perspective of active aging. Despite the importance of these actions, only 11 were evaluated, suggesting that the evaluation of education and health promotion actions to demonstrate effectiveness and promote replication in other locations or services is not very common practice.

Desigualdades de la tuberculosis en niños menores de 15 años en el occidente de Cuba, 2011-2015 / Inequalities related to tuberculosis in children under 15 years old in the western area of Cuba, 2011-2015

Introducción: En Cuba se plantean metas progresivas para la eliminación de la tuberculosis en niños. Objetivo: Evaluar las desigualdades en la ocurrencia de la tuberculosis en menores de 15 años en cinco provincias occidentales cubanas y sus municipios. Métodos: Estudio ecológico de series temporales en las provincias Pinar del Río, Artemisa, La Habana, Mayabeque y Matanzas. Los datos provinieron del Sistema de Vigilancia del Ministerio de Salud Pública. Se analizaron el número de casos y las tasas de notificación por 100 000 habitantes. Se calcularon los porcentajes por grupos de edad; las tasas anuales, sus variaciones 2011-2015 y las tendencias mediante regresión lineal simple. Se estimaron las medias geométricas de las tasas, la menor fue la referencia para calcular las diferencias absolutas y relativas. Se estratificaron las provincias y sus municipios según las metas progresivas hacia la eliminación de la tuberculosis. Resultados: Las provincias occidentales notificaron 56,1 por ciento del total Cuba. Pinar del Río fue la provincia de referencia, mostró una reducción de 100 por ciento de su tasa. La tendencia en La Habana y Mayabeque fue ligeramente ascendente con tasas 17 y 14 veces mayores que la de referencia. Artemisa, Matanzas y Pinar del Río estuvieron en preeliminación; cinco municipios de La Habana, dos de Mayabeque y uno de Matanzas están en ultracontrol muy avanzado. Conclusiones: Las desigualdades de la tuberculosis en menores de 15 años para algunas provincias fueron relevantes, así el control debe ser fortalecido sostenidamente en La Habana y Mayabeque(AU)

Introduction: In Cuba, progressive goals are set for the elimination of tuberculosis in children. Objective: Assess inequalities in the occurrence of tuberculosis in children less than 15 years in five western Cuban provinces and their municipalities. Methods: Ecological study of time series in the following provinces: Pinar del Río, Artemisa, Havana, Mayabeque and Matanzas. The data came from the Surveillance System of the Ministry of Public Health. The number of cases and reporting rates per 100,000 inhabitants were assessed. Percentages by age group were calculated, and the annual rates, their variations in 2011-2015 and trends were assessed through simple linear regression. The geometric means of the rates were estimated; the lower was the reference for calculating absolute and relative differences. Provinces and their municipalities were stratified according to progressive goals for TB elimination. Results: Western provinces reported 56.1 percent of the total in Cuba. Pinar del Río was the reference province, showing a 100 percent reduction in its rate. The trend in Havana and Mayabeque was slightly upward with rates 17 and 14 times higher than the reference rate. Artemisa, Matanzas and Pinar del Río were in pre-elimination stage; five municipalities in Havana, two in Mayabeque and one in Matanzas are in a very advanced far-control. Conclusions: TB inequalities in children under 15 years old for some provinces are relevant, so control must be strengthened steadily in Havana and Mayabeque(AU)

Indicadores de monitorização e desempenho nas unidades de saúde familiar e os Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável na saúde (ODS 3): uma análise comparada em Portugal no período de 2013-2018 / Monitoring and performance indicators in family health units and the objectives of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 3) in health: a comparative analysis in Portugal in the 2013-2018 period

Resumo É considerável a escala da transformação necessária para alcançar todos os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS). O terceiro ODS (ODS3), explicitamente, está relacionado com a saúde, visando assegurar vidas saudáveis e bem-estar para todos, em todas as idades. Os Cuidados de Saúde Primários (CSP), neste contexto, constituem a espinha dorsal de um sistema de saúde que pode melhorar a saúde das pessoas, reduzir a despesa e diminuir as desigualdades. Uma forte orientação do sistema para os CSP deve ser temporalmente estável, desde a sua reformulação. Esta análise utiliza o estudo de caso instrumental. Este tipo de estudo de caso oferece a oportunidade de aprender sobre os acontecimentos. Analisamos e debatemos 13 indicadores, comparando ao longo do tempo, os resultados obtidos pela tipologia de unidades de saúde existentes em Portugal: USF-A, USF-B, UCSP, UCSP-M. Os resultados demonstrados são discrepantes, quando se comparam as USF e as UCSP e podem contribuir para o aprofundamento das desigualdades de acesso. Este é um problema que se relaciona com a governação clínica e não com o modelo de unidade de saúde. O empoderamento das coordenações e a melhoria de eficácia da gestão intermédia é aqui fundamental.

Abstract The scale of transformation required to achieve all Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is considerable. The third SDG (SDG3) is explicitly health-related to ensure healthy lives and well-being for all, at all ages. Primary care (PHC), in this context, is the backbone of a health system that can improve people's health, reduce spending and inequalities. A robust system orientation towards PHC must be temporally stable since its reformulation. This analysis uses an instrumental case study. This type of case study provides the opportunity to learn about events. We analyzed and debated 13 indicators, comparing over time, the results obtained by the type of Portuguese health units: USF-A, USF-B, UCSP, UCSP-M. The results show some discrepancies when comparing USFs and UCSPs and may contribute to the deterioration of access inequalities. This is a problem related to clinical governance and not the health unit model. Empowering coordination and improving the effectiveness of middle management is crucial.

Здоровье и благополучие мужчин в Европейском регионе ВОЗ: улучшение здоровья в рамках гендерного подхода

Несмотря на общую тенденцию к снижению, уровень преждевременной смертности мужчин в ряде стран Европейского региона ВОЗ и показатели неравенства между разными группами мужчин внутри одних и тех же стран по-прежнему остаются высокими и требуют особого внимания. В связи с необходимостью улучшения показателей здоровья мужчин и женщин следует учитывать всё новые и новые фактическиеданные, подтверждающие эффективность гендерно ориентированных подходов к здоровью мужчин и положительное влияние политики гендерного равенства на состояние здоровья мужского населения. На шестьдесят восьмой сессии Европейского регионального комитета ВОЗ в сентябре 2018 г. будет обсуждаться Стратегия в поддержку здоровья и благополучия мужчин в Европейском регионе ВОЗ, в основу которой легли ключевые принципы Повестки дня на период до 2030 года и политики Здоровье-2020 и взаимосвязанные ЦУР 3, 5 и 10. В настоящем докладе содержится справочная информация для данной стратегии и приводится краткий обзор данных о нарушениях здоровья мужчин в Регионе и связанных с ними социальных детерминантах здоровья. В документе уделяется особое внимание тому, как гендерные нормы и стереотипы влияют на здоровье, и рассматриваются гендерно ориентированные подходы системы здравоохранения к проблемам мужского здоровья, а также воздействие политики гендерного равенства и вовлечения мужчин в работу по достижению целей гендерного равенства на показатели здоровья.

Cuarenta años después de alma ata: la actualidad de sus conceptos fundamentales / Forty years after alma-ata: currency of its fundamental concepts

RESUMEN Al conmemorarse 40 años de la Conferencia Internacional de Atención Primaria de Salud de 1978 en Alma Ata (Kazajistán, ex URSS), la vigencia de sus principios fundamentales se mantiene, siendo importante recordarlos como un referente para el futuro mediato, y proyectarlos a la salud para todos, pendiente de construir con todos.

ABSTRACT As we commemorate 40 years of the International Conference of Primary Health Care celebrated in Alma-Ata (Kazakhstan, ex-USSR) in 1978, the currency of its fundamental principles holds strong, and it is important to remember them as a referent for the near future, and to project them to every individual's health, to be built by all.

Medidas de austeridade fiscal comprometem metas de controle de doenças não transmissíveis no Brasil / Fiscal austerity measures hamper noncommunicable disease control goals in Brazil

Resumo Tendo em vista a Emenda Constitucional 95 e a crise econômica, são discutidos os possíveis efeitos que as medidas de austeridade podem ter no cumprimento das metas estabelecidas para o controle das doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) no Brasil. As tendências de DCNT e os fatores de risco foram analisadas, de acordo com os dados de levantamentos epidemiológicos e os de mortalidade do estudo Global Burden of Disease. Os resultados indicam uma tendência de estabilidade nas taxas de mortalidade por DCNT em 2015 e 2016. Os brasileiros com baixa escolaridade, em geral, apresentam maior prevalência de fatores de risco e menor de fatores de proteção. Entre 2015 e 2017, tendências anteriormente favoráveis foram revertidas para indicadores como consumo de frutas e vegetais, atividade física, estabilização das taxas de uso de tabaco e aumento do consumo de álcool. Conclui-se que, se tais tendências forem mantidas, o Brasil poderá não cumprir as metas previamente acordadas em conjunto com a Organização Mundial de Saúde e as Nações Unidas para reduzir as DCNT e seus fatores de risco .

Abstract Given the Constitutional Amendment 95 and the economic crisis, we discussed the possible effects of austerity measures on the achievement of the goals established for the control of chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in the country. The trends of NCDs and risk factors were analyzed, according to data from epidemiological surveys and mortality data from the Global Burden of Disease study. The resultsindicate a trend of stability in mortality rates by NCD in 2015 and 2016. Brazilians with low schooling, in general, have a higher prevalence of risk factors and a lower prevalence of protective factors. In the 2015-2017 period, previously favorable trends reversed for indicators such as fruit and vegetable consumption and physical activity, tobacco trends stabilized, and alcohol intake increased. In conclusion, should these trends be maintained, it is unlikely that Brazil will achieve the goals previously agreed upon with the World Health Organization and the United Nations to curb NCDs and their risk factors.

Severe functional difficulties and disabilities in children and adolescents and the Sustainable Development Goals / Dificultades funcionales severas y discapacidades en niños y adolescentes frente a los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible

Abstract: Objective: To report prevalence of severe child functional difficulties and disability (CFD) in a nationally representative sample of 2 to 17 year-old children in Mexico and describe the inequities faced by children with CFD in relation to a set of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)-related outcomes. Materials and methods: Using data from the National Survey of Children and Women (ENIM 2015) we estimate prevalence with 95% confidence intervals for the selected indicators. We use chi-square test and confidence intervals inspection to report significant differences between children with and without CFD. Results: 8% of children present at least one CFD. CFD is associated with higher prevalence of underweight and child labor and lower prevalence of adequate early child development. Conclusion. Children with CFD present worst outcomes and require targeted efforts to ensure they meet health and wellbeing targets in the frame of the SDGs.

Resumen: Objetivo: Reportar la prevalencia de problemas severos de funcionamiento y discapacidad (CFD) en una muestra representativa de niños y niñas de 2 a 17 años en México y describir las inequidades enfrentadas por los niños y niñas con CFD respecto a un conjunto de indicadores relacionados con los objetivos de desarrollo sustentable (ODS). Material y métodos: A partir de datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Niñas, Niños y Mujeres en México (ENIM 2015), se estiman prevalencias e intervalos de confianza al 95% para indicadores seleccionados. Se usa prueba de ji cuadrada e intervalos de confianza para reportar diferencias significativas entre niños/as con y sin CFD. Resultados: 8% de los niños presentan al menos un CFD. Los CFD se asocian con mayor prevalencia de bajo-peso y trabajo infantil, y con menor prevalencia de desarrollo infantil temprano adecuado. Conclusión: Los niños con CFD presentan resultados desventajosos, y requieren esfuerzos enfocados que garanticen el alcance de las metas de salud y bienestar en el contexto de los ODS.

Evolución de la mortalidad infantil en Argentina en el marco de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio / Trend in infant mortality rate in Argentina within the framework of the Millennium Development Goals

Introducción. La tasa de mortalidad infantil (TMI) es un indicador del estado de salud de una población y de accesibilidad y calidad de los servicios de salud. En el año 2000, Argentina asumió, en el marco de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio, el compromiso de disminuir la TMI para el año 2015 a un tercio del valor del año 1990 y reducir las brechas entre jurisdicciones. El objetivo de este trabajo fue describir la evolución de la mortalidad infantil en Argentina y las brechas entre las jurisdicciones, su magnitud y sus causas, en función del cumplimiento de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. Población y métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de la mortalidad infantil en Argentina en 1990 y de 2000 a 2013 sobre la base de publicaciones de estadísticas vitales de la Dirección de Estadísticas e Información de Salud del Ministerio de Salud de la Nación. Resultados. Se constató un descenso en la TMI de 57,8%, en la tasa de mortalidad neonatal de 52,6% y en la tasa de mortalidad posneonatal de 63,8%. El coeficiente de Gini interprovincial para la TMI disminuyó un 27%. El riesgo atribuible poblacional disminuyó 16,6% para la TMI, 38,8% para la tasa de mortalidad neonatal y 51,5% para la tasa de mortalidad posneonatal en el año 2013 respecto de 1990. Conclusión. Se constató un importante descenso en la mortalidad infantil y sus componentes, aunque insuficiente para alcanzar las metas de los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio. La disminución de labrecha de la TMI alcanzó la meta asumida; sin embargo, aún persisten inequidades.

Introduction. Infant mortality rate (IMR) is an indicator of the health status of a population and of the quality of and access to health care services. In 2000, and within the framework of the Millennium Development Goals, Argentina committed to achieve by 2015 a reduction by two thirds of its 1990 infant mortality rate, and to identify and close inter-jurisdictional gaps. The objective of this article is to describe the trend in infant mortality rate in Argentina and interjurisdictional gaps, infant mortality magnitude and causes, in compliance with the Millennium Development Goals. Population and methods. A descriptive study on infant mortality was conducted in Argentina in 1990 and between 2000 and 2013, based on vital statistics data published by the Health Statistics and Information Department of the Ministry of Health of Argentina. Results. The following reductions were confirmed: 57.8% in IMR, 52.6% in neonatal mortality rate and 63.8% in post-neonatal mortality rate. The inter-provincial Gini coefficient for IMR decreased by 27%. The population attributable risk decreased by 16.6% for IMR, 38.8% for neonatal mortality rate and 51.5% for post-neonatal mortality rate in 2013 versus 1990. Conclusion. A significant reduction in infant mortality and its components has been shown, but not enough to meet the Millennium Development Goals. The reduction in IMR gaps reached the set goal; however, inequalities still persist.

Por qué es importante lograr metas de hipertensión arterial sistémica... A propósito un caso clínico que inició como evento vascular cerebral isquémico / Why is it important to achieve the goals of treatment of hypertension.... About a case that began as ischemic stroke

Resumen La hipertensión arterial sistémica (HAS) es una de las condiciones más frecuentes que se ve en atención primaria de las enfermedades cardiovasculares y que tiene como consecuencias; dependiendo del "órgano blanco" que afecte, producir la cardiopatía isquémica, la vasculopatía cerebral o la nefropatía crónica. Dentro de la patogénesis de la HAS se encuentran implicados varios mecanismos fisiopatológicos; de los cuales actualmente, por señalar los más importantes y frecuentes, juegan un papel el incremento en los niveles de adrenalina, el sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterona y en fecha reciente, mucho se menciona la participación de la resistencia a la insulina y la hiperinsulinemia. Dichos procesos conllevan un desequilibrio entre el tono simpático y el parasimpático, aunado a la hipersensibilidad por el sodio desencadenan uno de los mecanismos fisiopatogénicos de la HAS. Actualmente se define la HAS como el hallazgo de cifras de tensión arterial mayores a 140/90 mm Hg. Este es uno de los padecimientos que más afecta a la población mundial encontrando prevalencias en grupos etarios y de género de 45 al 55% en varones entre los 45 y 70 años y del 45 al 65% en mujeres de ese mismo grupo etario. En el 2013 se publicaron las guías clínicas más recientes para su tratamiento y las metas recomendadas, con lo que se ha logrado disminuir sus complicaciones y mortalidad; dentro de las que destacan enfermedades vasculares como la cardiopatía isquémica y la cerebral y renal. En el presente trabajo se comenta un caso clínico que ejemplifica las complicaciones secundarias en un diagnóstico tardío, el daño a "órgano blanco" por exposición a largo plazo y el inadecuado cumplimiento de las metas terapéuticas.

Abstract Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is one of the most common conditions seen in primary care of cardiovascular disease and whose consequences; depending on the "target organ" affecting produce ischemic heart disease, cerebral vascular disease or chronic kidney disease. In the pathogenesis of HAS are several physiopathological mechanisms involved; of which currently, to name the most important and frequent play a role in increasing adrenaline levels, the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and recently, much the participation of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia mentioned. These processes lead to an imbalance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic tone, coupled with hypersensitivity sodium trigger one of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of hypertension. SAH is currently defined as finding numbers of older blood pressure 140/90 mm Hg. This is one of the diseases that most affect the world population prevalences found in age and gender groups 45 to 55% in men between 45 and 70 years and 45 to 65% in women of the same age group. In 2013 most recent clinical guidelines for treatment and the recommended goals, which has managed to reduce its complications and mortality were published; among which include vascular diseases such as ischemic heart and brain and kidney. In this paper a case that exemplifies the secondary complications in late diagnosis, damage to "target organ" by long-term exposure and inadequate compliance with therapeutic goals discussed.

Medindo o invisível: análise dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável em populações expostas à seca / Measuring the invisible: Analysis of the Sustainable Development Goals in relation to populations exposed to drought

Resumo O Brasil, juntamente com todos os países membros das Nações Unidas, está num processo de adoção de um conjunto de Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável, incluindo metas e indicadores. Este artigo considera as implicações desses objetivos e metas propostos, para a região do semiárido do Brasil, região que apresenta secas recorrentes e que pode ser agravada com as mudanças climáticas, piorando a situação de acesso à quantidade e qualidade da água para consumo humano e, como consequência, também as condições de saúde das populações expostas. Este estudo identifica a relação entre seca e saúde, no intuito de medir o progresso nessa região (1.135 municípios), comparando indicadores relevantes com os outros 4.430 municípios do país, baseado e censos de 1991, 2000 e 2010. Importantes desigualdades entre os municípios dessa região e os do resto do Brasil foram identificadas e discutidas no contexto do que é necessário para alcançar os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável na região do semiárido, principalmente em relação às medidas de adaptação para o acesso universal e equitativo à água potável.

Abstract Brazil, together with all the member countries of the United Nations, is in a process of adoption of a group of Sustainable Development Goals, including targets and indicators. This article considers the implications of these goals and their proposed targets, for the Semi-Arid region of Brazil. This region has recurring droughts which may worsen with climate change, further weakening the situation of access of water for human consumption in sufficient quantity and quality, and as a result, the health conditions of the exposed populations. This study identifies the relationship between drought and health, in an effort to measure progress in this region (1,135 municipalities), comparing relevant indicators with the other 4,430 municipalities in Brazil, based on census data from 1991, 2000 and 2010. Important inequalities between the municipalities of this region and the municipalities of the rest of Brazil are identified, and discussed in the context of what is necessary for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals in the Semi-arid Region, principally in relation to the measures for adaptation to achieve universal and equitable access to drinking water.

Women’s health and well-being in Europe: beyond the mortality advantage

Women’s health is at a crossroads. Global efforts to advance women’s health have been endorsed by countries through the adoption of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and are being taken forward through the Sustainable Development Goals and the global strategy for women’s, children’s and adolescents’ health. To strengthen action as part of progressing the Health 2020 agenda, a strategy on women’s health and well-beingin the WHO European Region 2017–2021 will be considered by the 66th session of the WHO Regional Committee for Europe in September 2016. This report provides background to the strategy. It presents a snapshot of women’s health in the Region, discusses the social, economic and environmental factors that determine women’s health and well-being, brings into focus the impact of gender-based discrimination and gender stereotypes, considers what the concept of people-centred health systems would need to entail to respond to women’s needs, and considers perspectives important for the international and national frameworks that govern women’s health and well-being in Europe.